Manuel Roxas - Knowledge

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March 21, 1947, the United States granted the Philippines some $ 17.7 million in military aid and another $ 25 million to assist with reconstruction. The Communist Huk rebellion led to fears in the United States that the Huks might come to power while the fact that the Kuomintang were clearly losing the Chinese civil war by this point led to the very real possibility that Chinese Communists might come to the power. In turn, there was much fear in Washington that a Communist China would grant the Soviet Union air and naval bases. The possibility of a Communist China vastly increased the geopolitical importance of the Philippines to the United States, which wanted to retain its air and naval bases in the Philippines to maintain control of the South China Sea. The Americans made it clear that they were prepared to pay "handsomely" for the right to keep their Filipino bases, which Roxas exploited.

1538:, left for the United States. During his U.S. visit, Roxas came out clearly for the United States to maintain its bases after independence, saying in a speech: "We will welcome the existence of your naval, air and army bases on such of our soil as it is mutually agreeable for the common protection of the United States and the Philippines, and will co-operate in the defense and security of those bases insofar as it is within our power to do so". After the experience of the Japanese occupation, Filipino public opinion was no longer against the presence of American bases after independence in quite the same way as before 1941. However, the U.S. government was apparently not aware of the change in public opinion, and favored Roxas as the man best able to allow the United States to keep its bases after independence. 979: 1479: 5506: 1542:

law enjoyed by American military personnel envisioned in the agreement would not be popular with Filipino public opinion. He also made it clear that he was more comfortable with the Americans mostly having naval and air bases in the Philippines, and wanted the number of U.S. Army bases kept to the minimum. Some aspects of the Roxas desiderata were incorporated in the final agreement as the Americans agreed to reduce the number of bases in the Philippines after independence. Roxas's argument against the U.S. Army having bases were also incorporated in the agreement, through the fact that

2426: 1414:, succeeded him. Truman had little interest in the Philippines, as he had more pressing concerns to face in his first months of office. When MacArthur left the Philippines for Japan to sign the armistice ending the war on August 30, 1945, the Philippines has been in a chaotic state, with the economy in tatters and the political status undecided. When he took over the American occupation of Japan, MacArthur in turn lost his interest in the Philippines, only returning to Manila on July 4, 1946, to witness the declaration of Filipino independence before promptly returning to Tokyo. 687: 2243: 2392: 2235: 1199: 2411: 5169: 6163: 6153: 2380: 1052:, the Philippines started to be seen as a liability in the United States as demands were made to end Filipino immigration to the United States and end the tariff free importation of Filipino agriculture into the American market as many American farmers complained they could not compete with Filipino farmers. To end Filipino immigration and access to the American market, many U.S. congressional leaders favored granting immediate independence to the Philippines. At the same time that the 669: 1987:, hundreds of churches and temples were burned. The reconstruction of the damaged school buildings alone cost more than ₱126,000,000,000. Pike noted that the Japanese as part of their efforts of "liberation" from American imperialism by bringing the Philippines into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere "...had smashed industrial buildings, banks, government offices and hotels. Infrastructure including ports had been sabotaged or destroyed in the heavy fighting for Manila". 5848: 1606:. In what was described as "a monstrous abrogation of democratic procedure", Roxas expelled all members of Congress from the Democratic Alliance, claiming that they been elected illegally, and replaced them with his own bets. Roxas's expulsion of the Democratic Alliance from Congress was the beginning of a nation-wide purge of those who served in the Huk resistance against the Japanese as arrests and murders followed. Those who survived fled to the jungle and formed the 1637: 1619: 5575: 4942: 1387:

whom he felt was an incompetent leader, and much preferred Roxas to be the country's next president. The charismatic Roxas made for more appealing social company, which he used to his advantage in his dealings with The General. Moreover, Osmeña had often opposed MacArthur before the war. President Osmeña traveled to Washington in early 1945 to appeal for President Roosevelt's help against MacArthur, but he made tactless remarks in his meeting at the

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Committee advised on June 2, 1930, that the Philippines should be given more autonomy to prepare for independence within the next 19 years. Upon his return to the Philippines in 1930, Roxas founded a new pro-independence group called Ang Bagong Katipunan ("The New Association") that proposed disbanding all political parties under its fold and the unification of national culture in order to negotiate better with the United States. The plans for

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historian Francis Pike wrote that Roxas "effectively brought" the 1946 election, helped by the fact that he owned the largest newspaper empire in the Philippines. The Roxas newspapers election coverage were essentially campaign ads for the Roxas campaign. Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his reputation. On April 23, 1946, Roxas won 54% of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature.

1319:. Disguised as a Catholic priest, the bearded, tanned Parsons would visit Roxas even while the latter was effectively under house arrest, and privately "receive confession" from the Filipino statesman regarding the disposition of the Japanese forces, the collaborationist government, and various matters of state. Roxas also passed on information from Malacañang to the Fil-Am guerrilla movement through Ramona Snyder, the lover of guerrilla 1391:, inspiring the American president to declare that MacArthur should be allowed to rule the Philippines whatever way he liked. MacArthur announced in a speech that Roxas was "one of the prime factors in the guerilla movement" against the Japanese. Aside from Roxas, MacArthur pardoned over 5,000 Filipino collaborators. Even though over 80% of the Philippine Army officers went over to the Japanese in 1942, their commissions were restated. 882: 5586: 4952: 2131: 2269:, who was on board a southern cruise at the time of Roxas's death, arrived in Manila on April 17. That morning, Quirino immediately went to Malacañang and took the oath of office as president in the Council of State Room. The new president then appointed a committee to take charge of the funeral arrangements for the late president and issued a proclamation declaring a period of national mourning from April 17 to May 17. 2053:(1943–1945). The Amnesty Proclamation did not apply to those collaborators, who were charged with the commission of common crimes, such as murder, rape, and arson. The presidential decision did much to heal a standing wound that somehow threatened to divide the people's sentiments. It was a much-called for measure to bring about a closer unity in the trying times when such was most needed for the progress of the nation. 71: 1879: 1856: 1823: 1098:, which mandated that independence be granted when Filipinos proved that they had a "stable government". However, Roxas went on to testify that "with the granting of tariff autonomy, serious difficulties may arise". In common with the rest of the Filipino elite, Roxas saw the plans of the U.S. Congress to impose tariffs on Filipino goods after independence as an economic disaster for the Philippines. 2276: 1551: 2078:(Nation's Army Against the Japanese, also called "the Huks"), Roxas issued a proclamation outlawing the Huk movement on March 6, 1948. At the same time, Roxas pardoned the Filipinos who had collaborated with the Japanese. The pardon of the collaborators lent some substance to the charge by the Huks that his administration was a continuation of the wartime collaborationist puppet government. 1272:, where one offers a lavish gift in order to create a reciprocal obligation from the individual who receives the gift. Through the payment was legal, it was questionable from an ethical perspective, and MacArthur always kept the payment secret, which did not become public knowledge until 1979. Later that year, Quezon offered payment to General 3947: 1598:

assist with the reconstruction of the war-devastated nation, the vast majority of the money was stolen by Roxas and his corrupt friends. The American journalist Robert Shaplen noted after a visit to Manila: "It may well be that in no other city in the world was there so much graft and corruption and conniving after the war".

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continued. In fact, these became worse in certain areas. Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 34, likewise known as the Tenant Act, which provided for a 70–30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts. It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central

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On May 10, 1946, a draft agreement was signed in Washington allowing the United States to keep its Filipino bases for 99 years after independence. Roxas was willing to sign the agreement, but demanded that the number of American bases be reduced and complained that the sweeping immunity from Filipino

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In the congressional elections, the Huks joined forces with socialists and peasant unions to form a new party, the Democratic Alliance. The party won six seats in Congress on a platform of punishing collaborators, land reform and opposing the Bell Trade Act. Among the Huk leaders elected to Congress

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to the U.S. dollar and American corporations were granted parity rights when it came to exploiting the minerals and forests of the Philippines. In exchange for accepting the Bell Trade Act, the U.S. Congress voted for some $ 2 billion in aid to the Philippines. Though the $ 2 billion was intended to

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Osmeña was opposed to MacArthur's rehabilitation of Roxas, only to receive the reply that: "I have known General Roxas for over twenty years, and I know that he is no threat to our military security. Therefore we are not detaining here". It has been reported that MacArthur disliked President Osmeña,

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Control of the rice supplies and pricing was power politics in Manila. President Laurel and Roxas, as chief of the Government Rice Procurement Authority, secretly blocked Japanese access to the rice stores controlled by the agency—they wanted to project that the largest possible supply of the staple

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where he supervised the destruction of Philippine currency to prevent its capture by the Japanese. When Quezon left Corregidor, Roxas went to Mindanao to direct the resistance there. It was prior to Quezon's departure that he was made executive secretary and designated as successor to the presidency

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from 1940 onward. In common with other members of the Filipino elite, Roxas started to cultivate ties with Japan as it was unclear whatever the Philippines would remain in the American sphere of influence after independence or fall into the Japanese sphere of influence. However, as the United States

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had to make "radical statements for immediate, complete and absolute independence to maintain hold of the people". Filipino politics tended to be based more on personal loyalties to a politician who would reward his followers via patronage rather than ideological issues, and despite criticism of the

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to come to Manila in August 1946. While returning to their jungle bases, Felco and the other Huk leaders were ambushed by police forces, with Felco's head was found floating in the Pampanga River. The ambush was intended to cripple the Huks, but instead led to a civil war as the police and the army

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Roxas served in the Laurel government until April 1945, when he surrendered to American forces at Baguio. After his capture, MacArthur publicized Roxas' contributions to the resistance movement. MacArthur may have been blackmailed by Roxas, who threatened to reveal the guaranty he accepted in 1942.

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Eventually as the war progressed, Japan managed to divert most of the rice harvest to feed the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia. The ruthless policies of confiscating rice harvests pushed many of the Filipino peasantry to the brink of starvation and made Roxas into one of the most hated men in the

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In 1933, Roxas and Osmeña flew to Washington to negotiate Filipino independence from the United States. The Americans agreed to grant the Filipinos independence, but only on the condition that the United States be allowed to retain military bases in the Philippines, a condition that led for the act

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by sending them a message saying he wanted immediate independence, which Roxas felt was not likely at present. On May 24, 1930, Quezon followed Roxas's advice and sent public telegrams to both Hawes and Cutting saying the Filipinos "crave their national freedom". In a compromise, the Senate Insular

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saw the Philippines primarily as a place to project power into Asia led to most of the American bases being naval and air bases. Furthermore, as long the Americans dominated the waters and air spaces around the Philippines, another invasion was unlikely. However, the Americans refused to give make

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that both Hurley and Stimson had testified before the U.S. Congress saying that the Philippines were not ready for independence nor would be for anytime in the foreseeable future, which he thought had a major impact on the U.S. Congress. Roxas advised that Quezon should now try to appease Senators

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to lobby the U.S. Congress to go slow on the granting of independence in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill. Aside from the fear of Japan, many Filipinos were deeply worried about the plans to impose heavy tariffs on Filipino agriculture after independence, which provided another reason to go slowly with

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Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the United States after independence, he was forced to concede military bases (23 of which were leased for 99 years), trade restriction for the Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owners and investors. On

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Among the main remedies proposed was the establishment of the Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. This entity would be responsible for the construction of twelve thousand houses and for the grant of easy-term loans in the amount of P177,000,000. Another proposal was the creation of the

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food would be available to the civilian population at the lowest possible price. They managed the system successfully. But when the Japanese occupiers were forced to use their own procurement methods outside of the Laurel government, short supply and high demand drove the prices up for everyone.

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The good record of the Roxas administration was marred by notable failures: the failure to curb graft and corruption in the government (as evidenced by the surplus war property scandal), the Chinese immigration scandal, the school supplies scandal and the failure to check and stop the communist

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The war had burned cities and towns, ruined farms and factories, blasted roads and bridges, shattered industries and commerce, massacred thousands of civilians, and paralyzed the educational system, where 80% of the school buildings, their equipment, laboratories and furniture were destroyed.

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Shortly after his capture, Roxas told the Americans that he wanted the United States to keep its military bases in the Philippines after independence in 1946, and promised to use all of his influence to persuade the Filipino congress to accept independence on those terms. Buhite wrote that by

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and the United States on July 4, 1946. Aside from withdrawing her sovereignty from the Philippines and recognizing her independence, the Treaty reserved for the United States some bases for the mutual protection of both countries; consented that the United States represent the Philippines in

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for vice-president. Roxas had the staunch support of General MacArthur. The American military government strongly favored Roxas during the election, regarding him as the Filipino politician most likely to allow the American bases to continue in the Philippines after independence. The British

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families such as the Ayalas, Zobels, Elizaldes and Sorianos. By 1945, the Huks had over 70,000 guerrillas in action, making them into easily the largest resistance group in the Philippines. The American historian Russell Buhite wrote: "Roxas was the Philippine equivalent of the fabled French

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complained that the Philippines was one of the most corrupt nations in Asia as he commented with some understatement "much of the aid to the Philippines has not been used as wisely as we wish it had". Acheson wanted to cease aid to the Philippines until reforms were mounted to crack down on

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statesman Charles Maurice de Tallyrand who was able to blend with the wind, able to work with authority wherever he found it". The American historian Richard Bernstein stated: "If Japan had won the war...the top man in the Philippines today would probably have been Manuel Roxas".

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On October 20, 1943, the head of the Japanese military police, Akira Nagahama, surprised President Laurel in Malacañang and demanded the arrest of Roxas, whose office was a short distance away. Laurel replied, "You can go and get Roxas, but you'll have to kill me first."

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In the summer of 1931, Hurley visited the Philippines to assess its readiness for independence. In talks with Quezon, Osmeña, and Roxas, it was agreed that the Philippines should become an autonomous commonwealth under American rule and would be allowed to keep exporting

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His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.

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countries where the latter had not yet established diplomatic representation; made the Philippines assume all debts and obligations of the former government in the Philippines; and provided for the settlement of property rights of the citizens of both countries.

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or Philippine Trade Act. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. Under the Bell Trade Act, the goods from the Philippines were granted tariff-free access to the American market, achieving one of Roxas's key aims; in exchange, he accepted pegging the

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The country was facing near bankruptcy. There was no national economy, no export trade. Indeed, production for exports had not been restored. On the other hand, imports were to reach the amount of three million dollars. There was need of immediate aid from the

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festivities ended that the government and the people quickly put all hands to work in the tasks of rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. Reputed to be the most bombed and destroyed country in the world, the Philippines was in a sorry mess. Only

1276:, which he refused, saying that as a United States Army official, his first loyalty was to the United States, which made accepting such a payment as morally wrong in his viewpoint. Roxas was one of the few people who did know about Quezon's gift to MacArthur. 1253:, the largest and most populous of the islands of the Philippine archipelago. MacArthur had claimed that the American–Filipino forces under his command would stop any Japanese invasion "on the beaches", but instead the Japanese forces marched on 1652:

Roxas served as the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, during which time Roxas helped prepare the groundwork for an independent Philippines. He was inugurated at the ruins of

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to be rejected by the Philippine Congress. Quezon was late to state that the allowing of the United States to retain its bases in the Philippines would make Filipino independence no different from the independence of the Japanese sham state of

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to the United States at the present rate. Roxas became seen as one of the less radical independence leaders, who favored "going slow" on independence to keep access to the U.S. market. At the time, Roxas cynically stated he and the other

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pardoning Roxas, MacArthur "...undermined his ability to treat other collaborators more harshly". Beyond his presidential ambitions, MacArthur had additional reasons to treat Roxas leniently. MacArthur believed that the men of the

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His body was brought to Manila the following day on a special train, reaching Malacañang at about 9:20 am. Sessions of Congress were suspended until after the burial which was set on Sunday, April 25, 1948. Vice President

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continue as the dominant group as MacArthur believed that the Philippines would descend into anarchy without the leadership of the educated class which had been responsible for governance since the time of the Spanish.

2261:, Pampanga. After the speech, he suffered dizziness and fatigue and was brought to the residence of Major General Eugene L. Eubank. That night, he suffered multiple heart attacks and died at 9:23 pm at the age of 56. 5623: 4789: 1577:. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines face and reported on his special trip to the United States to discuss the approval for independence. 1620: 4827: 1119:

created widespread opposition, as the group was seen as too authoritarian and as a vehicle for Roxas to challenge Quezon for the leadership of the Nacionalista Party. Ang Bagong Katipunan was soon disbanded.

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in point of destruction. All over the country more than a million people were unaccounted for. The war casualties as such could very well reach the two million mark. Conservative estimates had it that the

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Concentrating on the sugar industry, Roxas would exert such efforts as to succeed in increasing production from 13,000 tons at the time of the Philippine liberation to an all-high of one million tons.

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was planning on granting independence, ending more than 400 years of foreign rule, Filipino public opinion was hostile to the idea of the Philippines joining the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

1021:, chairman of the National Economic Council, chairman of the National Development Company, and served in many other government corporations and agencies. He also served as a brigadier general in the 1150:

triumphed in the election of July 13, 1931. In the election, Roxas was reelected and returned to his position as speaker of Philippine House of Representatives. In September 1931, Japan seized the

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On May 28, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The inaugural ceremonies were held in the ruins of the Legislative Building (now part of the

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in a report noted that the Philippines was dominated by "an irresponsible ruling class which exercises economic and political power almost exclusively in its own interests". Secretary of State

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Eleuterio Acuña. His other siblings from his father included Leopoldo and Margarita, while he also had half-siblings, Consuelo, Leopoldo, Ines, and Evaristo Picazo after his mother remarried.

1562:) and were witnessed by about 200,000 people. In his address, he outlined the main policies of his administration, mainly: closer ties with the United States; adherence to the newly created 5616: 6317: 5579: 5590: 6237: 5609: 1266:

were captured or killed. On January 3, 1942, President Quezon presented General MacArthur with a secret guaranty of $ 500,000. The payment was related to the Filipino concept of

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to China. The prevailing opinion within the U.S. military was that the United States needed its Philippine bases to deter Japan from trying to seize control of all of East Asia.

1406:, MacArthur forced the Osmeña administration to make unpopular decisions while he groomed Roxas to run in the 1946 election. On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died and his 1299:(People's Army against the Japanese), better known as the Huks, was a Communist movement. Besides for opposing the Japanese, the Huks promised land reform, by breaking up the 2049:

President Roxas, on January 28, 1948, granted full amnesty to all Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President

1402:, 8 out of 14 senators and 19 out of 67 representatives had collaborated with the Japanese during the occupation. In an attempt to undermine Osmeña's chances of winning the 1712:. On the Grandstand alone were around 3,000 dignitaries and guests, consisting of President Roxas, Vice President Quirino, their respective parties, and the Cabinet; first 6372: 6342: 6362: 6034: 5209: 1804: 1010: 1307:

as a group to support the Japanese. The Manila chapter of the fascist Falange party had a membership of about 10,000 people, including members of the most prominent

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was inaugurated and independence from the United States proclaimed. The occasion, attended by some 300,000 people, was marked by the simultaneous lowering of the

4659: 1962:. Something along this line was obtained. Again, loans from the United States, as well as some increase in the national revenues, were to help the new Republic. 1959: 1094:. Roxas testified before the U.S. Congress that he favored Philippine independence, saying the Filipinos had fulfilled the "stable government" provision of the 4988: 2036:

In 1946, shortly after his induction to presidency, Roxas proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country. However, problems of

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Message of His Excellency Manuel Roxas, President of the Philippines to the Second Congress delivered on June 3, 1946. Manila. Bureau of Printing, 1946, p. 6

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During Japanese occupation, Roxas provided intelligence to General MacArthur and the American forces via the intelligence-gathering apparatus and efforts of

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The new republic began to function on an annual deficit of over P200,000,000 with little prospect of a balanced budget for some years to come.

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had lost about two thirds of her material wealth. In 1946, the Filipino gross domestic produce was down 38.7% from where it had been in 1937.

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class, such as Roxas, were capable of providing the Philippines with competent leadership. The general felt that whatever Roxas and the other

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was its sphere of influence. In a role reversal, it was the Filipinos who were opposed to immediate independence, which was proposed in the

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elite who dominated the Philippines under Spanish rule continued to be the dominant social element under American rule. Roxas himself was a

1025:(USAFFE), was a recognized guerrilla leader and military leader of the Philippine Commonwealth Army. Roxas became one of the leaders of the 5999: 1056:

was debating granting independence to the Philippines, many Filipino leaders were worried by the increasing assertive claims being made by

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to help stabilize the Philippine dollar reserves and coordinate and the nations banking activities gearing them to the economic progress.

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Guillen was arrested, tried by the court for attempted assassination, and was sentenced to die. On April 16, 1950, he was executed in an

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concessions on the immunity issue, being adamant that American military personnel enjoy immunity from Filipino law after independence.

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estates) who sought to opportunistically ingratiate themselves with whatever power ruled the Philippines. An additional reason for the

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Roxas was captured in April 1942 by the Japanese invasion forces. He became chief advisor to the collaborationist government of

6307: 6252: 4945: 4645: 1222: 848:, where he was elected president of his class and the student council. In 1913, Roxas obtained his law degree, graduated class 725: 1580:

On June 21, Roxas reappeared in front of another joint session of Congress and urged the acceptance of two laws passed by the

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The beauty book : a history of Philippine beauty from 1908 to 1980 / by Doris G. Nuyda; with photographs by Pablo Reyes

2410: 1347:. MacArthur's political ambitions were an open secret at the time. In early 1944, letters between MacArthur and Congressman 4425: 4376: 2980: 2189:. Pursuant to a supplemental international agreement, the transfer of administration became effective on October 16, 1947. 2156: 1532: 946: 355: 5847: 2920: 1632:

of Philippine independence ceremonies on July 4, 1946, with brief footage of Roxas taking the oath of office as president.

852:, and subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% that same year. He then became professor of law at the 5916: 5891: 4440: 1748: 1407: 1221:. The United States was scheduled to grant the Philippines independence in 1945 while Japan started to make claims for a 918: 822: 4090: 1691:, and the pealing of church bells. Roxas then took the oath of office as the first president of the new republic before 1640:

Roxas taking the oath as the first president of the Third Republic on July 4, 1946, at the Independence Grandstand (now

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Salamanca, Bonifacio (Summer 1989). "Quezon, Osmeña and Roxas and the American Military Presence in the Philippines".

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Inaugural Address of His Excellency Manuel Roxas President of the Philippines On the Independence of the Philippines

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On August 5, 1946, Congress ratified the Treaty of General Relations that had been entered into by and between the

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The night before the plebiscite, Roxas narrowly escaped assassination by Julio Guillen, a disgruntled barber from

1249:, Hawaii, while also bombing American bases in the Philippines. Shortly after, Japanese invasion forces landed on 6302: 4695: 3618: 3309: 1967: 1427: 1234: 1210: 830: 775: 4283: 3743: 3729: 2966: 2031: 1352: 1174:, as naval and air bases located in the Philippines would allow any power that controlled them to dominate the 1088: 1065: 903: 730: 5178: 2303:(Gerry). Roxas also fathered three children with Juanita Muriedas McIlvain – Rosario "Charo" Roxas (mother of 932: 668: 4926: 4916: 1581: 899: 845: 6135: 5816: 4886: 4876: 4866: 4668: 4545: 4048: 1713: 978: 771: 702: 83: 5601: 3488:# The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan against the West in Java and Luzon, 1942–1945 (Princeton Legacy Library, 908) 3455:# T# MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II 2330:

In his honor, various cities and municipalities in the Philippines have been renamed after him, including

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Numberless books, invaluable documents and works of art, irreplaceable historical relics and family

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Inaugural Speech of His Excellency Manuel Roxas As President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

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Hutchinson, Joseph (1971). "Quezon's Role in Philippine Independence". In Owen, Norman G. (ed.).

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Roxas's term as the president of the Commonwealth ended on the morning of July 4, 1946, when the

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the year before. He and his older brother, Mamerto, were raised by their mother and her father,

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for vice-president. The Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmeña for president and Senator

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When the Congress of the Philippines re-convened in 1945, legislators elected in 1941 Roxas as

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rapidly lost control of much of Luzon to the Huks. Strongly opposed to the guerrilla movement

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This was dangerous for The General, as MacArthur had ambitions to run as the candidate of the

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from 1946 until his death in 1948. He served briefly as the third and last President of the

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General MacArthur and President Truman The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy

3026:(in Tagalog). Quezon City, Philippines: Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. p. 171. 2247: 1994:

and other cities then were infested with criminal gangs which used techniques of American

939: 8: 5474: 5424: 5404: 5384: 5314: 4488: 2925: 2296: 1362:, and dropped hints that he would be willing to accept the Republican nomination for the 1257:, the capital and largest city of the Philippines. Roxas accompanied President Quezon to 487: 285: 2234: 2067:, Roxas opened peace talks with the Huks and invited a delegation of Huk leaders led by 1378:

had done during the Japanese occupation was irrelevant compared to the need to have the

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at age 12, but due to homesickness, he went back to Capiz. He eventually transferred to

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were leaked to the press, wherein MacArthur expressed his criticism of the policies of

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started to argue in Washington that the Philippines occupied a strategical position in

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from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, and became the first President of the Independent

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Philippine Turtle Islands § How the islands came under Philippine administration

1740: 1732: 1717: 1443: 1283:. The American journalist Richard Rovere described Roxas as typical of the Filipino 1258: 1242: 1091: 995: 991: 987: 861: 837: 394: 2147:

On March 11, 1947, Philippine voters, agreeing with Roxas, ratified in a nationwide

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class and that unless reforms were made, it was inevitable that the Huks would win.

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On May 28, 1946, prior to his inauguration, president-elect Roxas, accompanied by

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Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Vol. 52 No. 7 (July 3, 1956)

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corruption, but was blocked by John Melby, the head of the Filipino desk at the

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Roxas received his early education in the public schools of Capiz and attended

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 26 August 2024.

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estates that made up most of the cultivated land in the Philippines. The same

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to support the Japanese occupation was that the main resistance group, the

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Douglas MacArthur Statecraft and Stagecraft in America's East Asian Policy

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as an officer in the reserves, Roxas was made liaison officer between the

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on April 14, 1921, in a quiet ceremony at the Chapel of Sibul Springs,

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Resident Commissioner of the Philippines to the United States Congress

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1992 2-Piso President Manuel Roxas Birth Centennial Commemorative Coin

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Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Capiz

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So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines

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Compadre Colonialism: Studies in the Philippines under American Rule

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On September 19, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines notified the

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This article is about the Filipino president. For his grandson, see

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Senators of the 1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

2907:"10 Little-Known Miss Universe Facts That Only Dedicated Fans Know" 2130: 1995: 1984: 1629: 1522:

List of cabinets of the Philippines § Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)

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Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by

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Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, 1895–1945

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Gallego, Manuel V. "The Technique of Japanese Cultural Invasion."

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On April 15, 1948, President Roxas delivered a speech before the

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Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II

1217:, but was unable to serve until 1945 because of the outbreak of 4996: 4424:

Senate and House of Representatives merged into the unicameral

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was renamed in his memory, and he is currently depicted on the

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Deadly Paradigms The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy

3864:. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print. 3187: 2401: 2275: 1721: 1554:

President Manuel Roxas Official Portrait in Malacañang Palace

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On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before a

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Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines

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Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines

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elections, Senate President Roxas and his friends left the

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Candidates in the 1946 Philippine presidential election

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United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

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that it wished to take over the administration of the

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On July 3, 1956, Roxas was posthumously awarded the

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In early 1930, Roxas flew to the United States with

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Members of the National Assembly of the Philippines

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University of the Philippines College of Law alumni

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

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One of the last pictures of President Manuel Roxas.

6363:Presidents of the Liberal Party of the Philippines 4292: 4227:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 4053:. Mr. & Mrs. Publishing Company. p. 1920. 3295: 3251: 2299:. The couple had two children, Rosario "Ruby" and 1798: 726:Japanese Occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945) 304:Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives 4667: 4276:A World In Arms A Global History of World War Two 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3835: 2307:), Consuelo Roxas, and Manuel "Manny" Roxas, Jr. 1614:First president of the Third Republic (1946–1948) 1438:. Roxas became their candidate for president and 1002:, and served in that capacity from 1919 to 1922. 6214: 2010:. In rural regions, especially the provinces of 1417: 1213:were approved in 1941, Roxas was elected to the 1080:, Roxas lobbied U.S. government leaders such as 50: and the surname or paternal family name is 3733:(Manila, May 1946) vol. 42 no. 5, pp. 1151–1165 2334:in (1948), the first town to be named as such; 2272:Roxas was buried at the Manila North Cemetery. 2226:immediately after Roxas had addressed a rally. 2125: 1977: 4171:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 3920: 2356:President Manuel A. Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte 2106: 1009:in 1922, and for twelve consecutive years was 605:Out of wedlock with Juanita Muriedas McIlvain 16:President of the Philippines from 1946 to 1948 6136: 5797: 5617: 5194: 4982: 4653: 2238:Historical marker on the death place of Roxas 2166: 1811:Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices) 1731:; a delegation from the U.S. Congress led by 1515: 5952:Secretary of Public Works and Communications 1588:, of Philippine Rehabilitation Act, and the 1068:being debated within the halls of Congress. 842:University of the Philippines College of Law 639:University of the Philippines College of Law 265:August 21, 1941 – December 29, 1941 6283:Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines 4998:Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines 4342:House of Representatives of the Philippines 4091:"Clans of Empowered Women in Metro Society" 3660:Video: Air Freight by Parachute etc. (1946) 2018:regions, the brigands terrorized towns and 1747:(author of the Bell Trade Act); and former 1714:United States Ambassador to the Philippines 793: 213:December 24, 1941 – March 26, 1942 6248:Filipino collaborators with Imperial Japan 6143: 6129: 5804: 5790: 5624: 5610: 5585: 5201: 5187: 4989: 4975: 4951: 4660: 4646: 4185: 3216: 3193: 3181: 3166: 3149: 3130: 3113: 3101: 3089: 2142: 759:; January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948) was a 141:President of the Senate of the Philippines 69: 6273:Secretaries of finance of the Philippines 4602:nominee for President of the Philippines 4278:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4259:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4241: 3937:. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010. Print. 3747:, July 1946, vol. 42 no. 7, pp. 1625–1628 3716: 3704: 3685: 3586: 3245: 3233: 1739:(author of the Tydings–McDuffie Act) and 1450: 1178:, the key sea that linked the markets of 1023:United States Army Forces in the Far East 966:Learn how and when to remove this message 369:June 6, 1922 – December 30, 1938 6298:Executive secretaries of the Philippines 4273: 3978: 3935:Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform 3645: 3544: 3338: 3289: 2992: 2990: 2274: 2241: 2233: 2209: 2129: 1920: 1844:Per capita income (1985 constant prices) 1635: 1617: 1549: 1457:List of executive orders by Manuel Roxas 1345:1944 United States presidential election 1197: 977: 6268:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians 4396:Speaker of the House of Representatives 4199:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 3979:Richards, Peter C. (December 6, 1947). 2967:"Manuel Roxas Obituary – Las Vegas, NV" 2044: 1704:The inaugural ceremonies took place at 1202:Roxas's former diplomatic residence in 806:and Rosario Acuña y Villaruz. He was a 607:(disputed by the De Leon-Roxas lineage) 316:October 27, 1922 – May 5, 1934 6215: 6019:Secretary of Health and Public Welfare 4254: 4222: 4166: 3862:The Philippines: Through the centuries 3611: 3571: 3556: 3532: 3515: 3485: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3353: 3277: 3068: 2774: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2561: 2462: 2458: 2439: 1223:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 986:In 1917, Roxas became a member of the 798:Roxas was born on January 1, 1892, in 96:May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948 6368:Members of the Philippine Legislature 6353:Quezon administration cabinet members 6124: 5933:Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce 5785: 5634:1946 Philippine presidential election 5605: 5182: 4970: 4641: 4628: 4301: 4046: 3021: 2987: 2844: 2834: 2830: 2818: 2815: 2805: 2792: 2782: 2778: 2762: 2759: 2749: 2737: 2727: 2723: 2711: 2708: 2698: 2686: 2676: 2672: 2651: 2641: 2629: 2619: 2615: 2603: 2601: 2591: 2579: 2569: 2565: 2549: 2544: 2534: 2522: 2512: 2508: 2496: 2493: 2483: 2470: 2466: 1610:(the People's Revolutionary Army).". 1424:Philippine national elections of 1946 1404:1946 Philippine presidential election 844:. On his second year, he enrolled at 754: 6348:Burials at the Manila North Cemetery 6338:University of the Philippines alumni 4297:. National Bookstore Printing Press. 4203: 4194: 3892: 3773: 3605: 3401: 3380: 3365: 3260: 2998:"Senators Profile – Manuel A. Roxas" 2157:1935 Constitution of the Philippines 1757: 904:adding citations to reliable sources 875: 802:, Capiz (present-day Roxas City) to 484:Captaincy General of the Philippines 195:July 9, 1945 – May 25, 1946 153:July 9, 1945 – May 25, 1946 3442: 2246:Elpidio Quirino during the wake in 2101: 1945:, for instance, could compare with 1921:Malaya, Jonathan; Malaya, Eduardo. 1007:Philippine House of Representatives 871: 13: 6333:Filipino people of Spanish descent 6160:recipients 2255:United States Thirteenth Air Force 2025: 1560:National Museum of the Philippines 1527:Last president of the Commonwealth 1146:had abandoned their platform, the 860:. He served as secretary to Judge 833:, graduating with honors in 1909. 14: 6394: 6358:Filipino political party founders 5984:Secretary of Labor and Employment 4328:Manuel A. Roxas Elementary School 4318:The Philippine Presidency Project 4311: 4295:Philippine History and Government 1932:No sooner had the fanfare of the 1677:Third Republic of the Philippines 1672:administered the oath of office. 1573:of Congress to deliver his first 1287:class (the wealthy owners of the 1262:in case Quezon or Vice President 1015:Constitutional Convention of 1934 535:, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines 6161: 6151: 5846: 5584: 5574: 5573: 5504: 5167: 4950: 4941: 4940: 4630:Articles related to Manuel Roxas 3981:"New Flag Over Pacific Paradise" 3906:Philippine Journal of Education. 3310:"MacArthur – The Secret Payment" 3024:Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas 2424: 2409: 2390: 2378: 2286: 2192: 1878: 1877: 1855: 1854: 1822: 1821: 1768:Economy of the Philippines under 1726:United States Postmaster General 1477: 880: 731:Philippines Campaign (1944–1945) 685: 667: 6383:Filipino independence activists 5968:Secretary of Public Instruction 4160: 4134: 4122: 4108: 4083: 4057: 4040: 4023: 3998: 3972: 3940: 3911: 3898: 3807: 3779: 3736: 3722: 3651: 3479: 3042:Presidential Museum and Library 1968:Central Bank of the Philippines 1533:United States High Commissioner 1101:In May 1930, Roxas reported to 1013:. He served as a member of the 891:needs additional citations for 786:ceded its sovereignty over the 776:Commonwealth of the Philippines 578: 6293:Nacionalista Party politicians 6035:Commissioner of Social Welfare 5959:Ricardo Nepumoceno (1946-1948) 3490:. Princeton University Press. 3030: 3015: 2973: 2959: 2933: 2913: 2899: 2032:Land reform in the Philippines 1661:, which was ruined during the 1: 6308:Presidents of the Philippines 6253:20th-century Filipino lawyers 6048:Antonio Villarama (1946-1948) 6026:Antonio Villarama (1946-1948) 6000:Secretary of National Defense 4669:Presidents of the Philippines 2892: 2075:Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón 1917:Philippine Presidency Project 1582:Congress of the United States 1418:Presidential election of 1946 1297:Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon 1029:, which was dominated by the 846:University of the Philippines 756:[maˈnwelaˈkuɲaˈɾɔhas] 6258:20th-century Roman Catholics 6080:Emilio M. Abello (1946-1947) 5857:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 5737:Other third party candidates 4546:President of the Philippines 4323:A Country Study: Philippines 3908:Manila, November 1946, p. 94 2126:United States military bases 2064:Hukbóng Bayan Laban sa Hapón 2056: 1978:Reconstruction after the war 1608:Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan 1426:, at the height of the last 1211:1935 Philippine Constitution 772:president of the Philippines 703:Philippine Commonwealth Army 84:President of the Philippines 7: 6086:Emilio M. Abello (1947-1948 4293:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). 2404:, named after the president 2119:Republic of the Philippines 2107:Treaty of General Relations 2083:Central Intelligence Agency 1575:State of the Nation Address 982:House Speaker Roxas in 1923 621:Manuel "Manny" M. Roxas Jr. 10: 6399: 5991:Pedro Magsalin (1946-1948) 5975:Manuel Gallego (1946-1948) 5844: 4274:Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). 2768: 2666: 2555: 2460: 2431:Statue of Manuel Roxas in 2416:Statue of Manuel Roxas in 2170: 2167:Turtle and Mangsee Islands 2110: 2029: 1762: 1519: 1516:Administration and cabinet 1454: 1366:to be held after the war. 1162:, the leaders of both the 183:Senator of the Philippines 33: 18: 6170: 6093: 6071: 6064:Sotero Cabahug (1946-1949 6055: 6033: 6017: 5998: 5982: 5966: 5950: 5931: 5915: 5890: 5876:Secretary of the Interior 5874: 5855: 5827: 5759: 5743: 5736: 5716: 5700: 5691: 5668: 5649: 5640: 5513: 5502: 5216: 5165: 5004: 4936: 4852: 4822: 4799: 4745: 4726: 4694: 4675: 4635: 4609: 4597: 4592: 4582: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4518: 4510: 4502: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4438: 4419: 4414:Senate of the Philippines 4412: 4402: 4393: 4385: 4367: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4335: 3985:The Sydney Morning Herald 3486:Friend, Theodore (2014). 3002:Senate of the Philippines 2832: 2824: 2799: 2780: 2776: 2743: 2725: 2717: 2692: 2674: 2670: 2635: 2617: 2609: 2585: 2567: 2563: 2528: 2510: 2502: 2477: 2464: 2448:Ancestors of Manuel Roxas 2352:President Roxas, Cotabato 2310: 1911: 1896: 1889: 1871: 1866: 1848: 1843: 1833: 1815: 1810: 1781: 1776: 1505: 1497: 1485: 1476: 1463: 1400:1st Commonwealth Congress 1229:Having enrolled prior to 1193: 1033:class who owned the vast 1005:Roxas was elected to the 780:Third Philippine Republic 736: 716: 708: 698: 680: 675: 663: 649: 628: 588: 563: 550: 539: 528: 518: 493: 462: 457: 453: 442: 433: 423: 411: 400: 393: 383: 373: 362: 344: 332: 320: 309: 301: 291: 279: 269: 258: 251: 239: 227: 217: 206: 199: 188: 181: 169: 157: 146: 138: 126: 114: 100: 89: 81: 77: 68: 61: 6263:Filipino Roman Catholics 6243:Filipino anti-communists 6200:Miriam Defensor Santiago 6156: 5924:Ramón Ozaeta (1946-1948) 5883:José Zulueta (1946-1948) 4563:Party political offices 4357:House of Representatives 4336:Offices and distinctions 4302:Zaide, Gregorio (1956). 4255:Shafer, Michael (1988). 4223:Rovere, Richard (1992). 4167:Buhite, Russell (2008). 4129:Official Month in Review 2279:Tomb of Manuel Roxas in 2257:at the Kelly Theater in 2229: 1998:in some activities—bank 1925:. Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1799:{\displaystyle \approx } 1685:Philippine national flag 1398:. Of all members of the 1241:headquarters of General 1209:After amendments to the 840:, the first dean of the 794:Early life and education 770:who served as the fifth 519:Cause of death 347:House of Representatives 6057:General Auditing Office 4893:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 4441:President of the Senate 4208:. London: I.B. Tauris. 3933:Manapat, Carlos, et al. 3314:The American Experience 3022:Zafra, Nicolas (1972). 2332:Roxas, Oriental Mindoro 2323:on behalf of President 2143:Parity Rights Amendment 2113:Treaty of Manila (1946) 1752:Francis Burton Harrison 1602:was the party's leader 1235:Commonwealth government 1066:Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill 6303:Politicians from Capiz 4204:Pike, Francis (2010). 4118:. 1956. pp. cccv. 3452:Eisner, Peter (2014). 2340:President Roxas, Capiz 2283: 2250: 2239: 2135: 2061:After persecuting the 1800: 1770:President Manuel Roxas 1749:Civil Governor-General 1649: 1633: 1584:on April 30, 1946—the 1555: 1465:Presidential styles of 1451:Presidency (1946–1948) 1206: 983: 25:Roxas (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 4195:Kerr, George (1974). 4095:lifestyle.abs-cbn.com 4047:Nuyda, Doris (1980). 2281:Manila North Cemetery 2278: 2245: 2237: 2210:Assassination attempt 2133: 2092:U.S. State Department 1801: 1716:Paul McNutt; General 1639: 1627: 1553: 1364:presidential election 1356:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1201: 981: 854:Philippine Law School 709:Years of service 533:Manila North Cemetery 6158:Quezon Service Cross 6083:Nicanor Roxas (1947) 5941:Mariano Garchitorena 5917:Secretary of Justice 5892:Secretary of Finance 5497: (2022–present) 4496:Secretary of Finance 4361:Capiz's 1st district 4142:"Manuel Acuña Roxas" 2921:"What inspires you?" 2546:Gerardo Roxas y Luis 2317:Quezon Service Cross 2045:Amnesty Proclamation 1835:Growth rate, 1947–48 1790: 1655:Legislative Building 1586:Tydings–McDuffie Act 1274:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1117:Ang Bagong Katipunan 1019:secretary of finance 1011:Speaker of the House 900:improve this article 823:St. Joseph's College 804:Gerardo Roxas y Luis 635:University of Manila 596:Gerardo Manuel Roxas 467:Manuel Roxas y Acuña 351:Capiz's 1st district 253:Secretary of Finance 6073:Executive Secretary 4569:New political party 4521:Executive Secretary 4489:Antonio de las Alas 3719:, pp. 312–313. 3547:, pp. 863–864. 3368:, pp. 171–172. 3196:, pp. 168–169. 2983:. October 18, 2014. 2926:The Philippine STAR 2440:Family and ancestry 2297:San Miguel, Bulacan 2222:at the platform on 1773: 1683:and raising of the 1303:, which caused the 858:National University 488:Spanish East Indies 286:Antonio de las Alas 201:Executive Secretary 6328:Governors of Capiz 6190:Benigno Aquino Jr. 5693:Nacionalista Party 5632:Candidates in the 4903:Benigno Aquino III 4780:Diosdado Macapagal 4458:Political offices 4430:Title last held by 4244:Philippine Studies 4069:Inquirer Lifestyle 4010:www.britannica.com 3665:Universal Newsreel 3627:. January 21, 2017 2945:Inquirer Lifestyle 2494:Antonio Roxas (II) 2284: 2251: 2240: 2136: 1806:19.23 million 1796: 1767: 1729:Robert E. Hannegan 1650: 1642:Quirino Grandstand 1634: 1556: 1432:Nacionalista Party 1207: 1112:Bronson B. Cutting 1082:Secretary of State 1027:Nacionalista Party 984: 831:Manila High School 743:Manuel Acuña Roxas 6278:Hiligaynon people 6208: 6207: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6043:Asuncion A. Perez 5779: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5732: 5731: 5724:Eulogio Rodriguez 5687: 5686: 5599: 5598: 5487: (2020–2022) 5477: (2019–2020) 5467: (2018–2019) 5457: (2016–2018) 5447: (2010–2016) 5437: (2008–2010) 5427: (2001–2008) 5407: (2000–2001) 5397: (1998–2000) 5387: (1992–1998) 5377: (1987–1992) 5367: (1984–1986) 5357: (1978–1984) 5347: (1971–1972) 5337: (1967–1971) 5327: (1962–1967) 5317: (1958–1962) 5307: (1954–1957) 5297: (1946–1953) 5287: (1945–1946) 5277: (1943–1944) 5267: (1939–1941) 5257: (1935–1938) 5247: (1934–1935) 5237: (1922–1934) 5227: (1907–1922) 5176: 5175: 4964: 4963: 4623: 4622: 4610:Succeeded by 4583:Succeeded by 4574:President of the 4553:Succeeded by 4528:Succeeded by 4503:Succeeded by 4478:Succeeded by 4471:Governor of Capiz 4448:Succeeded by 4426:National Assembly 4403:Succeeded by 4381: 4368:Succeeded by 3860:Molina, Antonio. 2889: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2344:Roxas City, Capiz 2248:Malacañang Palace 1930: 1929: 1758:Domestic policies 1718:Douglas MacArthur 1625: 1513: 1512: 1506:Alternative style 1444:Eulogio Rodriguez 1243:Douglas MacArthur 1215:Philippine Senate 1096:Jones Act of 1916 1076:independence. In 988:municipal council 976: 975: 968: 950: 862:Cayetano Arellano 838:George A. Malcolm 740: 739: 618:Consuelo M. Roxas 438:Municipal Council 395:Governor of Capiz 356:National Assembly 42:or maternal 6390: 6175:Emilio Aguinaldo 6165: 6155: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6103:Carlos P. Romulo 6008:Ruperto Kangleon 5850: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5741: 5740: 5698: 5697: 5647: 5646: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5603: 5602: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5508: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5465:Macapagal Arroyo 5462: 5452: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5412: 5402: 5392: 5382: 5372: 5362: 5352: 5342: 5332: 5322: 5312: 5302: 5292: 5282: 5272: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5232: 5222: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5171: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4954: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4837:Ferdinand Marcos 4814:Ferdinand Marcos 4786:Ferdinand Marcos 4774:Carlos P. Garcia 4705:Manuel L. Quezon 4686:Emilio Aguinaldo 4662: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4626: 4625: 4536:Preceded by 4511:Preceded by 4486:Preceded by 4463:Preceded by 4434:Manuel L. Quezon 4386:Preceded by 4372: 4348:Preceded by 4333: 4332: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4270: 4251: 4238: 4219: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4038: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3953:. Archived from 3952: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3865: 3858: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3748: 3744:Official Gazette 3740: 3734: 3730:Official Gazette 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3502: 3501: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3405: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3306: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3220: 3214: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3134: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3072: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2994: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2929:. July 27, 2017. 2917: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2793:Paulino Villaruz 2454: 2453: 2445: 2444: 2428: 2413: 2394: 2382: 2321:Carlos P. Garcia 2293:Trinidad de Leon 2153:parity amendment 2102:Foreign policies 2016:Southern Tagalog 1926: 1881: 1880: 1858: 1857: 1825: 1824: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1774: 1766: 1626: 1481: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1396:Senate president 1341:Republican Party 1204:Washington, D.C. 1103:Manuel L. Quezon 1089:Secretary of War 1050:Great Depression 971: 964: 960: 957: 951: 949: 908: 884: 876: 872:Political career 808:posthumous child 758: 753: 749: 691: 689: 688: 676:Military service 671: 615:Rosario M. Roxas 608: 582: 580: 570:Trinidad de Leon 500: 476: 474: 458:Personal details 447: 426: 414: 405: 386: 376: 367: 335: 323: 314: 294: 282: 274:Manuel L. Quezon 263: 242: 230: 222:Manuel L. Quezon 211: 193: 172: 164:Manuel L. Quezon 160: 151: 129: 117: 105: 94: 73: 59: 58: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6185:Ramon Magsaysay 6166: 6149: 6119: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6089: 6067: 6051: 6029: 6013: 5994: 5978: 5962: 5946: 5927: 5911: 5906:Miguel Cuaderno 5900:Elpidio Quirino 5886: 5870: 5865:Elpidio Quirino 5851: 5842: 5837:Elpidio Quirino 5823: 5810: 5780: 5771: 5760:Vice President: 5755: 5751:Hilario Moncado 5728: 5717:Vice President: 5712: 5683: 5676:Elpidio Quirino 5669:Vice President: 5664: 5636: 5630: 5600: 5595: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5500: 5490: 5480: 5470: 5460: 5450: 5440: 5430: 5420: 5410: 5400: 5390: 5380: 5370: 5360: 5350: 5340: 5330: 5320: 5310: 5300: 5290: 5280: 5270: 5260: 5250: 5240: 5230: 5220: 5212: 5207: 5177: 5172: 5163: 5000: 4995: 4965: 4960: 4932: 4923:Bongbong Marcos 4913:Rodrigo Duterte 4848: 4824:Fourth Republic 4818: 4801:Martial law era 4795: 4768:Ramon Magsaysay 4762:Elpidio Quirino 4741: 4728:Second Republic 4722: 4690: 4671: 4666: 4631: 4619: 4615: 4613:Elpidio Quirino 4604: 4588: 4586:Elpidio Quirino 4579: 4558: 4556:Elpidio Quirino 4549: 4541: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4514:Jorge B. Vargas 4506: 4505:Serafin Marabut 4499: 4491: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4465:Jose Hontiveros 4453: 4444: 4431: 4428: 4408: 4406:Quintin Paredes 4399: 4391: 4371: 4364: 4351: 4314: 4286: 4267: 4235: 4216: 4179: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4144:. July 28, 2007 4140: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4045: 4041: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3868: 3859: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3751: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3593: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3522: 3514: 3505: 3498: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3408: 3400: 3387: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3267: 3259: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3223: 3217:Hutchinson 1971 3215: 3200: 3194:Hutchinson 1971 3192: 3188: 3182:Hutchinson 1971 3180: 3173: 3167:Hutchinson 1971 3165: 3156: 3150:Hutchinson 1971 3148: 3137: 3131:Hutchinson 1971 3129: 3120: 3114:Hutchinson 1971 3112: 3108: 3102:Hutchinson 1971 3100: 3096: 3090:Hutchinson 1971 3088: 3075: 3067: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909:. May 14, 2021. 2905: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2845:Eugenia Andrada 2816:Ramona Villaruz 2709:Eleuterio Acuña 2442: 2435: 2429: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2398:Roxas Boulevard 2395: 2386: 2383: 2371:Philippine peso 2360:Dewey Boulevard 2325:Ramon Magsaysay 2313: 2289: 2267:Elpidio Quirino 2232: 2218:, who hurled a 2212: 2195: 2187:Mangsee Islands 2175: 2169: 2145: 2128: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2059: 2047: 2034: 2028: 2026:Agrarian reform 1980: 1919: 1902: 1885:24, 824 million 1791: 1788: 1787: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1743:Representative 1737:Millard Tydings 1628:Short American 1618: 1616: 1595:Philippine peso 1529: 1524: 1518: 1501:Your Excellency 1487:Reference style 1469: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1440:Elpidio Quirino 1434:and formed the 1420: 1196: 1176:South China Sea 1160:Mukden Incident 972: 961: 955: 952: 909: 907: 897: 885: 874: 796: 751: 745: 728: 723: 686: 684: 637: 624: 611: 606: 603: 584: 581: 1921) 576: 572: 552: 551:Other political 540:Political party 502: 498: 478: 477:January 1, 1892 472: 470: 469: 468: 448: 443: 424: 418:Jose Hontiveros 412: 406: 401: 384: 374: 368: 363: 353: 339:Quintin Paredes 333: 321: 315: 310: 297:Serafin Marabut 292: 280: 264: 259: 240: 234:Jorge B. Vargas 228: 212: 207: 194: 189: 170: 158: 152: 147: 133:Elpidio Quirino 127: 115: 109:Elpidio Quirino 101: 95: 90: 64: 55: 36:Philippine name 32: 29:President Roxas 17: 12: 11: 5: 6396: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6378:Visayan people 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6148: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6099: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5831: 5829:Vice President 5825: 5824: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5653: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5582: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5478: 5468: 5458: 5448: 5438: 5428: 5418: 5408: 5398: 5388: 5378: 5368: 5358: 5348: 5338: 5328: 5318: 5308: 5298: 5288: 5278: 5268: 5258: 5248: 5238: 5228: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4910: 4900: 4890: 4883:Joseph Estrada 4880: 4873:Fidel V. Ramos 4870: 4863:Corazon Aquino 4859: 4857: 4856:(1986–present) 4854:Fifth Republic 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4843:Corazon Aquino 4840: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4747:Third Republic 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4737:Jose P. Laurel 4733: 4731: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4699: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4677:First Republic 4673: 4672: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4621: 4620: 4611: 4608: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4369: 4366: 4355:Member of the 4352: 4350:Antonio Habana 4349: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4312:External links 4310: 4309: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4284: 4271: 4265: 4252: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4214: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4177: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4133: 4121: 4107: 4082: 4056: 4039: 4031:electric chair 4022: 3997: 3971: 3960:on May 5, 2018 3939: 3919: 3910: 3897: 3895:, p. 175. 3866: 3834: 3823:. July 4, 1946 3806: 3795:. May 28, 1946 3778: 3776:, p. 174. 3749: 3735: 3721: 3717:Salamanca 1989 3709: 3707:, p. 312. 3705:Salamanca 1989 3690: 3688:, p. 311. 3686:Salamanca 1989 3678: 3650: 3648:, p. 864. 3638: 3610: 3608:, p. 173. 3591: 3589:, p. 310. 3587:Salamanca 1989 3576: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3520: 3518:, p. 212. 3503: 3497:978-0691602776 3496: 3478: 3465:978-0525429654 3464: 3441: 3406: 3404:, p. 172. 3385: 3383:, p. 171. 3370: 3358: 3343: 3341:, p. 863. 3326: 3294: 3292:, p. 310. 3282: 3265: 3250: 3248:, p. 307. 3246:Salamanca 1989 3238: 3236:, p. 308. 3234:Salamanca 1989 3221: 3219:, p. 169. 3198: 3186: 3184:, p. 168. 3171: 3169:, p. 167. 3154: 3152:, p. 166. 3135: 3133:, p. 164. 3118: 3116:, p. 163. 3106: 3104:, p. 161. 3094: 3092:, p. 162. 3073: 3054: 3038:"Manuel Roxas" 3029: 3014: 2986: 2972: 2958: 2932: 2912: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2433:Ermita, Manila 2430: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2377: 2348:Roxas, Palawan 2336:Roxas, Isabela 2312: 2309: 2291:Roxas married 2288: 2285: 2259:Clark Air Base 2231: 2228: 2211: 2208: 2194: 2191: 2183:Turtle Islands 2179:United Kingdom 2168: 2165: 2144: 2141: 2127: 2124: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2058: 2055: 2051:José P. Laurel 2046: 2043: 2027: 2024: 1979: 1976: 1928: 1927: 1909: 1908: 1894: 1893: 1891:Exchange rates 1887: 1886: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1829:85,269 million 1819: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1795: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1745:C. Jasper Bell 1710:City of Manila 1615: 1612: 1590:Bell Trade Act 1564:United Nations 1536:Paul V. McNutt 1528: 1525: 1520:Main article: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1492:His Excellency 1489: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1452: 1449: 1419: 1416: 1412:Harry S Truman 1408:vice-president 1335:Philippines. 1281:Jose P. Laurel 1195: 1192: 1180:Southeast Asia 1108:Harry B. Hawes 1092:Patrick Hurley 974: 973: 915:"Manuel Roxas" 888: 886: 879: 873: 870: 795: 792: 738: 737: 734: 733: 718: 714: 713: 710: 706: 705: 700: 699:Branch/service 696: 695: 682: 678: 677: 673: 672: 665: 661: 660: 651: 647: 646: 632: 626: 625: 623: 622: 619: 616: 612: 602: 601: 598: 592: 590: 586: 585: 574: 568: 567: 565: 561: 560: 554: 548: 547: 541: 537: 536: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 515: 504:Clark Air Base 501:(aged 56) 497:April 15, 1948 495: 491: 490: 466: 464: 460: 459: 455: 454: 451: 450: 440: 439: 434:Member of the 431: 430: 427: 421: 420: 415: 409: 408: 398: 397: 391: 390: 387: 381: 380: 379:Antonio Habana 377: 371: 370: 360: 359: 354:Member of the 345:Member of the 342: 341: 336: 330: 329: 324: 318: 317: 307: 306: 299: 298: 295: 289: 288: 283: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 256: 255: 249: 248: 243: 237: 236: 231: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 204: 203: 197: 196: 186: 185: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 155: 154: 144: 143: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 106: 103:Vice President 98: 97: 87: 86: 79: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 62: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6395: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6211: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Jesse Robredo 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5768: 5767:Luis Salvador 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5708:Sergio Osmeña 5706: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642:Liberal Party 5639: 5635: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5496: 5489: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5469: 5466: 5459: 5456: 5449: 5446: 5439: 5436: 5429: 5426: 5419: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5399: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5379: 5376: 5369: 5366: 5359: 5356: 5349: 5346: 5339: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5319: 5316: 5309: 5306: 5299: 5296: 5289: 5286: 5279: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5259: 5256: 5249: 5246: 5239: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5170: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4711:Sergio Osmeña 4709: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4600:Liberal Party 4595: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4576:Liberal Party 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4539:Sergio Osmeña 4534: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4498: 4497: 4490: 4484: 4473: 4472: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4389:Sergio Osmeña 4384: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4370:Ramon Arnaldo 4363: 4362: 4358: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4266:9781400860586 4262: 4258: 4253: 4250:(3): 301–316. 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4234:9781412824392 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4215:9780857730299 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4178:9780742544253 4174: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4117: 4111: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4071:. May 7, 2016 4070: 4066: 4060: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3687: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3646:Weinberg 2005 3642: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3574:, p. 57. 3573: 3568: 3566: 3559:, p. 83. 3558: 3553: 3546: 3545:Weinberg 2005 3541: 3535:, p. 83. 3534: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3446: 3439:, p. 63. 3438: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3356:, p. 84. 3355: 3350: 3348: 3340: 3339:Weinberg 2005 3335: 3333: 3331: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3290:Weinberg 2005 3286: 3280:, p. 41. 3279: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3263:, p. 12. 3262: 3257: 3255: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3071:, p. 26. 3070: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3025: 3018: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2947:. May 7, 2016 2946: 2942: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2760:Rosario Acuña 2757: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2471:Caetano Rojas 2468: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287:Personal life 2282: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2224:Plaza Miranda 2221: 2217: 2216:Tondo, Manila 2207: 2205: 2199: 2193:Controversies 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2161:parity rights 2158: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2132: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2054: 2052: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012:Central Luzon 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867:Total exports 1865: 1861: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720:(coming from 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696:Chief Justice 1694: 1693:Supreme Court 1690: 1689:21-gun salute 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667:Chief Justice 1664: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1571:joint session 1567: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1523: 1509:Mr. President 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:Liberal Party 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422:Prior to the 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349:Albert Miller 1346: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1317:Chick Parsons 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1269:utang na loob 1265: 1264:Sergio Osmeña 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:Nacionalistas 1145: 1144:Nacionalistas 1141: 1136: 1135:Nacionalistas 1131: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085:Henry Stimson 1083: 1079: 1074: 1073:Sergio Osmeña 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:U.S. Congress 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 980: 970: 967: 959: 948: 945: 941: 938: 934: 931: 927: 924: 920: 917: – 916: 912: 911:Find sources: 905: 901: 895: 894: 889:This section 887: 883: 878: 877: 869: 867: 866:Supreme Court 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:valedictorian 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 812:Guardia Civil 809: 805: 801: 791: 789: 785: 784:United States 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762: 757: 748: 744: 735: 732: 727: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 704: 701: 697: 694: 683: 679: 674: 670: 666: 662: 659: 655: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 631: 627: 620: 617: 614: 613: 609: 599: 597: 594: 593: 591: 587: 571: 566: 562: 558: 555: 549: 545: 542: 538: 534: 531: 529:Resting place 527: 524: 521: 517: 514:, Philippines 513: 509: 505: 496: 492: 489: 485: 481: 465: 461: 456: 452: 446: 441: 437: 432: 428: 422: 419: 416: 410: 404: 399: 396: 392: 389:Ramon Arnaldo 388: 382: 378: 372: 366: 361: 357: 352: 348: 343: 340: 337: 331: 328: 327:Sergio Osmeña 325: 319: 313: 308: 305: 300: 296: 290: 287: 284: 278: 275: 272: 268: 262: 257: 254: 250: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 226: 223: 220: 216: 210: 205: 202: 198: 192: 187: 184: 180: 177: 174: 168: 165: 162: 156: 150: 145: 142: 137: 134: 131: 125: 122: 121:Sergio Osmeña 119: 113: 110: 107: 104: 99: 93: 88: 85: 80: 76: 72: 67: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 30: 26: 22: 6313:Roxas family 6223:Manuel Roxas 6210: 6180:Manuel Roxas 6179: 5820:Manuel Roxas 5819: 5678: 5659: 5657:Manuel Roxas 5656: 5520:Nacionalista 5495:M. Romualdez 5417: (2001) 5315:D. Romualdez 5234: 5144:Pimentel III 5134:Ponce Enrile 5119:Pimentel Jr. 5013: 4927:2022–present 4756:Manuel Roxas 4755: 4717:Manuel Roxas 4716: 4696:Commonwealth 4598: 4593: 4573: 4568: 4544: 4530:Arturo Rotor 4519: 4494: 4480:Rafael Acuña 4469: 4451:José Avelino 4439: 4432: 4420: 4394: 4374: 4373: 4354: 4303: 4294: 4275: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4224: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4168: 4161:Bibliography 4146:. Retrieved 4136: 4124: 4115: 4110: 4098:. Retrieved 4094: 4085: 4073:. Retrieved 4068: 4059: 4049: 4042: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 4009: 4000: 3988:. Retrieved 3974: 3962:. Retrieved 3955:the original 3942: 3934: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3861: 3825:. Retrieved 3815: 3809: 3797:. Retrieved 3787: 3781: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3724: 3712: 3681: 3671:February 20, 3669:. Retrieved 3659: 3653: 3641: 3629:. Retrieved 3622: 3613: 3552: 3540: 3487: 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3454: 3361: 3317:. Retrieved 3313: 3285: 3241: 3189: 3109: 3097: 3047:November 18, 3045:. Retrieved 3041: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3005:. Retrieved 3001: 2975: 2961: 2949:. Retrieved 2944: 2935: 2924: 2915: 2901: 2652:Manuel Roxas 2364:Metro Manila 2354:(1967); and 2329: 2314: 2305:Margie Moran 2290: 2271: 2263: 2252: 2213: 2200: 2196: 2176: 2160: 2146: 2137: 2116: 2095: 2087:Dean Acheson 2080: 2073: 2062: 2060: 2048: 2035: 1989: 1981: 1972: 1964: 1956: 1934:independence 1931: 1922: 1912: 1872: 1849: 1834: 1816: 1782: 1703: 1699:Manuel Moran 1674: 1670:Manuel Moran 1663:World War II 1651: 1607: 1600: 1579: 1568: 1557: 1544:the Pentagon 1540: 1530: 1498:Spoken style 1470:Manuel Roxas 1468: 1428:Commonwealth 1421: 1393: 1385: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321:Edwin Ramsey 1314: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1267: 1247:Pearl Harbor 1231:World War II 1228: 1219:World War II 1208: 1184: 1158:. After the 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1122: 1116: 1100: 1070: 1060:that all of 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1004: 985: 962: 953: 943: 936: 929: 922: 910: 898:Please help 893:verification 890: 835: 820: 815: 797: 742: 741: 721:World War II 717:Battles/wars 604: 557:Nacionalista 553:affiliations 523:Heart attack 499:(1948-04-15) 444: 429:Rafael Acuña 425:Succeeded by 402: 385:Succeeded by 364: 334:Succeeded by 311: 293:Succeeded by 260: 246:Arturo Rotor 241:Succeeded by 208: 190: 176:José Avelino 171:Succeeded by 148: 128:Succeeded by 91: 63:Manuel Roxas 56: 51: 47: 6233:1948 deaths 6228:1892 births 6105:(1946-1947) 6010:(1946-1948) 5943:(1946-1948) 5908:(1946-1948) 5867:(1946-1948) 5839:(1946-1948) 5822:(1946–1948) 5405:Fuentebella 4839:(1981–1986) 4782:(1961–1965) 4776:(1957–1961) 4770:(1953–1957) 4764:(1948–1953) 4758:(1946–1948) 4749:(1946–1973) 4730:(1943–1945) 4713:(1944–1946) 4707:(1935–1944) 4698:(1935–1946) 4679:(1899–1901) 4377:Assemblyman 3990:October 22, 3572:Buhite 2008 3557:Buhite 2008 3533:Rovere 1992 3516:Shafer 1988 3458:. 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