1639:
1518:âthe fortifications which were erected in 168â169 to block a breakthrough of the Alps to Northern Italyâwhereas all sources confirm it to be a military walkover. A further argument is that the panic which gripped Rome in 167â168 would make no sense if the Germanic tribes were still on the opposite side of the Danube. Also, no source mentions the emperor being near the front when the disaster occurred, whereas by 170 Marcus Aurelius had settled there. McLynn maintains that Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus went to Aquileia in 168 to restore morale after the disaster as Aquileia makes no geographical, logistical or military sense as a base of operations for launching a campaign on the Danube in Pannonia. The reason McLynn maintains that 170 is proposed by other authors is that too much weight is given to
1657:
1998:
2010:
2029:
48:
1464:
1543:
3631:
1248:'s dream of a future united Germanic empire. Up until these subsequent wars, the Marcomanni and Quadi generally enjoyed amicable relations and access to the Empire's waresâarchaeological evidence of Roman household goods and practices illustrate such contact. As with almost all areas within the Empire's reach, the Romans aimed for a combination of military-territorial dominance, while at the same time, engaging in mutually beneficial commerce.
3651:
3641:
1814:
1213:), which would eventually kill an estimated 7 to 8 million people, severely weakening the Empire. Despite the consequences of the plague, historian Kyle Harper contends that the event should not be treated as a fatal blow to the Empire. Instead, Rome's resilience was demonstrated since the Empire remained intact and Roman birth rates in the decade following the plague subsequently increased.
1244:. Whether this sudden influx of peoples with which Marcus Aurelius had to contend was the result of climate change or overpopulation remains unknown. Theories exist that the various Germanic tribes along the periphery of the Empire may have conspired to test Roman resolve as part of an attempt to bring to possible fruition
1605:
was hemmed in by a superior Quadi force and almost forced to surrender because of the heat and thirst. They were saved, however, by a sudden shower, which refreshed the Romans, while lightning struck the Quadi. Contemporaries and historians attributed it to divine intervention: Dio stated that it was
1567:
was strengthened. Aquileia was relieved, and by the end of 171, the invaders had been evicted from Roman territory. Intense diplomatic activity followed, as the Romans tried to win over various barbarian tribes in preparation for a crossing of the Danube. A peace treaty was signed with the Quadi and
1955:
revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus
Aurelius decided not to bring more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there. The Germanic tribes were temporarily checked, but the Marcomannic Wars were only the prelude of the
1266:
By the reign of
Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 161 AD, the pressures along the Roman frontier had reached a critical point as the Germanic tribes along its borders at the Rhine and Danube came to the conclusion that their survival meant breaking into Rome's territories. Beginning in 162 and continuing
1475:
The most important and dangerous invasion, however, was that of the
Marcomanni in the west. Their leader, Ballomar, had formed a coalition of Germanic tribes. They crossed the Danube and won a decisive victory over a force of 20,000 Roman soldiers near Carnuntum, in what is sometimes known the
1184:
never left Italy; neither did he embark on substantial conquests, all the while allowing his provincial legates to command his legions entirely. Historian Adrian
Goldsworthy posits that Pius's reluctance to take aggressive military action throughout his reign may have contributed to Parthian
1871:, had little interest in pursuing the war after his father's death. Against the advice of his senior generals, Commodus negotiated a peace treaty with the Marcomanni and the Quadi. He then left for Rome in early autumn 180 A.D., where he celebrated a triumph on October 22.
1416:
was apparently sufficient to persuade them to withdraw and offer assurances of good conduct. The two emperors returned to
Aquileia for the winter, but on the way, in January 169, Lucius Verus died. Marcus returned to Rome to oversee his co-emperor's funeral.
1594:
In 173, the Romans campaigned against the Quadi, who had broken their treaty and assisted their kin, and defeated and subdued them. During this campaign, a famous incident, the so-called "miracle of the rain", occurred, which was later depicted on the
1529:
Deviating from the above discussion in
English literature, researchers in Slovenia, one of the regions affected by the Germanic invasion, accept the year 168 as the proper date, based, among other arguments, on a portrait of Lucius Verus found in
1835:
The victory celebrations of the previous year were but a brief respite for in 177 A.D. the Quadi rebelled, followed soon by their neighbours, the
Marcomanni. Marcus Aurelius once again headed north to begin his second Germanic campaign
1514:, accepting the date of defeat near Carnuntum as 170, place the great Germanic invasion itself three years earlier. They maintain it happened in 167 because by the year 170 the Germans would have been checked by the
1997:
1554:
This disaster forced Marcus to re-evaluate his priorities. Forces from the various frontiers were dispatched against
Ballomar. They came under the command of Claudius Pompeianus, with the future emperor
1437:, Roman governor of Lower Moesia. However, while the Roman army was entangled in this campaign, making little headway, several tribes used the opportunity to cross the frontier and raid Roman territory.
1939:, Germany and Italy itself. This was not a new occurrence, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and
614:
408:
1844:
in August 178 and set out to quell the rebellion in a repeat of his first campaign, moving first against the
Marcomanni and against the Quadi between 179 and 180 A.D. Under the command of
1323:, a Roman client, acted as a mediator. In the event, a truce was agreed upon and the tribes withdrew from Roman territory, but no permanent agreement was reached. In the same year,
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In 172, the Romans crossed the Danube into
Marcomannic territory. Although few details are known, the Romans achieved success, subjugating the Marcomanni and their allies, the
4003:
494:
1741:). After a few victories, in 175, a treaty was signed. According to its terms, the Iazyges King Zanticus delivered 100,000 Roman prisoners and, in addition, provided 8,000
1232:), putting pressure on the Germanic tribes from the north and east. As a result, Germanic tribes and other nomadic peoples launched raids south and west across Rome's
3274:
1510:
There is no consensus amongst scholars as to the year that the great Germanic invasion towards Aquileia took place. Several authors, like Marcus Aurelius' biographer
1781:. After the successful suppression of Cassius' revolt, the emperor returned to Rome for the first time in nearly 8 years. On 23 December 176, together with his son
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484:
2600:
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as a scapegoat for the disaster whereas it is uncertain whether Alexander was still alive by 170 and Lucian's chronology is at certain points suspect.
1429:, who would become his closest aide during the war. The Romans had gathered their forces and intended to subdue the independent tribes (especially the
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2658:
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569:
2009:
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1726:. Thus, by late 174, the subjugation of the Quadi was complete. In typical Roman fashion, they were forced to surrender hostages and provide
1777:
Marcus Aurelius marched eastwards with his army, accompanied by auxiliary detachments of Marcomanni, Quadi and Naristi under the command of
3690:
2610:
3200:
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Marcus Aurelius may have intended to campaign against the remaining tribes, and together with his recent conquests establish two new
1638:
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4139:
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1315:) with relative ease, but they marked the beginning of what was to come. In their aftermath, the military governor of Pannonia,
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tried to relieve the city, but was defeated and possibly killed during the battle (other sources have him die of the plague).
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Roman expedition against the Iazyges in the eastern Pannonian Plain and the great Marcomannic invasion (either 167 or 170)
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he was planning to lead in person was postponed until 168. In the spring of that year, Marcus Aurelius, together with
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The Germanic tribes of Central Europe in the mid-1st century. The Marcomanni and the Quadi are in the area of modern
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1931:(16 out of 33) would be stationed along the Danube and the Rhine. Numerous Germans settled in frontier regions like
4079:
4067:
3683:
1903:. At any rate, the victories they achieved were deemed sufficient for Emperor Commodus to claim the victory title "
1392:. The two emperors supervised a reorganization of the defences of Italy and the Illyricum, raised two new legions,
908:
871:
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1587:" ("subjugated Germania"). During this campaign, Valao, the chief of the Naristi was killed by the Roman General
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17:
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invasions that would eventually disassemble and end the Western Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries.
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peoples along both sides of the whole length of the Roman Empire's northeastern European border, the river
1089:
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In the next year, the Romans marched against the Quadi, whereupon the Quadi deposed their pro-Roman king,
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1852:, Slovakia). The Quadi were chased deeper into Greater Germania westwards, where the praetorian prefect
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1722:, in his place. Marcus Aurelius refused to recognize him, and turning back, deposed and exiled him to
1480:. Ballomar then led the larger part of his host southwards towards Italy, while the remainder ravaged
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1848:, the Romans fought and prevailed against the Quadi in a decisive battle at Laugaricio (near modern
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later achieved another decisive victory against them, but on 17 March 180, Marcus Aurelius died at
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953:
866:
861:
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Historian PĂ©ter KovĂĄcs spells out the various Latin derivatives for each of the Marcomannic Wars.
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1986:
Key: Red arrows: Romans. Green arrows: Marcomanns. Italy and Adriatic Sea at bottom left corner.
1504:
1433:), who lived between the Danube and the Roman province of Dacia. The Iazyges defeated and killed
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After this, the Romans focused their attention on the Iazyges living in the plain of the river
1434:
1202:
826:
738:
708:
633:
591:
436:
323:
106:
1166:, and it was during his campaigns against them that he started writing his philosophical work
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1973:
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At the same time, in Central Europe during the second-century AD, the first movements of the
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202:
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Marcus Aurelius mentions these peoples in Book 1, annotating them with the note "Among the
1927:
The wars had exposed the weakness of Rome's northern frontier, and henceforth, half of the
1457:
1025:
1020:
851:
794:
765:
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703:
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8:
4129:
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2908:
1611:
1601:
1477:
1426:
1381:
1343:
1307:
1069:
821:
621:
554:
534:
519:
1159:
The struggle against the Germans and Sarmatians occupied the major part of the reign of
3895:
3727:
3480:
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3072:
1802:
1683:
1501:
1348:
1079:
1064:
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841:
789:
728:
281:
1977:(2000), open with a fictionalized portrayal of a final battle of the Marcomannic Wars.
886:
47:
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3900:
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3157:
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3029:
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2539:
2481:
2437:
2418:
2382:
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1564:
1400:
1319:, initiated negotiations with 11 tribes. In these negotiations, the Marcomannic king
1280:
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1054:
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689:
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1492:. This was the first time that hostile forces had entered Italy since 101 BC, when
1394:
1301:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1206:
1131:
1126:) were a series of wars lasting from about AD 166 until 180. These wars pitted the
576:
514:
339:
327:
299:
4025:
3863:
3801:
3789:
3779:
3447:
3087:
3039:
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2506:
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1771:
1692:
1679:
1628:
1377:
1357:
1210:
1194:
1190:
1163:
1059:
1005:
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561:
343:
335:
258:
114:
60:(in Rome, Italy), depicting a battle of the Marcomannic Wars, late 2nd century AD
53:
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3972:
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3634:
3511:
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1944:
1757:
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for the Roman army, while garrisons were installed throughout their territory.
1708:
1365:
1181:
718:
4093:
3983:
3961:
3858:
3853:
3516:
3432:
3254:
3244:
3077:
3067:
2057:
1786:
1746:
1663:
1425:
In the autumn of 169, Marcus set out from Rome, together with his son-in-law
1160:
39:
2597:
Marcus Aurelius and Barbarian Immigration in the Second Century Roman Empire
1891:. Not much is known about this war, except that the Roman generals included
3978:
3885:
3880:
3833:
3752:
3659:
Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state
3562:
3420:
3336:
3234:
3180:
3010:
2868:
2843:
2756:
2706:
2701:
1928:
1884:
1849:
1511:
1493:
1463:
1385:
1198:
1148:; there were related conflicts with several other Germanic, Sarmatian, and
1127:
1012:
507:
262:
145:
2555:
How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
1180:
Secure for many years following his ascension to power, the Roman Emperor
3941:
3870:
3757:
3416:
2766:
2761:
2395:
1940:
1888:
1762:
1542:
1408:
had crossed the Danube into the province, but, at least according to the
1339:
1224:
began moving south-east from their ancestral lands at the mouth of River
1168:
541:
1695:, the commander of the Rhine frontier, repelled another invasion of the
1644:
Marcus Aurelius receiving the submission of the vanquished, with raised
1380:
was ravaging the empire, Marcus Aurelius was unable to do more, and the
3774:
3616:
3557:
3142:
3132:
2863:
2672:
2133:
2129:
1817:
1723:
1719:
1700:
1619:
1615:
1537:
1421:
Roman expedition against the Iazyges and the Germanic invasion of Italy
1332:
1296:
1237:
1134:
385:
376:
362:
192:
157:
3668:
3606:
3185:
3047:
2914:
2896:
2884:
2806:
2771:
2721:
1857:
1841:
1821:
1583:" by Marcus Aurelius, and the minting of coins with the inscription "
1579:
and the Cotini. This fact is evident from the adoption of the title "
1441:
1413:
1142:
240:
235:
224:
1205:
for the Empire were great. The returning troops brought with them a
3611:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3167:
3147:
3127:
3122:
3117:
2890:
2858:
2838:
2796:
2776:
2751:
2726:
2711:
2494:
1948:
1936:
1868:
1829:
1782:
1668:
1646:
1569:
1556:
1489:
1405:
1389:
1361:
1353:
1320:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1245:
389:
367:
319:
276:
230:
220:
187:
122:
1770:, but whatever his plans, they were cut short by the rebellion of
3162:
2992:
2977:
2959:
2902:
2746:
2731:
2716:
2677:
1952:
1911:
III 5937) describes a campaign against the Germanic tribe of the
1742:
1727:
1715:
1576:
1481:
1468:
1449:
1445:
1430:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1225:
1145:
393:
380:
216:
212:
172:
167:
126:
118:
3467:
3437:
3152:
3112:
2954:
2931:
2853:
2848:
2801:
2791:
2696:
2687:
1861:
1825:
1704:
1696:
1519:
1497:
1485:
1453:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1241:
1153:
492:
207:
182:
177:
82:
2500:
History of the Roman Empire since the Death of Marcus Aurelius
1813:
1550:. An unidentified "rain god" (top right) saves the Roman army.
2948:
2833:
2741:
2736:
2692:
2682:
2646:
2085:
1932:
1912:
1734:
1607:
1404:, and crossed the Alps into Pannonia. The Marcomanni and the
1388:, set forth from Rome, and established their headquarters at
1221:
1149:
1138:
1116:
371:
197:
162:
2566:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
2434:
The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire
1193:
and Rome lasted from 161 to 166 AD (under the joint rule of
3314:
3309:
2786:
2667:
2089:
1563:
was established to safeguard the roads into Italy, and the
1531:
1371:
2282:
2270:
2171:
1352:, a veteran unit of the Parthian campaign, was moved from
2258:
2246:
2195:
2183:
1283:
was repulsed. In late 166 or early 167, a force of 6,000
2615:
2234:
2159:
2212:
2210:
1559:
as one of his lieutenants. A new military command, the
2478:
Marcus Aurelius' Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars
85:, the northeastern European border of the Roman Empire
2318:
2294:
2062:
The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus
2436:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
2222:
2207:
1538:
Roman counter-offensive and defeat of the Marcomanni
27:
166â180 AD series of Roman wars with Danubian tribes
2015:Roman counter-offensive across the Danube, 171â175
4091:
2381:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2513:
2417:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2177:
1749:. Upon this, Marcus assumed the victory title "
1879:Operations continued against the Iazyges, the
1678:Reliefs come from the (now destroyed) Arch of
1572:Vandals and the Lacringi became Roman allies.
1295:. This invasion was defeated by local forces (
3684:
2631:
2132:, the Iazyges were much prized as heavy, or "
478:
4068:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
1599:and on coins. According to Cassius Dio, the
2412:
2288:
2276:
2201:
2189:
1666:over Rome's enemies in 176 AD, riding in a
1201:) and, although it ended successfully, its
628:Roman campaigns in Germania during the 230s
570:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC â AD 16)
496:Warfare between Romans and Germanic peoples
3691:
3677:
3250:Dacian Fortresses of the OrÄÈtie Mountains
2638:
2624:
485:
471:
1808:
1622:attributed it to a prayer by Christians.
1456:, where they destroyed the temple of the
1448:and descended into the Balkans, reaching
1342:, and succeeded in killing its governor,
409:Full list of participating military units
1874:
1812:
1631:depicting events of the Marcomannic Wars
1541:
1522:'s testimony regarding the influence of
1462:
1372:First Roman expedition in Pannonia (168)
1305:commanded by a certain Candidus and the
1256:
684:Gothic invasion of the Balkans (267â268)
640:Gothic invasion of the Balkans (250â251)
3839:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
2589:Marco Aurelio y la frontera del Danubio
2561:
2240:
1412:, the approach of the imperial army to
14:
4092:
3698:
3105:
2533:
2475:
2431:
2376:
2324:
2300:
2264:
2252:
2228:
2216:
2165:
3672:
2619:
2558:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2019.
1959:
1568:the Iazyges, while the tribes of the
466:
3947:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
3640:
1745:, most of whom (5,500) were sent to
1546:The "Miracle of the Rain", from the
667:Gothic invasion of the Balkans (254)
3650:
2925:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia
1484:. The Marcomanni razed Opitergium (
24:
2971:southern Moldavia and Transylvania
2136:", cavalry. Cassius Dio, LXXII.16.
1797:"). In commemoration of this, the
1261:
25:
4161:
2582:
2472:(Loeb Classical Library edition).
971:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
4080:Military history of ancient Rome
3649:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3016:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools
2538:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
2379:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
2027:
2008:
1996:
1887:" living between the Danube and
1655:
1637:
46:
4145:Wars involving the Roman Empire
4140:Wars involving Germanic peoples
4063:Civil wars of the Third Century
3053:Words of possible Dacian origin
2969:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and
2522:from the original on 2007-10-13
2369:
2350:
2330:
2306:
2139:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
1121:bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum
113:Roman plans to annex Sarmatia (
2878:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania
2078:
2069:
2051:
1951:. Some Germans who settled in
1907:" in mid-182. An inscription (
13:
1:
4150:Wars involving the Sarmatians
2518:. Internet Classics Archive.
2039:
1801:was erected, in imitation of
1561:praetentura Italiae et Alpium
1516:Praetentura Italiae et Alpium
1175:
2480:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
2413:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2016).
2152:
1968:The Fall of the Roman Empire
1922:
1854:Publius Tarrutenius Paternus
1662:Marcus Aurelius celebrating
1444:crossed the Danube, ravaged
7:
4125:Battles involving the Suebi
1838:secunda expeditio germanica
1789:for his German victories ("
1718:, and installed his rival,
10:
4166:
3568:Eastern Romance substratum
2145:Cassius Dio, LXXII, p. 11.
2101:Cassius Dio, LXXII, p. 12.
1893:Marcus Valerius Maximianus
1846:Marcus Valerius Maximianus
1779:Marcus Valerius Maximianus
1589:Marcus Valerius Maximianus
1267:until 165, an invasion of
1251:
976:Treason of the Long Knives
129:north of Danube) abandoned
4076:
4021:Roman conquest of Britain
3992:
3706:
3625:
3580:
3550:
3527:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)
3502:
3428:
3415:
3363:
3345:
3332:
3298:
3263:
3198:
3176:
3096:
3038:
3003:
2990:
2968:
2942:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja
2941:
2924:
2877:
2829:
2820:
2653:
2645:
2455:Lives of Marcus Aurelius.
2119:Cassius Dio, LXXII.13â14.
2034:Roman operations, 180â182
1597:column of Marcus Aurelius
1524:Alexander of Abonoteichos
1376:During that time, as the
615:participating Roman units
504:
448:
417:
402:
248:
139:
64:
58:Column of Marcus Aurelius
45:
37:
32:
4120:180s in the Roman Empire
4115:170s in the Roman Empire
4110:160s in the Roman Empire
2562:Wolfram, Herwig (1988).
2514:Marcus Aurelius (2007).
2377:Bunson, Matthew (1995).
2110:Cassius Dio, LXXII.8â10.
2044:
1785:, he celebrated a joint
1707:raided the shoreline of
1130:against principally the
1124:German and Sarmatian war
354:Gaius Vettius Sabinianus
320:Publius Helvius Pertinax
3718:Roman conquest of Italy
3400:Battle of Sarmizegetusa
2536:Marcus Aurelius: A Life
1981:
1867:His son and successor,
1505:Titus Furius Victorinus
1368:, closer to the enemy.
1220:were occurring, as the
1203:unforeseen consequences
1185:territorial ambitions.
344:Decimus Clodius Albinus
152:Principal Belligerents:
3379:Second Battle of Tapae
2534:McLynn, Frank (2009).
2476:KovĂĄcs, PĂ©ter (2009).
2315:, Lucius Verus, 9.7â11
2021:Second Marcomannic War
1832:
1809:Second Marcomannic War
1551:
1472:
1435:Marcus Claudius Fronto
1331:and Lacringi) and the
358:Titus Vitrasius Pollio
351:Lucius Gallus Julianus
348:M. Valerius Maximianus
340:Gaius Pescennius Niger
336:Marcus Didius Julianus
324:Marcus Claudius Fronto
249:Commanders and leaders
107:Status quo ante bellum
4048:Domitian's Dacian War
3967:Liberators' civil war
3355:First Battle of Tapae
2432:Harper, Kyle (2017).
1990:First Marcomannic War
1875:Third Marcomannic War
1816:
1728:auxiliary contingents
1682:in Rome, 176â180 AD,
1545:
1466:
1317:Marcus Iallius Bassus
1308:Ala Ulpia contariorum
1257:First Marcomannic War
966:Groans of the Britons
449:Casualties and losses
72:AD 166â180 (14 years)
4053:Trajan's Dacian Wars
3738:RomanâHernician wars
2611:The Marcomannic Wars
2564:History of the Goths
2178:Marcus Aurelius 2007
1943:, including today's
1824:on the left bank of
1743:auxiliary cavalrymen
1610:magician praying to
1458:Eleusinian Mysteries
1275:in the provinces of
1236:, particularly into
1033:Gothic War (535â554)
773:Gothic War (376â382)
760:Gothic War (367â369)
697:RomanâAlemannic Wars
3952:RomanâParthian Wars
3743:RomanâVolscian wars
3723:RomanâEtruscan Wars
3386:Battle of Adamclisi
2552:Robertson, Donald.
2359:, Marcus Aurelius,
2267:, pp. 329â330.
2255:, pp. 328â329.
2168:, pp. 202â203.
1883:and the so-called "
1739:expeditio sarmatica
1602:legio XII Fulminata
1577:Varistae or Naristi
1478:Battle of Carnuntum
1427:Claudius Pompeianus
1382:punitive expedition
1346:. To counter them,
1344:Calpurnius Proculus
646:Nicopolis ad Istrum
282:Praetorian prefects
117:) and Marcomannia (
40:RomanâGermanic Wars
4058:RomanâPersian Wars
3957:Caesar's civil war
3829:RomanâSeleucid war
3728:Roman-Aequian wars
3700:Ancient Roman wars
3458:Dacia Mediterranea
3073:Sinaia lead plates
3058:Dacian plant names
2603:2011-05-19 at the
2505:2015-05-04 at the
1960:In popular culture
1905:Germanicus Maximus
1833:
1691:In the same year,
1684:Capitoline Museums
1552:
1502:praetorian prefect
1473:
1349:Legio V Macedonica
909:Nervasos Mountains
4087:
4086:
4043:JewishâRoman wars
3915:Sulla's civil war
3909:Bellum Octavianum
3797:Illyro-Roman Wars
3770:RomanâGallic wars
3748:RomanâSabine wars
3666:
3665:
3576:
3575:
3411:
3410:
3328:
3327:
3194:
3193:
3083:Thracian language
2986:
2985:
2545:978-0-30681-830-1
2510:, Book I, Ch. 1â6
2487:978-9-00416-639-4
2443:978-0-69116-683-4
2424:978-0-30017-882-1
2388:978-0-19510-233-8
2243:, pp. 40â43.
1840:). He arrived at
1629:Bas-relief scenes
1440:To the east, the
1401:Legio III Italica
1281:Germania Superior
1187:The resulting war
1108:
1107:
510:(113 BC â 101 BC)
461:
460:
273:Tiberius Claudius
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
4157:
4009:Marcomannic Wars
3920:Mithridatic Wars
3844:Celtiberian Wars
3733:RomanâLatin wars
3693:
3686:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3653:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3596:
3594:sites in Romania
3542:Brazda lui Novac
3489:Towns and cities
3483:
3476:
3453:Diocese of Dacia
3426:
3425:
3402:
3388:
3381:
3343:
3342:
3320:Thracian warfare
3103:
3102:
3024:
3001:
3000:
2951:(1st-century BC)
2899:(9 BC(?)â30s AD)
2827:
2826:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2593:
2577:
2549:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2491:
2451:Historia Augusta
2447:
2428:
2392:
2363:
2357:Historia Augusta
2354:
2348:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2313:Historia Augusta
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2289:Goldsworthy 2016
2286:
2280:
2277:Goldsworthy 2016
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2202:Goldsworthy 2016
2199:
2193:
2190:Goldsworthy 2016
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2128:A branch of the
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2055:
2031:
2012:
2000:
1917:Expeditio Burica
1897:Pescennius Niger
1659:
1641:
1618:writers such as
1410:Historia Augusta
1395:Legio II Italica
1302:Legio I Adiutrix
1230:Wielbark culture
1218:Great Migrations
1113:Marcomannic Wars
1075:Naples (542â543)
960:Anglo-Saxon Wars
800:Adrianople Siege
609:Marcomannic Wars
602:Angrivarian Wall
587:Teutoburg Forest
499:
497:
487:
480:
473:
464:
463:
332:
312:Field marshals (
308:Publius Paternus
304:
296:Marcus Macrinius
255:Imperial family:
66:
65:
50:
33:Marcomannic Wars
30:
29:
21:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4072:
4038:Civil war of 69
4026:Boudican revolt
3995:
3988:
3864:Cantabrian Wars
3802:Macedonian Wars
3709:
3702:
3697:
3667:
3662:
3621:
3592:
3572:
3546:
3498:
3479:
3472:
3448:Dacia Aureliana
3407:
3398:
3384:
3377:
3359:
3339:
3335:
3324:
3303:
3294:
3285:Germanic tribes
3268:
3266:
3259:
3208:
3204:
3190:
3172:
3092:
3088:Thraco-Illyrian
3034:
3020:
2997:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2964:
2937:
2934:(c. 40âc. 9 BC)
2920:
2873:
2816:
2649:
2644:
2605:Wayback Machine
2591:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2546:
2525:
2523:
2507:Wayback Machine
2488:
2444:
2425:
2400:Historia romana
2389:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
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2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
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2144:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2016:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1984:
1962:
1925:
1901:Clodius Albinus
1877:
1811:
1803:Trajan's Column
1799:Aurelian Column
1772:Avidius Cassius
1758:Roman provinces
1693:Didius Iulianus
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1680:Marcus Aurelius
1675:
1674:
1673:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1548:Aurelian column
1540:
1488:) and besieged
1423:
1378:Antonine plague
1374:
1358:Moesia Inferior
1264:
1262:First invasions
1259:
1254:
1240:and across the
1234:northern border
1211:Antonine Plague
1209:(the so-called
1195:Marcus Aurelius
1178:
1164:Marcus Aurelius
1109:
1104:
816:Visigothic Wars
562:Clades Lolliana
544:(58 BC â 57 BC)
500:
495:
493:
491:
441:
429:2 vexillationes
397:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
370:
366:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
322:
318:
310:
306:
300:
294:
290:
286:
279:
275:
271:
261:
259:Marcus Aurelius
257:
115:Hungarian Plain
100:
86:
51:
28:
23:
22:
18:Marcomannic War
15:
12:
11:
5:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:170s conflicts
4102:
4100:160s conflicts
4085:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3973:Bellum Siculum
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3876:Jugurthine War
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3849:Lusitanian War
3846:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3714:
3712:
3710:Roman Republic
3704:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3465:
3463:Dacia Ripensis
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
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3349:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2905:(c. 30sâ70 AD)
2900:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2594:
2584:
2583:External links
2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2531:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2473:
2448:
2442:
2429:
2423:
2410:
2393:
2387:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2349:
2329:
2327:, p. 628.
2317:
2305:
2303:, p. 260.
2293:
2291:, p. 394.
2281:
2279:, p. 393.
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2231:, p. 116.
2221:
2219:, p. 115.
2206:
2204:, p. 341.
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2192:, p. 183.
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2018:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2005:
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1992:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1961:
1958:
1945:Czech Republic
1924:
1921:
1876:
1873:
1810:
1807:
1709:Gallia Belgica
1677:
1676:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1585:Germania capta
1565:Danubian fleet
1539:
1536:
1500:. The army of
1422:
1419:
1373:
1370:
1366:Dacia Superior
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1182:Antoninus Pius
1177:
1174:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1100:Mons Lactarius
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:Rome (549â550)
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1050:Rome (537â538)
1047:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
991:Mons Badonicus
988:
986:Mercredesburne
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978:
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805:Constantinople
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432:Danubian fleet
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403:Units involved
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3:
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4027:
4024:
4023:
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4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:Germanic wars
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3984:War of Actium
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:War of Mutina
3960:
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3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Sertorian War
3857:
3855:
3854:Numantine War
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3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
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3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
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3537:Trajan's Wall
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3532:Transalutanus
3530:
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3522:Porolissensis
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3334:Wars with the
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3215:Sarmizegetusa
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3119:
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3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Daco-Thracian
3076:
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3068:Dacian script
3066:
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2911:(c. 69â87 AD)
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:(82/61â44 BC)
2886:
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2573:0-520-05259-5
2569:
2565:
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2521:
2517:
2516:"Meditations"
2512:
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2346:86-341-2168-2
2343:
2340:, DZS, 1999,
2339:
2338:Arma virumque
2333:
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2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:Justin Martyr
2054:
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2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
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1929:Roman legions
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
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1898:
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1796:
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1774:in the East.
1773:
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1606:called by an
1604:
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1499:
1496:defeated the
1495:
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1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:commanded by
1310:
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1161:Roman emperor
1157:
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1022:
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984:
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981:Wippedesfleot
979:
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927:
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922:
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917:
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907:
905:
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901:
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899:
898:Vandalic Wars
893:
890:
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875:
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868:
865:
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860:
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764:
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754:Campi Cannini
752:
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656:Philippopolis
654:
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530:Aquae Sextiae
528:
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435:58 auxiliary
434:
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401:
395:
391:
387:
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364:
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138:
128:
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116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
97:
94:Roman victory
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4078:
4033:Armenian War
4008:
3996:Roman Empire
3979:Perusine War
3971:
3907:
3886:Servile Wars
3881:Cimbrian War
3834:Galatian War
3753:Samnite Wars
3563:Thraco-Roman
3421:Free Dacians
3337:Roman Empire
3284:
3235:Piroboridava
3181:Dacian Draco
3063:Dacian names
2995:civilization
2869:Zalmodegicus
2844:Dromichaetes
2757:Potulatenses
2702:Burs (Dacia)
2592:(in Spanish)
2563:
2554:
2535:
2524:. Retrieved
2498:
2477:
2466:Lucius Verus
2454:
2433:
2414:
2399:
2378:
2370:Bibliography
2356:
2352:
2337:
2332:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2241:Wolfram 1988
2236:
2224:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2141:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2080:
2071:
2061:
2053:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1926:
1916:
1904:
1885:free Dacians
1878:
1866:
1837:
1834:
1794:
1790:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1738:
1732:
1713:
1703:, while the
1690:
1667:
1645:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1560:
1553:
1528:
1515:
1512:Frank McLynn
1509:
1494:Gaius Marius
1474:
1439:
1424:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1386:Lucius Verus
1375:
1347:
1306:
1300:
1297:vexillations
1265:
1215:
1199:Lucius Verus
1179:
1167:
1158:
1128:Roman Empire
1123:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1090:Sena Gallica
1045:Naples (536)
1031:
1030:
1013:Vandalic War
1011:
1010:
1001:Woden's Burg
959:
958:
919:Hippo Regius
897:
896:
815:
814:
810:Thessalonica
771:
770:
759:
758:
744:Argentoratum
739:Durocortorum
709:Lake Benacus
695:
694:
683:
682:
673:Thessalonica
666:
665:
639:
638:
627:
626:
608:
607:
606:
592:Pontes Longi
568:
567:
560:
559:
540:
539:
508:Cimbrian War
506:
329:
311:
301:
292:Marcus Rufus
288:Titus Furius
280:
267:
263:Lucius Verus
254:
151:
150:
146:Roman Empire
140:Belligerents
105:
104:
54:relief scene
52:Detail of a
38:Part of the
3994:Wars of the
3942:Gallic Wars
3871:Achaean War
3758:Pyrrhic War
3708:Wars of the
3655:WikiProject
3588:Archaeology
3417:Roman Dacia
3201:Settlements
2993:Culture and
2917:(87â106 AD)
2893:(44 BCâ???)
2812:Troglodytae
2767:Rhadacenses
2762:Predasenses
2396:Cassius Dio
2325:McLynn 2009
2301:Bunson 1995
2265:McLynn 2009
2253:McLynn 2009
2229:Harper 2017
2217:Harper 2017
2166:KovĂĄcs 2009
1971:(1964) and
1965:Two films,
1941:Marcomannia
1889:Roman Dacia
1795:de Sarmatis
1791:de Germanis
1763:Marcomannia
1664:his triumph
1169:Meditations
892:4th Arelate
877:3rd Arelate
857:2nd Arelate
852:1st Arelate
780:Marcianople
678:Thermopylae
582:Lupia River
542:Gallic Wars
99:Territorial
4130:Marcomanni
4094:Categories
4014:Gothic War
3775:Punic Wars
3763:Social War
3617:Thracology
3558:Daco-Roman
3394:Second War
3206:Fortresses
3143:Pleistoros
3133:Gebeleizis
2864:Rubobostes
2673:Albocenses
2526:2007-09-04
2415:Pax Romana
2336:Curk, I.,
2134:cataphract
2130:Sarmatians
2040:References
1915:or Burii (
1820:, a Roman
1818:Celemantia
1751:Sarmaticus
1724:Alexandria
1720:Ariogaesus
1701:Hermunduri
1620:Tertullian
1581:Germanicus
1285:Langobardi
1176:Background
1135:Marcomanni
1080:Rome (546)
1026:Tricamarum
1021:Ad Decimum
944:Garigliano
934:Agrigentum
929:Rome (455)
842:Rome (410)
795:Adrianople
785:Ad Salices
766:Noviodunum
749:Solicinium
734:Vindonissa
704:Mediolanum
597:Idistaviso
426:13 legions
386:Banadaspus
377:Ariogaesus
363:Marcomanni
193:Hermunduri
188:Langobardi
158:Marcomanni
3607:Dacianism
3373:First War
3267:relations
3186:Kogaionon
3048:Belagines
3022:bracelets
3004:Artifacts
2915:Decebalus
2897:Comosicus
2885:Burebista
2807:Tyragetae
2772:Saldenses
2722:Costoboci
2153:Citations
2064:, :
1974:Gladiator
1923:Aftermath
1858:Vindobona
1842:Carnuntum
1822:castellum
1650:standards
1616:Christian
1442:Costoboci
1414:Carnuntum
1333:Sarmatian
1143:Sarmatian
1070:Mucellium
1015:(533â534)
949:Cartagena
822:Pollentia
714:Placentia
622:Carnuntum
611:(166â180)
535:Vercellae
520:Burdigala
241:Costoboci
236:Bastarnae
225:Victohali
3635:Category
3612:Dacology
3581:Research
3512:Alutanus
3347:Domitian
3240:Sucidava
3230:Cumidava
3225:Buridava
3220:Argidava
3168:Zalmoxis
3158:Seirenes
3148:Sabazios
3128:Dionysus
3123:Derzelas
3118:Deceneus
3098:Religion
3040:Language
3030:Clothing
2891:Deceneus
2859:Rhemaxos
2839:Cothelas
2797:Teurisci
2777:Scaugdae
2752:Piephigi
2727:Crobidae
2712:Ciaginsi
2601:Archived
2520:Archived
2503:Archived
2495:Herodian
2470:Commodus
2402:, Books
1949:Slovakia
1937:Pannonia
1869:Commodus
1860:(modern
1830:Slovakia
1783:Commodus
1768:Sarmatia
1699:and the
1669:quadriga
1647:vexillum
1614:, while
1608:Egyptian
1570:Hasdingi
1557:Pertinax
1490:Aquileia
1406:Victuali
1390:Aquileia
1362:Potaissa
1354:Troesmis
1338:invaded
1321:Ballomar
1293:Pannonia
1291:invaded
1289:Lacringi
1246:Arminius
1189:between
1141:and the
1132:Germanic
1065:Faventia
1040:Panormus
954:Cape Bon
924:Carthage
867:Toulouse
862:Narbonne
847:Massilia
837:Faesulae
832:Florence
790:Dibaltum
729:Lingones
634:Harzhorn
454:Moderate
418:Strength
390:Zanticus
368:Ballomar
277:Commodus
231:Roxolani
221:Lacringi
123:Slovakia
77:Location
3645:Commons
3551:Culture
3517:Moesiae
3301:Warfare
3265:Foreign
3163:Silenus
3106:Deities
3011:Coinage
2978:Dicomes
2960:Zyraxes
2903:Scorilo
2747:Peukini
2717:Clariae
2678:Anartes
2453:, The.
2088:at the
1953:Ravenna
1850:TrenÄĂn
1793:" and "
1787:triumph
1747:Britain
1716:Furtius
1672:chariot
1612:Mercury
1482:Noricum
1469:Bohemia
1452:, near
1450:Eleusis
1431:Iazyges
1336:Iazyges
1329:Astingi
1325:Vandals
1299:of the
1252:History
1226:Vistula
1191:Parthia
1146:Iazyges
1095:Taginae
1055:Treviso
939:Corsica
914:Tarraco
882:Orleans
872:ChĂąlons
690:Naissus
661:Abritus
564:(16 BC)
525:Arausio
444:977,000
437:cohorts
413:Unknown
394:Naristi
381:Iazyges
330:†
302:†
217:Astingi
213:Vandals
173:Naristi
168:Iazyges
127:Bavaria
119:Moravia
101:changes
56:on the
3930:Second
3896:Second
3822:Fourth
3812:Second
3785:Second
3494:Castra
3481:Column
3474:Bridge
3468:Trajan
3438:Moesia
3365:Trajan
3290:Romans
3275:Greeks
3153:Semele
3113:Bendis
2955:Rholes
2932:Cotiso
2854:Oroles
2849:Moskon
2802:Trixae
2792:Terizi
2782:Senses
2697:Bessoi
2688:Biephi
2655:Tribes
2570:
2542:
2484:
2460:&
2440:
2421:
2408:LXXIII
2406:&
2385:
2344:
2090:Granua
1862:Vienna
1826:Danube
1705:Chauci
1697:Chatti
1520:Lucian
1498:Cimbri
1486:Oderzo
1454:Athens
1446:Thrace
1313:Vindex
1277:Raetia
1273:Chauci
1269:Chatti
1242:Danube
1207:plague
1154:Danube
1150:Gothic
1060:Verona
996:Dyrham
827:Verona
577:Arbalo
550:Vosges
515:Noreia
326:
314:legati
298:
265:
223:, and
208:Cotini
183:Chauci
178:Chatti
125:, and
91:Result
83:Danube
4135:Quadi
3935:Third
3925:First
3901:Third
3891:First
3817:Third
3807:First
3790:Third
3780:First
3602:Books
3504:Limes
3280:Celts
3245:Davae
3138:Kotys
2949:Dapyx
2909:Duras
2834:Coson
2822:Kings
2742:Moesi
2737:Getae
2707:Carpi
2693:Bessi
2683:Apuli
2647:Dacia
2404:LXXII
2086:Quadi
2045:Notes
1933:Dacia
1913:Lugii
1735:Tisza
1340:Dacia
1228:(see
1222:Goths
1139:Quadi
1117:Latin
1006:Raith
904:Rhine
887:DĂ©ols
724:Pavia
651:Beroe
555:Sabis
457:Heavy
398:Valao
372:Quadi
198:Suebi
163:Quadi
3315:Sica
3310:Falx
2787:Suci
2732:Daci
2668:Aedi
2659:List
2568:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2468:and
2438:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2361:24.5
2342:ISBN
1982:Maps
1947:and
1899:and
1881:Buri
1766:and
1532:Ptuj
1398:and
1287:and
1279:and
1271:and
1238:Gaul
1197:and
1137:and
1111:The
719:Fano
203:Buri
69:Date
3203:and
2092:".
1919:).
1909:CIL
1864:).
1828:in
1753:".
1364:in
1360:to
1356:in
4096::
3419:/
2497:,
2464:,
2398:,
2209:^
2060:,
1935:,
1895:,
1805:.
1760:,
1711:.
1591:.
1534:.
1460:.
1172:.
1156:.
1119::
617:)
316:):
219:,
121:,
3692:e
3685:t
3678:v
2695:/
2661:)
2657:(
2639:e
2632:t
2625:v
2607:)
2599:(
2576:.
2548:.
2529:.
2490:.
2462:2
2458:1
2446:.
2427:.
2391:.
2180:.
1836:(
1737:(
1471:.
1327:(
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613:(
486:e
479:t
472:v
396::
383::
374::
365::
284::
268:#
227:)
215:(
20:)
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