Vajrayana - Knowledge

2569: 2764: 2058: 3190: 5350: 2561: 1513: 2398: 2657: 3729: 3400: 42: 2977: 3573: 3531: 1717: 3069: 1533: 1960: 1275: 1099: 5738: 1451:. Ryujun Tajima divides the tantras into those which were "a development of Mahāyānist thought" and those "formed in a rather popular mould toward the end of the eighth century and declining into the esoterism of the left", this "left esoterism" mainly refers to the Yogini tantras and later works associated with wandering yogis. This practice survives in Tibetan Buddhism, but it is rare for this to be done with an actual person. It is more common for a yogi or yogini to use an imagined consort (a buddhist tantric deity, i.e. a yidam). 2772: 6115: 6079: 5887: 5395: 5325: 1213:

made from parts of the human body, so that control may be exercised over the forces hindering the natural abilities of the siddha to manipulate the cosmos at will. At their most extreme, siddhas also represented a defensive position within the Buddhist tradition, adopted and sustained for the purpose of aggressive engagement with the medieval culture of public violence. They reinforced their reputations for personal sanctity with rumors of the magical manipulation of various flavors of demonic females (

5313: 4049:(1932-1980) was one important modern promoter of Esoteric Buddhism. He is known for translating a collection of Esoteric Buddhist texts, contributing to the dissemination of Esoteric Buddhism in Vietnam. Thích Viên Đức promoted esoteric Buddhist teachings as the fastest path to enlightenment. He established numerous communities in southern Vietnam and was also known as a healer. He also met with Tibetan lamas and Japanese Buddhists. Another modern Vietnamese esoteric organization is 84: 5197: 16439: 11457: 4096: 2117: 11468: 5678: 16449: 3924: 2383: 8866: 8853: 2170: 3975:. According to Quang Minh Thich "at present, it is still the norm in Vietnamese Buddhist temples, both in Vietnam and abroad, that these mantras, as elements of the Mantrayana, are recited either in their distinctive chanted sessions or in conjunction with other popular Buddhist scriptures. In function, the Vietnamese Tantric practices serve as a complement to the practices of Zen and Pure Land, not as an independent tradition." 2923: 3384: 8843: 2825: 8790: 3262:

into Tibetan, and a smaller part into Chinese. Aside from these, there are perhaps another two thousand or more works that are known today only from such translations. We can be certain as well that many others are lost to us forever, in whatever form. Of the texts that survive a very small proportion has been published; an almost insignificant percentage has been edited or translated reliably.

2151:) which required interpretation and guidance from a teacher. The teachings may also be considered "self-secret", meaning that even if they were to be told directly to a person, that person would not necessarily understand the teachings without proper context. In this way, the teachings are "secret" to the minds of those who are not following the path with more than a simple sense of curiosity. 1253: 2543:) are allowed to practice the more advanced esoteric methods. In tantric deity yoga, mantras or bijas are used during the ritual evocation of deities which are said to arise out of the uttered and visualized mantric syllables. After the deity's image and mandala has been established, heart mantras are visualized as part of the contemplation in different points of the deity's body. 3808:, a Japanese monk who studied in China in the 9th century during the Tang dynasty and brought back Vajrayana scriptures, techniques and mandalas then popular in China. The school was merged into other schools in China towards the end of the Tang dynasty but was sectarian in Japan. Shingon is one of the few remaining branches of Buddhism in the world that continues to use the 5449:, when Shinto was declared an independent state religion separate from Buddhism, Shugendō was banned as a superstition not fit for a new, enlightened Japan. Some Shugendō temples converted themselves into various officially approved Shintō denominations. In modern times, Shugendō is practiced mainly by Tendai and Shingon sects, retaining an influence on modern 2774: 2779: 2777: 2773: 1588:. Sanderson's comparison of them shows similarity in "ritual procedures, style of observance, deities, mantras, mandalas, ritual dress, Kapalika accouterments like skull bowls, specialized terminology, secret gestures, and secret jargons. There is even direct borrowing of passages from Shaiva texts." Sanderson gives numerous examples such as the 2778: 2140:) and their practice requires initiation in a ritual space containing the mandala of the deity. Many techniques are also commonly said to be secret, but some Vajrayana teachers have responded that secrecy itself is not important and only a side-effect of the reality that the techniques have no validity outside the teacher-student lineage. 5562:

initiation procedure in the highest class of tantra (such as the Kalachakra), students must take the tantric vows which commit them to such secrecy. "Explaining general tantra theory in a scholarly manner, not sufficient for practice, is likewise not a root downfall. Nevertheless, it weakens the effectiveness of our tantric practice."

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being no less real than everyday reality, but a process of transforming reality itself, including the practitioner's identity as the deity. As Stephan Beyer notes, "In a universe where all events dissolve ontologically into Emptiness, the touching of Emptiness in the ritual is the re-creation of the world in actuality".

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The seats are well-known on earth to be spots within the lotus mandala; by abiding within it there is great bliss, the royal nature of nondual joy. Therefore the lotus seat is supreme: filled with a mixture of semen and uterine blood, one should especially kiss it, and lolling with the tongue take it

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and may have passed through other cultures, notably those of Japan and Tibet, before translation for the modern reader. Further complications arise as seemingly equivalent terms can have subtle variations in use and meaning according to context, the time and place of use. A third problem is that the

3177:) can be made, special chanting techniques can be used, and in elaborate offering rituals or initiations, many more ritual implements and tools are used, each with an elaborate symbolic meaning to create a special environment for practice. Vajrayana has thus become a major inspiration in traditional 1652:

and other Saiva movements, but the influence was apparently mutual. Perhaps a more nuanced model would be that the various lines of transmission were locally flourishing and that in some areas they interacted, while in others they maintained concerted hostility. Thus the influence was both sustained

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According to Ronald M. Davidson, the rise of Tantric Buddhism was a response to the feudal structure of Indian society in the early medieval period (ca. 500–1200 CE) which saw kings being divinized as manifestations of gods. Likewise, tantric yogis reconfigured their practice through the metaphor of

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states "You should kill living beings, speak lying words, take what is not given, consort with the women of others". While some of these statements were taken literally as part of ritual practice, others such as killing were interpreted in a metaphorical sense. In the Hevajra, "killing" is defined

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Though we do not know precisely at present just how many Indian tantric Buddhist texts survive today in the language in which they were written, their number is certainly over one thousand five hundred; I suspect indeed over two thousand. A large part of this body of texts has also been translated

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These elements are brought together in the practice of tantric deity yoga, which involves visualizing the deity's body and mandala, reciting the deity's mantra and gaining insight into the nature of things based on this contemplation. Advanced tantric practices such as deity yoga are taught in the

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Buddhist siddhas demonstrated the appropriation of an older sociological form—the independent sage/magician, who lived in a liminal zone on the borders between fields and forests. Their rites involved the conjunction of sexual practices and Buddhist mandala visualization with ritual accoutrements

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Buddhist tantric practice is categorized as secret practice; this is to avoid misinformed people from harmfully misusing the practices. A method to keep this secrecy is that tantric initiation is required from a master before any instructions can be received about the actual practice. During the

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is central to the Tantric Buddhist view and practice. The Buddhist emptiness view sees the world as being fluid, without an ontological foundation or inherent existence, but ultimately a fabric of constructions. Because of this, tantric practice such as self-visualization as the deity is seen as

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Vajrayāna texts exhibit a wide range of literary characteristics—usually a mix of verse and prose, almost always in a Sanskrit that "transgresses frequently against classical norms of grammar and usage," although also occasionally in various Middle Indic dialects or elegant classical Sanskrit.

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Because of its adoption by the monastic tradition, the practice of sexual yoga was slowly transformed into one which was either done with an imaginary consort visualized by the yogi instead of an actual person, or reserved to a small group of the "highest" or elite practitioners. Likewise, the

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venues, despite their presence in lists employed by both traditions." Davidson further adds that like the Buddhists, the Shaiva tradition was also involved in the appropriation of Hindu and non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions, an example being "village or tribal divinities like Tumburu".

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A recent development is known as the "tantric revival movement" (mijiao fuxing yundong 密教復興運動) which involved the revival of Chinese Esoteric schools by Chinese students of Japanese Shingon. Some important figures of this revival include Wang Hongyuan 王弘願 (1876–1937), and Guru Wuguang (悟光上師

1140:, these tantric figures thrived during the latter half of the first millennium CE. According to John Myrdhin Reynolds, the mahasiddhas date to the medieval period in North India and used methods that were radically different from those used in Buddhist monasteries, including practicing on 2831: 2829: 2827: 2097:

In the vehicle of Sutra Mahayana, the "path of the cause" is taken whereby a practitioner starts with his or her potential Buddha-nature and nurtures it to produce the fruit of Buddhahood. In the Vajrayāna, the "path of the fruit" is taken whereby the practitioner takes his or her innate

2830: 2248:): "Bliss melts the conceptual mind, heightens sensory awareness, and opens the practitioner to the naked experience of the nature of mind." This tantric experience is not the same as ordinary self-gratifying sexual passion since it relies on tantric meditative methods using the 2098:

Buddha-nature as the means of practice. The premise is that since we innately have an enlightened mind, practicing seeing the world in terms of ultimate truth can help us to attain our full Buddha-nature. Experiencing ultimate truth is said to be the purpose of all the various

2094:. As with the Mahayana, motivation is a vital component of Vajrayāna practice. The Bodhisattva-path is an integral part of the Vajrayāna, which teaches that all practices are to be undertaken with the motivation to achieve Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. 4019:). Another promoter of esoteric Buddhism during this period was Sùng Phạm (1004-1078) of Phap Van pagoda who studied in India for nine years before returning to Vietnam and was the teacher of the influential esoteric master Tri Bat. Phap Loa (1284-1330), a leader of the 2644:

This dissolution into emptiness is then followed by the visualization of the deity and re-emergence of the yogi as the deity. During the process of deity visualization, the deity is to be imaged as not solid or tangible, as "empty yet apparent", with the character of a

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which is currently fully accessible online in discrete digitized manuscripts. With the Wylie transcription of the manuscripts they are to be made discoverable online in the future. These 350 texts are just a small portion of the vast cache of the Dunhuang manuscripts.

2634:). In the generation stage, one dissolves one's reality into emptiness and meditates on the deity-mandala, resulting in identification with this divine reality. In the completion stage, the divine image along with the illusory body is applied to the realization of 1781:, was also an important theory which became the basis for Tantric views. As explained by the Tantric commentator Lilavajra, this "intrinsic secret (behind) diverse manifestation" is the utmost secret and aim of Tantra. According to Wayman this "Buddha embryo" ( 3018:. As a secondary meaning, "vajra" symbolizes the ultimate nature of things which is described in the tantras as translucent, pure and radiant, but also indestructible and indivisible. It is also symbolic of the power of tantric methods to achieve its goals. 2653:. This visualization is to be combined with "divine pride", which is "the thought that one is oneself the deity being visualized." Divine pride is different from common pride because it is based on compassion for others and on an understanding of emptiness. 2828: 7714:

Cousins, L.S. (1997), "Aspects of Southern Esoteric Buddhism", in Peter Connolly and Sue Hamilton (eds.), Indian Insights: Buddhism, Brahmanism and Bhakd Papers from the Annual Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Luzac Oriental, London: 185-207, 410.

3701:(1918–2000), both trained in Shingon and went on to spread Shingon teachings in the Chinese speaking world. These revivalist lineages exist in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia. Though they draw mainly from Shingon teachings, they have also adopted some 2057: 1835:

Those things by which evil men are bound, others turn into means and gain thereby release from the bonds of existence. By passion the world is bound, by passion too it is released, but by heretical Buddhists this practice of reversals is not

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outlines two main types of completion practice: a formless and image-less contemplation on the ultimate empty nature of the mind and various yogas that make use of the illusory body to produce energetic sensations of bliss and warmth.

3900:, Esoteric Buddhist schools were forced to merge with the Seon and Kyo schools, becoming the ritual specialists. With the decline of Buddhism in Korea, Esoteric Buddhism mostly died out, save for a few traces in the rituals of the 2775: 1818:

is that of transformation. In Vajrayāna, negative mental factors such as desire, hatred, greed, pride are used as part of the path. As noted by French Indologist Madeleine Biardeau, the tantric doctrine is "an attempt to place

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which was said to be indestructible and unbreakable (like a diamond) and extremely powerful (like thunder). Thus, the term is variously translated as Diamond Vehicle, Thunderbolt Vehicle, Indestructible Vehicle and so on.

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Feminine deities and forces are also increasingly prominent in Vajrayāna. In the Yogini tantras in particular, women and female yoginis are given high status as the embodiment of female deities such as the wild and nude

2476:, Buddhist esotericism is centered on what is known as "the three mysteries" or "secrets": the tantric adept affiliates his body, speech, and mind with the body, speech, and mind of a Buddha through mudra, mantras and 5369:

Some traditions are related to Vajrayana, but are not to be seen as "Vajrayana" or "Mantrayana" proper. Vajrayana here referring to the Buddhist tradition based on the tantric literature of North Indian Mahayana, the

3488:) or mantrayana methods to a lesser extent. In many Asian Mahayana Buddhist traditions, esoteric methods are used as a complement, not as the central practice. This mainly involves the recitation of mantras (like the 1102:

Mahasiddhas, Palpung monastery. Note the figure of the great adept Putalipa at center, seated in a cave and gazing at an image of the meditational deity Samvara and the figure at the bottom left holding a skull-staff

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tantras is by no means so well established" and that "the available evidence suggests that received Saiva tantras come into evidence sometime in the ninth to tenth centuries with their affirmation by scholars like

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Today, esoteric traditions are deeply embedded in mainstream Chinese Buddhism and expressed through various rituals which make use of tantric mantra and dhāraṇī and the veneration of certain tantric deities like

5653:, not Buddhism Tantric Buddhism is a name for a phenomenon which calls itself, in Sanskrit, Mantranaya, Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna or Mantramahāyāna (and apparently never Tantrayāna). Its practitioners are known as 7299: 3915:(眞覺). According to Henrik H. Sørensen, "they have absolutely no historical link with the Korean Buddhist tradition per se but are late constructs based in large measures on Japanese Shingon Buddhism." 5057:

tantras' include many transgressive elements, such as sexual and mortuary symbolism that is not shared by the earlier tantras that are studied in East Asian Buddhism. These texts were translated into

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as developing concentration by killing the life-breath of discursive thoughts. Likewise, while actual sexual union with a physical consort is practiced, it is also common to use a visualized consort.

7353: 2568: 2215:). Since the ultimate state is in some sense non-dual, a practitioner can approach that state by "transcending attachment to dual categories such as pure and impure, permitted and forbidden". As the 1648:

The Buddhist-Kapalika connection is more complex than a simple process of religious imitation and textual appropriation. There can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by

3060:. The union of the two sets of spokes at the center of the wheel is said to symbolize the unity of wisdom (prajña) and compassion (karuna) as well as the sexual union of male and female deities. 2826: 5603:

In the Vajrayana tradition, now preserved mainly in Tibetan lineages, it has long been recognized that certain important teachings are expressed in a form of secret symbolic language known as

3761:("Esoteric (or Mystery) Teaching"), which are similar in concept to those in Vajrayana Buddhism. The lineage for Shingon Buddhism differs from that of Tibetan Vajrayana, having emerged from 1563:, various classes of Vajrayāna literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Shaivism. The relationship between the two systems can be seen in texts like the 2875:

The practice of ingestion of sexual fluids is mentioned by numerous tantric commentators, sometimes euphemistically referring to the penis as the "vajra" and the vagina as the "lotus". The

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Sørensen. Esoteric Buddhism under the Koryŏ in the Light of the Greater East Asian Tradition. International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture September 2006, Vol.7, pp. 55-94.

2196:, though some of these are often replaced with less taboo substances such as yogurt. Tantric feasts and initiations sometimes employed substances like human flesh as noted by Kahha's 2763: 1750:

schools. The major difference seen by Vajrayana thinkers is the superiority of Tantric methods, which provide a faster vehicle to liberation and contain many more skillful means (

5665:. Thus, our use of the anglicised adjective “Tantric” for the Buddhist religion taught in Tantras is not native to the tradition, but is a borrowed term which serves its purpose. 5182:. It has also spread to Western countries and there are now international networks of Tibetan Buddhist temples and meditation centers in the Western world from all four schools. 2460:, and are seen as their manifestations in sonic form. They are traditionally believed to have spiritual power, which can lead to enlightenment as well as supramundane abilities ( 3115:

as well as of the inner workings of the human person. The macrocosmic symbolism of the mandala then, also represents the forces of the human body. The explanatory tantra of the

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Although the Tendai school in China and Japan does employ some esoteric practices, these rituals came to be considered of equal importance with the exoteric teachings of the

4046: 7797: 1789:), an effortless fount of good qualities" that resides in the mindstream but is "obscured by discursive thought". This doctrine is often associated with the idea of the 2864:"), as well as the sacramental ingestion of "power substances" such as the mingled sexual fluids and uterine blood (often performed by licking these substances off the 3677:

the official religion of China, and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court. Imperial support of Tibetan Vajrayana continued into the Ming and Qing dynasties.

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All ritual in Vajrayana practice can be seen as aiding in this process of visualization and identification. The practitioner can use various hand implements such as a

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The Six Yogas Of Naropa, Tsongkhapa's Commentary Entitled A Book Of Three Inspirations A Treatise On The Stages Of Training In The Profound Path Of Naro's Six Dharmas

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already contained some elements which are emphasized in the Tantras, such as mantras and dharani. The use of protective verses or phrases actually dates back to the

696: 1374:, some of which can be traced to at least the 7th century CE but might be older. The dating of the tantras is "a difficult, indeed an impossible task" according to 1229:), and other things that go bump in the night. Operating on the margins of both monasteries and polite society, some adopted the behaviors associated with ghosts ( 1934:(1308–1364) expanded on these philosophies in their tantric commentaries and treatises. The status of the tantric view continued to be debated in medieval Tibet. 5517:

sources. As such, it has no direct connection to the Indian "Vajrayana" of the Buddhist tantras, the Indian mahasiddhas and the Nalanda-Vikramashila traditions.

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Vajrayāna practices are connected to specific lineages in Buddhism, through the teachings of lineage holders. Others might generally refer to these texts as the

8764:Āryadeva's Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Caryāmelāpakapradīpa): The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism according to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition 7061:(2007). Catalogue of the Tibetan Tantric Manuscripts from Dunhuang in the Stein Collection . Second electronic edition. International Dunhuang Project. Source: 4015:. He also spread esoteric teachings throughout Vietnam and liberalized their practice, making them less dependent on reincarnation lineages (similar to Tibetan 3366:

also contain Tibetan Tantric manuscripts. Dalton and Schaik (2007, revised) provide an excellent online catalogue listing 350 Tibetan Tantric Manuscripts] from

1573:, and states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by 2338:. The special tantric vows vary depending on the specific mandala practice for which the initiation is received and also depending on the level of initiation. 4023:

school, was another very influential Vietnamese esoteric master. He is known for establishing esoteric abhiseka (initiation) ceremonies as well as Huayan (

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In India, there is evidence to show that women participated in tantric practice alongside men and were also teachers, adepts and authors of tantric texts.

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According to David Gray, these sexual practices probably originated in a non-monastic context, but were later adopted by monastic establishments (such as

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In the Unsurpassed Yoga Tantras, the most widespread tantric form in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, this method is divided into two stages, the generation stage (

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context of an initiation ceremony by tantric gurus or vajracharyas (vajra-masters) to the tantric initiate, who also takes on formal commitments or vows (

2456:). Mantras are words, phrases or a collection of syllables used for a variety of meditative, magical and ritual ends. Mantras are usually associated with 1408:), classed as a "Yoga tantra", is one of the first Buddhist tantras which focuses on liberation as opposed to worldly goals. In another early tantra, the 2724:("wheels"). These subtle energies are seen as "mounts" for consciousness, the physical component of awareness. They are engaged by various means such as 12901: 10522: 8997: 5426:

back in the 7th century, Shugendō evolved as a sort of amalgamation between Esoteric Buddhism, Shinto and several other religious influences including

4998: 3303:, a large number of tantric works are widely studied and different schools focus on the study and practice of different cycles of texts. According to 7639:

J. Takakusu (2005). A Record of the Buddhist Religion : As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695)/I-Tsing. New Delhi, AES.

7082: 833:). However, traditionally, the adherents and texts of Vajrayāna claim these teachings have been passed down by an unbroken lineage going back to the 15392: 5641:"Tantric Buddhism" is not the transcription of a native term, but a rather modern coinage, if not totally occidental. For the equivalent Sanskrit 5349: 2956:

thinking. In Vajrayāna, symbols, and terms are multi-valent, reflecting the microcosm and the macrocosm as in the phrase "As without, so within" (

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is sometimes portrayed as a method for those of inferior abilities. However the practitioner of the mantra still has to adhere to the vows of the

1941:(1012–1088) held that the views of sutra such as Madhyamaka were inferior to that of tantra, which was based on basic purity of ultimate reality. 1644:) mingled and discussed their paths at various pilgrimage places and that there were conversions between the different groups. Thus he concludes: 15241: 10526: 7064: 7037: 3893:) schools. During the era of the Mongol occupation (1251–1350s), Tibetan Buddhism also existed in Korea though it never gained a foothold there. 3189: 1195:. It was dominated by long-haired, wandering mahasiddhas who openly challenged and ridiculed the Buddhist establishment. The mahasiddhas pursued 7768: 16298: 10750: 920:

In India, the initial term was Mantranāya (Path of Mantras), and Mantrayāna (Mantra Vehicle). Later, other terms were adopted, like Vajrayāna.

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Vajrayāna Buddhism is esoteric in the sense that the transmission of certain teachings only occurs directly from teacher to student during an

1398:), teach the use of mantras and dharanis for mostly worldly ends including curing illness, controlling the weather and generating wealth. The 2798:, often termed "formless practices" or the path of self-liberation. These techniques do not rely on deity visualization per se but on direct 2037:

leads one to Buddhahood in a single lifetime. According to the literature, the mantra is an easy path without the difficulties innate to the

1632:(c. 1000 c.e.)" Davidson also notes that the list of pithas or sacred places "are certainly not particularly Buddhist, nor are they uniquely 8170:

Orzech, Charles D. (2006). "The 'Great Teaching of Yoga', the Chinese Appropriation of the Tantras, and the Question of Esoteric Buddhism".

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during the "New translation period" (10th–12th centuries). Tibetan Buddhism also includes numerous native Tibetan developments, such as the

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This practice is not taught for the sake of enjoyment, but for the examination of one's own thought, whether the mind is steady or waving.

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and that his arrival was predicted by the Buddha. Some accounts also maintain Padmasambhava is a direct reincarnation of Buddha Shakyamuni.

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further states that "one knowing the nature of poison may dispel poison with poison." As Snellgrove notes, this idea is already present in

1512: 7374: 3150:, are central to many Vajrayana mandalas as they represent the "five wisdoms", which are the five primary aspects of primordial wisdom or 2560: 2357:

vows in the same way as his students. Proper conduct is considered especially necessary for a qualified Vajrayana guru. For example, the

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substances like alcohol, urine, and meat. At least two of the mahasiddhas cited in the Buddhist literature are comparable with the Shaiva

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drinking of sexual fluids was also reinterpreted by later commentators to refer illusory body anatomy of the perfection stage practices.

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being expelled from their monasteries for performing them, shows that supposedly celibate monastics were undertaking these sexual rites.

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as the path. Vajrayāna can also be distinguished from the paramitayana. According to this schema, Indian Mahayana revealed two vehicles (

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Due to the esoteric initiatory nature of the tradition, many practitioners will not divulge information or sources of their information.

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Various classifications are possible when distinguishing Vajrayāna from the other Buddhist traditions. Vajrayāna can be seen as a third

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Sanderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).

2576:). Visualizing deities in the form of seed syllables is a common Vajrayana meditation. In Shingon, one of the most common practices is 2397: 1673:

According to several Buddhist tantras as well as traditional Tibetan Buddhist sources, the tantras and the Vajrayana was taught by the

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has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a “pan-Indian religious substrate” which is not specifically Buddhist,

8810: 1868:, rather they exist in a continuum. All individuals are seen as containing the seed of enlightenment within, which is covered over by 15091: 11505: 8832: 7433: 5386:. However, these related traditions may have been influenced by Vajrayana proper and have borrowed practices from Vajrayana schools. 15537: 8276: 1911:

brought Tantra to Tang China (716 to 720), tantric philosophy continued to be developed in Chinese and Japanese by thinkers such as

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While all the Vajrayāna Buddhist traditions include all of the traditional practices used in Mahayana Buddhism such as developing

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Isabelle Onians, "Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm," D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford, Trinity Term 2001 pg 8

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Kate Crosby, Traditional Theravada Meditation and its Modern-Era Suppression Hong Kong: Buddha Dharma Centre of Hong Kong, 2013,

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There is an extended body of texts associated with Buddhist Tantra, including the "tantras" themselves, tantric commentaries and

3111:, is another unique feature of Buddhist Tantra. Mandalas are symbolic depictions of the sacred space of the awakened Buddhas and 1540:, which, according to scholars like David B. Gray and Alexis Sanderson, appropriated numerous elements from nondual Shaiva Tantra 3546:

sometimes include material not usually thought of as tantric outside the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, such as the widely recited

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An important element in some of these rituals (particularly initiations and tantric feasts) seems to have been the practice of

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The Elements of Tantric Practice:A General Exposition of the Process of Meditation in the Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra

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and received sanction from the emperors of the Tang dynasty. During this time, three great masters came from India to China:

3399: 1825:, desire, in every meaning of the word, in the service of liberation." This view is outlined in the following quote from the 1317: 3869:

during the initial introduction of Buddhism to the region in 372 CE. Esoteric Buddhism was supported by the royalty of both

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continued the tradition of Buddhist philosophy and adapted it to their commentaries on the major Tantras. Abhayakaragupta's

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and this tradition has preserved many Vajrayana texts in this language. Its priests do not follow celibacy and are called

1945:(1357–1419) on the other hand, held that there is no difference between Vajrayāna and other forms of Mahayana in terms of 16483: 15980: 15261: 14862: 11337: 4371: 3728: 3665:

to adopt various esoteric practices over time, leading to a merging of teachings between the various schools. During the

3040:), enfolding either end of the rod. The vajra is often traditionally employed in tantric rituals in combination with the 2952:

Vajrayāna uses a rich variety of symbols, terms, and images that have multiple meanings according to a complex system of

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developed in the 10th century. It is farthest removed from the earlier Buddhist traditions, and incorporates concepts of

703: 8341:. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series. Vol. 23. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. 7268:"From China to Japan and Back Again: An Energetic Example of Bidirectional Sino-Japanese Esoteric Buddhist Transmission" 5554:

As with many different subjects, it must be studied in context and with a long history spanning many different cultures.

16190: 15920: 15802: 15256: 13841: 11790: 11234: 10784: 8879: 7736: 7597:(1970). "Theravada Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development". 7406: 4970: 1498:) of a mandala palace of divine vassals, an imperial metaphor symbolizing kingly fortresses and their political power. 1470:

tantras" and represent the final form of development of Indian Buddhist tantras in the ninth and tenth centuries. The

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The term Tantric Buddhism was not one originally used by those who practiced it. As scholar Isabelle Onians explains:

5471:"Southern Esoteric Buddhism" or Borān kammaṭṭhāna ('ancient practices') is a term for esoteric forms of Buddhism from 4009:. He brought back various texts and practices from Burma. He became famous as a powerful magician. He was fond of the 1147:

Since the practice of Tantra focuses on the transformation of poisons into wisdom, the yogic circles came together in

826:

According to contemporary historical scholarship, Vajrayāna practice originated in the tantric era of medieval India (

16240: 15066: 12311: 9080: 8714: 8519: 8463: 8160: 7951: 7894: 7826: 7644: 7092: 6527: 6507: 5777: 4984: 11327: 3496:. However, certain revival movements have attempted to establish new esoteric schools in mainland East Asia such as 1344: 16293: 13851: 11012: 10757: 7720: 5524:. However, esoteric Buddhist practices remain in some contemporary South East Asian traditions, including the Thai 5346:. The few Buddhist artifacts that have been found in the islands reflect the iconography of Srivijaya's Vajrayana. 5047:

This tradition practices and studies a set of tantric texts and commentaries associated with the more "left hand" (

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Secret of Speech: Speech exactly appropriate to the lineage of the creature, as in the language of the yaksas, etc.

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Reformulating the Appropriated and Relinking the Chain: Challenges of Lineage and Legitimacy in Zhenyan Revivalism

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Journey and Goal: An Analysis of the Spiritual Paths and Levels to be Traversed and the Consummate Fruition state

8220: 5082: 4908: 4122: 4050: 3312: 1677:, but only to some individuals. There are several stories and versions of how the tantras were disseminated. The 4040:

Collection of Essentials for the Attainment of Buddhahood by Total Penetration of the Esoteric and the Exoteric,

3142:, the Dalai Lama describes mandalas thus: "This is the celestial mansion, the pure residence of the deity." The 2546:

Most Tantric Buddhists believe nirvana is achievable in a single lifetime with "vigorous study and meditation".

168: 16110: 15935: 15208: 14227: 14168: 14055: 13934: 13866: 12289: 11927: 11846: 11349: 11002: 10804: 10695: 10640: 9213: 8690:. The Treasury of Knowledge (books 9 & 10). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. pp. 159–251, 333–451. 4030:

Chinese Buddhist esotericism also influenced Vietnamese esotericism during the medieval period, especially the

2728:(breath control) to produce blissful experiences that are then applied to the realization of ultimate reality. 2240:

and the bodhisattva's quest for enlightenment is likened to a lover seeking union with the mind of the Buddha.

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which might have served as a central source of visual imagery for Tantric texts. Later Mahāyāna texts like the

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Although a large number of Tantric scriptures are extant, they have not been formally ordered or systematized.

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Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism refers to the traditions of Esoteric Buddhism found in the Indonesian islands of

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that one is innately an enlightened being, and that one can attain enlightenment within the current lifetime.

3777:) and is based on earlier versions of the Indian texts than the Tibetan lineage. Shingon shares material with 2767:

A Newari Buddhist mandala used for Guru Puja, Nepal, 19th century, gilt copper inlaid with semiprecious stones

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Because of their role in giving access to the practices and guiding the student through them, the role of the

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Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia, Brill, Page 296.

5324: 2516:, advanced practices like deity yoga are usually preceded by or coupled with "preliminary practices" called 1580:

Sanderson notes that the Vajrayāna Yogini tantras draw extensively from the material also present in Shaiva

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The terminology associated with Vajrayana Buddhism can be confusing. Most of the terms originated in the

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Serious Vajrayana academic study in the Western world is in early stages due to the following obstacles:

5343: 4946: 4586: 31: 14362: 14352: 10137: 8010:

Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra

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issued a regulation obliging Shugendō temples to belong to either Shingon or Tendai temples. During the

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and Southeast Asian Maritime trade routes sometime during the first half of the 7th century, during the

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throughout Asia. Vajrayana (in the form of Tibetan Buddhism) dominates the Himalayan regions and in the

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for the lower levels of tantra, and are taken during initiations into the empowerment for a particular

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In the pre-modern era, Tibetan Buddhism spread outside of Tibet primarily due to the influence of the

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notes the importance of the psycho-physical experiences arising in sexual yoga, termed "great bliss" (

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Fontein, Jan. Entering the Dharmadhātu: A Study of the <Gandavyūha Reliefs of Borobudur, page 233.

4077: 3567: 3530: 3276: 3271: 3022: 2755:, in which the yogi ceremonially offers their body to be eaten by tantric deities in a ritual feast. 1658: 1400: 979: 897: 579: 136: 14458: 9356: 5483:

once practiced forms of tantra which were popular in the island. Another tradition of this type was

4413: 3348: 2611:), which involves the recitation of mantras, prayers and visualization of the deity, the associated 1653:

and reciprocal, even in those places where Buddhist and Kapalika siddhas were in extreme antagonism.

15857: 15817: 15772: 15562: 15552: 15357: 15111: 14936: 14872: 14842: 14732: 14497: 14406: 14374: 14335: 14247: 13154: 12406: 12342: 11812: 11797: 11491: 11437: 10789: 10603: 10581: 10574: 10477: 10010: 9630: 9446: 9391: 9012: 8818: 8446: 7554: 5748: 5706: 5278:(650 CE–1377 CE) was a major center of Esoteric Buddhist learning which drew Chinese monks such as 4544: 4485: 4396: 4117: 3248: 3240: 2976: 2799: 2406: 769: 663: 216: 35: 30:"Buddhist tantra" and "Esoteric Buddhism" redirect here. For the esoteric Buddhist scriptures, see 12849: 16308: 16245: 16195: 16155: 16100: 15735: 15730: 15620: 15567: 15457: 15387: 15183: 14994: 14909: 14114: 14092: 13891: 13713: 13238: 12891: 12818: 12502: 11873: 11673: 11582: 11374: 11354: 10685: 10665: 10422: 10152: 9396: 5752: 5649:

is a term denoting someone who follows the teachings of scriptures known as Tantras, but only in

4304: 4273: 3877:(918–1392). During the Goryeo Dynasty esoteric practices were common within large sects like the 3343: 2877: 2527: 2133: 1619:

Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's arguments for direct influence from Shaiva

1605: 1537: 1283: 1202: 537: 5510: 5053:) tantras, which are not part of East Asian Esoteric Buddhism. These tantras (sometimes termed ' 3689:. One example of esoteric teachings still practiced in many Chinese Buddhist monasteries is the 558: 41: 16175: 16070: 16030: 16010: 15867: 15842: 15747: 15720: 15670: 15640: 15630: 15547: 15512: 15497: 15482: 15437: 15372: 15046: 14977: 14882: 14877: 14618: 14541: 14303: 14185: 14109: 13906: 13896: 13755: 13723: 13661: 13632: 13149: 13144: 12955: 12836: 12796: 12581: 11922: 11917: 11897: 11893: 11384: 11224: 10892: 10862: 10635: 10586: 10427: 10375: 10370: 10132: 9953: 9850: 9602: 9597: 9346: 8800: 7366: 5583:, a means of instruction that is deliberately coded. These obscure teaching methods relying on 5294:

also reflects strong Tantric or at least proto-tantric influences, particularly of the cult of

4866: 4824: 4705: 4532: 4441: 3210: 2810: 2619:, along with consorts and attendant Buddhas and bodhisattvas. According to the Tibetan scholar 2523: 2069: 1609: 468: 9714: 3527:

through the sea route. Medieval monks were a prime factor in the spread of esoteric Buddhism.

3068: 3006:, or an indestructible substance which could, therefore, pierce and penetrate any obstacle or 2234:

Alex Wayman points out that the symbolic meaning of tantric sexuality is ultimately rooted in

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make use of energetic schemas of human psycho-physiology composed of "energy channels" (Skt.

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and therefore it is possible that he was aware of Tantric techniques, including sexual yoga.

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Yoga of the Guhyasamājatantra: The Arcane Lore of Forty Verses: a Buddhist Tantra Commentary

5209: 2226:, union with a physical consort as part of advanced practices. Some tantras go further, the 1908: 1593: 1426: 16406: 16396: 16381: 16288: 16215: 16185: 16160: 16125: 16085: 16080: 16055: 15925: 15847: 15797: 15777: 15767: 15655: 15602: 15577: 15427: 15422: 15402: 15367: 15352: 15296: 15071: 15004: 14972: 14852: 14787: 14653: 14531: 14384: 14264: 14163: 14075: 14043: 14038: 13886: 13618: 12908: 12492: 12252: 11863: 11807: 11758: 11743: 11596: 11412: 11379: 11364: 10882: 10779: 10725: 10610: 10549: 10517: 10512: 10497: 10482: 10472: 10437: 10350: 10042: 9965: 9268: 9208: 8957: 8924: 8874: 8603: 7989:

Duckworth, Douglas (2015). "Tibetan Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).

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Somapura Buddhist Vihar dates back to the 8th century AD during the rule of the Pala empire

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Some modern teachers and organizations focus specifically on Vietnamese esoteric Buddhism.

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An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts a monk generating a tantric visualization

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The goal of spiritual practice within the Mahayana and Vajrayāna traditions is to become a

1420: 1299: 1083: 172: 12105: 11252: 9867: 9736: 9662: 9538: 9276: 8415:. Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. 7674:

Laszlo Legeza, "Tantric Elements in Pre-Hispanic Gold Art," Arts of Asia, 1988, 4:129-133.

7426: 5629:, those mysterious devices and diagrams that were so much in vogue in the pseudo-Buddhist 3036:) at its centre, and a variable number of spokes, 3, 5 or 9 at each end (depending on the 1959: 1773: 1681:, for example, has the Buddha state that the tantras will be explained by the bodhisattva 1532: 1105: 551: 8: 16411: 16386: 16366: 16343: 16270: 16220: 16200: 16115: 16105: 16060: 16020: 15975: 15970: 15960: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15930: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15872: 15782: 15757: 15635: 15625: 15587: 15557: 15542: 15527: 15517: 15507: 15472: 15467: 15417: 15362: 15337: 15281: 15138: 15126: 15014: 15009: 14999: 14867: 14668: 14581: 14526: 14502: 14389: 14274: 14232: 14027: 13876: 13504: 13296: 13181: 12977: 12774: 12659: 12587: 12477: 12398: 12225: 11878: 11702: 11548: 11219: 11098: 10932: 10907: 10897: 10857: 10834: 10717: 10690: 10650: 10569: 10559: 10487: 10414: 9845: 9702: 9483: 9461: 9413: 9233: 9033: 8889: 8869: 7427:"Georgieva-Russ, Nelly. Esoteric Buddhist Ritual Objects of the Koryŏ Dynasty (936-1392)" 5716: 5711: 5584: 4963: 4958: 4527: 4105: 3846:

maintains that one is able to understand sense experiences as taught by the Buddha, have

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Other methods which are associated with the completion stage in Tibetan Buddhism include

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Esoteric Instructions: A Detailed Presentation of the Process of Meditation in Vajrayana

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As Long As Space Endures: Essays on the Kalacakra Tantra in Honor of H.H. the Dalai Lama

8302:

Establishing Appearances as Divine: Rongzom Chözang on Reasoning, Madhyamaka, and Purity

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above), today the Vajrayāna exists primarily in the form of the two major traditions of

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Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China

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The question of the origins of early Vajrayāna has been taken up by various scholars.

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Many of the elements found in Buddhist tantric literature are not wholly new. Earlier

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There are several Buddhist tantric traditions that are currently practiced, including

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Another form of Vajrayana practice are certain meditative techniques associated with

2427:

meditation which are seen as more advanced. These include mantras, mandalas, mudras,

2390: 2148: 1873: 1801: 1472: 1356: 1237:), not only as a religious praxis but also as an extension of their implied threats. 722: 13911: 13509: 13169: 12918: 10404: 9198: 9098: 5599:

add to the difficulties faced by those attempting to understand Vajrayana Buddhism:

4520: 3538:

The distinction between mantrayana traditions is not always rigid. For example, the

2327: 2143:

The secrecy of teachings was often protected through the use of allusive, indirect,

1951:(perfection of insight) itself, only that Vajrayāna is a method which works faster. 1705: 1360: 16401: 16283: 16180: 15792: 15752: 15700: 15695: 15612: 15582: 15492: 15382: 15246: 15198: 15193: 14757: 14722: 14695: 14453: 14438: 14313: 14237: 14087: 14065: 13973: 13834: 13613: 13576: 13432: 13417: 13365: 13159: 13139: 13107: 13102: 13073: 13068: 12992: 12982: 12806: 12770: 12762: 12733: 12646: 12566: 12561: 12524: 12514: 12440: 12378: 12220: 12057: 11907: 11565: 11108: 11061: 11056: 10912: 10877: 10852: 10847: 10598: 10554: 10467: 10142: 9798: 9791: 9575: 9565: 9451: 9115: 8987: 8599: 8257: 8208: 8179: 7606: 7325: 7279: 7248:, pp. 68–71 Sino-American Buddhist Association, Buddhist Text Translation Society. 7192: 5596: 5454: 5234:. It is the only form of Vajrayana Buddhism in which the scriptures are written in 5167: 5124: 5074: 5012: 4834: 4829: 4666: 4661: 4620: 4610: 4095: 4085: 3778: 3746: 3702: 3682: 3674: 3654: 3520: 3516: 3469: 3452: 3444: 3424: 3300: 3281: 3254: 3228: 3127: 2926: 2513: 2457: 2320:

Practitioners of Vajrayāna need to abide by various tantric vows or pledges called

1935: 1903:

is a key source in the theory and practice of tantric rituals. After monks such as

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Another form of esoteric Buddhism in China is the related but unique tradition of

3107:. The use of visual aids, particularly microcosmic/macrocosmic diagrams, known as 2805:

Another distinctive feature of Tantric Buddhism is its unique and often elaborate

16478: 16452: 15081: 15061: 14551: 14443: 14433: 14102: 13770: 13561: 13541: 13472: 13437: 13370: 13090: 13063: 13038: 12987: 12965: 12753: 12696: 12467: 11984: 11785: 11711: 11651: 11606: 11575: 11472: 11417: 11369: 11297: 11167: 10965: 10945: 10887: 10799: 10462: 10360: 10207: 9943: 9926: 9911: 9889: 9441: 9311: 9145: 9125: 8648:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 8 part 4). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. 8595: 8227:. Translated by Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Padma Gochen Ling: Turtle Hill. 8093:

Isaacson, Harunaga (1998). "Tantric Buddhism in India (from c. 800 to c. 1200)".

7396: 7367:"Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century" 7068: 5683: 5575: 5175: 5034: 4873: 4698: 4688: 4683: 4366: 4361: 4263: 4183: 4058: 3936: 3911:

There are two Esoteric Buddhist schools in modern Korea: the Chinŏn (眞言) and the

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A central feature of tantric practice is the use of mantras, and seed syllables (

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class of Tantra, which features forms of ritual practice considered "left-hand" (

1291: 1111: 864: 10217: 9371: 9361: 8224: 5491:. The Tantric Buddhist 'Yogāvacara' tradition was a major Buddhist tradition in 3534:

A map depicting the spread of Esoteric Buddhism in Southeast and Eastern Eurasia

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Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise

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Osto, Douglas (June 2009). "'Proto–Tantric' Elements in the Gandavyuha Sutra".

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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia; Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons

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not as something outside or an event in the future, but as immanently present.

1827: 1693:(a figure related to Vajrapani, in some cases said to be an emanation of him). 1674: 1640:

Davidson adds that Buddhists and Kapalikas as well as other ascetics (possibly

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Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice

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The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India

8036:

Green, Ronald S. (2015). "East Asian Buddhism". In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).

7181:"Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China" 5415: 3978:

The first Vietnamese monk we know of who studied Vajrayana was Master Van Ky (

3339: 3123:, states: "The body becomes a palace, the hallowed basis of all the Buddhas." 1856:

According to Buddhist Tantra, there is no strict separation of the profane or

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Masters of Mahāmudrā: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas

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Sacred Interconnections: Postmodern Spirituality, Political Economy, and Art,

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substances, such as blood, semen, alcohol and urine, as ritual offerings and

2174: 1963: 1927: 1790: 1768: 1697: 1629: 1462: 1382: 1309: 1256: 885: 879: 873: 377: 370: 13800: 9655: 9645: 9017: 7883: 7314:"The Reception of the Mantra of Light in Republican Period Chinese Buddhism" 5506:

Southern Esoteric Buddhism is a unique Southeast Asian development based on

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fire ritual. Vajrayana teaches that these techniques provide faster path to

2128:, India. Some empowerment ceremonies can include large numbers of initiates. 908:. Historically, there were also other esoteric Buddhist traditions, such as 489: 15266: 15168: 15029: 14717: 14712: 14690: 14680: 14561: 13993: 13928: 13871: 13856: 13822: 13447: 13355: 12388: 12279: 12274: 12125: 12095: 11969: 11937: 11685: 11656: 11643: 11287: 11272: 11242: 11192: 11182: 11024: 10819: 10312: 10147: 10025: 9813: 9808: 9635: 9506: 9381: 8842: 8766:. New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. 8144: 5484: 5394: 5379: 5100: 5054: 5038: 5033:, some time before 767. Tibetan Buddhism reflects the later stages tantric 4913: 4898: 4738: 4258: 3912: 3770: 3766: 3666: 3605: 3501: 3473: 3222: 3112: 3100: 2895: 2539: 2091: 1662: 1443:) such as the use of taboo substances like alcohol, consort practices, and 1170: 1001: 104: 13494: 12176: 10070: 10055: 10015: 9712: 9376: 8952: 5618: 5604: 5196: 4414: 2802:

from a master and are often seen as the most advanced and direct methods.

1161:) which included dancing, singing, consort practices and the ingestion of 15188: 15163: 14987: 14955: 14946: 14892: 14822: 14807: 14700: 14591: 14252: 14200: 13988: 13706: 13686: 13526: 13467: 13205: 13201: 13024: 12539: 12487: 12457: 12294: 12148: 12040: 11964: 11829: 11765: 11716: 11257: 11086: 10227: 10212: 9995: 9803: 9731: 9511: 9341: 9243: 9090: 8962: 8745:

The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice

5339: 5240: 5159: 5104: 4891: 4429: 4231: 3905: 3901: 3878: 3834: 3617: 3548: 3508: 3178: 3007: 2999: 2981: 2784: 2736: 2697: 2473: 2266: 2155: 2065: 2046: 2033:

to lead one to Buddhahood. The tantra literature, however, says that the

2008:) or methods for attaining enlightenment: the method of the perfections ( 1888: 1884: 1732: 1724: 1553: 1364: 1005: 849: 675: 271: 14507: 14448: 13551: 12972: 12801: 12350: 11247: 9707: 8019:

The Cakrasamvara Tantra: The Discourse of Śrī Heruka (Śrīherukābhidhāna)

7819:

The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism

7330: 7313: 7300:

Replanting the Bodhi Tree: Buddhist Sectarianism and Zhenyan Revivalism.

7284: 7267: 5434:, and Kūkai's syncretic religion held wide sway up until the end of the 5409: 2940:, after the empowerment, Tharlam Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism, Boudha, 1313: 15154: 15149: 15024: 15019: 14982: 14960: 14817: 14797: 14792: 14633: 14623: 14586: 14190: 13968: 13916: 13656: 13301: 13281: 12854: 12779: 12718: 12482: 12462: 12383: 12035: 12003: 11974: 11753: 11748: 11733: 11202: 11160: 11036: 10842: 10767: 10381: 10365: 10327: 10307: 10202: 10177: 10085: 10020: 10000: 9746: 9677: 9548: 9431: 9401: 9336: 9286: 8944: 8934: 8907: 7618: 7212: 7180: 5435: 5402: 5383: 4928: 4733: 4573: 4561: 4551: 4515: 4253: 3998: 3713: 3613: 3554: 3407:

engraved on a stele. Temple Fo Ding Shan Chao Sheng in Sanyi Township,

3147: 3134:

that house and contain the uncontainable essence of a central deity or

3104: 2953: 2907: 2836: 2732: 2693: 2620: 2596: 2555: 2444: 2428: 2412: 2386: 2366:

Distance yourself from Vajra Masters who are not keeping the three vows

2236: 2223: 2121: 2082: 2001: 1942: 1931: 1904: 1877: 1743: 1686: 1657:

Davidson also argues for the influence of non-Brahmanical and outcaste

1477: 1332: 1178: 1149: 1129: 845: 834: 507: 475: 446: 349: 342: 278: 266: 241: 13998: 12874: 10222: 9218: 6625: 6469: 5520:

Southern Esoteric Buddhism declined after the rise of Southeast Asian

5208:

Buddhism, it's now home to only a small minority who are followers of

3653:

The prestige of this tradition eventually influenced other schools of

2116: 1616:, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. 432: 180: 15101: 14897: 14812: 14802: 14673: 14628: 14613: 14546: 14394: 13861: 13783: 13743: 13733: 13696: 13671: 13651: 13546: 13412: 13266: 13256: 13028: 12881: 12691: 12676: 12624: 12606: 12519: 12299: 12215: 12194: 12189: 12166: 12161: 12120: 12115: 12052: 11989: 11912: 11883: 11834: 11775: 11728: 11177: 11150: 10317: 10192: 9904: 9820: 9697: 9587: 9553: 9516: 9473: 9436: 9203: 9168: 9135: 9110: 9065: 7154:

The Will to Orthodoxy: A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism

6712: 6397: 5806:, p. 78, speaks of the tantra divisions of some editions of the 5507: 5398: 5295: 5287: 5275: 5151: 5049: 4923: 4556: 4309: 3986: 3960: 3709: 3601: 3592:

Esoteric and Tantric teachings followed the same route into northern

3524: 2941: 2791: 2725: 2616: 2496:

Secret of Body: Whatever form is necessary to tame the living beings.

2452: 2382: 2219:

states "the wise man who does not discriminate achieves Buddhahood".

2193: 2061: 1989: 1682: 1574: 1521: 1490: 1481: 1439: 1264: 1087: 853: 789: 439: 110: 12571: 12100: 10950: 9786: 9640: 9406: 9188: 9057: 9049: 8404:

Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors

7610: 4767: 3757: 3497: 3485: 2886:

up. Unite the vajra and lotus, with the rapture of drinking liquor.

2252:

and visualizations as well as the motivation for enlightenment. The

2164: 1090:

doctrines passed down from "supposedly initiated Buddhist masters."

1034: 14904: 14648: 14638: 14493: 13983: 13963: 13790: 13666: 13521: 13095: 12844: 12784: 12703: 12611: 12598: 12576: 12556: 12534: 12529: 12509: 12449: 12416: 12355: 12199: 12184: 12062: 12023: 11979: 11770: 11707: 11611: 11514: 11467: 11307: 11262: 11207: 11172: 11076: 10735: 10302: 10297: 10247: 10182: 10100: 10065: 10060: 9721: 9592: 9580: 9491: 9150: 8847: 7857:. Translated by Paul Groner. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 7196: 5677: 5592: 5571: 5500: 5492: 5235: 5205: 5179: 5112: 5070: 4819: 4755: 4480: 4236: 4198: 4127: 3815: 3717: 3597: 3581: 3367: 3080: 3002:

like a legendary weapon and divine attribute that was made from an

2989: 2795: 2470: 2424: 2204: 2169: 2125: 2025: 1985: 1794: 1760: 1747: 1736: 1701: 1690: 1649: 1633: 1597: 1581: 1549: 1517: 1434: 1234: 1218: 797: 762: 10292: 10282: 10267: 10090: 9960: 9228: 8627:

Systems of Buddhist Tantra:The Indestructible Way of Secret Mantra

8578:

Tantra in Bengal: A Study in Its Origin, Development and Influence

7963:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

6286: 5283: 4211: 4057:(2004). Esoteric practices are also currently associated with the 3736:

holding a vajra and a mala, 14th century, Art Institute of Chicago

3733: 3697:, which are especially influential in the Chinese Chan tradition. 2922: 2899: 2522:, consisting of five to seven accumulation practices and includes 2491:

Commentary, the secret Body, Speech, and Mind of the Buddhas are:

2368:

who keep on with a root downfall, who are miserly with the Dharma,

1916: 1723:, a major center for the study of Vajrayana philosophy during the 15173: 14777: 14742: 14663: 14576: 14517: 14421: 14124: 13978: 13728: 13681: 13566: 13442: 13261: 12723: 12686: 12497: 12047: 12013: 11856: 11557: 11212: 11155: 11140: 10287: 10277: 10252: 10127: 10122: 10080: 10050: 9982: 9948: 9835: 9776: 9771: 9625: 9528: 9366: 9316: 9103: 8929: 8531:

Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition

8321:

Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism

8021:. American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University. 7889:. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 7656:

Levenda, Peter. Tantric Temples: Eros and Magic in Java, page 99.

6921: 6909: 6615: 6613: 6550: 6481: 6067: 6043: 5992: 5807: 5650: 5588: 5267: 5116: 5078: 5066: 4903: 4859: 4854: 4750: 4649: 4615: 4403: 4327: 4112: 3955:

and is a common part of Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhism (along with

3842:, maintaining mudras, or practicing certain forms of meditation, 3839: 3786: 3662: 3639: 3543: 3493: 3383: 3322: 3216: 3095: 3037: 3033: 3003: 2937: 2934: 2891: 2650: 2638: 2612: 2518: 2477: 2401:

A Japanese Handscroll depicting various mudras, 11th–12th century

2343: 2188:

Some Vajrayāna rituals traditionally included the use of certain

2178: 1912: 1864: 1858: 1370:

Vajrayāna Buddhists developed a large corpus of texts called the

1304: 1268: 1197: 820: 812: 638: 410: 389: 9899: 9667: 8667:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 8 part 3). Ithaca: Snow Lion. 8629:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book 6 part 4). Ithaca: Snow Lion. 8376:

Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism

8108:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

3072: 2752: 2537:, and thus only those who receive an empowerment or initiation ( 15086: 14965: 14950: 14769: 14658: 14643: 14601: 14379: 14257: 13531: 13286: 13276: 12925: 12886: 12728: 12336: 12306: 12030: 11292: 11277: 11113: 10975: 10955: 10730: 10392: 10272: 10262: 10197: 9825: 9781: 9766: 9756: 9726: 9650: 9533: 9301: 9173: 8917: 8912: 8789: 8608:

Creation and Completion: Essential Points of Tantric Meditation

8475:

The Yogini's Eye: Comprehensive Introduction to Buddhist Tantra

6586: 6033: 6031: 5721: 5630: 5529: 5427: 5227: 4804: 4568: 4503: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4137: 4031: 3882: 3843: 3827: 3670: 3642:

during this period. This tradition focused on tantras like the

3625: 3539: 3512: 3462: 3457: 3436: 3408: 3232: 3169: 3163: 3076: 3045: 2903: 2821:) and the goma fire ritual (common in East Asian Esotericism). 2806: 2721: 2646: 2572:

A Japanese depiction of the Amida Triad in Seed Syllable form (

2462: 2339: 2322: 2315: 2296: 2087: 2029:, of which the scriptures say that it takes three incalculable 1845: 1778: 1696:

Other accounts attribute the revelation of Buddhist tantras to

1467: 1327: 1279: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1192: 1186: 991: 936: 808: 766: 670: 628: 621: 616: 611: 417: 396: 313: 248: 234: 54: 13477: 6610: 6452:

Reflections on a Mountain Lake:Teachings on Practical Buddhism

6091: 5360:–1919) reconstructing the scene of Borobudur during its heyday 4027:) assemblies. He also wrote various texts on esoteric topics. 2603:), meditation on a chosen deity or "cherished divinity" (Skt. 14782: 14556: 14536: 14521: 14097: 13923: 13718: 13581: 13536: 13516: 12713: 12110: 11956: 11738: 11432: 11267: 11125: 11091: 11071: 11041: 10970: 10387: 10232: 10110: 10105: 10075: 10030: 9877: 9872: 9751: 9456: 9281: 9248: 9238: 6361: 5633:

culture of the 1960s, were all examples of Twilight Language

5625: 5488: 5271: 5245: 5231: 5204:

Although, Bengal was once a thriving centre of Vajrayana and

5108: 5090: 5086: 5062: 5018: 4814: 4772: 4762: 4715: 4142: 4132: 4062: 4016: 3940: 3866: 3805: 3774: 3762: 3752: 3686: 3635: 3593: 3585: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3334: 3330: 3089: 3049: 3011: 2994: 2945: 2930: 2865: 2740: 2672: 2662: 2436: 2189: 1923: 1786: 1752: 1295: 1230: 1162: 1028: 1020:密 ("secret, esoteric") is a translation of the Sanskrit term 972: 968: 932: 928: 816: 781: 777: 734: 633: 482: 461: 403: 308: 83: 46: 7457: 7455: 7453: 6262: 6178: 6151: 6028: 5968: 3588:, which promotes the Chinese Zhenyan (Mantrayana) tradition. 14707: 14596: 12544: 11483: 11302: 10095: 9761: 9258: 8724:

Patrul Rinpoche (1994). Brown, Kerry; Sharma, Sima (eds.).

8413:

The History of Buddhism in Vietnam: Institute of Philosophy

7501: 7499: 7497: 7495: 6649: 6598: 6574: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6351: 6349: 5496: 5263: 4745: 2623:, deity yoga is what separates Tantra from Sutra practice. 2350: 2158: 2030: 1821: 1252: 1166: 1125: 424: 50: 7519:

Vietnamese supernaturalism: views from the southern region

5274:

in the region (13–16th centuries). The Buddhist empire of

2881:

commentator Kambala, writing about this practice, states:

2839:, a traditional practice in some sects of Tibetan Buddhism 14606: 14571: 13246: 12620: 10960: 9496: 8663:

Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2008).

8625:

Kongtrul, Jamgon; Guarisco, Elio; McLeod, Ingrid (2004).

8529:

Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012).

7536: 7450: 7030:"IDP Database - Dalton_vanSchaik_2005 Catalogue Overview" 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6373: 6322: 6016: 5980: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5824: 5414:

Shugendō was founded in 7th-century Japan by the ascetic

3885:

school as well as smaller esoteric sects like the Sinin (

2854:"desire seal", also referred to as "consort observance", 2660:

A Tibetan depiction of the perfection stage practices of

2372:

Those who worship them go to hell and so on as a result.

8330:

Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet

7974:. Ithaca, New York: State University of New York Press. 7492: 7159: 6885: 6637: 6533: 6385: 6346: 6139: 5911: 5130:

The Tibetan Buddhist tradition is today found in Tibet,

5123:

it has spread outside of Asia due to the efforts of the

5077:

literature. There are four major traditions or schools:

1124:

Tantric Buddhism is associated with groups of wandering

8503:

The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism

8129:. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. Brill. 7558: 7469: 7467: 6974: 6972: 6849: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6127: 5810:

as including Sravakayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana texts.

5338:

Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism may have also reached the

2783:

Video of a Shingon Goma Fire Ritual at Yakuōin Yūkiji,

1119: 11526: 8219: 7575: 7421: 7419: 6837: 6666: 6664: 6421: 6292: 6190: 5935: 5923: 5841: 5839: 4005:

school. One famous esoteric master of this period was

3484:

also make use of esoteric (Chinese: mijiao, Japanese:

2502:

Secret of Mind: Knowing all things as they really are.

1996:

is the method of perfecting good qualities, where the

1735:, the philosophical view of the Vajrayana is based on 8458:. Translated by Gareth Sparham. Wisdom Publications. 7302:

Pacific World: Third Series Number 20 (2018): 95-129.

7134: 7113: 6813: 6801: 6765: 6170:

Sanderson, A. (1994). "Buddhism into the Year 2000".

5557:

Ritual, as well as doctrine, need to be investigated.

3989:

from a certain Jñanabhadra (Tri Hien) as reported by

2813:, protection rituals, death rituals, tantric feasts ( 1623:

texts are problematic because "the chronology of the

8299: 7817:

Bucknell, Roderick & Stuart-Fox, Martin (1986).

7563: 7524: 7464: 6997: 6969: 6945: 6933: 6897: 6861: 6825: 6789: 6753: 6688: 6676: 6562: 6403: 6334: 6103: 6055: 5673: 3201:, abbot of the Vikramashila monastery around 1100 CE 1355:–5th century CE) expound the use of mantras such as 1278:

Naked tantrikas dancing and eating from skull cups (

7741: 7416: 6873: 6661: 6409: 6310: 6298: 5899: 5836: 3063: 2423:, they also make use of unique tantric methods and 1330:which contain "proto-tantric" material such as the 1016:(Chinese: 密教; Esoteric Teaching). The Chinese term 990:: 真言, literally "true word", referring to mantra), 8528: 8300:Rongzom Chözang; Köppl, Heidi I. (trans.) (2008). 7882: 6957: 6927: 6915: 6777: 6718: 6700: 6631: 6619: 6556: 6544: 6487: 6475: 6355: 6073: 6049: 6037: 5998: 5863: 5438:, coexisting with Shinto elements within Shugendō 3918: 2370:and who engage in actions that should be forsaken. 1954: 8348:Buddhism: an outline of its teachings and schools 7101: 7017:Civilized shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan societies, 5875: 5851: 2165:Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo 1930:(1182–28 – 1251), as well as later thinkers like 1685:. One of the most famous legends is that of king 1604:scriptures and mandalas. Sanderson says that the 16465: 8225:"The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava" 8143: 6097: 6004: 5579:Vajrayana texts employ the tantric tradition of 5178:. Tibetan Buddhism is also the main religion in 5017:Vajrayāna Buddhism was initially established in 3552:and even versions of some material found in the 3146:or 'Five Buddhas', along with the figure of the 2595:The fundamental practice of Buddhist Tantra is " 2000:is the method of taking the intended outcome of 57:), which are classic ritual symbols of Vajrayāna 5251: 3099:), or mandala, are often employed as an aid to 3087:Representations of the deity, such as statues ( 3052:as well as great bliss and the bell stands for 2577: 2346:school keep a special non-celibate ordination. 1057: 1032: 982:it is generally known by various terms such as 8422:Etude sur le Mahavairocana-sutra (dainichikyo) 5539: 5430:. Buddhism and Shinto were amalgamated in the 5318:Esoteric Sinhalese Buddhism spreading to Java. 3792:The primary texts of Shingon Buddhism are the 3284:, the most influential esoteric texts are the 3021:A vajra is also a scepter-like ritual object ( 2584: 2203:The use of these substances is related to the 1484:not present elsewhere in Buddhist literature. 1418:is developed. Other early tantras include the 1359:, associated with vastly powerful beings like 1074:The term "Esoteric Buddhism" is first used by 1064: 1041: 823:and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. 11499: 8826: 6169: 5460: 5021:in the 8th century when various figures like 4992: 2898:). He notes that the anxiety of figures like 1883:Indian Tantric Buddhist philosophers such as 1056:), which also refers to a specific school of 697: 9608:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 8707:Perfect Conduct: Ascertaining the Three Vows 8373: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6519:Trungpa, Chögyam and Chödzin, Sherab (1992) 3985:) who received initiation in the kingdom of 3947:Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism is known as 3789:– but the actual practices are not related. 3561: 2902:towards these practices, and the stories of 2353:, or teacher is expected to keep his or her 1414:(Vajra Peak), the influential schema of the 859:According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term 7885:The Cult of Tārā: Magic and Ritual in Tibet 7853:Akira, Hirakawa (1993). Paul Groner (ed.). 7167:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. 3963:). Commonly recited esoteric texts include 3257:and so on. According to Harunaga Isaacson, 2326:. These are extensions of the rules of the 1711: 1501: 1316:is also seen in pre-tantric texts like the 1263:, and symbolizing the final realization of 730: 11506: 11492: 8833: 8819: 8453: 8401: 6643: 6521:The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra 6455:. Snow Lion Publications. pp. 224–5. 6379: 6367: 6328: 6022: 5986: 5917: 5479:is dominant. The monks of the Sri Lankan, 5342:, possibly establishing the first form of 5215: 4999: 4985: 3755:and includes practices, known in Japan as 3415:Although there is historical evidence for 2282:Women are heaven, women are the teaching ( 1988:. Vajrayāna can be distinguished from the 1785:) is a "non-dual, self-originated Wisdom ( 1592:of Padmavajra, a work associated with the 1569:, which later came to be classified under 704: 690: 8644:Kongtrul, Jamgon; Harding, Sarah (2007). 8336: 7988: 7487:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture 7329: 7283: 6391: 6184: 6174:. Dhammakaya Foundation. pp. 87–102. 6157: 6145: 5778:Learn how and when to remove this message 5762:so that sources are clearly identifiable. 3620:who translated key texts and founded the 3329:and terma cycles, and the most important 2688:The illusory body yogas systems like the 2431:, other visualization based meditations, 1184:According to Schumann, a movement called 807:. It includes practices that make use of 14026: 8705:Panchen, Ngari; Dudjom Rinpoche (1996). 8382: 8345: 8274: 8105: 8092: 8078:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7960: 7581: 6978: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6133: 6121: 6109: 5974: 5946: 5929: 5905: 5803: 5393: 5348: 5195: 4068: 3922: 3727: 3693:and the dhāraṇī revealed within it, the 3571: 3529: 3507:There was strong connection between the 3398: 3382: 3188: 3067: 3048:; symbolically, the vajra may represent 2975: 2921: 2823: 2809:. They include pujas (worship rituals), 2770: 2762: 2655: 2567: 2559: 2396: 2381: 2288:Women indeed are the highest austerity ( 2168: 2115: 2105: 2056: 1958: 1715: 1531: 1511: 1273: 1251: 1097: 1024:("secret, hidden, profound, abstruse"). 40: 15318: 10795:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 8472: 8054: 7903: 7593: 7365:Huang, Zhengliang; Zhang, Xilu (2013). 7169:York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99. 6655: 6436: 6280: 5830: 5158:that are adjacent to the area, such as 3804:. The founder of Shingon Buddhism was 3723: 3357: 3032:), which has a sphere (and sometimes a 939:, Buddhist Tantra is most often termed 912:, which are no longer practiced today. 14: 16466: 10998:List of Buddhist architecture in China 8500: 8481: 8419: 8410: 8251: 8169: 8095:Buddhismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart 8007: 7969: 7941: 7861: 7542: 7505: 7178: 7119: 7019:Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 226. 6951: 6939: 6903: 6831: 6807: 6795: 6771: 6759: 6694: 6682: 6568: 6501:The Complete Guide to Buddhist America 6415: 6340: 6304: 6085: 6061: 5958: 5881: 3861:Esoteric Buddhist practices (known as 3781:– such as the esoteric sutras (called 3193:Three leaves from a manuscript of the 2917: 2712:), "drops" or charged particles (Skt. 1668: 927:practiced in the Himalayan regions of 15317: 14475: 14025: 11525: 11487: 8814: 8762:Wedemeyer, Christian K., ed. (2007). 8509: 8438: 8424:(in French). France: A. Maisonneuve. 8354: 8242: 8127:Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism 8073: 8035: 7922: 7880: 7852: 7747: 7569: 7555:Hoà thượng Thích Viên Đức (1932-1980) 7530: 7473: 7265: 7140: 7107: 7003: 6730: 6448: 6316: 6196: 5857: 5645:is found, but not in Buddhist texts. 5364: 3765:during the 9th–11th centuries in the 2743:(the interim state between death and 2309: 1700:, saying that he was an emanation of 1381:Some of the earliest of these texts, 971:is a mythical weapon associated with 34:. For the book by A. P. Sinnett, see 8198: 8016: 7259: 7080: 7071:(accessed: Tuesday February 2, 2010) 6891: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6819: 6670: 6010: 5845: 5731: 3417:Vajrayāna Buddhism in Southeast Asia 3325:specialize in the various so called 3227:(liturgical texts), ritual manuals ( 2377: 2301:Women are the Perfection of Wisdom. 2294:Women are the Buddha, women are the 1661:and their feminine deities (such as 1201:, magical powers such as flight and 1120:Mahasiddhas and the tantric movement 8339:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 8327: 8318: 8277:"The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet" 6963: 6843: 6783: 6706: 5893: 5441:In 1613 during the Edo period, the 5422:. With its origins in the solitary 5185: 3740: 3468:Other traditions like contemporary 3079:drum and hand-bell, as well as the 1031:, Buddhist esotericism is known as 863:refers to one of three vehicles or 24: 15287:Religions and spiritual traditions 11528:Religious groups and denominations 10785:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8549: 8124: 8038:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 7991:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 7394: 7311: 5869: 5303:Influences and movements into Java 4469:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction 3821: 3197:, a ritual compendium compiled by 3173:), but also ritual hand gestures ( 2758: 2747:), transference of consciousness ( 2052: 1516:Vajrayana adopted deities such as 25: 16510: 8782: 8510:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). 8332:. Boston: Shambhala Publications. 8008:Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004). 5270:before the rise and dominance of 5069:texts, Tibetan scholastic works, 4055:Quintessence of Esoteric Buddhism 4036:Xianmi yuantong chengfo xinyao ji 3993:. By the 12th century (under the 2739:), practices associated with the 2533:Vajrayana is a system of tantric 2090:); those on this path are termed 1600:guru and initiating members into 1205:as well as spiritual liberation. 831: the 5th century CE onwards 27:Indian Buddhist tantric tradition 16447: 16438: 16437: 16251:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15393:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11466: 11456: 11455: 11013:Thai temple art and architecture 10758:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 8998:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 8864: 8851: 8841: 8788: 8346:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (1974). 8254:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 8221:Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen 8213:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2009.00792.x 8178:(1). Informa UK Limited: 29–78. 8106:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (2002). 7904:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). 7832: 7811: 7782: 7753: 7725: 7708: 7690: 7677: 7668: 7659: 7650: 7633: 7587: 7548: 7511: 7479: 7401:. USA: Oxford University Press. 7388: 7358: 7346: 7305: 7292: 7238: 7172: 7146: 6928:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6916:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6719:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6632:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6620:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6557:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6545:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6488:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6476:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6404:Rongzom Chözang & Köppl 2008 6356:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6074:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6050:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6038:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 5999:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 5760:add missing citation information 5736: 5676: 5565: 5323: 5311: 4094: 3853: 3500:(in China) and the South Korean 3064:Imagery and ritual in deity yoga 3010:. It is the weapon of choice of 2958:yatha bahyam tatha ’dhyatmam iti 1759:The importance of the theory of 1454:These later tantras such as the 1191:developed in the 8th century in 871:(also known pejoratively as the 384:Thought forms and visualisation: 82: 16494:Buddhist philosophical concepts 14858:Evolutionary origin of religion 8865: 8726:The Words of My Perfect Teacher 8557:Arnold, Edward A., ed. (2009). 8359:. University of Hawai'i Press. 8275:Reynolds, John Myrdhin (2007). 8231:from the original on 2022-12-04 7864:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism 7800:from the original on 2022-10-06 7771:from the original on 2022-10-06 7489:, p. 174. Abhinav Publications. 7439:from the original on 2017-09-01 7377:from the original on 2016-08-22 7227:from the original on 2021-04-21 7125: 7087:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. 7074: 7051: 7040:from the original on 2008-05-28 7022: 7009: 6984: 6724: 6513: 6493: 6442: 6283:, Ch. 7: Origin of Guhyamantra. 6163: 5797: 5226:Newar Buddhism is practiced by 5029:(725–788) were invited by King 4051:Mat Giao Friendship Association 3919:Vietnamese Buddhist esotericism 3751:The Shingon school is found in 3712:, which is practiced among the 3544:Tibetan Buddhist canon of texts 3455:(literally "True Speech", i.e. 3370:in the Stein Collection of the 3138:and their retinue. In the book 2676:(transference of consciousness) 2591:, meditating on the syllable A. 2222:Vajrayāna rituals also include 2211:) nature of a Buddha's wisdom ( 2161:is indispensable in Vajrayāna. 1955:Place within Buddhist tradition 1596:, which prescribes acting as a 1208:Ronald M. Davidson states that 910:that of maritime Southeast Asia 15209:Separation of church and state 13867:Polytheistic reconstructionism 11003:Japanese Buddhist architecture 10805:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 9885:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 9076:Places where the Buddha stayed 8747:. London: Century Paperbacks. 8514:. Princeton University Press. 8442:Vietnamese Buddhism in America 8304:. Snow Lion. pp. 95–108. 7845: 6172:Vajrayāna: Origin and function 5290:in central Java, built by the 3443:and also internationally) and 1850:Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika 1814:Another fundamental theory of 1791:inherent or natural luminosity 1298:period and can be seen in the 1259:mandala, based on the tantric 915: 13: 1: 12860:Traditional Sabahan religions 11018:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 8402:Snellgrove, David L. (1987). 8374:Simmer-Brown, Judith (2002). 8245:Tantric Buddhism in East Asia 7925:The Prajnaparamita Literature 5727: 5354: 3979: 3378: 3247:), dharanis, poems or songs ( 3140:The World of Tibetan Buddhism 2933:drawing lines that close the 2704:), "winds" or currents (Skt. 2549: 2481: 2389:, stones inscribed with the " 1392: 1349: 838: 827: 16489:Buddhism in the Heian period 11513: 10775:Buddhism and the Roman world 10751:Decline of Buddhism in India 10746:History of Buddhism in India 8846: Topics in 8801:An Introduction to Vajrayana 8201:Journal of Religious History 8172:Journal of Chinese Religions 8017:Gray, David B., ed. (2007). 7970:Dowman, Keith (tr.) (1985). 7965:. Columbia University Press. 7961:Davidson, Ronald M. (2002). 7599:The Journal of Asian Studies 6098:Mullin & Tsongkhapa 2005 5817: 5353:A painting by G.B. Hooijer ( 5258:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 5252:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 5142:, southwestern and northern 4053:who publishes Phước Triệu's 3498:Mantra School Bright Lineage 3420: 2980:Bronze vajras and bell from 2971: 2630:) and the completion stage ( 2102:practiced in the Vajrayana. 2012:) and the method of mantra ( 196:Gateway of the Hidden Flower 120:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 7: 16499:Esoteric schools of thought 15067:National religiosity levels 14292:Nauruan Indigenous religion 13847:Hellenism (modern religion) 9973:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 9713: 8806:What is Vajrayana Buddhism? 7908:. Macmillan Reference USA. 7866:. India: Sarup & Sons. 7761:"Information for Beginners" 7179:Orzech, Charles D. (1989). 6990:Griffin, David Ray (1990), 6293:Palden Sherab Rinpoche 1992 5669: 5619: 5605: 5540:Academic study difficulties 5389: 5344:Buddhism in the Philippines 4415: 3865:, 密教) and texts arrived in 3075:ritual, showing the use of 2578: 2458:specific deities or Buddhas 2147:and metaphorical language ( 2023:consists of the six or ten 1689:(also known as King Ja) of 1058: 1033: 749:('secret mantra vehicle'), 651:Ordination and transmission 32:Buddhist tantric literature 10: 16515: 16484:Buddhism in the Edo period 14476: 10923:The unanswerable questions 8561:. Snow Lion Publications. 8439:Thich, Quang Minh (2007). 8350:. Theosophical Pub. House. 8260:: Snow Lion Publications. 8243:Payne, Richard K. (2006). 8184:10.1179/073776906803525165 8155:. Snow Lion Publications. 7946:. Snow Lion Publications. 7855:History of Indian Buddhism 7790:"Common Root Tantric Vows" 7371:Journal of Dali University 6733:A Day in the Life of China 6731:Cohen, David, ed. (1989). 5503:well into the modern era. 5467:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 5464: 5461:Southern Esoteric Buddhism 5407: 5255: 5219: 5189: 5010: 3825: 3744: 3565: 3445:Japanese Esoteric Buddhism 3204: 3058:wisdom realizing emptiness 2553: 2480:respectively. Padmavajra ( 2404: 2361:of Manjushrikirti states: 2313: 2109: 1876:notes that Vajrayana sees 1612:list from the Shaiva text 1505: 1421:Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi 1245: 1241: 1093: 867:, the other two being the 842: the 5th century BCE 126:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism 29: 16433: 16352: 16269: 16141: 15886: 15611: 15328: 15324: 15313: 15222: 15147: 14923: 14831: 14768: 14486: 14482: 14471: 14034: 14021: 13946: 13769: 13751:Transcendental Meditation 13644: 13631: 13596: 13344: 13321: 13310: 13237: 13200: 12939: 12835: 12817: 12761: 12752: 12669: 12597: 12448: 12439: 12397: 12369: 12327: 12260: 12251: 12242: 12208: 12175: 12147: 12138: 12088: 11955: 11642: 11556: 11547: 11538: 11534: 11521: 11451: 11403: 11318: 11233: 11008:Buddhist temples in Korea 10931: 10833: 10716: 10413: 10341: 10168: 10041: 9981: 9616: 9571:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 9482: 9474:Three planes of existence 9422: 9267: 9159: 9089: 9081:Buddha in world religions 8943: 8888: 8860: 8355:Sharf, Robert H. (2002). 8328:Ray, Reginald A. (2001). 8319:Ray, Reginald A. (2000). 8055:Hopkins, Jeffrey (2009). 7312:An, Saiping (July 2023). 7015:Samuel, Geoffrey (1993), 5382:masters and the Buddhist 5282:and Indian scholars like 5044:period (500 to 1200 CE). 4034:Esotericism of Daoshen's 4001:school as well as by the 3785:in Tibetan Buddhism) and 3600:itself, arriving via the 3568:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3562:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 3451:), which is found in the 3387:Map showing the dominant 3026: 2585: 2120:Monks attending the 2003 1807:) or purity of the mind ( 1798:prakṛti-prabhāsvara-citta 1536:The central deity of the 1326:There are other Mahāyāna 1153:, often in sacred sites ( 1065: 1052:(a Japanese rendering of 1042: 1012:(密宗, "Esoteric Sect") or 980:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 898:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 737:vehicle'), also known as 726: 15378:Central African Republic 12407:Vietnamese folk religion 11798:Charismatic Christianity 10790:Persecution of Buddhists 10011:Four stages of awakening 9392:Three marks of existence 8978:Physical characteristics 8447:Florida State University 8383:Skilling, Peter (1998). 7906:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 7862:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000). 7821:. Curzon Press: London. 5790: 5707:Buddhism in the Maldives 5330:Gurjara pilgrims in Java 5286:. The temple complex at 5150:and various constituent 5103:(1271–1368), founded by 4498:Practices and attainment 4486:Pointing-out instruction 4397:Three marks of existence 3184: 2858:and euphemistically as " 2817:), tantric initiations ( 2800:pointing-out instruction 2407:Tibetan tantric practice 2359:Ornament for the Essence 1712:Philosophical background 1502:Relationship to Shaivism 1430:(Gathering of Secrets). 1406:Compendium of Principles 1367:also includes a mantra. 1310:visualization of Buddhas 1302:, where they are termed 664:Pointing-out instruction 217:True Awakening Tradition 36:Esoteric Buddhism (book) 15272:New religious movements 14910:Theories about religion 14863:Evolutionary psychology 13892:Modern Finnish paganism 11874:Independent Catholicism 10153:Ten principal disciples 9036:(aunt, adoptive mother) 8743:Snelling, John (1987). 8709:. Wisdom Publications. 8576:Banerji, S. C. (1977). 8486:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8473:Verrill, Wayne (2012). 8420:Tajima, Ryujun (1992). 8411:Tai Tu, Nguyen (2008). 7942:Cozort, Daniel (2005). 7923:Conze, Edward (1978) . 7881:Beyer, Stephan (1973). 7485:Upendra Thakur (1986), 7244:Shi, Hsüan Hua (1977). 5609:, 'Twilight Language'. 5216:Nepalese Newar Buddhism 3716:of China and venerates 3431:and other parts of the 3411:. Erected in June 2005. 2694:Six Yogas of Kalachakra 2526:and recitations of the 2336:Unsurpassed Yoga Tantra 2181:union with his consort 2075: 1203:extrasensory perception 1109:) and a flaying knife ( 865:routes to enlightenment 844:) or to other mythical 15921:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13907:Erzyan native religion 13756:Unitarian Universalism 13145:Native American Church 11918:Oneness Pentecostalism 10863:Buddhism and democracy 10376:Tibetan Buddhist canon 10371:Chinese Buddhist canon 9603:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 9598:Early Buddhist schools 8610:. Wisdom Publication. 7352:Bahir, Cody R. (2018) 7152:Faure, Bernard (1997) 6449:Palmo, Tenzin (2002). 5667: 5635: 5487:, which was common in 5420:Queen's Peacocks Sutra 5405: 5361: 5201: 4867:Tibetan Buddhist canon 3944: 3737: 3589: 3535: 3523:, and the kingdoms in 3492:) and various popular 3412: 3396: 3355: 3264: 3211:Tibetan Buddhist canon 3202: 3167:) or a ritual dagger ( 3084: 2985: 2949: 2888: 2840: 2787: 2768: 2677: 2592: 2565: 2505: 2402: 2394: 2375: 2304: 2271:Candamaharosana Tantra 2262: 2185: 2129: 2072: 1973: 1838: 1728: 1655: 1584:tantras classified as 1541: 1529: 1447:practices which evoke 1287: 1271: 1239: 1116: 943:(Tib. རྡོ་རྗེ་ཐེག་པ་, 97:Historical traditions: 58: 16241:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15538:São Tomé and Príncipe 15398:Republic of the Congo 13604:Aboriginal Australian 12270:Chinese folk religion 10873:Eight Consciousnesses 8983:Life of Buddha in art 8501:Wayman, Alex (2008). 8482:Wayman, Alex (1977). 8387:. Pali Text Society. 8252:Powers, John (2007). 8247:. Simon and Schuster. 7081:Acri, Andrea (2016). 6499:Morreale, Don (1998) 5639: 5601: 5397: 5374:and the works of the 5352: 5199: 5025:(8th century CE) and 4442:Dependent origination 4069:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 3926: 3731: 3575: 3533: 3425:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 3402: 3386: 3309: 3259: 3192: 3071: 2979: 2925: 2883: 2834: 2782: 2766: 2690:Six Dharmas of Naropa 2659: 2571: 2563: 2493: 2439:and rituals like the 2400: 2385: 2363: 2279: 2258: 2172: 2119: 2112:Esoteric transmission 2106:Esoteric transmission 2060: 1971:of All-Reaching Union 1962: 1939:Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo 1833: 1771:, as outlined in the 1719: 1646: 1594:Guhyasamaja tradition 1535: 1515: 1506:Further information: 1433:The Guhyasamāja is a 1401:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 1277: 1255: 1210: 1101: 657:Esoteric transmission 580:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 44: 15863:United Arab Emirates 14654:Religious experience 14028:Historical religions 12427:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 11759:Schwenkfelder Church 11350:East Asian religions 10780:Buddhism in the West 10351:Early Buddhist texts 9966:Four Right Exertions 9432:Ten spiritual realms 8925:Noble Eightfold Path 8797:at Wikimedia Commons 8445:(PhD dissertation). 8074:Huber, Toni (2008). 7559:https://quangduc.com 7266:Bahir, Cody (2021). 7246:The Shurangama Sutra 7185:History of Religions 7057:Dalton, Jacob & 6894:, pp. 121, 127. 6658:, pp. 220, 251. 6634:, pp. 198, 242. 6478:, pp. 198, 231. 6271:, pp. 228, 231. 5977:, pp. 228, 234. 5747:needs more complete 5574:language of tantric 5526:Dhammakaya tradition 4941:History and overview 4340:Samding Dorje Phagmo 4205:Second dissemination 4012:Mahākaruṇika Dhāraṇī 3931:wearing an esoteric 3724:Japanese esotericism 3649:Anuttarayoga Tantras 3644:Mahavairocana tantra 3634:was also brought to 3421:History of Vajrayāna 3364:Dunhuang manuscripts 3358:Dunhuang manuscripts 3287:Mahavairocana Tantra 2868:, a practice termed 1416:five Buddha families 1320:Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra 1300:early Buddhist texts 1225:), cemetery ghouls ( 1084:Alfred Percy Sinnett 753:('tantra vehicle'), 745:('path of mantra'), 741:('mantra vehicle'), 203:New Kadampa Buddhism 16256:Trinidad and Tobago 16151:Antigua and Barbuda 15319:Religion by country 14380:Cult of Magna Mater 12897:Philippine Dayawism 12478:Nimbarka Sampradaya 12226:Chinese Manichaeism 11898:Jehovah's Witnesses 11703:Proto-Protestantism 11473:Religion portal 11220:Temple of the Tooth 11099:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 10138:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 9631:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 9414:Two truths doctrine 9234:Mahapajapati Gotamī 9034:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8454:Tsongkhapa (2005). 8406:. London: Serindia. 8125:Lü, Jianfu (2017). 7944:Highest Yoga Tantra 7685:Shugendo in History 7331:10.3390/rel14070818 7285:10.3390/rel12090675 6994:SUNY Press, p. 199. 6858:, pp. 108–118. 6846:, pp. 112–113. 6721:, pp. 223–224. 6622:, pp. 98, 240. 6595:, pp. 217–219. 6370:, pp. 125–126. 6187:, pp. 144–145. 6160:, pp. 129–131. 6040:, pp. 205–206. 5833:, pp. 875–876. 5717:Malaysian Vajrayana 5712:Eastern esotericism 5246:diamond-thunderbolt 4728:Institutional roles 4167:First dissemination 3965:Uṣṇīṣavijayadhāraṇī 3795:Mahavairocana Sutra 3734:Kobo Daishi (Kukai) 3624:(真言, "true word", " 3482:Vietnamese Buddhism 3419:and elsewhere (see 3161:, bell, hand-drum ( 3132:sacred architecture 3083:(thighbone trumpet) 3056:, specifically the 2918:Symbols and imagery 2878:Cakrasamvara Tantra 2528:100 syllable mantra 2242:Judith Simmer-Brown 1740:Buddhist philosophy 1679:Jñana Tilaka Tantra 1669:Traditional legends 1546:David Seyfort Ruegg 1538:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 1494:) as the overlord ( 1488:being consecrated ( 1388:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 1046:, secret teachings) 573:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti 566:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 538:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 531:Anuttarayoga Tantra 16191:Dominican Republic 15237:Abrahamic prophets 14331:Proto-Indo-Iranian 12870:Aliran Kepercayaan 12073:Non-denominational 11995:Modernist Salafism 11681:Oriental Orthodoxy 11395:Western philosophy 10993:Dzong architecture 10815:Vipassana movement 10810:Buddhist modernism 10238:Emperor Wen of Sui 10006:Pratyekabuddhayāna 9939:Threefold Training 9741:Vipassana movement 9457:Hungry Ghost realm 9277:Avidyā (Ignorance) 9224:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 8973:Great Renunciation 8968:Eight Great Events 8850: 8682:Kongtrul, Jamgon; 8512:Tantra in Practice 8057:Tantric Techniques 7545:, pp. 54–156. 7395:Wu, Jiang (2011). 7067:2008-05-28 at the 5702:Buddhism in Russia 5692:Buddhism in Bhutan 5534:Cambodian Buddhism 5522:Buddhist modernism 5477:Theravada Buddhism 5443:Tokugawa Shogunate 5406: 5365:Related traditions 5362: 5292:Shailendra dynasty 5210:Theravāda Buddhism 5202: 4919:Tree of physiology 4459:Four Tenets system 3983: 7th century 3969:Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī 3945: 3801:Vajrasekhara Sutra 3738: 3720:as a major deity. 3590: 3536: 3413: 3405:Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī 3397: 3389:Buddhist tradition 3315:specialize in the 3293:Vajraśekhara Sūtra 3207:Tantras (Buddhism) 3203: 3126:Mandalas are also 3117:Guhyasamaja tantra 3085: 3014:, the King of the 2986: 2950: 2841: 2788: 2769: 2678: 2670:, inner heat) and 2593: 2566: 2487:) explains in his 2485: 7th century 2403: 2395: 2310:Vows and behaviour 2217:Guhyasamaja Tantra 2186: 2130: 2100:tantric techniques 2073: 1974: 1862:and the sacred or 1809:prakrti-parisuddha 1729: 1721:Nalanda Mahavihara 1608:texts adopted the 1542: 1530: 1396: 6th century 1345:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 1308:. The practice of 1288: 1272: 1261:Vajrasekhara Sutra 1248:Tantras (Buddhism) 1117: 959:, Tib. གསང་སྔགས་, 772:that developed in 587:Vajrasekhara Sutra 545:Guhyagarbha Tantra 357:Anuttarayogatantra 329:Fourfold division: 321:Tantric techniques 210:Shambhala Buddhism 75:Vajrayana Buddhism 59: 16461: 16460: 16429: 16428: 16425: 16424: 15413:Equatorial Guinea 15309: 15308: 15305: 15304: 14848:Cognitive science 14467: 14466: 14400:Mysteries of Isis 14174:Frankish paganism 14017: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14009: 14008: 13761:White Brotherhood 13627: 13626: 13592: 13591: 12931:Sundanese Wiwitan 12748: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12473:Brahma Sampradaya 12435: 12434: 12238: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12216:Assianism/Uatsdin 12134: 12133: 11903:British Israelism 11889:Nontrinitarianism 11852:Plymouth Brethren 11847:Nondenominational 11781:Congregationalism 11669:Eastern Orthodoxy 11617:Reconstructionist 11481: 11480: 11119:Om mani padme hum 10825:Women in Buddhism 10741:Buddhist councils 10611:Western countries 10399:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 10160:Shaolin Monastery 9737:Samatha-vipassanā 9347:Pratītyasamutpāda 9151:Metteyya/Maitreya 9069: 9061: 9053: 9045: 9037: 9029: 9021: 8898:Four Noble Truths 8793:Media related to 8773:978-0-9753734-5-3 8754:978-0-7126-1554-9 8735:978-0-06-066449-7 8697:978-1-55939-360-7 8674:978-1-55939-305-8 8655:978-1-55939-284-6 8636:978-1-55939-210-5 8617:978-0-86171-312-7 8587:978-81-85425-63-4 8568:978-1-55939-303-4 8540:978-0-415-57179-1 8493:978-81-208-0872-0 8431:978-2-7200-1084-2 8394:978-0-86013-374-2 8366:978-0-8248-2443-3 8311:978-1-55939-288-4 8267:978-1-55939-282-2 8256:(Rev. ed.). 8136:978-90-04-34050-3 8117:978-0-7007-1762-0 8101:. Hamburg: 23–49. 8085:978-0-226-35648-8 8066:978-1-55939-320-1 8047:978-1-119-14466-3 8028:978-0-9753734-6-0 8000:978-1-119-14466-3 7981:978-0-88706-158-5 7934:978-81-215-0992-3 7915:978-0-02-865910-7 7873:978-81-7625-152-5 7794:studybuddhism.com 7765:kalachakranet.org 7704:on March 4, 2016. 7683:Miyake, Hitoshi. 7517:Thiện Đỗ (2003), 7508:, pp. 98–99. 7254:978-0-917512-17-9 6822:, pp. 73–74. 6746:978-0-00-215321-8 6735:. San Francisco: 6605:Simmer-Brown 2002 6593:Simmer-Brown 2002 6581:Simmer-Brown 2002 6462:978-1-55939-175-7 6199:, pp. 94–95. 5872:, pp. 72–82. 5788: 5787: 5780: 5697:Buddhism in Nepal 5581:twilight language 5481:Abhayagiri vihara 5451:Japanese religion 5447:Meiji Restoration 5401:priests at Gose, 5192:Bengali Buddhists 5059:Classical Tibetan 5009: 5008: 4971:Index of articles 4587:Major monasteries 4545:Tantra techniques 4464:Rangtong-Shentong 4372:10th Panchen Lama 4161:Key personalities 3490:ten small mantras 3128:sacred enclosures 2832: 2780: 2735:(which relies on 2680:The Tibetologist 2415:, practicing the 2391:om mani padme hum 2378:Tantra techniques 2149:twilight language 1874:Douglas Duckworth 1805:’od gsal gyi sems 1774:Ratnagotravibhāga 1675:Buddha Shakyamuni 1566:Mañjusrimulakalpa 1473:Kalachakra tantra 1357:Om mani padme hum 1078:writers, such as 1076:Western occultist 1004:Esotericism" or " 835:historical Buddha 759:Esoteric Buddhism 714: 713: 606:Symbols and tools 552:Kulayarāja Tantra 366: 364:Twofold division: 331: 16:(Redirected from 16506: 16451: 16441: 16440: 16319:Papua New Guinea 16294:Marshall Islands 16121:Northern Ireland 15326: 15325: 15315: 15314: 15199:Secular theology 15194:Secular humanism 14484: 14483: 14473: 14472: 14348:Ancestral Pueblo 14023: 14022: 13642: 13641: 13319: 13318: 12759: 12758: 12515:Shaiva Siddhanta 12446: 12445: 12379:Korean shamanism 12258: 12257: 12249: 12248: 12145: 12144: 12058:Mahdawi movement 11928:Swedenborgianism 11908:Christadelphians 11554: 11553: 11545: 11544: 11536: 11535: 11523: 11522: 11508: 11501: 11494: 11485: 11484: 11471: 11470: 11459: 11458: 11298:Sacred languages 11146:Maya Devi Temple 11109:Mahabodhi Temple 10913:Secular Buddhism 10878:Engaged Buddhism 9718: 9566:Tibetan Buddhism 9517:Vietnamese Thiền 9116:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 9067: 9059: 9051: 9043: 9035: 9027: 9019: 8868: 8867: 8855: 8845: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8812: 8811: 8792: 8777: 8758: 8739: 8720: 8701: 8678: 8659: 8640: 8621: 8600:Thrangu Rinpoche 8596:Kongtrul, Jamgon 8591: 8572: 8544: 8525: 8506: 8497: 8478: 8469: 8450: 8435: 8416: 8407: 8398: 8379: 8370: 8351: 8342: 8333: 8324: 8315: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8287:on 13 March 2015 8283:. 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4987: 4924:Festival thangka 4418: 4391:General Buddhist 4098: 4088: 4087:Tibetan Buddhism 4073: 4072: 3984: 3981: 3973:Śūraṅgama mantra 3889:) and Ch'ongji ( 3779:Tibetan Buddhism 3747:Shingon Buddhism 3741:Shingon Buddhism 3703:Tibetan Buddhist 3695:Śūraṅgama Mantra 3675:Tibetan Buddhism 3655:Chinese Buddhism 3542:sections of the 3470:Chinese Buddhism 3301:Tibetan Buddhism 3280:), and Japanese 3028: 3023:Standard Tibetan 2966:Nispannayogavali 2929:'s hand holds a 2927:Dagchen Rinpoche 2847:or sexual yoga ( 2833: 2811:prayer festivals 2781: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2514:Tibetan Buddhism 2489:Tantrarthavatara 2486: 2483: 2332:Bodhisattva vows 2086:(fully awakened 2068:associated with 1936:Tibetan Buddhist 1816:Tantric practice 1767:The doctrine of 1659:tribal religions 1561:Alexis Sanderson 1526:Tibetan Buddhism 1508:Kashmir Shaivism 1466:are classed as " 1449:wrathful deities 1397: 1394: 1376:David Snellgrove 1372:Buddhist Tantras 1354: 1351: 1282:), closeup of a 1177:) who practiced 1080:Helena Blavatsky 1070: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1038: 925:Tibetan Buddhism 902:Shingon Buddhism 894:Tibetan Buddhism 843: 840: 832: 829: 805:Buddhist Tantras 786:Himalayan states 755:Tantric Buddhism 732: 728: 706: 699: 692: 594:Yuthok Nyingthig 362: 327: 302:Completion stage 297:Generation stage 86: 76: 61: 60: 21: 16514: 16513: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16464: 16463: 16462: 16457: 16421: 16348: 16329:Solomon Islands 16265: 16137: 16041:North Macedonia 15882: 15607: 15320: 15301: 15262:Mass gatherings 15230: 15225: 15218: 15157: 15152: 15143: 15082:Religiocentrism 15062:National church 14930: 14927: 14919: 14834: 14827: 14764: 14686:Bodies of water 14478: 14463: 14248:Jamaican Maroon 14030: 14005: 13942: 13772: 13765: 13636: 13634: 13623: 13588: 13562:Trinidad Orisha 13347: 13340: 13313: 13306: 13233: 13196: 12942: 12935: 12831: 12813: 12740: 12714:Srilankan Vedda 12665: 12593: 12468:Sri Vaishnavism 12431: 12393: 12365: 12323: 12230: 12204: 12171: 12130: 12084: 12009:Twelver Shi'ism 11951: 11813:Neo-charismatic 11786:Presbyterianism 11638: 11530: 11517: 11512: 11482: 11477: 11465: 11447: 11399: 11314: 11229: 10966:Ordination hall 10927: 10829: 10800:Buddhist crisis 10712: 10409: 10361:Mahayana sutras 10337: 10333:Thích Nhất Hạnh 10164: 10037: 9977: 9927:Bodhisattva vow 9612: 9478: 9418: 9377:Taṇhā (Craving) 9312:Five hindrances 9263: 9155: 9085: 8939: 8884: 8856: 8839: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8761: 8755: 8742: 8736: 8723: 8717: 8704: 8698: 8684:Barron, Richard 8681: 8675: 8662: 8656: 8643: 8637: 8624: 8618: 8594: 8588: 8575: 8569: 8556: 8552: 8550:Further reading 8547: 8541: 8522: 8494: 8466: 8432: 8395: 8367: 8312: 8290: 8288: 8268: 8234: 8232: 8163: 8137: 8118: 8086: 8067: 8048: 8029: 8001: 7982: 7954: 7935: 7916: 7897: 7874: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7816: 7812: 7803: 7801: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7774: 7772: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7730: 7726: 7713: 7709: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7638: 7634: 7611:10.2307/2943086 7592: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7493: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7380: 7378: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7310: 7306: 7298:Bahir, Cody R. 7297: 7293: 7264: 7260: 7243: 7239: 7230: 7228: 7177: 7173: 7164: 7160: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7069:Wayback Machine 7059:van Schaik, Sam 7056: 7052: 7043: 7041: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6870:, p. 118.. 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6739:. p. 193. 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6644:Tsongkhapa 2005 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 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5432:shinbutsu shūgō 5418:, based on the 5412: 5392: 5367: 5357: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5319: 5316: 5305: 5304: 5260: 5254: 5224: 5218: 5194: 5188: 5176:Khabarovsk Krai 5073:literature and 5035:Indian Buddhism 5015: 5005: 4976: 4975: 4942: 4934: 4933: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4874:Mahayana sutras 4850: 4840: 4839: 4795: 4785: 4784: 4729: 4721: 4720: 4589: 4579: 4578: 4499: 4491: 4490: 4387: 4377: 4376: 4367:14th Dalai Lama 4362:13th Dalai Lama 4346: 4335: 4317: 4299: 4281: 4264:Patrul Rinpoche 4206: 4168: 4163: 4153: 4152: 4108: 4086: 4071: 3982: 3933:Five Tathāgatas 3921: 3859: 3830: 3824: 3822:Tendai Buddhism 3749: 3743: 3726: 3691:Śūraṅgama Sūtra 3570: 3564: 3478:Korean Buddhism 3381: 3372:British Library 3360: 3305:Geoffrey Samuel 3213: 3199:Abhayakaragupta 3187: 3144:Five Tathagatas 3066: 2974: 2962:Abhayakaragupta 2920: 2835:A video of the 2824: 2771: 2761: 2759:Other practices 2615:of the deity's 2582: 2558: 2552: 2484: 2409: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2318: 2312: 2303: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2167: 2124:empowerment in 2114: 2108: 2078: 2055: 2053:Characteristics 1957: 1897:Abhayakaragupta 1783:tathāgatagarbha 1714: 1706:Avaloketishvara 1671: 1602:Saiva Siddhanta 1510: 1504: 1395: 1361:Avalokiteshvara 1352: 1292:Mahāyāna sutras 1250: 1244: 1142:charnel grounds 1136:. According to 1122: 1096: 1062: 1048:or by the term 1039: 949:rdo rje theg pa 918: 841: 830: 747:Guhyamantrayāna 710: 681: 680: 652: 644: 643: 607: 599: 598: 559:Mahāmāyā Tantra 526: 518: 517: 503: 495: 494: 469:Luminosity yoga 292: 284: 283: 262: 254: 253: 230: 222: 221: 94: 74: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16512: 16502: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16455: 16445: 16434: 16431: 16430: 16427: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16358: 16356: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16275: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16147: 16145: 16139: 16138: 16136: 16135: 16134: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16111:United Kingdom 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 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15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15334: 15332: 15322: 15321: 15311: 15310: 15307: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15223: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15204:Secularization 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15184:Deconstruction 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15160: 15158: 15148: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15141: 15136: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15037:Fundamentalism 15034: 15033: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14991: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14970: 14969: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14944: 14939: 14933: 14931: 14924: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14839: 14837: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14774: 14772: 14766: 14765: 14763: 14762: 14761: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14704: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14610: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14515: 14513:Call to prayer 14510: 14505: 14500: 14498:Disaffiliation 14490: 14488: 14480: 14479: 14469: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14404: 14403: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14345: 14344: 14343: 14338: 14328: 14327: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14301: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14277: 14267: 14262: 14261: 14260: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14196:Greco-Buddhism 14193: 14183: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14156: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14090: 14085: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14019: 14018: 14015: 14014: 14011: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13950: 13948: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13926: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13803: 13793: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13777: 13775: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13741: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13648: 13646: 13639: 13629: 13628: 13625: 13624: 13622: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13598: 13594: 13593: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13557:Tambor de Mina 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13483: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13352: 13350: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13334:Guanche church 13325: 13323: 13316: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13243: 13241: 13239:Tibeto-Burmese 13235: 13234: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13210: 13208: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13162: 13157: 13155:Nuu-chah-nulth 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13064:Muscogee Creek 13061: 13056: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12958: 12953: 12947: 12945: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12926:Sumbese Marapu 12923: 12922: 12921: 12916: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12864: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12847: 12845:Batak Parmalim 12841: 12839: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12794: 12793: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12767: 12765: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12684: 12679: 12673: 12671: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12656: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12639: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12609: 12603: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12454: 12452: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12403: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12375: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12333: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12266: 12264: 12255: 12246: 12240: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12181: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12157:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 12153: 12151: 12142: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12044: 12043: 12033: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12001: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11992: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11961: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11949: 11942: 11941: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11894:Bible Students 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11864:Restorationism 11861: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11820:Evangelicalism 11817: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11762: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11731: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11714: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11683: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11648: 11646: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11562: 11560: 11551: 11542: 11532: 11531: 11519: 11518: 11511: 11510: 11503: 11496: 11488: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11463: 11452: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11409: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11330: 11324: 11322: 11316: 11315: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11239: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11030:Greco-Buddhist 11022: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10981:Burmese pagoda 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10937: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10763:Greco-Buddhism 10760: 10755: 10754: 10753: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10696:United Kingdom 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10641:Czech Republic 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10579: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10520: 10515: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10419: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10405:Abhidharmadīpa 10402: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10347: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10323:B. R. Ambedkar 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10243:Songtsen Gampo 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10174: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10047: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9987: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9922:Eight precepts 9919: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9801: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9710: 9700: 9695: 9693:Five Strengths 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9488: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9434: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9332:Mental factors 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9273: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9184:Mahamoggallāna 9181: 9176: 9171: 9165: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9099:Avalokiteśvara 9095: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9063: 9055: 9047: 9039: 9031: 9023: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8900: 8894: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8838: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8784: 8783:External links 8781: 8779: 8778: 8772: 8759: 8753: 8740: 8734: 8721: 8715: 8702: 8696: 8679: 8673: 8660: 8654: 8641: 8635: 8622: 8616: 8604:Harding, Sarah 8592: 8586: 8573: 8567: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8539: 8526: 8520: 8507: 8498: 8492: 8479: 8470: 8464: 8451: 8436: 8430: 8417: 8408: 8399: 8393: 8380: 8371: 8365: 8352: 8343: 8334: 8325: 8316: 8310: 8297: 8272: 8266: 8249: 8240: 8217: 8207:(2): 165–177. 8196: 8167: 8161: 8141: 8135: 8122: 8116: 8103: 8090: 8084: 8071: 8065: 8052: 8046: 8033: 8027: 8014: 8005: 7999: 7986: 7980: 7967: 7958: 7952: 7939: 7933: 7920: 7914: 7901: 7895: 7878: 7872: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7831: 7810: 7781: 7752: 7740: 7737:978-9881682024 7724: 7707: 7689: 7676: 7667: 7658: 7649: 7632: 7605:(4): 761–778. 7595:Bechert, Heinz 7586: 7574: 7562: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7510: 7491: 7478: 7463: 7449: 7415: 7408:978-0199895564 7407: 7387: 7357: 7345: 7304: 7291: 7258: 7237: 7197:10.1086/463182 7171: 7158: 7145: 7143:, p. 268. 7133: 7124: 7122:, p. 170. 7112: 7100: 7093: 7073: 7050: 7021: 7008: 7006:, p. 120. 6996: 6983: 6968: 6966:, p. 130. 6956: 6944: 6932: 6930:, p. 219. 6920: 6918:, p. 217. 6908: 6896: 6884: 6882:, p. 126. 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6810:, p. 273. 6800: 6788: 6786:, p. 218. 6776: 6774:, p. 271. 6764: 6752: 6745: 6723: 6711: 6709:, p. 178. 6699: 6687: 6675: 6673:, p. 132. 6660: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6609: 6607:, p. 219. 6597: 6585: 6583:, p. 217. 6573: 6561: 6559:, p. 237. 6549: 6547:, p. 236. 6532: 6512: 6492: 6490:, p. 198. 6480: 6468: 6461: 6441: 6439:, p. 875. 6420: 6408: 6396: 6394:, p. 100. 6392:Duckworth 2015 6384: 6382:, p. 126. 6372: 6360: 6358:, p. 202. 6345: 6333: 6331:, p. 125. 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6259:, p. 217. 6249: 6247:, p. 214. 6237: 6235:, p. 207. 6225: 6223:, p. 206. 6213: 6211:, p. 204. 6201: 6189: 6185:Sanderson 2009 6177: 6162: 6158:Sanderson 2009 6150: 6148:, p. 124. 6146:Sanderson 2009 6138: 6136:, p. 171. 6126: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6078: 6076:, p. 212. 6066: 6054: 6052:, p. 210. 6042: 6027: 6025:, p. 147. 6015: 6003: 6001:, p. 225. 5991: 5989:, p. 122. 5979: 5967: 5951: 5934: 5932:, p. 163. 5922: 5920:, p. 168. 5910: 5898: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5744: 5742: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5671: 5668: 5567: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5541: 5538: 5528:, the Burmese 5473:Southeast Asia 5465:Main article: 5462: 5459: 5408:Main article: 5391: 5388: 5366: 5363: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5256:Main article: 5253: 5250: 5222:Newar Buddhism 5220:Main article: 5217: 5214: 5190:Main article: 5187: 5184: 5107:, which ruled 5042:Early Medieval 5031:Trisong Detsen 5011:Main article: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4909:Wall paintings 4906: 4901: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879:Nyingma Gyubum 4876: 4870: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4810:Galdan Namchot 4807: 4802: 4800:Chotrul Duchen 4796: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521:Avalokiteśvara 4518: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4357:5th Dalai Lama 4354: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4292:Rangjung Dorje 4289: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4194:Trisong Detsen 4191: 4189:Songtsen Gampo 4186: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4081: 4070: 4067: 4047:Thích Viên Đức 3920: 3917: 3898:Joseon dynasty 3875:Goryeo Dynasty 3873:(668–935) and 3858: 3852: 3838:. By chanting 3826:Main article: 3823: 3820: 3814:script of the 3745:Main article: 3742: 3739: 3725: 3722: 3673:emperors made 3628:") tradition. 3610:Śubhakarasiṃha 3578:Jing'an Temple 3566:Main article: 3563: 3560: 3380: 3377: 3359: 3356: 3318:Hevajra Tantra 3186: 3183: 3093:), paintings ( 3065: 3062: 2973: 2970: 2919: 2916: 2760: 2757: 2737:lucid dreaming 2632:nispanna-krama 2574:Siddham Script 2554:Main article: 2551: 2548: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2379: 2376: 2364: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2280: 2254:Hevajra tantra 2228:Hevajra tantra 2166: 2163: 2110:Main article: 2107: 2104: 2083:Sammāsambuddha 2077: 2074: 2054: 2051: 1956: 1953: 1948:prajnaparamita 1909:Śubhakarasiṃha 1893:Ratnākaraśānti 1828:Hevajra tantra 1713: 1710: 1670: 1667: 1665:and Janguli). 1614:Tantrasadbhāva 1606:Samvara tantra 1503: 1500: 1457:Hevajra Tantra 1445:charnel ground 1363:. The popular 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1175:Matsyendranath 1157:) and places ( 1150:tantric feasts 1138:Robert Thurman 1134:medieval India 1121: 1118: 1095: 1092: 1086:, to describe 917: 914: 906:Newar Buddhism 794:Southeast Asia 776:and spread to 774:Medieval India 712: 711: 709: 708: 701: 694: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 667: 666: 660: 659: 653: 650: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 631: 625: 624: 619: 614: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 590: 589: 583: 582: 576: 575: 569: 568: 562: 561: 555: 554: 548: 547: 541: 540: 534: 533: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 513:Ullambana Puja 510: 504: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 486: 485: 479: 478: 472: 471: 465: 464: 458: 457: 450: 449: 443: 442: 436: 435: 421: 420: 414: 413: 407: 406: 400: 399: 393: 392: 381: 380: 374: 373: 360: 359: 353: 352: 346: 345: 339: 338: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 269: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 245: 244: 238: 237: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 213: 212: 206: 205: 199: 198: 187: 186: 185: 184: 165: 154: 153: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 130: 129: 123: 116: 115: 114: 113: 108: 105:Burmese-Bengal 95: 92: 91: 88: 87: 79: 78: 70: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16511: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16471: 16469: 16454: 16450: 16446: 16444: 16436: 16435: 16432: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16355: 16354:South America 16351: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16272: 16268: 16262: 16261:United States 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16148: 16146: 16144: 16143:North America 16140: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16113: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 16001:Liechtenstein 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15889: 15885: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15614: 15610: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15453:Guinea-Bissau 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15316: 15312: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15277:Organizations 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15221: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15140: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15107:Vegetarianism 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15052:Homosexuality 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14975: 14974: 14971: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14952: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14922: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14873:Neurotheology 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14830: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14771: 14767: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14679: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14567:Folk religion 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14474: 14470: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14390:Imperial cult 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14377: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14349: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14332: 14329: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14306: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14259: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14184: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14029: 14024: 14020: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13959:Discordianism 13957: 13955: 13954:Anthroposophy 13952: 13951: 13949: 13945: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13931: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13902:Mari religion 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13739:Neo-Theosophy 13737: 13736: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13708: 13705: 13704: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13677:New Acropolis 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13630: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13595: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13489: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13349: 13343: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13322:North African 13320: 13317: 13315: 13309: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13240: 13236: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13086:Kwakwakaʼwakw 13084: 13082: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12938: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12852: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12819:Austroasiatic 12816: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12791: 12790:Vattisen Yaly 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12776: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12709:Kirat Mundhum 12707: 12705: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12648: 12645: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12590: 12589: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12438: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12068:Milah Abraham 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12002: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11796: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11724:Protestantism 11722: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11701: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11667: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11654: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11497: 11495: 11490: 11489: 11486: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11462: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11402: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11235:Miscellaneous 11232: 11226: 11225:Vegetarianism 11223: 11221: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11047:Buddha in art 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10701:United States 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10258:Padmasambhava 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10170:Major figures 10167: 10161: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10116:Western tulku 10114: 10113: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9971: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917:Five precepts 9915: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9895:Dhamma vicaya 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9663:Buddhābhiṣeka 9661: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9307:Enlightenment 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9297:Dhamma theory 9295: 9293: 9292:Buddha-nature 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9131:Samantabhadra 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9056: 9054: 9048: 9046: 9040: 9038: 9032: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8836: 8831: 8829: 8824: 8822: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8775: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8718: 8716:0-86171-083-5 8712: 8708: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8554: 8542: 8536: 8533:. Routledge. 8532: 8527: 8523: 8521:0-691-05779-6 8517: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8485: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8465:0-86171-290-0 8461: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8162:1-55939-234-7 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8110:. Routledge. 8109: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059:. Shambhala. 8058: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8039: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7953:1-55939-235-5 7949: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7896:0-520-02192-4 7892: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7850: 7835: 7828: 7827:0-312-82540-4 7824: 7820: 7814: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7686: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7653: 7646: 7645:81-206-1622-7 7642: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7583: 7582:Davidson 2002 7578: 7572:, p. 21. 7571: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7533:, p. 46. 7532: 7527: 7520: 7514: 7507: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7488: 7482: 7476:, p. 51. 7475: 7470: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7435: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7391: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7295: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7191:(2): 87–114. 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7165:Nan Huaijin. 7162: 7155: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7104: 7096: 7094:9789814695091 7090: 7086: 7085: 7077: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7054: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7018: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6979:Isaacson 1998 6975: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6954:, p. 83. 6953: 6948: 6942:, p. 42. 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6906:, p. 62. 6905: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6834:, p. 45. 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6798:, p. 57. 6797: 6792: 6785: 6780: 6773: 6768: 6762:, p. 37. 6761: 6756: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6697:, p. 36. 6696: 6691: 6685:, p. 63. 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6657: 6652: 6646:, p. 46. 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6582: 6577: 6571:, p. 39. 6570: 6565: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6528:0-87773-654-5 6525: 6522: 6516: 6509: 6508:1-57062-270-1 6505: 6502: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6352: 6350: 6343:, p. 56. 6342: 6337: 6330: 6325: 6319:, p. 69. 6318: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6269:Davidson 2002 6265: 6258: 6257:Davidson 2002 6253: 6246: 6245:Davidson 2002 6241: 6234: 6233:Davidson 2002 6229: 6222: 6221:Davidson 2002 6217: 6210: 6209:Davidson 2002 6205: 6198: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6134:Davidson 2002 6130: 6123: 6122:Davidson 2002 6118: 6111: 6110:Schumann 1974 6106: 6100:, p. 70. 6099: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6064:, p. 19. 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6024: 6019: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5975:Davidson 2002 5971: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5949:, p. 80. 5948: 5947:Kitagawa 2002 5943: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5930:Schumann 1974 5926: 5919: 5914: 5907: 5906:Reynolds 2007 5902: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5809: 5805: 5804:Skilling 1998 5800: 5796: 5782: 5779: 5771: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5745:This article 5743: 5734: 5733: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5606:saṃdhyā-bhāṣā 5600: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5537: 5535: 5532:and in rural 5531: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5515:Pali language 5512: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5351: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5172:Tuva Republic 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5023:Padmasambhāva 5020: 5014: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4789: 4788: 4779: 4778:Western tulku 4776: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Je Tsongkhapa 4350: 4349: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4323:Sakya Pandita 4321: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4269:Dudjom Lingpa 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4249:Yeshe Tsogyal 4247: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4174:Padmasambhāva 4172: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4064: 4063:Greater Hanoi 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999:Vô Ngôn Thông 3996: 3992: 3988: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959:practice and 3958: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3935:Crown in the 3934: 3930: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3871:Unified Silla 3868: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3735: 3730: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3152:Buddha-nature 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101:visualization 3098: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2838: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2682:David Germano 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:utpatti-krama 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469:According to 2467: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433:illusory body 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2250:illusory body 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2198:Yogaratnamala 2195: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:Chakrasamvara 2171: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928:Sakya Pandita 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1769:Buddha-nature 1765: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1742:, mainly the 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731:According to 1726: 1722: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:Padmasambhava 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630:Abhinavagupta 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1559:According to 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1463:Chakrasamvara 1459: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1383:Kriya tantras 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1284:Chakrasamvara 1281: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:Diamond Realm 1254: 1249: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008:Esotericism") 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 953:Secret mantra 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 887: 882: 881: 876: 875: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 836: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 768: 765:tradition of 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 724: 720: 719: 707: 702: 700: 695: 693: 688: 687: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 665: 662: 661: 658: 655: 654: 648: 647: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 603: 602: 595: 592: 591: 588: 585: 584: 581: 578: 577: 574: 571: 570: 567: 564: 563: 560: 557: 556: 553: 550: 549: 546: 543: 542: 539: 536: 535: 532: 529: 528: 525:Tantric texts 522: 521: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 499: 498: 491: 488: 487: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 473: 470: 467: 466: 463: 460: 459: 455: 452: 451: 448: 445: 444: 441: 438: 437: 434: 431: 430: 429: 428: 426: 419: 416: 415: 412: 409: 408: 405: 402: 401: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 387: 386: 385: 379: 378:Outer Tantras 376: 375: 372: 371:Inner Tantras 369: 368: 367: 365: 358: 355: 354: 351: 348: 347: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 333: 332: 330: 325: 324: 322: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 288: 287: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 258: 257: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 233: 232: 226: 225: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190:New branches: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 164: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 148: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 132: 131: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 100: 99: 98: 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 77: 72: 71: 67: 63: 62: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 15858:Turkmenistan 15818:Saudi Arabia 15563:South Africa 15553:Sierra Leone 15358:Burkina Faso 15267:Names of God 15214:Unaffiliated 15169:Antireligion 15030:Universalism 14978:Assimilation 14843:Anthropology 14718:Supernatural 14713:Spirituality 14681:Sacred space 14669:Purification 14542:Denomination 14496: / 14304:Paleo-Balkan 14270:Mesopotamian 14110:Cook Islands 14081:Old Prussian 13994:UFO religion 13933: 13929:Zalmoxianism 13857:Neoshamanism 13714:Spiritualism 13597:Other ethnic 13486: 13312:Traditional 13272:Bongthingism 13170:Acoma Pueblo 13113:Mesoamerican 12837:Austronesian 12658: 12654:Neo-Buddhism 12641: 12586: 12582:Neo-Hinduism 12503:Swaminarayan 12341: 12290:Salvationist 12275:Confucianism 12126:Samaritanism 12096:Ali-Illahism 12077: 11944: 11938:Unitarianism 11879:Old Catholic 11686:Nestorianism 11644:Christianity 11631: 11597:Conservative 11413:Bodhisattvas 11333:Christianity 11328:Baháʼí Faith 11193:Dharmachakra 11183:Prayer wheel 11173:Prayer beads 10941:Architecture 10820:969 Movement 10604:Saudi Arabia 10582:Central Asia 10575:South Africa 10397: 10380: 10313:Panchen Lama 10218:Buddhapālita 9814:Satipatthana 9809:Mindful Yoga 9722:Recollection 9636:Brahmavihara 9560: 9507:Japanese Zen 9502:Chinese Chan 9462:Animal realm 9269:Key concepts 9091:Bodhisattvas 8903:Three Jewels 8763: 8744: 8725: 8706: 8687: 8664: 8645: 8626: 8607: 8577: 8558: 8530: 8511: 8505:. Routledge. 8502: 8483: 8474: 8455: 8441: 8421: 8412: 8403: 8384: 8375: 8356: 8347: 8338: 8329: 8320: 8301: 8289:. Retrieved 8285:the original 8280: 8253: 8244: 8233:. Retrieved 8223:(May 1992). 8204: 8200: 8175: 8171: 8152: 8126: 8107: 8098: 8094: 8075: 8056: 8037: 8018: 8009: 7990: 7971: 7962: 7943: 7927:. Reiyukai. 7924: 7905: 7884: 7863: 7854: 7834: 7818: 7813: 7802:. Retrieved 7793: 7784: 7773:. Retrieved 7764: 7755: 7750:, p. 9. 7743: 7727: 7721:1-898942-153 7710: 7702:the original 7692: 7684: 7679: 7670: 7661: 7652: 7635: 7602: 7598: 7589: 7584:, p. 2. 7577: 7565: 7550: 7538: 7526: 7518: 7513: 7486: 7481: 7441:. Retrieved 7397: 7390: 7379:. Retrieved 7370: 7360: 7348: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7294: 7275: 7271: 7261: 7245: 7240: 7229:. Retrieved 7188: 7184: 7174: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7148: 7136: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7083: 7076: 7053: 7042:. Retrieved 7033: 7024: 7016: 7011: 6999: 6991: 6986: 6959: 6947: 6935: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6732: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6656:Hopkins 2009 6651: 6639: 6627: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6564: 6552: 6520: 6515: 6500: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6453: 6450: 6444: 6437:Buswell 2004 6418:, p. 5. 6411: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6363: 6336: 6324: 6312: 6307:, p. 3. 6300: 6288: 6281:Verrill 2012 6276: 6264: 6252: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6171: 6165: 6153: 6141: 6129: 6117: 6105: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5970: 5963:Introduction 5954: 5925: 5913: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5860:, p. 6. 5853: 5831:Buswell 2004 5826: 5799: 5774: 5765: 5758:Please help 5753:verification 5746: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5624: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5569: 5560: 5543: 5519: 5505: 5485:Ari Buddhism 5470: 5440: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5380:Vikramashila 5368: 5337: 5261: 5248:carriers"). 5244:(literally " 5239: 5225: 5203: 5129: 5115:and eastern 5101:Yuan dynasty 5095: 5065:system, new 5055:Anuttarayoga 5048: 5046: 5027:Śāntarakṣita 5016: 4914:Ashtamangala 4899:Sand mandala 4739:Panchen Lama 4706:Tashi Lhunpo 4539: 4338: 4259:Jigme Lingpa 4179:Śāntarakṣita 4054: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4010: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3952: 3948: 3946: 3913:Jingak Order 3910: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3833: 3831: 3809: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3771:Central Asia 3767:Pala Dynasty 3756: 3750: 3732:Portrait of 3707: 3699: 3679: 3667:Yuan dynasty 3647: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3606:Tang dynasty 3591: 3553: 3547: 3537: 3506: 3502:Jingak Order 3474:Japanese Zen 3467: 3456: 3414: 3361: 3349: 3344:Cakrasaṃvara 3338: 3337:tantras are 3316: 3310: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3249: 3244: 3236: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3113:Bodhisattvas 3108: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3029: 3020: 2998:" denoted a 2993: 2987: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2912: 2896:Vikramashila 2889: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2869: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2789: 2748: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2687: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2643: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2617:Buddha field 2608: 2605:Iṣṭa-devatā, 2604: 2600: 2594: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2524:prostrations 2517: 2509: 2506: 2488: 2468: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2416: 2410: 2365: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2321: 2319: 2305: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2197: 2187: 2153: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2096: 2092:Bodhisattvas 2081: 2079: 2042: 2039:Paramitayana 2038: 2034: 2024: 2021:Paramitayana 2020: 2018: 2013: 2010:Paramitayana 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1946: 1922:Likewise in 1921: 1900: 1882: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1782: 1772: 1766: 1758: 1751: 1730: 1695: 1678: 1672: 1656: 1647: 1639: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1571:Kriya tantra 1565: 1558: 1543: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1471: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1438: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1411:Vajrasekhara 1410: 1405: 1399: 1386: 1385:such as the 1380: 1369: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1303: 1289: 1211: 1207: 1196: 1185: 1183: 1171:Gorakshanath 1158: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1123: 1110: 1104: 1088:theosophical 1073: 1053: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 997: 992: 983: 978: 965:gsang sngags 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 922: 919: 891: 886:Pāramitāyāna 884: 878: 872: 860: 858: 850:bodhisattvas 825: 802: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 717: 716: 715: 423: 422: 383: 382: 363: 361: 328: 326: 319: 318: 189: 188: 101:Ari-Acharya 96: 73: 16309:New Zealand 16246:Saint Lucia 16196:El Salvador 16101:Switzerland 16036:Netherlands 15808:Philippines 15736:South Korea 15731:North Korea 15621:Afghanistan 15568:South Sudan 15458:Ivory Coast 15242:Deification 15189:Objectivism 15164:Agnosticism 15122:Persecution 15112:Video games 15077:Populations 14988:Proselytism 14956:Monasticism 14947:Clericalism 14937:Agriculture 14928:and society 14893:Soteriology 14853:Comparative 14823:Transtheism 14808:Panentheism 14592:Monasticism 14385:Gallo-Roman 14287:Micronesian 14253:Manichaeism 14201:Hermeticism 14169:Continental 14164:Anglo-Saxon 14044:Paleolithic 14039:Prehistoric 13989:Scientology 13852:Italo-Roman 13707:Radha Soami 13687:New Thought 13527:Espiritismo 13468:Waaqeffanna 13408:Fon and Ewe 13346:Sub-Saharan 13229:Satsana Phi 13025:Ghost Dance 12983:Californian 12961:Anishinaabe 12887:Karo Pemena 12866:Indonesian 12540:Lingayatism 12488:Mahanubhava 12458:Vaishnavism 12389:Jeungsanism 12312:Folk Taoism 12295:Xiantiandao 12149:Zoroastrian 11808:Charismatic 11803:Pentecostal 11766:Anglicanism 11717:Waldensians 11652:Catholicism 11258:Dharma talk 11087:Asalha Puja 10883:Eschatology 10686:Switzerland 10666:New Zealand 10594:Middle East 10503:Philippines 10423:Afghanistan 10228:Bodhidharma 10213:Buddhaghosa 10133:Householder 10043:Monasticism 9996:Bodhisattva 9851:Prostration 9804:Mindfulness 9732:Anapanasati 9715:Kammaṭṭhāna 9512:Korean Seon 9452:Asura realm 9447:Human realm 9387:Ten Fetters 9342:Parinirvana 9244:Uppalavanna 9209:Mahākaccana 9194:Mahākassapa 9126:Kṣitigarbha 9121:Ākāśagarbha 9018:Suddhodāna 8963:Four sights 8890:Foundations 8580:. Manohar. 7846:Works cited 7543:Tai Tu 2008 7506:Tai Tu 2008 7120:Baruah 2000 6952:Wayman 2008 6940:Garson 2004 6904:Wayman 1977 6832:Garson 2004 6808:Powers 2007 6796:Cozort 2005 6772:Powers 2007 6760:Garson 2004 6695:Wayman 2008 6683:Wayman 1977 6569:Wayman 2008 6416:Wayman 2008 6341:Wayman 1977 6305:Wayman 2008 6124:, p. . 6088:, p. . 6086:Tajima 1992 6062:Wayman 2008 5959:Dowman 1985 5896:, p. . 5882:Orzech 2006 5587:as well as 5566:Terminology 5416:En no Gyōja 5384:mahasiddhas 5358: 1916 5340:Philippines 5241:vajracharya 5160:Amur Oblast 5134:, northern 5105:Kublai Khan 4633:Mindrolling 4430:Bodhisattva 4232:Sukhasiddhi 4222:Abhayakirti 4059:Thầy Temple 4038:(顯密圓通成佛心要集 4007:Từ Đạo Hạnh 3937:Thầy Temple 3929:Từ Đạo Hạnh 3906:Taego Order 3902:Jogye Order 3896:During the 3879:Seon school 3835:Lotus Sutra 3618:Amoghavajra 3549:Heart Sutra 3447:(mostly in 3340:Guhyasamāja 3327:Old Tantras 3270:In Chinese 3179:Tibetan art 3008:obfuscation 3000:thunderbolt 2982:Itsukushima 2856:vidyavrata, 2785:Mount Takao 2474:Alex Wayman 2435:yogas like 2421:meditations 2387:Mani stones 2267:Vajrayogini 2224:sexual yoga 2213:buddhajñana 2183:Vajravārāhī 2156:Vajracharya 2134:empowerment 2066:bodhisattva 2047:Bodhisattva 1982:Śrāvakayāna 1967:Auspicious 1889:Vimalamitra 1885:Buddhaguhya 1870:defilements 1733:Alex Wayman 1663:Parnasabari 1590:Guhyasiddhi 1520:, known as 1496:rājādhirāja 1427:Guhyasamāja 1365:Heart Sutra 1339:Dasabhumika 1130:mahasiddhas 1059:Shingon-shū 1000:(唐密 - 漢密, " 957:Guhyamantra 945:dorje tekpa 916:Terminology 869:Śrāvakayāna 792:, parts of 676:Vajracharya 272:Bodhisattva 158:Inner Asian 133:East Asian 16468:Categories 16299:Micronesia 16176:Costa Rica 16071:San Marino 16031:Montenegro 16011:Luxembourg 15868:Uzbekistan 15843:Tajikistan 15748:Kyrgyzstan 15721:Kazakhstan 15671:East Timor 15641:Bangladesh 15631:Azerbaijan 15548:Seychelles 15513:Mozambique 15498:Mauritania 15483:Madagascar 15373:Cape Verde 15155:irreligion 15150:Secularism 15057:Minorities 15025:Toleration 15020:Syncretism 15005:Fanaticism 14995:Disability 14983:Missionary 14973:Conversion 14961:Ordination 14883:Psychology 14878:Philosophy 14818:Polytheism 14798:Monotheism 14793:Henotheism 14634:Orthopraxy 14624:Ordination 14587:Meditation 14582:Indigenous 14547:Entheogens 14532:Conversion 14358:Pueblo III 14275:Babylonian 14265:Melanesian 14191:Gnosticism 14076:Lithuanian 13969:Fourth Way 13823:Circassian 13801:Dievturība 13724:Tensegrity 13657:Falun Gong 13302:Sanamahism 13282:Donyi-Polo 12909:Polynesian 12855:Kaharingan 12780:Burkhanism 12719:Ravidassia 12697:Śvetāmbara 12483:Pushtimarg 12463:Krishnaism 12399:Vietnamese 12384:Cheondoism 12317:Yao Taoism 12253:East Asian 12019:Isma'ilism 11975:Maturidism 11754:Mennonites 11749:Hutterites 11734:Anabaptism 11627:Humanistic 11375:Psychology 11355:Gnosticism 11343:Comparison 11338:Influences 11320:Comparison 11203:Bhavacakra 11161:Kushinagar 11136:Pilgrimage 11082:Māgha Pūjā 11037:Bodhi Tree 10853:Buddhology 10843:Abhidharma 10835:Philosophy 10768:Menander I 10636:Costa Rica 10587:Uzbekistan 10428:Bangladesh 10382:Dhammapada 10366:Pali Canon 10328:Ajahn Chah 10308:Dalai Lama 10208:Kumārajīva 10203:Vasubandhu 10178:The Buddha 10086:Zen master 10021:Sakadagami 10001:Buddhahood 9932:Pratimokṣa 9747:Shikantaza 9703:Meditation 9678:Deity yoga 9549:Madhyamaka 9442:Deva realm 9337:Mindstream 9287:Bodhicitta 9199:Aṅgulimāla 9066:Devadatta 9042:Yaśodharā 8945:The Buddha 8935:Middle Way 8385:Mahasutras 8281:Vajranatha 8235:2022-12-20 8149:Tsongkhapa 7804:2022-10-06 7775:2022-10-06 7748:Akira 1993 7687:. pp45–52. 7570:White 2000 7531:Thich 2007 7474:Thich 2007 7443:2017-09-01 7381:2016-08-18 7324:(7): 818. 7278:(9): 675. 7231:2021-05-14 7141:Sharf 2002 7108:Conze 1978 7044:2010-02-02 7004:Green 2015 6317:Beyer 1973 6197:Huber 2008 5858:Payne 2006 5768:March 2024 5728:References 5511:Abhidhamma 5436:Edo period 5121:modern era 5039:post-Gupta 4929:Mani stone 4734:Dalai Lama 4574:Buddhahood 4562:Dream yoga 4552:Deity yoga 4528:Meditation 4516:Bodhicitta 4254:Longchenpa 4184:Kamalaśīla 4025:Hoa Nghiêm 4003:Vinitaruci 3995:Lý dynasty 3927:Statue of 3881:, and the 3818:language. 3714:Bai people 3705:elements. 3614:Vajrabodhi 3555:Pali Canon 3379:Traditions 3272:Mantrayana 3205:See also: 3148:Adi-Buddha 3105:deity yoga 3004:adamantine 2954:analogical 2850:karmamudra 2845:ritual sex 2837:Cham dance 2815:ganachakra 2733:dream yoga 2621:Tsongkhapa 2601:devatayoga 2597:deity yoga 2556:Deity yoga 2550:Deity yoga 2471:Indologist 2445:Buddhahood 2429:deity yoga 2417:paramitas, 2413:bodhicitta 2405:See also: 2349:A tantric 2328:Prātimokṣa 2277:) states: 2275:viii:29–30 2237:bodhicitta 2194:sacraments 2177:statue in 2122:Kalachakra 2043:Mantrayana 2035:Mantrayana 2014:Mantrayana 2002:Buddhahood 1980:, next to 1943:Tsongkhapa 1932:Longchenpa 1905:Vajrabodhi 1878:Buddhahood 1744:Madhyamaka 1687:Indrabhuti 1625:Vidyapitha 1621:Vidyapitha 1586:Vidyapitha 1478:messianism 1353: 4th 1333:Gandavyuha 1267:Buddha in 1179:Hatha Yoga 751:Tantrayāna 743:Mantranāya 739:Mantrayāna 508:Ganachakra 483:Death yoga 476:Dream yoga 462:Inner heat 447:Deity yoga 350:Yogatantra 343:Charyayoga 279:Kalachakra 267:Buddhahood 242:Mahasiddha 93:Traditions 18:Mantrayana 16474:Vajrayana 16417:Venezuela 16362:Argentina 16279:Australia 16231:Nicaragua 16206:Guatemala 16006:Lithuania 15828:Sri Lanka 15823:Singapore 15803:Palestine 15691:Indonesia 15681:Hong Kong 15503:Mauritius 15224:Overviews 15179:Criticism 15127:Terrorism 15102:Theocracy 15047:Happiness 15015:Pluralism 15000:Education 14926:Religion 14898:Salvation 14888:Sociology 14833:Religious 14813:Pantheism 14803:Nontheism 14696:Mountains 14674:Sacrifice 14629:Orthodoxy 14619:Mythology 14614:Mysticism 14503:Behaviour 14412:Canaanite 14395:Mithraism 14363:Pueblo IV 14353:Pueblo II 14258:Mazdakism 14233:Hungarian 14206:Mysteries 14115:Dravidian 13897:Hungarian 13813:Caucasian 13784:Godianism 13744:Agni Yoga 13734:Theosophy 13697:Rastafari 13672:Modekngei 13652:Brahmoism 13645:Syncretic 13637:movements 13635:religious 13547:Quimbanda 13495:Candomblé 13488:Diasporic 13267:Bathouism 13257:Benzhuism 13182:Tsimshian 13133:Purépecha 13054:Longhouse 13029:Sun Dance 12978:Blackfoot 12892:Malaysian 12882:Kapitayan 12692:Digambara 12677:Ayyavazhi 12642:Vajrayana 12607:Theravada 12520:Ganapatya 12493:Ramanandi 12422:Hoahaoism 12300:Yiguandao 12195:Yarsanism 12190:Shabakism 12177:Yazdânism 12167:Zurvanism 12162:Mazdaznan 12121:Rastafari 12116:Mandaeism 11990:Wahhabism 11970:Ash'arism 11933:Tolstoyan 11923:Spiritual 11913:Mormonism 11884:Judaizers 11857:Quakerism 11835:Methodist 11825:Irvingism 11776:Calvinism 11729:Adventism 11712:Moravians 11549:Abrahamic 11443:Festivals 11423:Buddhists 11385:Theosophy 11188:Symbolism 11178:Hama yumi 11151:Bodh Gaya 10918:Socialism 10893:Evolution 10868:Economics 10706:Venezuela 10621:Australia 10616:Argentina 10540:Sri Lanka 10535:Singapore 10453:Indonesia 10415:Countries 10356:Tripiṭaka 10318:Ajahn Mun 10193:Nagarjuna 10188:Aśvaghoṣa 10071:Anagārika 10066:Śrāmaṇerī 10061:Śrāmaṇera 10056:Bhikkhunī 10016:Sotāpanna 9905:Passaddhi 9846:Offerings 9821:Nekkhamma 9698:Iddhipada 9618:Practices 9588:Theravada 9561:Vajrayana 9554:Yogachara 9524:Pure Land 9437:Six Paths 9424:Cosmology 9204:Anuruddha 9179:Sāriputta 9169:Kaundinya 9161:Disciples 9136:Vajrapāṇi 8988:Footprint 8953:Tathāgata 8795:Vajrayana 8192:0737-769X 8040:. Wiley. 7993:. Wiley. 7627:154554678 7521:, p. 245. 7340:2077-1444 7318:Religions 7272:Religions 7221:162235701 7205:0018-2710 7034:idp.bl.uk 6892:Gray 2007 6880:Gray 2007 6868:Gray 2007 6856:Gray 2007 6820:Gray 2007 6671:Gray 2007 6011:Osto 2009 5846:Gray 2007 5818:Citations 5749:citations 5585:symbolism 5508:Theravada 5399:Yamabushi 5296:Vairocana 5288:Borobudur 5276:Srivijaya 5152:republics 5119:. In the 5050:vamachara 4793:Festivals 4557:Guru yoga 4540:Vajrayana 4509:Pāramitās 4409:Cosmology 4385:Teachings 4310:Taranatha 3987:Srivijaya 3957:Pure Land 3710:Azhaliism 3602:Silk Road 3525:East Asia 3521:Nusantara 3517:Srivijaya 3465:schools. 3393:Mongolian 3350:Kālacakra 3323:Nyingmapa 3195:Vajrāvalī 3121:Vajramala 2972:The vajra 2942:Kathmandu 2792:Mahāmudrā 2726:pranayama 2639:emptiness 2246:mahasukha 2062:Manjushri 2026:paramitas 1998:Vajrayāna 1994:Sutrayana 1990:Sutrayana 1901:Vajravali 1761:emptiness 1683:Vajrapani 1642:Pasupatas 1575:Manjushri 1554:Vaishnava 1522:Yamantaka 1482:astrology 1440:vamachara 1265:Vairocana 1106:khaṭvāṅga 961:sang ngak 941:Vajrayāna 861:Vajrayāna 854:Vajrapani 790:East Asia 718:Vajrayāna 502:Festivals 454:Six yogas 440:Guru yoga 336:Kriyayoga 291:Practices 16443:Category 16407:Suriname 16397:Paraguay 16382:Colombia 16289:Kiribati 16216:Honduras 16186:Dominica 16161:Barbados 16126:Scotland 16086:Slovenia 16081:Slovakia 16056:Portugal 15926:Bulgaria 15848:Thailand 15798:Pakistan 15778:Mongolia 15773:Maldives 15768:Malaysia 15656:Cambodia 15603:Zimbabwe 15578:Tanzania 15428:Ethiopia 15423:Eswatini 15403:Djibouti 15368:Cameroon 15353:Botswana 15297:Timeline 15292:Scholars 15252:Founders 15117:Violence 15072:Politics 14942:Business 14905:Theology 14649:Prophecy 14639:Paganism 14527:Covenant 14494:Apostasy 14429:Scythian 14370:Rapa Nui 14324:Thracian 14319:Illyrian 14309:Albanian 14280:Sumerian 14223:Harappan 14159:Germanic 14154:Georgian 14147:Selk'nam 14132:Etruscan 14120:Egyptian 14098:Druidism 14061:Armenian 13984:Satanism 13964:Eckankar 13887:Estonian 13872:Romanian 13862:Ossetian 13842:Germanic 13791:Armenian 13780:African 13773:paganism 13702:Sant Mat 13692:Rajneesh 13667:Meivazhi 13662:Japanese 13619:Siberian 13552:Santería 13522:Convince 13388:Bushongo 13292:Kiratism 13219:Hmongism 13096:Wocekiye 13081:Jivaroan 13049:Iroquois 13044:Ho-Chunk 13005:Cherokee 12943:American 12914:Hawaiian 12827:Sarnaism 12797:Tungusic 12785:Tengrism 12775:Mongolic 12704:Sarnaism 12635:Nichiren 12612:Mahayana 12599:Buddhism 12577:Sant Mat 12567:Sauraism 12562:Smartism 12557:Shaktism 12550:Balinese 12535:Kaumaram 12530:Kapalika 12525:Kashmiri 12510:Shaivism 12450:Hinduism 12417:Caodaism 12361:Ryukyuan 12356:Tenrikyo 12351:Shugendō 12329:Japanese 12200:Yazidism 12185:Ishikism 12063:Quranism 12036:Khawarij 11985:Salafism 11980:Atharism 11869:Esoteric 11840:Holiness 11830:Lutheran 11791:Reformed 11771:Baptists 11744:Brethren 11708:Hussites 11696:Assyrian 11612:Haymanot 11566:Orthodox 11515:Religion 11461:Category 11390:Violence 11360:Hinduism 11308:Sanskrit 11263:Hinayana 11248:Amitābha 11208:Swastika 11077:Uposatha 11067:Holidays 11052:Calendar 10898:Humanism 10736:Kanishka 10726:Timeline 10550:Thailand 10518:Kalmykia 10513:Buryatia 10498:Pakistan 10483:Mongolia 10478:Maldives 10473:Malaysia 10438:Cambodia 10303:Shamarpa 10298:Nichiren 10248:Xuanzang 10183:Nagasena 10101:Rinpoche 9831:Pāramitā 9673:Devotion 9593:Navayana 9581:Dzogchen 9544:Nichiren 9492:Mahayana 9484:Branches 9362:Saṅkhāra 9111:Mañjuśrī 9068:(cousin) 9060:(cousin) 9028:(mother) 9020:(father) 9008:Miracles 8958:Birthday 8875:Glossary 8848:Buddhism 8686:(2010). 8606:(2002). 8229:Archived 8151:(2005). 7798:Archived 7769:Archived 7698:"密教と修験道" 7434:Archived 7375:Archived 7225:Archived 7065:Archived 7038:Archived 6964:Ray 2001 6844:Ray 2001 6784:Ray 2001 6707:Ray 2001 6406:, ch. 4. 5894:Ray 2000 5670:See also 5663:sādhakas 5655:mantrins 5647:Tāntrika 5643:tāntrika 5620:maṇḍalas 5593:metaphor 5572:Sanskrit 5501:Thailand 5493:Cambodia 5475:, where 5410:Shugendō 5390:Shugendō 5236:Sanskrit 5206:Mahayana 5180:Kalmykia 5164:Buryatia 5148:Mongolia 5113:Mongolia 5071:Dzogchen 4952:Timeline 4820:Dosmoche 4756:Rinpoche 4645:Narthang 4604:Dzogchen 4481:Dzogchen 4334:Bodongpa 4237:Milarepa 4199:Ralpacan 4078:a series 4076:Part of 4042:T1955). 4021:Truc Lam 3971:and the 3953:Mật Tông 3949:Mật giáo 3816:Sanskrit 3787:mandalas 3718:Mahakala 3657:such as 3598:Buddhism 3582:Shanghai 3494:dharanis 3395:regions. 3368:Dunhuang 3331:Kagyudpa 3290:and the 3224:sadhanas 3218:shastras 3109:mandalas 3081:Kangling 3027:རྡོ་རྗེ་ 2990:Sanskrit 2908:Maitripa 2870:yonipuja 2819:abhiseka 2796:Dzogchen 2692:and the 2636:luminous 2540:abhiseka 2535:lineages 2425:Dzogchen 2393:" mantra 2205:non-dual 2173:Tibetan 2145:symbolic 2138:abhiṣeka 2126:Bodhgaya 1986:Mahayana 1846:Asanga's 1748:Yogacara 1737:Mahayana 1725:Pala era 1702:Amitabha 1691:Oddiyana 1650:Kapalika 1634:Kapalika 1582:Bhairava 1518:Bhairava 1491:abhiśeka 1460:and the 1435:Mahayoga 1424:and the 1336:and the 1314:Amitābha 1312:such as 1169:saints ( 1010:, Mìzōng 883:(a.k.a. 880:Mahāyāna 874:Hīnayāna 821:mandalas 813:dharanis 798:Mongolia 784:, other 770:practice 763:Buddhist 723:Sanskrit 490:Sex yoga 235:Tantrism 167:Altaic ( 151:Nepalese 142:Japanese 66:a series 64:Part of 16412:Uruguay 16387:Ecuador 16367:Bolivia 16344:Vanuatu 16271:Oceania 16221:Jamaica 16201:Grenada 16156:Bahamas 16116:England 16106:Ukraine 16061:Romania 16021:Moldova 15981:Ireland 15976:Iceland 15971:Hungary 15961:Germany 15951:Finland 15946:Estonia 15941:Denmark 15936:Czechia 15931:Croatia 15916:Belgium 15911:Belarus 15906:Austria 15901:Andorra 15896:Albania 15873:Vietnam 15783:Myanmar 15758:Lebanon 15676:Georgia 15636:Bahrain 15626:Armenia 15588:Tunisia 15558:Somalia 15543:Senegal 15528:Nigeria 15518:Namibia 15508:Morocco 15473:Liberia 15468:Lesotho 15418:Eritrea 15388:Comoros 15363:Burundi 15338:Algeria 15282:Outline 15247:Deities 15174:Atheism 15092:Science 15010:Freedom 14868:History 14835:studies 14788:Dualism 14778:Animism 14743:Worship 14723:Symbols 14664:Liturgy 14577:Goddess 14537:Deities 14518:Laicism 14508:Beliefs 14487:Aspects 14459:Zapotec 14454:Vainakh 14422:Yahwism 14407:Semitic 14336:Iranian 14238:Hurrian 14228:Hittite 14218:Guanche 14211:Orphism 14142:Fuegian 14137:Finnish 14125:Atenism 14071:Latvian 14056:Arabian 13999:Raëlism 13979:Jediism 13974:Goddess 13947:De novo 13835:Druidry 13729:Thelema 13682:New Age 13567:Umbanda 13458:Tumbuka 13443:Odinala 13428:Lugbara 13348:African 13314:African 13262:Bimoism 13252:Burmese 13108:Mapuche 13074:Wyandot 13034:Guarani 13015:Choctaw 13010:Chilote 12956:Alaskan 12951:Abenaki 12902:Tagalog 12875:Kejawèn 12724:Sikhism 12687:Jainism 12647:Tibetan 12630:Amidism 12498:Warkari 12412:Đạo Mẫu 12262:Chinese 12244:Eastern 12221:Roshani 12140:Iranian 12048:Alevism 12041:Ibadism 12014:Zaydism 11691:Ancient 11662:Eastern 11622:Renewal 11607:Karaite 11588:Zionist 11576:Hasidic 11558:Judaism 11540:Western 11438:Temples 11418:Buddhas 11380:Science 11370:Judaism 11365:Jainism 11283:Lineage 11243:Abhijñā 11213:Thangka 11156:Sarnath 11141:Lumbini 11062:Funeral 11057:Cuisine 10933:Culture 10908:Reality 10858:Creator 10848:Atomism 10718:History 10691:Ukraine 10651:Germany 10570:Senegal 10560:Vietnam 10488:Myanmar 10288:Shinran 10278:Karmapa 10253:Shandao 10223:Dignāga 10148:Śrāvaka 10128:Donchee 10123:Kappiya 10081:Sayadaw 10051:Bhikkhu 10026:Anāgāmi 9983:Nirvana 9949:Samadhi 9836:Paritta 9777:Tonglen 9772:Mandala 9727:Smarana 9708:Mantras 9656:Upekkha 9626:Bhavana 9576:Shingon 9529:Tiantai 9382:Tathātā 9372:Śūnyatā 9367:Skandha 9357:Saṃsāra 9352:Rebirth 9327:Kleshas 9317:Indriya 9219:Subhūti 9104:Guanyin 9058:Ānanda 9050:Rāhula 8930:Nirvana 8870:Outline 8291:18 June 7619:2943086 7213:1062679 7156:: p. 85 6737:Collins 6530:p. 144. 5870:Lü 2017 5808:Kangyur 5651:Saivism 5615:mantras 5589:synonym 5455:culture 5376:Nalanda 5268:Sumatra 5117:Siberia 5079:Nyingma 5067:sadhana 5037:of the 4964:Culture 4959:Outline 4947:History 4904:Thangka 4860:Tengyur 4855:Kangyur 4835:Losoong 4830:Sho Dun 4751:Karmapa 4711:Tsurphu 4672:Ramoche 4655:Pabonka 4650:Nechung 4638:Namgyal 4628:Labrang 4616:Jokhang 4599:Drepung 4594:Tradruk 4569:Thukdam 4475:Nyingma 4453:Tibetan 4425:Rebirth 4416:Saṃsāra 4404:Skandha 4345:Gelugpa 4328:Gorampa 4305:Dolpopa 4243:Nyingma 4113:Nyingma 4106:Schools 3891:Dharani 3854:Korean 3840:mantras 3811:siddham 3783:Tantras 3663:Tiantai 3640:Shingon 3632:Zhenyan 3622:Zhenyan 3453:Shingon 3335:Gelugpa 3313:Sakyapa 3282:Shingon 3277:Zhenyan 3229:Chinese 3096:thangka 3038:sadhana 3034:gankyil 2984:, Japan 2960:) from 2938:Mandala 2935:Hevajra 2892:Nalanda 2807:rituals 2745:rebirth 2722:chakras 2718:thig le 2716:, Tib. 2708:, Tib. 2700:, Tib. 2668:candali 2651:rainbow 2613:mandala 2519:ngondro 2478:samadhi 2463:siddhis 2344:Nyingma 2342:of the 2340:Ngagpas 2179:Yab-Yum 1913:Yi Xing 1865:nirvana 1859:samsara 1842:Hevajra 1318:Longer 1305:paritta 1286:mandala 1280:kapalas 1269:Shingon 1242:Tantras 1198:siddhis 1189:-siddhi 1128:called 1112:kartika 1094:History 1054:Zhēnyán 1050:Shingon 988:Chinese 984:Zhēnyán 967:). The 963:, Wyl. 947:, Wyl. 846:Buddhas 809:mantras 767:tantric 761:, is a 727:वज्रयान 639:Yab-Yum 433:Ngöndro 411:Thangka 390:Mandala 261:Pursuit 229:History 177:b, t, k 163:Tibetan 137:Chinese 16479:Tantra 16453:Portal 16392:Guyana 16372:Brazil 16339:Tuvalu 16236:Panama 16226:Mexico 16171:Canada 16166:Belize 16096:Sweden 16076:Serbia 16066:Russia 16051:Poland 16046:Norway 16026:Monaco 15996:Latvia 15991:Kosovo 15966:Greece 15956:France 15888:Europe 15853:Turkey 15838:Taiwan 15743:Kuwait 15716:Jordan 15706:Israel 15666:Cyprus 15651:Brunei 15646:Bhutan 15598:Zambia 15593:Uganda 15533:Rwanda 15488:Malawi 15448:Guinea 15438:Gambia 15343:Angola 15330:Africa 15139:Wealth 15087:Schism 15042:Growth 14966:Priest 14951:Clergy 14770:Theism 14753:Nature 14748:Astral 14691:Groves 14659:Ritual 14644:Prayer 14602:Novice 14552:Ethnic 14477:Topics 14449:Urartu 14444:Tongan 14439:Somali 14434:Slavic 14314:Dacian 14093:Celtic 14088:Basque 14066:Baltic 13917:Udmurt 13882:Uralic 13877:Slavic 13830:Celtic 13818:Abkhaz 13806:Romuva 13796:Baltic 13771:Modern 13614:Papuan 13577:Voodoo 13532:Kumina 13473:Yoruba 13463:Urhobo 13433:Maasai 13418:Lotuko 13366:Baluba 13356:Akamba 13329:Berber 13287:Heraka 13277:Dongba 13165:Pueblo 13160:Pawnee 13150:Navajo 13140:Muisca 13103:Lenape 13091:Lakota 13069:Seneca 13059:Mohawk 12993:Ohlone 12973:Apache 12966:Ojibwe 12941:Native 12807:Manchu 12802:Evenki 12763:Altaic 12754:Ethnic 12729:Khalsa 12682:Kalash 12572:Śrauta 12441:Indian 12371:Korean 12337:Shinto 12307:Taoism 12280:Luoism 12106:Baháʼí 12101:Bábism 12053:Ahmadi 12031:Sufism 12024:Alawis 11674:Church 11602:Reform 11583:Modern 11571:Haredi 11433:Sutras 11428:Suttas 11293:Siddhi 11278:Koliya 11253:Brahmā 11168:Poetry 11114:Mantra 11104:Kasaya 10976:Pagoda 10956:Kyaung 10951:Vihāra 10946:Temple 10888:Ethics 10731:Ashoka 10681:Sweden 10676:Poland 10671:Norway 10661:Mexico 10646:France 10631:Canada 10626:Brazil 10565:Africa 10545:Taiwan 10508:Russia 10433:Bhutan 10393:Vinaya 10273:Naropa 10263:Saraha 10198:Asanga 9954:Prajñā 9863:Refuge 9826:Nianfo 9787:Tertön 9782:Tantra 9767:Ganana 9757:Tukdam 9683:Dhyāna 9651:Mudita 9646:Karuṇā 9539:Risshū 9534:Huayan 9467:Naraka 9407:Anattā 9402:Dukkha 9397:Anicca 9302:Dharma 9254:Channa 9189:Ānanda 9174:Assaji 9141:Skanda 9044:(wife) 9013:Family 8993:Relics 8918:Sangha 8913:Dharma 8908:Buddha 8770: 8751: 8732: 8713: 8694: 8671: 8652: 8633: 8614: 8584: 8565: 8537: 8518: 8490: 8462: 8428: 8391: 8363: 8308: 8264: 8190: 8159: 8133: 8114: 8082: 8063: 8044: 8025: 7997: 7978: 7950: 7931: 7912: 7893: 7870: 7825: 7735: 7719: 7643: 7625: 7617: 7413:p. 441 7405: 7338: 7252: 7219: 7211: 7203: 7091: 6743: 6526: 6506: 6459: 5722:Tukdam 5631:hippie 5626:cakras 5611:Mudrās 5428:Taoism 5424:hijiri 5280:Yijing 5228:Newars 5170:, the 5156:Russia 5132:Bhutan 5098:Mongol 5089:, and 4825:Monlam 4805:Dajyur 4768:Tertön 4667:Ralung 4662:Palcho 4621:Kumbum 4611:Ganden 4504:Lamrim 4435:Dharma 4298:Jonang 4274:Mipham 4227:Niguma 4217:Talika 4138:Jonang 4128:Bodong 4032:Huayan 4017:tulkus 3991:Yijing 3967:, the 3883:Hwaeom 3863:milgyo 3856:milgyo 3844:Tendai 3828:Tendai 3758:Mikkyō 3671:Mongol 3669:, the 3626:mantra 3616:, and 3540:tantra 3513:Bengal 3486:mikkyo 3480:, and 3463:Tendai 3461:) and 3458:mantra 3437:Bhutan 3409:Taiwan 3321:, the 3255:termas 3241:Rōmaji 3233:Pinyin 3231:: 儀軌; 3175:mudras 3170:phurba 3164:damaru 3119:, the 3077:Damaru 3054:wisdom 3050:method 3046:ghanta 2992:term " 2904:Virūpa 2751:) and 2720:) and 2666:(Skt. 2647:mirage 2579:Ajikan 2512:). In 2510:samaya 2355:samaya 2323:samaya 2316:Samaya 2297:Sangha 2284:dharma 2269:. The 2256:says: 2209:advaya 2088:Buddha 2070:prajñā 2064:, the 1992:. The 1969:Tantra 1964:Tangut 1836:known. 1779:Asanga 1598:Shaiva 1550:Shaiva 1468:Yogini 1328:sutras 1235:pisaca 1227:vetala 1223:yogini 1215:dakini 1193:Bengal 1187:Sahaja 1159:ksetra 1035:Mikkyō 1014:Mìjiao 993:Tángmì 955:(Skt. 951:) and 937:Bhutan 935:, and 877:) and 852:(e.g. 817:mudras 757:, and 671:Samaya 629:Phurba 622:Melong 617:Ghanta 612:Damaru 418:Yantra 397:Mantra 314:Tukdam 249:Sahaja 111:Yunnan 55:ghanta 16377:Chile 16334:Tonga 16324:Samoa 16314:Palau 16304:Nauru 16211:Haiti 16131:Wales 16091:Spain 16016:Malta 15986:Italy 15878:Yemen 15833:Syria 15813:Qatar 15788:Nepal 15763:Macau 15726:Korea 15711:Japan 15686:India 15661:China 15573:Sudan 15523:Niger 15478:Libya 15463:Kenya 15443:Ghana 15433:Gabon 15408:Egypt 15348:Benin 15257:Index 15228:lists 15097:State 14915:Women 14783:Deism 14758:Place 14738:Water 14733:Truth 14701:Trees 14557:Faith 14522:Laity 14417:Punic 14375:Roman 14341:Vedic 14299:Olmec 14186:Greek 14179:Norse 14103:Irish 13924:Wicca 13719:Subud 13609:Inuit 13582:Winti 13572:Vodou 13537:Obeah 13517:Comfa 13500:Bantu 13453:Serer 13438:Mbuti 13398:Dogon 13393:Dinka 13376:Kongo 13371:Bantu 13297:Qiang 13128:Olmec 13118:Aztec 13039:Haida 12988:Miwok 12919:Māori 12850:Dayak 12771:Turko 12734:Sects 12670:Other 12625:Thiền 12209:Other 12111:Druze 12089:Other 11965:Sunni 11957:Islam 11739:Amish 11657:Latin 11405:Lists 11273:Kalpa 11268:Iddhi 11131:Music 11126:Mudra 11092:Vassa 11072:Vesak 11042:Budai 10988:Candi 10971:Stupa 10903:Logic 10656:Italy 10555:Tibet 10493:Nepal 10463:Korea 10458:Japan 10448:India 10443:China 10388:Sutra 10343:Texts 10293:Dōgen 10283:Hōnen 10268:Atiśa 10233:Zhiyi 10143:Achar 10111:Tulku 10106:Geshe 10091:Rōshi 10076:Ajahn 10031:Arhat 9991:Bodhi 9961:Vīrya 9878:Sacca 9873:Satya 9868:Sādhu 9856:Music 9799:Merit 9792:Terma 9752:Zazen 9688:Faith 9641:Mettā 9322:Karma 9282:Bardo 9249:Asita 9239:Khema 9229:Upāli 9214:Nanda 9052:(son) 9026:Māyā 9003:Films 8880:Index 7623:S2CID 7615:JSTOR 7437:(PDF) 7430:(PDF) 7217:S2CID 7209:JSTOR 6510:p.215 5791:Notes 5661:, or 5659:yogis 5489:Burma 5284:Atiśa 5272:Islam 5232:Nepal 5144:China 5140:Nepal 5136:India 5109:China 5091:Gelug 5087:Kagyu 5083:Sakya 5075:Terma 5063:tulku 5019:Tibet 4848:Texts 4815:Losar 4773:Tulku 4763:Geshe 4716:Yerpa 4699:Shalu 4689:Sanga 4684:Sakya 4533:Laity 4447:Karma 4316:Sakya 4287:Marpa 4280:Kagyu 4212:Atiśa 4143:Gelug 4133:Kagyu 4123:Sakya 4118:Kadam 3961:Thien 3941:Hanoi 3939:near 3887:mudra 3867:Korea 3848:faith 3806:Kukai 3775:China 3773:(via 3763:India 3753:Japan 3687:Acala 3683:Cundi 3636:Japan 3594:China 3586:China 3509:Palas 3449:Japan 3441:India 3429:Tibet 3250:dohas 3237:Yíguǐ 3185:Texts 3159:vajra 3136:yidam 3103:, in 3090:murti 3030:dorje 3016:Devas 3012:Indra 2995:vajra 2946:Nepal 2931:vajra 2900:Atisa 2866:vulva 2749:phowa 2741:bardo 2714:bindu 2710:rlung 2673:phowa 2663:tummo 2649:or a 2609:yidam 2607:Tib. 2453:bijas 2437:tummo 2290:tapas 2190:taboo 2031:aeons 1924:Tibet 1917:Kūkai 1787:jnana 1753:upaya 1610:pitha 1296:Vedic 1231:preta 1219:yaksi 1163:taboo 1155:pitha 1126:yogis 1029:Japan 1022:Guhya 998:Hanmì 973:Indra 969:vajra 933:Nepal 929:India 782:Nepal 778:Tibet 735:vajra 634:Vajra 404:Mudra 309:Phowa 47:vajra 16402:Peru 16284:Fiji 16181:Cuba 15793:Oman 15753:Laos 15701:Iraq 15696:Iran 15613:Asia 15583:Togo 15493:Mali 15383:Chad 15226:and 15153:and 14728:Text 14708:Soul 14597:Monk 14562:Fire 14243:Inca 14051:Ainu 13935:list 13912:Sámi 13542:Palo 13510:Ketu 13505:Jejé 13423:Lozi 13403:Efik 13381:Zulu 13361:Akan 13214:Ahom 13206:Miao 13204:and 13192:Zuni 13175:Hopi 13123:Maya 13020:Crow 12998:Pomo 12660:list 12617:Chan 12588:list 12545:Nath 12343:list 12079:list 12004:Shia 11946:list 11633:list 11303:Pāḷi 11288:Māra 11198:Flag 10599:Iran 10523:Tuva 10468:Laos 10096:Lama 9944:Śīla 9912:Śīla 9900:Pīti 9890:Sati 9841:Puja 9762:Koan 9668:Dāna 9259:Yasa 9146:Tārā 8768:ISBN 8749:ISBN 8730:ISBN 8711:ISBN 8692:ISBN 8669:ISBN 8650:ISBN 8631:ISBN 8612:ISBN 8582:ISBN 8563:ISBN 8535:ISBN 8516:ISBN 8488:ISBN 8460:ISBN 8426:ISBN 8389:ISBN 8361:ISBN 8306:ISBN 8293:2015 8262:ISBN 8188:ISSN 8157:ISBN 8131:ISBN 8112:ISBN 8080:ISBN 8061:ISBN 8042:ISBN 8023:ISBN 7995:ISBN 7976:ISBN 7948:ISBN 7929:ISBN 7910:ISBN 7891:ISBN 7868:ISBN 7823:ISBN 7733:ISBN 7717:ISBN 7641:ISBN 7403:ISBN 7336:ISSN 7250:ISBN 7201:ISSN 7089:ISBN 6741:ISBN 6524:ISBN 6504:ISBN 6457:ISBN 5751:for 5623:and 5613:and 5595:and 5513:and 5499:and 5497:Laos 5453:and 5403:Nara 5266:and 5264:Java 5174:and 4746:Lama 4694:Sera 4677:Rato 4148:Rimé 3904:and 3798:and 3769:and 3685:and 3661:and 3659:Chan 3576:The 3427:(in 3403:The 3362:The 3347:and 3333:and 3311:the 3245:Giki 3209:and 3073:Chöd 3042:bell 2988:The 2906:and 2894:and 2861:puja 2794:and 2753:Chöd 2706:vayu 2702:rtsa 2698:nadi 2441:goma 2419:and 2351:guru 2330:and 2159:Lama 2076:Goal 2019:The 2006:yana 1984:and 1978:yana 1915:and 1907:and 1895:and 1840:The 1822:kama 1795:Skt: 1746:and 1704:and 1480:and 1173:and 1167:Nath 1082:and 1002:Tang 904:and 848:and 796:and 731:lit. 425:Yoga 51:bell 49:and 15132:War 14607:Nun 14572:God 13633:New 13478:Ifá 13448:San 13247:Bon 13202:Tai 13187:Ute 12621:Zen 12285:Nuo 11025:Art 10961:Wat 9497:Zen 8209:doi 8180:doi 7607:doi 7326:doi 7280:doi 7193:doi 5230:in 5154:of 4892:Art 4061:in 3951:or 3638:as 3596:as 3580:in 3519:in 3511:in 3433:PRC 3299:In 3253:), 3044:or 2964:'s 2872:). 2599:" ( 2586:阿字觀 2466:). 2016:). 1811:). 1777:of 1756:). 1552:or 1524:in 1132:in 1066:真言宗 1027:In 1006:Han 996:or 923:In 889:). 856:). 16470:: 14949:/ 14520:/ 13413:Ik 13224:Mo 10527:ru 8602:; 8598:; 8279:. 8205:33 8203:. 8186:. 8176:34 8174:. 8147:; 8099:II 8097:. 7796:. 7792:. 7767:. 7763:. 7621:. 7613:. 7603:29 7601:. 7557:, 7494:^ 7466:^ 7452:^ 7432:. 7418:^ 7373:. 7369:. 7334:. 7322:14 7320:. 7316:. 7276:12 7274:. 7270:. 7223:. 7215:. 7207:. 7199:. 7189:29 7187:. 7183:. 7036:. 7032:. 6971:^ 6663:^ 6612:^ 6535:^ 6423:^ 6348:^ 6030:^ 5961:, 5937:^ 5838:^ 5657:, 5617:, 5591:, 5536:. 5495:, 5457:. 5378:- 5355:c. 5298:. 5212:. 5166:, 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