172:
374:
4166:
4691:
4671:
4642:
4600:
4564:
4535:
4506:
4470:
4428:
4392:
4363:
4334:
4298:
4276:
4240:
4211:
4182:
77:
263:
36:
4723:
3735:
2894:
255:
517:
difference between flaps and stops is that, due to the greater length of stops compared to flaps, a build-up of air pressure occurs behind a stop which does not occur behind a flap. This means that when the stop is released, there is a burst of air as the pressure is relieved, while for flaps there
267:
265:
943:. Here the back of the tongue is used to create a vacuum in the mouth, causing air to rush in when the forward occlusion (tongue or lips) is released. Clicks may be oral or nasal, stop or affricate, central or lateral, voiced or voiceless. They are extremely rare in normal words outside
929:. Here the glottis moves downward, but the lungs may be used simultaneously (to provide voicing), and in some languages no air may actually flow into the mouth. Implosive stops are not uncommon, but implosive affricates and fricatives are rare. Voiceless implosives are also rare.
268:
266:
545:
is the release of airflow at the side of the tongue. This can be combined with other manners, resulting in lateral approximants (such as the pronunciation of the letter L in the
English word "let"), lateral flaps, and lateral fricatives and affricates.
711:, which begins like a stop, but this releases into a fricative rather than having a separate release of its own. The English letters "ch" and "j" represent affricates. Affricates are quite common around the world, though less common than fricatives.
615:, a nasal occlusive, where there is occlusion of the oral tract, but air passes through the nose. The shape and position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that gives different nasals their characteristic sounds. Examples include English
671:
are a type of fricative where the airflow is guided by a groove in the tongue toward the teeth, creating a high-pitched and very distinctive sound. These are by far the most common fricatives. Fricatives at
264:
521:
Trills involve the vibration of one of the speech organs. Since trilling is a separate parameter from stricture, the two may be combined. Increasing the stricture of a typical trill results in a
1236:
1272:
917:
rather than by the lungs or diaphragm. Stops, affricates, and occasionally fricatives may occur as ejectives. All ejectives are voiceless, or at least transition from voiced to voiceless.
591:). If the consonant is voiced, the voicing is the only sound made during occlusion; if it is voiceless, a stop is completely silent. What we hear as a /p/ or /k/ is the effect that the
1246:
1256:
509:(also called taps) are similar to very brief stops. However, their articulation and behavior are distinct enough to be considered a separate manner, rather than just
1241:
393:. These are prototypically voiceless, but voiced obstruents are extremely common as well. Manners without such obstruction (nasals, liquids, approximants, and also
1226:
798:, is a type of approximant, pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth, so that there is slight turbulence. In English,
522:
1203:
1193:
1089:
955:
are generated by striking one organ against another. No standalone percussive occurs in any language, but alveolar clicks may have a sublingual
1188:
201:
4789:
4095:
2141:
1887:
499:
Sibilants are distinguished from other fricatives by the shape of the tongue and how the airflow is directed over the teeth. Fricatives at
1097:
2155:
2148:
1894:
751:, in which the articulator (usually the tip of the tongue) is held in place, and the airstream causes it to vibrate. The double "r" of
2369:
2127:
1873:
818:
for vowel-like sounds that are not syllabic, but do not have the increased stricture of approximants. These are found as elements in
480:
often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives, but phonetically they are sequences of a stop and fricative.
145:
1138:
1039:
117:
3884:
2162:
1859:
87:
49:
17:
4057:
3987:
3923:
3846:
2134:
1880:
124:
4732:
4267:
4052:
3930:
3827:
3744:
2903:
2664:
2571:
1152:
947:. However, English has a click in its "tsk tsk" (or "tut tut") sound, and another is often used to say "giddy up" to a horse.
4007:
3944:
3749:
2754:
2646:
2553:
1866:
755:"perro" is a trill. Trills and flaps, where there are one or more brief occlusions, constitute a class of consonant called
4283:
4100:
3951:
3897:
3853:
3283:
3238:
2741:
2678:
2585:
2036:
1792:
131:
4305:
4080:
3865:
3834:
3249:
3201:
3187:
3129:
3115:
2763:
2671:
2578:
1183:
1111:
723:, is a momentary closure of the oral cavity. The "tt" of "utter" and the "dd" of "udder" are pronounced as a flap in
4782:
4354:
4029:
4014:
3794:
3263:
2781:
2692:
2653:
2599:
2560:
2317:
1073:
739:, but there is no consensus on what the difference might be. No language relies on such a difference. There are also
693:
are a rare type of fricative, where the frication occurs on one or both sides of the edge of the tongue. The "ll" of
241:
223:
63:
194:
4526:
3780:
3256:
2908:
2835:
2772:
2685:
2592:
2099:
2043:
2008:
1799:
1764:
113:
5456:
5446:
5039:
4813:
4591:
4370:
4325:
3890:
3872:
2817:
2085:
1841:
1147:
660:
5012:
4542:
4497:
4383:
3800:
3739:
3734:
3166:
3094:
2898:
2893:
2699:
2606:
2252:
2211:
1947:
1614:
387:
Manners of articulation with substantial obstruction of the airflow (stops, fricatives, affricates) are called
102:
676:(front of tongue) places of articulation are usually, though not always, sibilants. English sibilants include
430:
resonants (that is, nasals and liquids, but not vowels or semi-vowels). Another common distinction is between
5007:
4555:
4341:
4202:
3808:
3690:
3550:
3518:
2842:
2106:
2022:
2015:
1778:
1771:
1600:
412:
5019:
5002:
4994:
4775:
4662:
4513:
4399:
4090:
3786:
3681:
3670:
3582:
3194:
3122:
2824:
2282:
2092:
2071:
1994:
1848:
1827:
1750:
1231:
1131:
536:, but nasalized fricatives, taps, and approximants are also found. When a sound is not nasal, it is called
864:
847:
843:
835:
831:
811:
807:
803:
799:
774:
770:
681:
677:
656:
652:
648:
616:
584:
576:
5034:
5029:
4571:
4218:
4173:
3903:
3697:
3180:
3159:
3108:
2851:
2269:
2225:
2218:
2169:
1961:
1954:
1905:
1650:
1621:
1470:
1299:
1014:
528:
Nasal airflow may be added as an independent parameter to any speech sound. It is most commonly found in
55:
5299:
5024:
4727:
4722:
4633:
4231:
3814:
3711:
3633:
2511:
2404:
2291:
2197:
2113:
2029:
1933:
1785:
1632:
1607:
1586:
4946:
4891:
4682:
4419:
4189:
4085:
3704:
3624:
3613:
3215:
3173:
3143:
3101:
2475:
2183:
2078:
2001:
1919:
1834:
1757:
1664:
1515:
1486:
184:
403:
because they are nearly always voiced. Voiceless sonorants are uncommon, but are found in Welsh and
138:
5057:
4876:
4809:
4649:
4461:
4247:
3762:
3640:
3208:
3136:
2860:
2457:
2431:
2380:
2300:
2232:
2176:
1912:
1692:
1657:
1497:
1477:
1456:
956:
514:
483:
Over time, sounds in a language may move along the cline toward less stricture in a process called
329:, although the movement of the articulators will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the
188:
180:
302:
that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another. Others include those involved in the
5260:
5255:
5166:
4698:
4611:
4435:
3654:
3050:
2518:
2351:
2342:
2325:
2204:
2120:
1940:
1678:
1639:
1593:
1529:
1124:
98:
5277:
4886:
4861:
4805:
4477:
3647:
3411:
3349:
3041:
3030:
2975:
2497:
2482:
2362:
2190:
1926:
1671:
1557:
1522:
1413:
1398:
994:
724:
353:, which have the same place of articulation, may have different manners of articulation. Often
283:
205:
4866:
4843:
4821:
3473:
3400:
3380:
3338:
3318:
3057:
2954:
2464:
2438:
2413:
2387:
1699:
1543:
1504:
1463:
1393:
1354:
1198:
1094:
1034:
1029:
999:
765:
350:
342:
5304:
5267:
4979:
3936:
3462:
3442:
3420:
3358:
3071:
3010:
2333:
1685:
1536:
1438:
950:
381:
1116:
380:
showing a typical classification of sounds (in IPA) and their manners of articulation and
8:
5375:
5245:
5222:
4971:
4924:
4896:
4737:
4000:
3604:
3491:
3482:
3391:
3329:
3078:
3064:
2982:
2504:
1564:
1418:
1375:
989:
921:
897:
896:, meaning that the air flows outward, and is powered by the lungs (actually the ribs and
889:
707:
631:
624:
596:
503:
places of articulation may be sibilant or non-sibilant, sibilants being the more common.
461:
319:
979:
consonants, which are clicks released into either a pulmonic or ejective stop/fricative.
871:, which have similar behavior in many languages, these form a class of consonant called
607:
cavity that gives different stops their characteristic sounds. All languages have stops.
5451:
5240:
5073:
4881:
4838:
4023:
3453:
3019:
2968:
2947:
1706:
1550:
1408:
1388:
1342:
939:
905:
900:). Other airstream mechanisms are possible. Sounds that rely on some of these include:
893:
728:
667:
620:
599:
burst and its effect on the following vowel. The shape and position of the tongue (the
510:
94:
5362:
5319:
5196:
5161:
4984:
4951:
4919:
4853:
4448:
3979:
3374:
3225:
2989:
2916:
2530:
1443:
1423:
1365:
1251:
1106:
1069:
1019:
854:
688:
673:
556:
542:
500:
416:
358:
5387:
5380:
5235:
5191:
5186:
5049:
4961:
4938:
4914:
4871:
4830:
4258:
3312:
3003:
2961:
1433:
1403:
1370:
1360:
974:
960:
873:
757:
752:
573:
408:
349:
or voicing are considered separately from manner, as being independent parameters.
303:
5352:
5250:
5230:
5171:
5139:
4956:
4582:
4316:
3773:
3303:
2996:
2425:
1428:
1294:
1101:
1057:
968:
963:, where after the click is pronounced, the tongue strikes the floor of the mouth.
944:
933:
777:. In some languages, such as Spanish, there are sounds that seem to fall between
747:
694:
644:
611:
529:
404:
362:
311:
5324:
4488:
715:
506:
453:
307:
426:, and some linguists prefer that term, restricting the word 'sonorant' to non-
5440:
5410:
5370:
5347:
5314:
5287:
4147:
3664:
3506:
2920:
1061:
698:
619:. Nearly all languages have nasals, the only exceptions being in the area of
377:
373:
291:
273:
863:, are a type of approximant pronounced with the side of the tongue. English
572:, and no nasal air flow, so the air flow stops completely. Examples include
27:
Configuration and interaction of the articulators when making a speech sound
5420:
5339:
5329:
5309:
3993:
1715:
354:
295:
448:
From greatest to least stricture, speech sounds may be classified along a
5425:
5415:
5405:
5292:
5149:
4745:
4159:
4142:
3916:
3436:
2240:
1309:
1287:
1112:
Interactive Flash website for
American English, Spanish and German sounds
1044:
1009:
569:
533:
465:
330:
655:(voiced), etc. Most languages have fricatives, though many have only an
5208:
4624:
4152:
1450:
1304:
449:
5397:
5203:
5154:
5114:
5109:
5096:
4410:
3912:
3153:
3086:
1972:
1728:
1332:
1024:
819:
790:
604:
588:
580:
488:
477:
473:
432:
389:
346:
337:
structure of speech sounds that is crucial for the identification of
326:
76:
5131:
5119:
4716:
4047:
3969:
3963:
3728:
2887:
1725:
769:, where there is very little obstruction. Examples include English
484:
464:(with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow),
399:
315:
254:
5104:
3820:
3024:
1580:
1282:
1004:
914:
913:. That is, the airstream is powered by an upward movement of the
334:
966:
Combinations of these, in some analyses, in a single consonant:
830:, being used to indicate an essential quality of sounds such as
647:
airflow) at the place of articulation. Examples include
English
4767:
427:
822:. The word may also be used to cover both concepts. The term
5144:
4123:
1277:
469:
394:
338:
888:
All of these manners of articulation are pronounced with an
595:
of the occlusion has on the preceding vowel, as well as the
1146:
325:
The concept of manner is mainly used in the discussion of
290:
is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (
663:
are almost completely devoid of fricatives of any kind.
810:(spelled "y") is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel
361:
are included in manner, but some phoneticians, such as
2925:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
294:
such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a
1090:
Movie clip showing the human articulators in action
1056:
415:), and the "wh" in those dialects of English that
5438:
193:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
883:
487:or towards more stricture in a process called
4783:
4096:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1132:
1095:Interactive place and manner of articulation
103:introducing citations to additional sources
4907:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4790:
4776:
1139:
1125:
1194:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
802:is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
1040:Source-filter model of speech production
372:
368:
261:
253:
93:Relevant discussion may be found on the
564:, is an oral occlusive, where there is
14:
5439:
1364:
814:in this usage. Other descriptions use
476:vowels (with full unimpeded airflow).
4771:
4121:
3603:
3302:
3018:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1330:
1165:
1120:
850:, respectively) to a following vowel.
549:
525:. Trilled affricates are also known.
468:(with only slight turbulence), tense
4132:
4073:
3766:
2976:
2937:
1346:
165:
70:
29:
4101:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
2955:
2915:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1066:The Sounds of the World's Languages
494:
436:(stops, nasals and affricates) and
365:, consider them to be independent.
280:
24:
3011:
1184:International Phonetic Association
25:
5468:
4697:
4681:
4661:
4648:
4632:
4610:
4590:
4570:
4554:
4541:
4525:
4512:
4496:
4476:
4460:
4447:
4434:
4418:
4398:
4382:
4369:
4353:
4340:
4324:
4304:
4282:
4266:
4246:
4230:
4217:
4201:
4188:
4172:
4028:
4013:
4006:
3986:
3962:
3950:
3943:
3929:
3922:
3896:
3883:
3871:
3864:
3852:
3845:
3833:
3826:
3807:
3793:
3779:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3669:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3612:
3581:
3549:
3517:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3461:
3452:
3441:
3419:
3410:
3399:
3390:
3379:
3357:
3348:
3337:
3328:
3317:
3282:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3237:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3029:
2983:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2834:
2823:
2816:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2740:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2652:
2645:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2559:
2552:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2481:
2474:
2463:
2456:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2403:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2361:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2316:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2268:
2251:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1638:
1631:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1503:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1439:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1083:
45:This article has multiple issues.
4797:
4721:
4689:
4669:
4640:
4598:
4562:
4533:
4504:
4468:
4426:
4390:
4361:
4332:
4296:
4274:
4238:
4209:
4180:
4164:
3733:
2969:
2948:
2892:
1237:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
867:is a lateral. Together with the
417:distinguish "which" from "witch"
170:
86:relies largely or entirely on a
75:
34:
4814:International Phonetic Alphabet
2990:
1148:International Phonetic Alphabet
1050:
842:) from their initial position (
661:Indigenous Australian languages
603:of articulation) determine the
53:or discuss these issues on the
4081:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3004:
2962:
1331:
1257:IPA chart for English dialects
1166:
13:
1:
2997:
731:. Many linguists distinguish
422:Sonorants may also be called
298:. One parameter of manner is
4091:Voiceless bidental fricative
1199:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
838:, which is the movement (or
639:, where there is continuous
443:
7:
1300:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1015:Index of phonetics articles
983:
884:Other airstream initiations
272:Articulation visualized by
10:
5473:
4122:
5396:
5361:
5338:
5276:
5221:
5182:
5130:
5095:
5086:
5066:
5048:
4993:
4970:
4937:
4852:
4829:
4820:
4803:
4623:
4581:
4487:
4409:
4315:
4257:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4130:
4117:
4086:Nasal palatal approximant
3763:Co-articulated consonants
3663:
3608:
3571:
3539:
3504:
3435:
3373:
3311:
3272:
3224:
3152:
3085:
3023:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2796:
2718:
2625:
2529:
2424:
2324:
2239:
2066:
1970:
1822:
1724:
1579:
1449:
1381:
1353:
1339:
1326:
1265:
1219:
1176:
1172:
1161:
623:and a single language on
407:(the spelling "rh"), in
179:This article includes a
114:"Manner of articulation"
2935:Non-pulmonic consonants
2067:Non-sibilant fricative
1823:Non-sibilant affricate
1189:History of the alphabet
859:, usually shortened to
701:are lateral fricatives.
568:(blocking) of the oral
460:, or blocked airflow),
333:, thereby changing the
208:more precise citations.
18:Manners of articulation
5457:Articulatory phonetics
5447:Manner of articulation
4806:Articulatory phonetics
1247:Sinological extensions
995:Articulatory phonetics
384:
341:. For consonants, the
288:manner of articulation
284:articulatory phonetics
277:
259:
4980:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1068:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1035:Relative articulation
1030:Place of articulation
1000:Basis of articulation
794:, sometimes called a
382:phonological features
376:
369:Broad classifications
351:Homorganic consonants
343:place of articulation
271:
257:
5305:Labio-palatalization
2719:Lateral approximant
927:glottalic ingressive
788:One use of the word
462:fricative consonants
99:improve this article
4995:Double articulation
1343:Pulmonic consonants
990:Airstream mechanism
911:glottalic egressive
890:airstream mechanism
635:, sometimes called
625:Bougainville Island
3273:Lateral fricative
2919:, to the left are
2626:Lateral fricative
1414:Postalveolar
1399:Linguolabial
1242:Naming conventions
1205:Journal of the IPA
1100:2007-12-20 at the
957:percussive release
940:lingual ingressive
894:pulmonic egressive
729:Australian English
550:Individual manners
518:is no such burst.
385:
345:and the degree of
278:
260:
181:list of references
5434:
5433:
5320:Pharyngealization
5217:
5216:
5082:
5081:
5040:Uvular–epiglottal
4933:
4932:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4708:
4707:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4066:
4065:
3891:Uvular–epiglottal
3758:
3757:
3720:
3719:
2931:
2930:
2879:
2878:
2797:Lateral tap/flap
1394:Labiodental
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1252:World Orthography
1020:Nonexplosive stop
719:, often called a
523:trilled fricative
269:
258:Human vocal tract
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
226:
164:
163:
149:
68:
16:(Redirected from
5464:
5388:Voice onset time
5093:
5092:
5013:Labial–retroflex
4905:
4904:
4827:
4826:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4769:
4768:
4749:
4725:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4575:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4119:
4118:
4071:
4070:
4032:
4017:
4010:
3990:
3966:
3954:
3947:
3933:
3926:
3900:
3887:
3875:
3868:
3859:Labial–retroflex
3856:
3849:
3837:
3830:
3811:
3801:Labial–retroflex
3797:
3783:
3767:
3737:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3684:
3673:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3616:
3587:
3555:
3523:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3467:
3458:
3447:
3425:
3416:
3405:
3396:
3385:
3363:
3354:
3343:
3334:
3323:
3309:bottom: uvular)
3286:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3241:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3033:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2926:
2896:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2838:
2827:
2820:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2744:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2656:
2649:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2563:
2556:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2485:
2478:
2467:
2460:
2441:
2434:
2416:
2407:
2390:
2383:
2372:
2365:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2320:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2272:
2255:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1718:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1642:
1635:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1507:
1500:
1489:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1328:
1327:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1079:
1058:Ladefoged, Peter
975:linguo-glottalic
866:
849:
845:
837:
833:
813:
809:
805:
801:
776:
772:
697:and the "hl" of
683:
679:
658:
654:
650:
618:
586:
578:
530:nasal occlusives
495:Other parameters
409:Standard Tibetan
282:
270:
247:
240:
229:
222:
218:
215:
209:
204:this article by
195:inline citations
174:
173:
166:
159:
156:
150:
148:
107:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5392:
5357:
5334:
5279:
5272:
5213:
5178:
5126:
5078:
5062:
5044:
5008:Labial–alveolar
4989:
4966:
4947:Alveolo-palatal
4929:
4903:
4892:Palato-alveolar
4848:
4816:
4810:Co-articulation
4799:
4796:
4766:
4757:
4747:
4746:unrounded
4742:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4631:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4495:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4417:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4323:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4126:
4105:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4035:Labial–alveolar
4033:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3919:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3841:
3840:Labial–alveolar
3838:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3787:Labial–alveolar
3784:
3776:
3759:
3754:
3584:
3552:
3540:Voiced lateral
3520:
3495:
3484:
3475:
3464:
3455:
3444:
3422:
3413:
3402:
3393:
3382:
3360:
3351:
3340:
3331:
3320:
3308:
3306:
2924:
2913:
1419:Retroflex
1335:
1314:
1273:ASCII encodings
1261:
1215:
1168:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1102:Wayback Machine
1086:
1076:
1053:
986:
969:linguo-pulmonic
945:Southern Africa
886:
659:. However, the
643:(turbulent and
560:, often called
552:
497:
454:stop consonants
446:
405:Classical Greek
371:
363:Peter Ladefoged
262:
248:
237:
236:
235:
230:
219:
213:
210:
199:
185:related reading
175:
171:
160:
154:
151:
108:
106:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5470:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5367:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5325:Glottalization
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:Palatalization
5297:
5296:
5295:
5284:
5282:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5058:Velopharyngeal
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5020:Labial–palatal
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5003:Labial–coronal
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4877:Denti-alveolar
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4568:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4510:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4467:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4338:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4215:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3941:
3937:Labial–palatal
3935:
3928:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3572:Nasal lateral
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:Bilabial
1386:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1220:Special topics
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1085:
1084:External links
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1062:Maddieson, Ian
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
985:
982:
981:
980:
964:
948:
930:
918:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
878:
851:
826:is newer than
762:
744:
725:North American
712:
704:
703:
702:
685:
628:
608:
551:
548:
496:
493:
472:, and finally
445:
442:
370:
367:
250:
249:
232:
231:
189:external links
178:
176:
169:
162:
161:
97:. Please help
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5469:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:Uvularization
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5288:Labialization
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Coronal–velar
5033:
5031:
5030:Labial–uvular
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4752:
4751:
4750: rounded
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4700:
4684:
4677:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4593:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4557:
4550:
4544:
4528:
4521:
4515:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4385:
4378:
4372:
4356:
4349:
4343:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4175:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4025:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3904:Labial–uvular
3899:
3892:
3886:
3874:
3867:
3855:
3848:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Case variants
1230:
1228:
1227:Cursive forms
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1075:0-631-19814-8
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
978:
976:
971:
970:
965:
962:
958:
954:
953:
949:
946:
942:
941:
936:
935:
931:
928:
924:
923:
919:
916:
912:
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
895:
891:
876:
875:
870:
862:
858:
856:
852:
841:
829:
825:
821:
817:
797:
793:
792:
787:
786:
784:
780:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
754:
750:
749:
745:
742:
741:lateral flaps
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
713:
710:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
675:
670:
669:
665:
664:
662:
651:(voiceless),
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
629:
626:
622:
614:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
554:
553:
547:
544:
540:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
441:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
411:(the "lh" of
410:
406:
402:
401:
397:) are called
396:
392:
391:
383:
379:
378:Euler diagram
375:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:speech organs
289:
285:
275:
274:real-time MRI
256:
246:
243:
228:
225:
217:
207:
203:
197:
196:
190:
186:
182:
177:
168:
167:
158:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116: –
115:
111:
110:Find sources:
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
88:single source
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5340:Tongue shape
5330:Nasalization
5310:Velarization
5280:articulation
5087:
5050:Pathological
5025:Labial–velar
4908:Active place
4887:Postalveolar
4862:Linguolabial
4798:Articulation
4743:
4020:Labial–velar
3970:
3957:Labial–velar
3878:Labial–velar
3815:Labial–velar
3761:
3307:(top: velar;
2934:
2914:
1382:
1341:
1208:
1204:
1065:
1051:Bibliography
973:
967:
951:
938:
937:, which are
932:
926:
925:, which are
920:
910:
909:, which are
904:
887:
872:
868:
860:
857:approximants
853:
839:
827:
823:
815:
795:
789:
782:
778:
764:
756:
746:
740:
736:
732:
720:
714:
706:
687:
666:
640:
636:
630:
610:
600:
592:
565:
561:
555:
541:
537:
534:nasal vowels
527:
520:
515:articulatory
505:
498:
482:
466:approximants
457:
447:
440:(all else).
437:
431:
423:
421:
398:
388:
386:
324:
299:
296:speech sound
287:
279:
238:
220:
211:
200:Please help
192:
152:
142:
135:
128:
121:
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
5150:Approximant
4867:Interdental
4844:Labiodental
3982:approximant
3917:approximant
2241:Approximant
1310:IPA Braille
1288:Kirshenbaum
1107:Marire Buze
1045:Vocal tract
1010:Human voice
952:Percussives
783:approximant
766:Approximant
621:Puget Sound
570:vocal tract
513:. The main
438:continuants
331:vocal tract
314:), and the
206:introducing
5441:Categories
5278:Secondary
5268:Percussive
5236:Ingressive
5209:Continuant
4733:full chart
4259:Near-close
4053:full chart
3975:(variable)
3745:full chart
3228:affricate
2904:full chart
2533:affricate
1333:Consonants
1305:IPA number
1167:IPA topics
977:(ejective)
922:Implosives
820:diphthongs
691:fricatives
543:Laterality
478:Affricates
433:occlusives
390:obstruents
359:laterality
327:consonants
320:fricatives
300:stricture,
214:April 2019
155:April 2013
125:newspapers
50:improve it
5452:Phonetics
5398:Phonation
5376:Aspirated
5371:Voiceless
5246:Implosive
5231:Egressive
5223:Airstream
5204:Occlusive
5155:Semivowel
5115:Fricative
5110:Affricate
5097:Obstruent
4972:Laryngeal
4925:Subapical
4897:Retroflex
4583:Near-open
4317:Close-mid
4001:Implosive
3994:Velarized
3913:Fricative
3665:Voiceless
3605:Implosive
3154:Fricative
3087:Affricate
2921:voiceless
1973:fricative
1971:Sibilant
1729:affricate
1376:Laryngeal
1266:Encodings
1025:Phonation
906:Ejectives
898:diaphragm
828:semivowel
816:semivowel
791:semivowel
779:fricative
708:Affricate
668:Sibilants
641:frication
632:Fricative
581:voiceless
566:occlusion
489:fortition
458:occlusion
444:Stricture
424:resonants
400:sonorants
347:phonation
316:sibilancy
95:talk page
56:talk page
5293:Rounding
5261:Ejective
5256:Pulmonic
5241:Ejective
5167:Tap/flap
5132:Sonorant
5120:Sibilant
5074:Bidental
4882:Alveolar
4839:Bilabial
4744:Legend:
4738:template
4717:IPA help
4489:Open-mid
4058:template
4048:IPA help
4024:Ejective
3996:alveolar
3750:template
3729:IPA help
3020:Ejective
2909:template
2888:IPA help
2326:Tap/flap
1726:Sibilant
1409:Alveolar
1098:Archived
1064:(1996).
984:See also
605:resonant
485:lenition
355:nasality
306:sounds (
5411:Breathy
5197:Lateral
5162:Vibrant
5105:Plosive
4985:Glottal
4952:Palatal
4920:Laminal
4854:Coronal
4748:•
4148:Central
3980:Lateral
3821:Plosive
3609:Voiced
3507:lateral
3505:Tenuis
3496:
3226:Lateral
2531:Lateral
1581:Plosive
1444:Glottal
1424:Palatal
1366:Coronal
1283:X-SAMPA
1005:Diction
961:Sandawe
915:glottis
892:called
874:liquids
869:rhotics
861:lateral
855:Lateral
758:rhotics
753:Spanish
689:Lateral
674:coronal
637:spirant
597:release
574:English
557:Plosive
501:coronal
335:formant
202:improve
139:scholar
5421:Creaky
5381:Tenuis
5348:Sulcal
5192:Rhotic
5187:Liquid
5088:Manner
4962:Uvular
4939:Dorsal
4915:Apical
4872:Dental
4831:Labial
4726:
4124:Vowels
3973:-sound
3738:
3375:Voiced
3313:Tenuis
2917:voiced
2897:
1888:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
1434:Uvular
1404:Dental
1383:Manner
1371:Dorsal
1361:Labial
1072:
934:Clicks
806:, and
589:voiced
583:) and
511:length
470:vowels
456:(with
428:vocoid
395:vowels
339:vowels
312:trills
304:r-like
286:, the
141:
134:
127:
120:
112:
5426:Stiff
5416:Slack
5406:Modal
5363:Voice
5353:Domed
5251:Click
5172:Trill
5145:Vowel
5140:Nasal
5067:Other
4957:Velar
4822:Place
4728:audio
4160:Close
4143:Front
4074:Other
4008:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
3774:Nasal
3740:audio
3437:Nasal
3304:Click
2899:audio
2426:Trill
1895:d̠ɹ̠˔
1451:Nasal
1429:Velar
1355:Place
1278:SAMPA
1153:chart
840:glide
824:glide
796:glide
748:Trill
737:flaps
735:from
695:Welsh
653:/v,z/
649:/f,s/
645:noisy
617:/m,n/
612:Nasal
601:place
593:onset
585:/bdɡ/
577:/ptk/
538:oral.
507:Flaps
450:cline
413:Lhasa
187:, or
146:JSTOR
132:books
4625:Open
4153:Back
4030:t͡pʼ
3264:q𝼄ʼ
3257:k𝼄ʼ
3250:c𝼆ʼ
3116:t̠ʃʼ
3102:t̪θʼ
3095:p̪fʼ
3025:Stop
2476:ɽ̊r̥
2142:ɹ̠̊˔
1874:tɹ̝̊
1295:TIPA
1209:JIPA
1070:ISBN
972:and
846:and
834:and
781:and
773:and
733:taps
727:and
716:Flap
699:Zulu
680:and
562:stop
532:and
357:and
310:and
308:taps
118:news
4411:Mid
4015:ɠ͡ɓ
3898:q͡p
3885:q͡ʡ
3873:ɡ͡b
3866:k͡p
3854:ɖ͡b
3847:ʈ͡p
3835:d͡b
3828:t͡p
3809:ŋ͡m
3795:ɳ͡m
3781:n͡m
3476:ɴ𝼊
3474:ŋ𝼊
3414:ɢ𝼊
3412:ɡ𝼊
3352:q𝼊
3350:k𝼊
3239:tɬʼ
3144:qχʼ
3137:kxʼ
3130:tɕʼ
3123:tʂʼ
3109:tsʼ
2836:𝼈̥
2607:ɡʟ̝
2600:k𝼄
2593:ɟʎ̝
2586:c𝼆
2579:d𝼅
2156:ɻ̊˔
2149:ɹ̠˔
1881:dɹ̝
1867:d̪ð
1860:t̪θ
1849:b̪v
1842:p̪f
1772:d̠ʒ
1765:t̠ʃ
1177:IPA
959:in
865:/l/
848:/i/
844:/u/
836:/j/
832:/w/
812:/i/
808:/j/
804:/u/
800:/w/
775:/r/
771:/w/
721:tap
682:/z/
678:/s/
657:/s/
474:lax
452:as
318:of
101:by
5443::
4812:–
4808:–
4478:o̞
4462:ɤ̞
4436:ø̞
4420:e̞
3971:Sj
3924:ɥ̊
3712:ʛ̥
3705:ɠ̊
3698:ʄ̊
3691:ᶑ̊
3682:ɗ̥
3671:ɓ̥
3585:ɴǁ
3583:ŋǁ
3553:ɢǁ
3551:ɡǁ
3521:qǁ
3519:kǁ
3485:ɴǂ
3483:ŋǂ
3465:ɴǃ
3463:ŋǃ
3456:ɴǀ
3454:ŋǀ
3445:ɴʘ
3443:ŋʘ
3423:ɢǂ
3421:ɡǂ
3403:ɢǃ
3401:ɡǃ
3394:ɢǀ
3392:ɡǀ
3383:ɢʘ
3381:ɡʘ
3361:qǂ
3359:kǂ
3341:qǃ
3339:kǃ
3332:qǀ
3330:kǀ
3321:qʘ
3319:kʘ
3284:ɬʼ
3216:χʼ
3209:xʼ
3202:ɕʼ
3195:ʂʼ
3188:ʃʼ
3181:sʼ
3174:θʼ
3167:fʼ
3160:ɸʼ
3079:ʡʼ
3072:qʼ
3065:kʼ
3058:cʼ
3051:ʈʼ
3042:tʼ
3031:pʼ
3012:EG
2984:RF
2977:PA
2956:LD
2949:BL
2923:.
2861:ʟ̆
2852:ʎ̆
2843:𝼈
2818:ɺ̥
2782:ʟ̠
2700:ʟ̝
2693:𝼄
2686:ʎ̝
2679:𝼆
2672:𝼅
2572:tꞎ
2561:dɮ
2554:tɬ
2498:ʀ̥
2483:ɽr
2458:r̥
2432:ʙ̥
2414:ʡ̆
2405:ɢ̆
2381:ɽ̊
2363:ɾ̥
2352:ɾ̼
2334:ⱱ̟
2318:ʔ̞
2163:ɻ˔
2135:ð̠
2128:θ̠
2107:ð̼
2100:θ̼
1962:ʔh
1955:ʡʢ
1948:ʡʜ
1941:ɢʁ
1934:qχ
1927:ɡɣ
1920:kx
1913:ɟʝ
1906:cç
1835:bβ
1828:pɸ
1800:dʑ
1793:tɕ
1786:dʐ
1779:tʂ
1758:dz
1751:ts
1622:d̼
1615:t̼
1608:b̪
1601:p̪
1558:ɴ̥
1544:ŋ̊
1530:ɲ̊
1516:ɳ̊
1498:n̥
1487:n̼
1471:ɱ̊
1457:m̥
1385:↓
1357:→
1060:;
785:.
491:.
419:.
322:.
281:In
191:,
183:,
59:.
4791:e
4784:t
4777:v
4699:ɒ
4683:ɑ
4663:ä
4650:ɶ
4634:a
4612:ɐ
4592:æ
4572:ɔ
4556:ʌ
4543:ɞ
4527:ɜ
4514:œ
4498:ɛ
4449:ə
4400:o
4384:ɤ
4371:ɵ
4355:ɘ
4342:ø
4326:e
4306:ʊ
4284:ʏ
4268:ɪ
4248:u
4232:ɯ
4219:ʉ
4203:ɨ
4190:y
4174:i
3988:ɫ
3964:ɧ
3952:w
3945:ʍ
3931:ɥ
3915:/
3655:ʛ
3648:ɠ
3641:ʄ
3634:ᶑ
3625:ɗ
3614:ɓ
3492:ʞ
3005:U
2998:V
2991:P
2970:A
2963:D
2825:ɺ
2773:ʟ
2764:ʎ
2755:ɭ
2742:l
2665:ꞎ
2654:ɮ
2647:ɬ
2519:ʢ
2512:ʜ
2505:ʀ
2465:r
2439:ʙ
2388:ɽ
2370:ɾ
2343:ⱱ
2301:ɰ
2292:j
2283:ɻ
2270:ɹ
2253:ʋ
2233:ɦ
2226:h
2219:ʕ
2212:ħ
2205:ʁ
2198:χ
2191:ɣ
2184:x
2177:ʝ
2170:ç
2121:ð
2114:θ
2093:v
2086:f
2079:β
2072:ɸ
2044:ʑ
2037:ɕ
2030:ʐ
2023:ʂ
2016:ʒ
2009:ʃ
2002:z
1995:s
1716:ʔ
1707:ʡ
1700:ɢ
1693:q
1686:ɡ
1679:k
1672:ɟ
1665:c
1658:ɖ
1651:ʈ
1640:d
1633:t
1594:b
1587:p
1565:ɴ
1551:ŋ
1537:ɲ
1523:ɳ
1505:n
1478:ɱ
1464:m
1211:)
1207:(
1155:)
1151:(
1140:e
1133:t
1126:v
1078:.
877:.
761:.
743:.
684:.
627:.
587:(
579:(
276:.
245:)
239:(
227:)
221:(
216:)
212:(
198:.
157:)
153:(
143:·
136:·
129:·
122:·
105:.
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
