Masculinity - Knowledge

771:, which guarantees the dominant position of men and the subordination of women". Connell (1987) placed emphasis on heterosexuality and its influence on the construction of gender. From this perspective, there is a dominant (hegemonic) and idealized form of masculinity in every social system and an apotheosized form of femininity that is considered proper for men and women. This idealized form of masculinity (hegemonic masculinity) legitimates and normalizes certain performances of men, and pathologizes, marginalizes, and subordinates any other expressions of masculinities or femininities (masculine and feminine subject positions). Alongside hegemonic masculinity, Connell postulated that there are other forms of masculinities (marginalized and subordinated), which, according to a plethora of studies, are constructed in oppressive ways (Thorne 1993). This is symptomatic of the fact that hegemonic masculinity is relational, which means that it is constructed in relation to and against an Other (emphasized femininity, marginalized and subordinated masculinities). In addition to describing forceful articulations of violent masculine identities, hegemonic masculinity has also been used to describe implicit, indirect, or coercive forms of gendered socialization, enacted through video games, fashion, humor, and so on. 891: 1000:

framework used by historians to enhance their cultural explorations instead of a specialty in its own right. This draws attention from reality to representation and meaning, not only in the realm of masculinity; culture was becoming "the bottom line, the real historical reality". Tosh critiques Martin Francis' work in this light because popular culture, rather than the experience of family life, is the basis for Francis' argument. Francis uses contemporary literature and film to demonstrate that masculinity was restless, shying away from domesticity and commitment, during the late 1940s and 1950s. Francis wrote that this flight from commitment was "most likely to take place at the level of fantasy (individual and collective)". In focusing on culture, it is difficult to gauge the degree to which films such as

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framework can partially be attributed to British colonial rule because it altered the gender division of labor. There was an increase in wage labor which led to a demand for more skilled workers in an environment where there were primarily unskilled workers. Eventually, there was a shift to growing cash crops and the emphasis was put on men to be the breadwinner. A man's social value is traditionally connected to his ability to provide so when he can no longer do that, it negatively impacts his ego. Masculinity is seen as an entity to be protected, and when a man feels disempowered, he finds other ways to reaffirm their masculinity. Research that examines the struggles among men and look into their personal experiences can help to understand the social structures of masculinity.

79: 509:. Others have suggested that although masculinity may be influenced by biology, it is also a cultural construct. Many aspects of masculinity assumed to be natural are linguistically and culturally driven. Males were more likely to be depicted in a less humorous way in the evening as opposed to the daytime, whereas females were more likely to be rated in a less humorous way in the daytime as opposed to the evening. Reeser argues that although the military has a vested interest in constructing and promoting a specific form of masculinity, it does not create it. Facial hair is linked to masculinity through language, in stories about boys becoming men when they begin to shave. 1022:

initial aims of gender history, which sought to use history to enlighten and change the present. Tosh appeals to historians to live up to the "social expectation" of their work, which would also require a greater focus on subjectivity and masculinity. This view is contrary to Dudink's; the latter called for an "outflanking movement" towards the history of masculinity, in response to the errors he perceived in the study. This would do the opposite of what Tosh called for, deconstructing masculinity by not placing it at the center of historical exploration and using discourse and culture as indirect avenues towards a more-representational approach. In a study of the

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definition of masculinity: produced by society and culture, and reproduced in daily life. A flurry of work in women's history led to a call for study of the male role (initially influenced by psychoanalysis) in society and emotional and interpersonal life. Connell wrote that these initial works were marked by a "high level of generality" in "broad surveys of cultural norms". The scholarship was aware of contemporary societal changes aiming to understand and evolve (or liberate) the male role in response to feminism.John Tosh calls for a return to this aim for the history of masculinity to be useful, academically and in the public sphere.

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were seen as significantly more feminine and less masculine than those of heterosexual men Furthermore, a 2017 study utilized neural networks to see whether artificial intelligence would be able to differentiate accurately between more than 35,000 images of gay and straight faces. The results showed that the "classifier could correctly distinguish between gay and heterosexual men in 81% of cases, and in 71% of cases for women." Supporting the idea that men's faces are perceived as more feminine, analysis suggests that gay men have more "gender-atypical facial morphology, expression and grooming styles".

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construction of masculinity most valued in the latter part of the 20th century and the early 21st century is one that is independent, sexually assertive, and athletic, among other normative markers of manhood. There is some evidence of this construction developing slightly however. A 2008 study showed that men frequently rank good health, a harmonious family life and a good relationship with their spouse or partner as more important to their quality of life than physical attractiveness and success with women. The advent of

1426:, many societies still follow very patriarchal norms. Through media depictions and real-life scenarios, men are seen as being the head of the family — those that provide financially, have decision making power, and really are in charge. The image of the nuclear family being the societal norm is also ever-present in many places. When men are not able to fulfill that traditionally masculine, fatherly role, they may have a difficult time proving themselves as being worthy enough to have relationships with their children. In 1026:, Dudink proposes moving beyond the history of masculinity by embedding analysis into the exploration of nation and nationalism (making masculinity a lens through which to view conflict and nation-building). Martin Francis' work on domesticity through a cultural lens moves beyond the history of masculinity because "men constantly travelled back and forward across the frontier of domesticity, if only in the realm of the imagination"; normative codes of behavior do not fully encompass the male experience. 403: 744: 992:

household, domesticity and family life. Although women's historical role was negated, despite the writing of history by (and primarily about) men, a significant portion of the male experience was missing. This void was questioned during the late 1970s, when women's history began to analyze gender and women. Joan Scott's seminal article, calling for gender studies as an analytical concept to explore society, power and discourse, laid the foundation for this field.

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Feelings of guilt and overall loss of control are also experienced." Research also suggests that men feel social pressure to endorse traditional masculine male models in advertising. Brett Martin and Juergen Gnoth (2009) found that although feminine men privately preferred feminine models, they expressed a preference for traditional masculine models in public; according to the authors, this reflected social pressure on men to endorse traditional masculine norms.

9449: 1083: 1273: 793: 1161:. British sociologist John MacInnes wrote that "masculinity has always been in one crisis or another", suggesting that the crises arise from the "fundamental incompatibility between the core principle of modernity that all human beings are essentially equal (regardless of their sex) and the core tenet of patriarchy that men are naturally superior to women and thus destined to rule over them". 1387:

Chinese male consumers' choices. Men interested in wearing luxury fashion brands were often more concerned with making sure their choices were visually representative of a more professional and refined person, as opposed to someone that simply looked tough or strong. This kind of focus on visual portrayals can also appear in media depictions. In the Japanese film

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exploitative" and "socially oppressive": "The form of oppression varies from patriarchal controls over women's bodies and reproductive rights, through ideologies of domesticity, femininity and compulsory heterosexuality, to social definitions of the value of work, the nature of skill and the differential remuneration of 'productive' and 'reproductive' labor."

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softer masculinity in familial contexts. Masculinities vary by social class as well. Studies suggest working class constructions of masculinity to be more normative than are those from middle class men and boys. As these contexts and comparisons illustrate, theorists suggest a multiplicity of masculinities, not simply one single construction of masculinity.

281:"It stands on record that armies already wavering and on the point of collapse have been rallied by the women, pleading heroically with their men, thrusting forward their bared bosoms, and making them realize the imminent prospect of enslavement - a fate which the Germans fear more desperately for their women than for themselves." -Tacitus (Germania) 1474:

and their attitudes surrounding gender equality. If men were raised seeing more equal division of household labor tasks, older female relatives working in non-traditional occupations, less violence toward females, etc., those behaviors and attitudes had a tendency to carry over into their adult lives, according to the survey.

449:(both during development and in adulthood). Scholars suggest that innate differences between the sexes are compounded or exaggerated by the influences of social factors. However, others have pointed to the fact that personality differences between the sexes are seen to increase with increased levels of egalitarianism. 1258:

During Margrethe Silberschmidt's research of urban and rural men in East Africa, she concludes that men experience disempowerment when they cannot fulfill their role as breadwinner and feel inferior to women when they cannot provide for their family. The changes in East Africa's cultural and economic

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A theory of masculinity in crisis has emerged; Australian archeologist Peter McAllister said, "I have a strong feeling that masculinity is in crisis. Men are really searching for a role in modern society; the things we used to do aren't in much demand anymore". Others see the changing labor market as

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Research in the United Kingdom found, "Younger men and women who read fitness and fashion magazines could be psychologically harmed by the images of perfect female and male physiques." Young women and men exercise excessively in an effort to achieve what they consider an attractively-fit and muscular

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According to Scott, gender should be used in two ways: productive and produced. Productive gender examined its role in creating power relationships, and produced gender explored the use and change of gender throughout history. This has influenced the field of masculinity, as seen in Pierre Bourdieu's

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Researchers have argued that the "precariousness" of manhood contributes to traditionally-masculine behavior. "Precarious" means that manhood is not inborn, but must be achieved. In many cultures, boys endure painful initiation rituals to become men. Manhood may also be lost, as when a man is derided

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Masculine performance varies over the life course, but also from one context to another. For instance, the sports world may elicit more traditionally normative masculinities in participants than would other settings. Men who exhibit a tough and aggressive masculinity on the sports field may display a

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According to Tosh, the culture of masculinity has outlived its usefulness because it cannot fulfill the initial aim of this history (to discover how manhood was conditioned and experienced) and he urged "questions of behaviour and agency". His work on Victorian masculinity uses individual experience

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The academic study of masculinity received increased attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the number of courses on the subject in the United States rising from 30 to over 300. This has sparked investigation of the intersection of masculinity with concepts from other fields, such as

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Some want to shift the focus from specifically viewing females as the ones deserving of stronger rights to everyone deserving the opportunity to be viewed as an equal; however, this can create the potential for men to fall back into the mindset of "male victimhood", as opposed to focusing on female

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found significant differences in shape among the faces of 66 heterosexual and gay men, with gay men having more "stereotypically masculine" features ("undermin stereotypical notions of gay men as more feminine looking.") However, other studies with larger sample sizes have found that homosexual men

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men are sometimes advised to get in touch with their "inner feminine." Maybe gay men need to get in touch with their "inner masculine" instead. Identifying those aspects of being a man we most value and then cultivate those parts of our selves can lead to a healthier and less distorted sense of our

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The International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) has also been developed and the results from countries in the Global South studied more in recent years. Although the survey indicated areas for further improvement, a significant recent finding comes in regard to men's childhood upbringing

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with the expansion of availability of transnational men's magazines. While there is some evidence of Western and specifically, North American, influence in advertisements found in Chinese and Taiwanese men's magazines as well, it seems that more often than not, those countries' magazines have just

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According to John Beynon, masculinity and men are often conflated and it is unclear whether masculinity, men or both are in crisis. He writes that the "crisis" is not a recent phenomenon, illustrating several periods of masculine crisis throughout history (some predating the women's movement and

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Tosh's overall assessment is that a shift is needed in conceptualizing the topic back to the history of masculinity as a speciality aiming to reach a broader audience, rather than as an analytical tool of cultural and social history. The importance he places on public history hearkens back to the

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represented the era's masculine fantasies. Michael Roper's call to focus on the subjectivity of masculinity addresses this cultural bias, because broad understanding is set aside for an examination "of what the relationship of the codes of masculinity is to actual men, to existential matters, to

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Two concerns over the study of the history of masculinity are that it would stabilize the historical process (rather than change it) and that a cultural overemphasis on the approach to masculinity lacks the reality of actual experience. According to John Tosh, masculinity has become a conceptual

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In 2004, Arran Stibbe published an analysis of a well-known men's-health magazine in 2000. According to Stibbe, although the magazine ostensibly focused on health it also promoted traditional masculine behaviors such as excessive consumption of convenience foods and meat, alcohol consumption and

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Evidence points to the negative impact of hegemonic masculinity on men's health-related behavior, with American men making 134.5 million fewer physician visits per year than women. Twenty-five percent of men aged 45 to 60 do not have a personal physician, increasing their risk of death from

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Some social scientists conceptualize masculinity (and femininity) as a performance. Gender performances may not necessarily be intentional and people may not even be aware of the extent to which they are performing gender, as one outcome of lifelong gender socialization is the feeling that one's

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Drydakis, Nick & Sidiropoulou, Katerina & Patnaik, Swetketu & Selmanovic, Sandra & Bozani, Vasiliki, 2017. "Masculine vs Feminine Personality Traits and Women's Employment Outcomes in Britain: A Field Experiment," GLO Discussion Paper Series 152, Global Labor Organization (GLO).

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men must remain vigilant in making sure that their consumption decisions are representative of the socially accepted masculine norms — particularly in regard to their fashion choices. Additionally, advertising in fashion branding choices and its effectiveness has been examined in the context of

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fashion designers and interior decorators? How could the NHS cope with no gay nurses, or the education system with no gay teachers? Society should thank its lucky stars that not all men turn out straight, macho and insensitive. The different hetero and homo modes of maleness are not, of course,

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Because of social norms and pressures associated with masculinity, men with spinal-cord injuries must adapt their self-identity to the losses associated with such injuries; this may "lead to feelings of decreased physical and sexual prowess with lowered self-esteem and a loss of male identity.

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Media images of boys and young men may lead to the persistence of harmful concepts of masculinity. According to men's-rights activists, the media does not address men's-rights issues and men are often portrayed negatively in advertising. Peter Jackson called hegemonic masculinity "economically

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Women face a similar paradox in the business world, as corporate leadership roles are widely associated with stereotypically masculine characteristics. Women who adopt these characteristics may be more successful, but also more disliked due to not conforming with expected feminine stereotypes.

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are also present in Western and Chinese male clients' attitudes and behaviors toward female sex workers in China's commercial sex industry. While many male clients frequently exhibited physical violence toward the female workers, in order to more overtly display their manliness, some men also

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Writing in 1974, R. Gould asserted that the provider role was central to adult men's identities, as masculinity is often measured by the size of a man's economic contribution to the family. Masculinity is also associated with denying characteristics associated with women. Overwhelmingly, the

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Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits (courage, strong will, ambition,

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Study of the history of masculinity emerged during the 1980s, aided by the fields of women's and (later) gender history. Before women's history was examined, there was a "strict gendering of the public/private divide"; regarding masculinity, this meant little study of how men related to the

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in the home, often working together to raise children and/or taking care of elderly family members. The roles were often divided quite sharply between providing resources (considered masculine) and maintenance and redistribution of resources (considered feminine). Despite women's increasing

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for not "being a man". Researchers have found that men respond to threats to their manhood by engaging in stereotypically-masculine behaviors and beliefs, such as supporting hierarchy, espousing homophobic beliefs, supporting aggression and choosing physical tasks over intellectual ones.

842:, women who participate in sports are still expected to conform to strictly feminine gender norms. This is known as the "female athlete paradox". Although traditional gender norms are gradually changing, female athletes, especially those that participate in male-dominated sports such as 1191:

characterizes them as men 1) having gentle nature, 2) not bound by manliness, 3) not aggressive when it comes to romance, 4) viewing women as equals, and 5) hating emotional pain. Herbivore men are severely criticized by men who love masculinity. Some contemporary Japanese writers like

1462:, the tide is also turning, and men's involvement in opposing violence against women is generally seen as being very positive, a good thing for all. However, there are some who still very much see conflict and violence against women as simply going hand in hand with those cultures. 963:

yielded results relevant to a study of masculinity. In beer commercials, masculine behavior (especially risk-taking) is encouraged. Commercials often focus on situations in which a man overcomes an obstacle in a group, working or playing hard (construction workers, farm workers or

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of women in society, there has just been an increase in the objectification of both sexes. And you can see that in the media today." Men and women restrict food intake in an effort to achieve what they consider an attractively-thin body; in extreme cases, this leads to

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Sports media outlets have not necessarily promoted a completely "Westernized" version of masculinity, and white, male sports icons may have had an impact when presented alongside those players of other races, such as Asians or black people. A 2019 study found that in

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of homosexual and heterosexual males: "Our society uses the male heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy as a central symbol for all the rankings of masculinity, for the division on any grounds between males who are "real men" and have power, and males who are not".

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films. Turkish young people can also fall prey to such negative media influence, According to Özlem Akkaya. In a 2018 study, young males often thought that the violent behavior displayed by the main character, "Behzat", in the Turkish television crime series,

1430:, for example, females often take on more of a culturally masculine role in providing for the household, due to the high percentage of absent fathers in some communities. Fathers' decision to desert the mother and their biological child is fairly common in 384:

In an important sense there is only one complete unblushing male in America: a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height, and a recent record in

823:. Zachary A. Kramer argues that the discussion of masculinity should be opened up "to include constructions of masculinity that uniquely affect women." Masculine women are often subject to social stigma and harassment, although the influence of the 557:

Contrary to the well-intentioned claim that gays are "just the same" as straights, there is a difference. What is more, the distinctive style of gay masculinity is of great social benefit. Wouldn't life be dull without the flair and imagination of

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Sand, Michael S.; Fisher, William; Rosen, Raymond; Heiman, Julia; Eardley, Ian (March 2008). "Erectile dysfunction and constructs of masculinity and quality of life in the multinational Men's Attitudes to Life Events and Sexuality (MALES) study".

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describes a European "medieval masculinity which was essentially Christian and chivalric," which included concepts like courage, respect for women of all classes and generosity. According to David Rosen, the traditional view of scholars (such as

1169:), suggesting that due to masculinity's fluid nature "crisis is constitutive of masculinity itself". Film scholar Leon Hunt also writes: "Whenever masculinity's 'crisis' actually started, it certainly seems to have been in place by the 1970s". 1434:, particularly with regard to those fathers who are younger and come from lower income families. They are often trying to provide for their own nuclear families and cannot also fulfill the cultural obligations commonly attached to fatherhood. 8092:

Galdas, Paul M.; Cheater, Francine M. (2010). "Indian and Pakistani men's accounts of seeking medical help for cardiac chest pain in the United Kingdom: constructions of marginalised masculinity or another version of hegemonic masculinity?".

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because of their reluctance to see a doctor. Reasons cited for not seeing a physician include fear, denial, embarrassment, a dislike of situations out of their control and the belief that visiting a doctor is not worth the time or cost.

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the theorist might classify a person as "masculine" if the person thought that person to have any or all of the following P-traits - GROUP Y TRAITS: strength of will, ambition, courage, independence, assertiveness, aggressiveness,

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Boxing was professionalized in America and Europe in the 19th century; it emphasized the physical and confrontational aspects of masculinity. Bare-knuckle boxing without gloves represented "the manly art" in 19th-century America.

1130:) limits their ability to function as emotionally-healthy adults. According to Kindlon and Thompson, boys lack the ability to understand and express emotions productively because of the stress imposed by masculine gender roles. 1391:, one of the main characters is made to appear like more of an outsider than the other male characters because of his unique style choices being seen as less traditionally masculine than the cultural expectation is, in 1470:. Although gender equality is becoming a more acknowledged topic in South Africa, for instance, fathers would often rather still hold on to the more traditional gender roles – and pass those ideas down to their sons. 4954: 1477:

A 2012 study found some evidence that youth have perhaps, inadvertently, made contributions toward greater acceptance of gender equality. Popular culture consumed by youth and those of lesser social status in East

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In 2014, Winegard and Geary wrote that the precariousness of manhood involves social status (prestige or dominance), and manhood may be more (or less) precarious due to the avenues men have for achieving status.

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Across cultures, characteristics of masculinity are similar in essence but varying in detail, another shared pattern is that non-typical behavior of one's sex or gender may be viewed as a social problem. In

1067:. Although the stereotypes may have remained constant, the value attached to masculine stereotypes has changed; Todd Reeser has argued that masculinity is an unstable phenomenon, never ultimately achieved. 3773: 767:, encouraged in men and discouraged in women: "Hegemonic masculinity can be defined as the configuration of gender practice which embodies the currently accepted answer to the problem of the legitimacy of 376:

participation in the paid labor force and contributions to family income, men's identities remained centered on their working lives and specifically their economic contributions. In 1963, social theorist

874:, women with stereotypically masculine personality traits are more likely to gain access to high-paying occupations than women with feminine personality traits. According to another study conducted in 180:. When women's labor participation increased, there were men who felt less comfortable in their masculinity because it was increasingly difficult for them to reconfirm their status as the breadwinner. 1454:, India, males are more frequently becoming involved in this work, while also trying to remain mindful of how their privileged status as men affects the public perception of what they are doing. In 3786:

Their results found that homosexual men were rated as more stereotypically 'masculine' than heterosexual men, which they said undermined stereotypical notions of gay men as more feminine looking.

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films. Additionally, there is some indication that Westernized views of masculinity have been pushed onto a global audience through print media advertisements, as well. This has been observed in

6077: 630:(according to Ballew, "a funny way of defusing hate directed toward us "); however, such humor "can cause us to become confused in relation to how we feel about being men". He further stated: 2813:

Pappas, Nick T.; McKenry, Patrick C.; Skilken Catlett, Beth (2004). "Athlete Aggression on the Rink and off the Ice Athlete Violence and Aggression in Hockey and Interpersonal Relationships".

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Although often ignored in discussions of masculinity, women can also express masculine traits and behaviors. In Western culture, female masculinity has been codified into identities such as "

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Women who participate in sports, especially male-dominated sports, are sometimes derided as being masculine. Even though most sports emphasize stereotypically masculine qualities, such as

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Schwartz, Jonathan P.; Tylka, Tracy L. (April 2008). "Exploring entitlement as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and men's body esteem".

972:. There is usually an element of danger and a focus on movement and speed (watching fast cars or driving fast). The bar is a setting for the measurement of masculinity in skills such as 4221: 3304:

Furnham, Adrian, and Virginia Voli. "Gender Stereotypes in Italian Television Advertisements." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, vol. 33, no. 2, Spring 1989, pp. 175-185.

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Martin, Brett A.S.; Gnoth, Juergen (December 2009). "Is the Marlboro man the only alternative? The role of gender identity and self-construal salience in evaluations of male models".

3525: 1493:, stricter governmental policies are being put into place regarding abuse and violence. Additionally, initiatives like the "One Man Can" program were formed, which aim to provide 1187:

In 2008, the word "herbivore men" became popular in Japan and was reported worldwide. Herbivore men refers to young Japanese men who naturally detach themselves from masculinity.

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Ancient literature dates back to about 3000 BC, with explicit expectations for men in the form of laws and implied masculine ideals in myths of gods and heroes. According to the

2255: 1359:, for example, Korean players and their respective accomplishments tend to be pushed to the side when compared with white, male players in print media and online news outlets. 343:

wrote in 1831: "The old ideal of Manhood has grown obsolete, and the new is still invisible to us, and we grope after it in darkness, one clutching this phantom, another that;

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Winegard, Bo M.; Winegard, Ben; Geary, David C. (March 2014). "Eastwood's brawn and Einstein's brain: an evolutionary account of dominance, prestige, and precarious manhood".

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Rule 3: "If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death."

4917: 1745: 1649: 1486:, singing competitions, bands, and more are starting to showcase more modernized males that combine some stereotypically masculine and feminine aspects in their behaviors. 1100:

In 1987, Eisler and Skidmore studied masculinity, creating the idea of "masculine stress" and finding three elements of masculinity which often result in emotional stress:

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overlooks the similarities between Beowulf and the monster Grendel. The masculinity exemplified by Beowulf "cut men off from women, other men, passion and the household".

2615: 2239: 580:"You're so gay" indicates a lack of masculinity, rather than homosexual orientation. According to Pleck, to avoid male oppression of women, themselves and other men, 262:

of 1000 BC, when King David of Israel drew near to death, he told his son Solomon: "I go the way of all the earth: be thou strong therefore, and shew thyself a man".

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Robinson, L. (21 October 2005). "Not just boys being boys: Brutal hazings are a product of a culture of masculinity defined by violence, aggression and domination".

1414:, was relatable to what they already experienced in their own day to day lives (and therefore, saw violence as a seemingly reasonable thing to occur in the series). 156:

Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures, subcultures, ethnic groups and historical periods. Traits traditionally viewed as masculine in

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earlier after being labeled gay by their peers. More likely to face bullying and harassment throughout their lives, they are taunted by derogatory words (such as "

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felt uncomfortable about their femininity (despite being comfortable with their sexuality), and feminine gay men may be derided by stereotypically-masculine gays.

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Arrindell, Willem A.; et al. (September–December 2003). "Masculine gender role stress: a potential predictor of phobic and obsessive-compulsive behaviour".

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works to unpack Judith Butler's study of masculinity. Cover goes over issues such as sexual assault and how it can be partially explained by hypermasculinity.

8950:, a comprehensive bibliography of writing on men, masculinities, gender and sexualities, listing over 16,700 works. (mainly from a constructionist perspective) 4724:

Kawakami, Christine; White, Judith B.; Langer, Ellen J. (January 2000). "Mindful and Masculine: Freeing Women Leaders From the Constraints of Gender Roles".

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are due to socialization versus biological factors. Social and biological influences are thought to be mutually interacting during development. Studies of

8709: 2507: 1090:, teaching boys to suppress vulnerable emotions, as in the saying "big boys don't cry", is a significant part of gender socialization in Western society. 968:). Those involving play have central themes of mastery (of nature or each other), risk and adventure: fishing, camping, playing sports or socializing in 6157: 3936: 2126: 133:, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. It is sometimes contrasted to 6087: 1497:

prevention and an anti-violence program to men in the country. The 'We Can End Violence against Women' campaign is another anti-violence initiative in

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Historian Kate Cooper wrote: "Wherever a woman is mentioned a man's character is being judged – and along with it what he stands for." Scholars cite

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Francis, Martin (April 2007). "A flight from commitment? Domesticity, adventure and the masculine imaginary in Britain after the Second World War".

976:, strength, and drinking ability. Men engage in positive health practices, such as reducing fat intake and alcohol, to conform to masculine ideals. 9285: 7197:

Akkaya, Özlem (2018). ""The Crisis of Masculinity" on the Screen: Conflicted Masculinities in Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi and Poyraz Karayel".

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Kindlon, Dan; Thompson, Michael (2000), "The road not taken: turning boys away from their inner life", in Kindlon, Dan; Thompson, Michael (eds.),

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Adharsh Raj and Manash Pratim Goswami write that in India, young people often copy negative behaviors seen as being traditionally masculine in

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as a masculine hero in his account of ancient Germany whose already violent nature was further heightened by the abduction of his beloved wife

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has not been achieved, changes are happening in regard to these commonly believed gender roles, particularly with gender justice work in the

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have provided some evidence that femininity and masculinity are partly biologically determined. Other possible biological influences include

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The concept of masculinity varies historically and culturally. Since what constitutes masculinity has varied by time and place, according to

7984:; Oates, Thomas P. (2004). "The mismeasure of masculinity: the male body, 'race' and power in the enumerative discourses of the NFL Draft". 6586: 1157:

The crisis has also been attributed to the questioning of male dominance and rights granted to men solely on the basis of sex following the

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Alewell, Dorothea (7 October 2013). "Be successful – be male and masculine? On the influence of gender roles on objective career success".

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and Michael Thompson wrote that although all boys are born loving and empathic, exposure to gender socialization (the tough male ideal and

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Vandello, Joseph A.; Bosson, Jennifer K.; Cohen, Dov; Burnaford, Rochelle M.; Weaver, Jonathan R. (December 2008). "Precarious manhood".

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transmission was one of the significant reasons for the development of masculinities research. Risky actions commonly representative of

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longer while engaged in masculine activities such as sports. Some did not see themselves as effeminate, and felt little connection to

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Cover, Rob (2014). "Sexual ethics, masculinity and mutual vulnerability: Judith Butler's contribution to an ethics of non-violence".

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Creighton, Genevieve; Oliffe, John L (2010). "Theorising masculinities and men's health: A brief history with a view to practice".

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from people who think they are not masculine enough. Gender policing can increase the risk of alcoholism, anxiety, and depression.

185: 5187: 4083: 2206: 1729: 8392:

Lupton, Ben (March 2006). "Explaining men's entry into female-concentrated occupations: issues of masculinity and social class".

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Galdas, Paul M.; Cheater, Francine M.; Marshall, Paul (March 2005). "Men and health help-seeking behaviour: Literature review".

3208: 9265: 6900:"Depictions and reflections: photographing visualizations of masculinities in Afghanistan and Democratic Republic of the Congo" 5152:

New Dimensions in Communications, Proceedings of the 47th Annual New York State Speech Communication Association Conference III

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Masculinities in contemporary American culture: an intersectional approach to the complexities and challenges of male identity

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Morris, Edward W (2008). "Rednecks," "Rutters," and 'Rithmetic: Social Class, Masculinity, and Schooling in a Rural Context".

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factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is

8994: 8363: 8219: 6516: 6489: 6465: 6402: 6120: 5882: 5761: 2293: 1862: 1823: 1776: 1739: 1643: 502:

is a form of masculinity that emphasizes power and is often associated with a disregard for consequences and responsibility.

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admitted to being more sexually aggressive at times and purposefully having unprotected sex without the worker's knowledge.

9275: 8307: 6006: 5695: 5317:"Gender Policing During Childhood and the Psychological Well-Being of Young Adult Sexual Minority Men in the United States" 4842: 4755: 367:

At the beginning of the 20th century, most families in the western world consisted of a father working outside the home as

7221:""In My Dream She Finds Me...And She Wants Me Just the Way I Am": Fatherhood Experiences of Unmarried Men in South Africa" 6561: 6545: 1014:

Stefan Dudink believes that the methodological approach (trying to categorize masculinity as a phenomenon) undermined its

2637:

Richards, Jeffrey (1999). "From Christianity to Paganism: The New Middle Ages and the Values of 'Medieval' Masculinity".

1250:'straight male cancer') are used as pejoratives referring to men exhibiting misogyny, dominance, and homophobia. 819:, female masculinity is often characterized as a type of gender performance which challenges traditional masculinity and 6617: 1792: 1505:

group in South Asia. In 2019, the program garnered much voluntary male participation in its gender equality work out of

7790: 6373: 6194: 5964: 5914: 4708: 3835: 3676: 1071: 1039: 899: 380:'s seminal work on stigma management presented a list of traits prescribed as categorically masculine for American men: 1852: 1410: 595:) were asked about their views of masculinity. Masculine traits were generally seen as an advantage in and out of the 9235: 8926: 8907: 8881: 8845: 8822: 8801: 8779: 8756: 8603: 8584: 8565: 8542: 8522: 8500: 8481: 8437: 8382: 8342: 8269: 8193: 8138: 8029: 7900: 7809: 7768: 7546:"Pathways to Gender-equitable Men: Findings from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey in Eight Countries" 6309: 5812: 5739: 5593: 5556: 5510: 5389: 5264: 5227: 5088: 4900: 4652: 4578: 4556: 4479: 4444: 4298: 4167: 4136: 4066: 4021: 3989: 3476: 3050: 3021: 2732: 2687: 2328: 2189: 2159: 2113: 2027: 1993: 1952: 1917: 1691: 1597: 1343:

adopted a globally uniform perception of masculinity. This theme also presents itself in visual depictions of men in

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development. Abigail Solomou-Godeau's work on post-revolutionary French art addresses a strong, constant patriarchy.

1011:

in letters and sketches to illustrate broader cultural and social customs, such as birthing or Christmas traditions.

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Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A. (April 2011). "Precarious manhood and its links to action and aggression".

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Grazian, David (2007). "The Girl Hunt: Urban Nightlife and the Performance of Masculinity as Collective Activity".

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People regardless of biological sex may exhibit masculine traits and behavior. Those exhibiting both masculine and

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George, Annie (July 2006). "Reinventing honorable masculinity: discourses from a working-class Indian community".

710:. Men's rights activists worked to stop second-wave feminists from influencing the gay-rights movement, promoting 9483: 8073: 7911: 6212:"Heroic masculinity following spinal cord injury: Implications for therapeutic recreation practice and research" 5147: 1981:

Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1

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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any

8041:"Health, Illness, Men and Masculinities (HIMM): a theoretical framework for understanding men and their health" 7371: 5458: 3271: 2906: 939:

are complex and varied, gender roles and social expectations have a strong influence encouraging men to drink.

866:, are still often viewed as deviating from the boundaries of femininity and may suffer negative repercussions. 430: 5127: 4526: 2499: 9384: 9242: 8394: 3922: 3494: 1558: 1002: 426: 118: 78: 8953: 8638:"Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes" 6281: 1154:

by technology have allowed more women to enter the labor force, reducing its emphasis on physical strength.

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Levtov, Ruti Galia; Barker, Gary; Contreras-Urbina, Manuel; Heilman, Brian; Verma, Ravi (6 November 2014).

6849:"Race and Masculinity: A Comparison of Asian and Western Models in Men's Lifestyle Magazine Advertisements" 4880: 4398: 3960: 3931: 3213: 2380: 935:

often do so in order to fulfill certain social expectations of manliness. While the causes of drinking and

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are widely accepted as distinct concepts. When sexuality is defined in terms of object choice (as in early

344: 6666:"Disempowerment of Men in Rural and Urban East Africa: Implications for Male Identity and Sexual Behavior" 3732: 1055:

cited a recent Canadian study indicating that as many as one in six people with eating disorders are men.

721:

culture, although lesbians vary widely in the degree to which they express masculinity and femininity. In

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Rule 128: "If a man takes a woman to wife, but has no intercourse with her, this woman is no wife to him."

9257: 8717: 7499:"Man Talk: Exploring Sexual Communication Between Fathers and Sons in a Minority South African Community" 7280:"Man Talk: Exploring Sexual Communication Between Fathers and Sons in a Minority South African Community" 6767:"'Is Macho the In-thing?' Effects of the Representation of Masculinity in Bollywood Cinema on Youngsters" 6327: 4801: 5453: 3910:... gay men and women tended to have gender-atypical facial morphology, expression, and grooming styles. 690:

paid greater attention to issues of sexuality, particularly the relationship between homosexual men and

145: 9355: 5940: 3976:

Bearness's beautiful big blank: tracing the genome of ursomasculinity. An interview with Jack Fritscher

3862:"Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images" 2543: 748: 505:

Some believe that masculinity is linked to the male body; in this view, masculinity is associated with

126: 70: 42: 9133: 7857: 7136: 6665: 6182:

Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender

4222:"Snow White in Hellenic primary classrooms: Children's responses to non-traditional gender discourses" 1370:, for example, bring some Western influence to the gender roles portrayed in their respective novels. 9018: 8987: 7912:"Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health" 7452:"Men and anti-violence initiatives: transnational feminist reflections from Afghanistan and Pakistan" 6429: 6394: 6186: 6180: 2786:

Gould, R. 1974. Measuring masculinity by the size of a paycheck. In: J. Pleck & J. Sawyer (Eds.)

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can depict stereotypical gender roles in various ways. In India, such roles have been pushed through

626:" gay men sometimes use what John R. Ballew called "camp humor", such as referring to one another by 38: 8225: 7933: 6259: 5205:

One part alcohol, one part sport, one part dirt, stir gently: beer commercials and television sports

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Shuttleworth, Russell (2004), "Disabled masculinity", in Smith, Bonnie G.; Hutchison, Beth (eds.),

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Dudink, Stefan (September 1998). "The trouble with men: Problems in the history of 'masculinity'".

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Gay men have been presented in the media as feminine and open to ridicule, although films such as

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Jackson, Peter (April 1991). "The cultural politics of masculinity: towards a social geography".

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Roper, Michael (March 2005). "Slipping out of view: subjectivity and emotion in gender history".

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has been associated with the ability to form emotional and supportive relationships with others.

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Bassi, Karen (January 2001). "Acting like men: gender, drama, and nostalgia in Ancient Greece".

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are considered by some to be "effeminate and deviate from the masculine norm" and are sometimes

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Hamber, Brandon (December 2007). "Masculinity and transitional justice: an exploratory essay".

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The end of masculinity: the confusion of sexual genesis and sexual difference in modern society

6254: 5548: 5542: 4159: 4153: 3861: 3118:"Relationship of gender differences in preferences to economic development and gender equality" 2915: 1362:

Novels may be affected by Westernized perceptions. Amjad Alsyouf argues that African novelists

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warns that conforming to traditional standards of masculinity can cause harm to mental health.

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Davis, Natalie Z. (Spring–Summer 1976). ""Women's history" in transition: the European case".

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Masculinity is also an important concept in advertisement branding in the Islamic culture. In

227: 207:, and feminist philosophers have argued that gender ambiguity may blur gender classification. 9478: 9310: 9112: 9041: 8744: 7981: 6506: 5886: 5579: 5070: 4929: 4631: 4546: 4501: 4461: 4277: 4185: 3975: 3462: 3456: 2664: 1356: 764: 738: 691: 669:

of gay men celebrating rugged masculinity and "secondary sexual characteristics of the male:

420: 336: 121:, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both 7712: 7545: 7397: 6946: 6848: 5315:

Bauermeister, José A.; Connochie, Daniel; Jadwin-Cakmak, Laura; Meanley, Steven (May 2017).

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Wharton, Amy S. 2012. The Sociology of Gender, second edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

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Traditional avenues for men to gain honor were providing for their families and exercising

684: 546: 5022:"Real Men Get the Best Bar Girls: Performing Masculinities in China's Global Sex Industry" 2955:"Masculinity, Social Connectedness, and Mental Health: Men's Diverse Patterns of Practice" 1239: 8: 9389: 9046: 8285: 7865: 5618: 5118:. Falls Church, Virginia: American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety. 3648: 1528: 1182: 1151: 1147: 969: 816: 549:

as "gentle and refined", even by other gay men. According to gay human-rights campaigner

8751:. Routledge Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–79. 8681: 7327:"Richter, Linda & Morell, Robert (eds.). — Baba. Men and Fatherhood in South Africa" 7137:"Gentle masculinity in East Asia: 'Herbivore Men' and interlocutor constructed language" 6456:

Beynon, John (2002), "Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis'", in Beynon, John (ed.),

5843: 5757:"Multipurpose masculinities: gender and power in low countries histories of masculinity" 3848:... homosexual men were rated as more feminine and less masculine than heterosexual men. 747:

Contests of physical skill and strength appear in some form in many cultures. Here, two

86:

was the god of war, an activity associated with masculinity. His female counterpart was

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are countering the stereotype. A recent development is the portrayal of gay men in the

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Communicating marginalized masculinities: identity politics in TV, film, and new media

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What About Boys?: A Literature Review on the Health and Development of Adolescent Boys

7942: 7597:"Popular Culture and Masculinity Ideals in East Asia, with Special Reference to China" 6681: 4670:"The Female/Athlete Paradox: Managing Traditional Views of Masculinity and Femininity" 2440: 9220: 9051: 8922: 8903: 8877: 8841: 8818: 8797: 8775: 8768: 8752: 8660: 8624: 8599: 8580: 8561: 8555: 8538: 8518: 8496: 8477: 8433: 8415: 8407: 8378: 8359: 8338: 8265: 8215: 8189: 8171: 8134: 8127: 8114: 8025: 8018: 8005: 7946: 7896: 7890: 7805: 7786: 7764: 7747: 7717: 7685: 7667: 7628: 7569: 7530: 7518: 7483: 7471: 7421: 7348: 7311: 7299: 7279: 7252: 7240: 7168: 7156: 7121: 7109: 7070: 7019: 6970: 6931: 6919: 6872: 6821: 6809: 6766: 6744: 6736: 6685: 6633: 6512: 6485: 6461: 6398: 6369: 6348: 6305: 6276: 6190: 6137: 6116: 5867: 5808: 5735: 5716: 5676: 5639: 5631: 5589: 5552: 5506: 5487: 5429: 5385: 5354: 5336: 5301: 5260: 5223: 5217: 5119: 5084: 5080: 5053: 5041: 5006: 4950: 4896: 4861: 4856: 4837: 4818: 4814: 4704: 4648: 4574: 4552: 4522: 4475: 4440: 4419: 4370: 4294: 4206: 4163: 4132: 4062: 4051: 4017: 4010: 3985: 3881: 3831: 3819: 3594: 3472: 3429: 3381: 3222: 3149: 3046: 3017: 2992: 2974: 2933: 2929: 2834: 2749:

Fight Sports and American Masculinity: Salvation in Violence from 1607 to the Present

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Psychologist Joseph Pleck argues that a hierarchy of masculinity exists largely as a

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McKenzie, Sarah K.; Collings, Sunny; Jenkin, Gabrielle; River, Jo (September 2018).

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Dworkin, Shari L.; Hatcher, Abigail M.; Colvin, Chris; Peacock, Dean (June 2013).

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What is masculinity?: historical dynamics from antiquity to the contemporary world

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has led to greater acceptance of women expressing masculinity in recent decades.

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Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1

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Reinventing the Sexes: The Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity

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Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

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Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1

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structures, institutions and discourse must be eliminated from Western society.

9325: 9315: 9097: 9072: 9036: 8789: 8460: 8281:"The construction of 'tough' masculinity: Negotiation, alignment and rejection" 8253: 8059: 7858:"Ideologies of masculinity in women's magazines: a critical stylistic approach" 7778: 7398:"Of Mindsets and Men: Tackling Masculinity, Patriarchy, and Privilege in Delhi" 7105: 6558: 6533: 6153: 5800: 5708: 5293: 5248: 4884: 4785: 3586: 3521: 3334: 3318: 2314: 2179: 2048: 1940:"Femininity", "masculinity", and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussion 1015: 871: 855: 847: 815:, expressing masculinity is not necessarily related to a woman's sexuality. In 760: 699: 658: 573: 550: 537: 377: 340: 309: 277:

fought aggressively in battle to protect their women from capture by the enemy.

216: 8106: 7613: 7596: 7514: 7295: 7066: 6268: 3815: 2650: 2109: 2064: 1796: 9467: 9430: 9340: 9180: 9077: 8628: 8615: 8013: 7839: 7671: 7663: 7632: 7561: 7522: 7475: 7413: 7352: 7303: 7244: 7236: 7160: 7113: 7074: 7051:"Negotiating Muslim masculinity: androgynous spaces within feminized fashion" 7023: 6962: 6923: 6864: 6813: 6805: 6790:"Looking westwards: Men in transnational men's magazine advertising in India" 6740: 6689: 5927: 5340: 5332: 5115:

Myths, men, and beer: an analysis of beer commercials on broadcast television

5045: 4997: 4980: 4942: 4514: 4329: 4198: 3421: 3313: 2978: 2970: 2861: 2826: 2225: 2175: 2145: 2072: 1367: 1178: 1023: 916: 627: 479: 471: 352: 189: 177: 157: 8214:(౩rd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 198–210. 7878: 7804:. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 7498: 7050: 6947:"Major League Baseball and Racialized Masculinities in Korean Digital Media" 6609: 5775: 5756: 5471: 5123: 4737: 3799: 3598: 3134: 3117: 2035:

independence, assertiveness, initiative, rationality and emotional control).

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A question of manhood: a reader in U.S. Black men's history and masculinity

8664: 7950: 7751: 7689: 7152: 6748: 5358: 5175: 5143: 5109: 4822: 4374: 3885: 3823: 3764:"Gay and straight men may have different facial shapes, new study suggests" 3526:"What straight men could learn from gay men - a queer kind of masculinity?" 3153: 2996: 2937: 1533: 1490: 1447: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1331: 960: 944: 687: 623: 604: 391: 259: 193: 169: 8298: 8163: 5200:

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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.

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underwent a transformation from traditional heroism. Scottish philosopher

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unsafe sex. Masculinity and sexual health is also a complex issue in the

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Masculinities as depicted in the media of countries categorized as the

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movements developing, in part, because masculinity was understood as a

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Studies of men in North America and Europe show that men who consume

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Mars and Venus, Or, Planet Earth?: Women and Men in a New Millenium

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of a society. Non-standard behavior may be considered indicative of

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Women and Sport: Continuing a Journey of Liberation and Celebration

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The emphasis on prevailing in situations requiring body and fitness

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persons and to their psychic make-up" (Tosh's human experience).

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Puberty, Sexuality, and the Self: Boys and Girls at Adolescence

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have made the nature of masculinity a focus of their fiction.

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Scholars have debated the extent to which gender identity and

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are both traditionally masculine activities in many cultures.

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The need for adequacy in sexual matters and financial status

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In Chinese and Taiwanese popular culture, phrases such as "

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Hutchinson, Susan L.; Kleiber, Douglas A. (January 2000).

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Dandies and desert saints: styles of Victorian masculinity

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(1999). 5333:10.1177/1557988316680938 4998:10.1177/1097184X18805548 4943:10.1177/1097184X03257441 4726:Journal of Social Issues 4515:10.1177/1097184X08328448 4330:10.1177/0963721411402669 4278:Masculinity and ridicule 4199:10.1177/1097184X04270379 3589:; Lewis, Summer (2004). 3469:Harvard University Press 3422:10.1177/0891243208325163 2971:10.1177/1557988318772732 2862:10.1525/si.2007.30.2.221 2827:10.1177/1097184x03257433 2528:Tacitus, The Annals 1.59 2282:Reeser, Todd W. (2010). 2258:24 December 2022 at the 2226:10.1108/QRJ-03-2014-0011 2205:Laurie, Timothy (2014). 1974:Carli, Linda L. (2001). 1897:Theorizing Masculinities 1728:Wharton, Amy S. (2005). 1061:body dysmorphic disorder 1059:body, which may lead to 547:benevolently stereotyped 410:of a construction worker 371:and a mother as working 39:latest accepted revision 9356:International Men's Day 9248:Men Going Their Own Way 9068:Marriage of convenience 8876:. New York: Routledge. 8855:Pozzo, Barbara (2013). 8575:Tozer, Malcolm (2015). 8373:Levine, Martin (1998). 8335:A new psychology of men 8306:Lawson, Robert (2020). 8279:Lawson, Robert (2013). 8188:. New York: Routledge. 8048:Journal of Men's Health 7879:10.1558/genl.v9i3.17360 6616:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 6564:25 October 2017 at the 6480:MacInnes, John (1998). 6287:24 October 2021 at the 6179:Worell, Judith (2001). 5946:1 December 2017 at the 5776:10.18352/bmgn-lchr.1562 5282:Health Sociology Review 5158:: 92–95. Archived from 5069:Strate, Lance (1992), " 4738:10.1111/0022-4537.00151 4674:Applied Psychology Opus 4571:Gender as Soft Assembly 3442:Martin, Karin A. 1996. 3398:. Boston: Beacon Press. 3135:10.1126/science.aas9899 3081:8 November 2020 at the 2773:Goffman, Erving. 1963. 2445:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 1167:post-industrial society 1150:and the replacement of 591:, gay men (one of them 363:20th century to present 9484:Social constructionism 9400:Conflict tactics scale 9191:Masculine beauty ideal 9160:Testosterone poisoning 8948:The Men's Bibliography 8594:Walsh, Fintan (2010). 8533:Simpson, Mark (1993). 8509:Simpson, Mark (1994). 8236:Kang, John M. (2013). 8205:"Why Guys Throw Bombs" 7759:Ashe, Fidelma (2006). 7153:10.1075/japc.00012.kro 4433:Keith, Thomas (2017). 3974:Suresha, Ron (2009), " 3455:Cooper, Kate (1996), " 3446:. New York: Routledge. 3346:2 October 2023 at the 2799:Pascoe, C. J. (2012). 2663:Rosen, David (1993), " 1812:"'Female masculinity'" 1091: 1088:social learning theory 1034:Psychological research 1003:Scott of the Antarctic 921:cardiovascular disease 911: 800: 752: 637: 565: 532:Gay and lesbian people 411: 387: 328:is a tale of medieval 313: 283: 238: 153: 91: 69:. For other uses, see 9231:Men's rights movement 9113:Tender years doctrine 9042:Hegemonic masculinity 9019:Gender discrimination 8872:Taylor, Gary (2002). 8299:10.1558/genl.v7i3.369 7986:Patterns of Prejudice 7652:Men and Masculinities 7550:Men and Masculinities 7402:Men and Masculinities 7225:Men and Masculinities 6368:. St Martin's Press. 5887:Ohio State University 5472:10.1086/ahr/91.5.1053 5222:. New York: Longman. 4985:Men and Masculinities 4930:Men and Masculinities 4758:30 March 2018 at the 4545:Pascoe, C.J. (2011). 4502:Men and Masculinities 4186:Men and Masculinities 3798:Lyons, Minna (2014). 2815:Men and Masculinities 2612:www.perseus.tufts.edu 2579:University of Vermont 2362:The Code of Hammurabi 2010:Feminist perspectives 1910:10.4135/9781452243627 1357:Major League Baseball 1254:East African cultures 1216:'big man'), " 1152:smokestack industries 1141:Masculinity in crisis 1085: 1070:In January 2019, the 893: 795: 765:hegemonic masculinity 746: 739:Hegemonic masculinity 733:Hegemonic masculinity 692:hegemonic masculinity 677:, proportional size, 632: 555: 421:Nature versus nurture 415:Nature versus nurture 405: 382: 355:, each has its day". 308: 293:by the Roman general 279: 230: 148: 81: 9155:Human male sexuality 8493:Gendering disability 8476:. New York: Putnam. 7982:Durham, Meenakshi G. 7337:(209–210): 488–492. 5619:Gender & History 5578:Tosh, John (2011), " 5535:5 April 2023 at the 5503:Masculine domination 5374:Tosh, John (1999), " 5210:4 April 2023 at the 4637:5 April 2023 at the 4283:4 April 2023 at the 4229:Gender and Education 4152:Boyd, Helen (2003). 4115:5 April 2023 at the 4043:5 April 2023 at the 3701:The Good Men Project 3536:on 11 September 2016 3410:Gender & Society 3362:Gender & Society 3270:Mills, Sara (2003). 2850:Symbolic Interaction 2709:4 April 2023 at the 2670:4 April 2023 at the 2132:4 March 2021 at the 2127:View online preview. 1799:on 8 September 2014. 1146:a source of stress. 119:socially constructed 82:In Roman mythology, 9390:Forced circumcision 9047:Occupational sexism 8537:. London: Cassell. 8531:Also available as: 8470:Shapiro, Stephen A. 8286:Gender and Language 8231:on 3 November 2006. 8164:10.1093/ijtj/ijm037 7968:on 19 February 2018 7866:Gender and Language 6505:Hunt, Leon (1998). 6030:"Muscle dysmorphia" 5844:1991TrIBG..16..199J 4680:on 16 February 2019 4090:on 10 February 2014 3878:10.1037/pspa0000098 3649:The Huffington Post 3623:on 18 November 2017 3495:Classical Philology 3225:on 11 December 2008 2788:Men and masculinity 2500:"Tacitus' Germania" 1529:Christian manliness 1501:, developed by the 1263:In the Global South 1183:Straight man cancer 1173:East Asian cultures 1148:Deindustrialization 817:feminist philosophy 587:In the documentary 563:biologically fixed. 312:fighting the dragon 131:biological male sex 29:Page version status 8861:Nevada Law Journal 8657:10.1037/cou0000176 8464:. Ottawa, Ontario. 8242:Nevada Law Journal 8129:Female masculinity 8079:on 8 February 2016 6090:on 12 January 2019 5970:The New York Times 5669:10.1093/hwj/dbi006 5162:on 1 December 2017 4885:Kimmel, Michael S. 4602:Nevada Law Journal 4467:Female Masculinity 4220:Kostas, M (2018). 4082:Wickens, Kathryn. 4053:Female masculinity 3739:. John R. Ballew. 3587:Kimmel, Michael S. 3128:(6412): eaas9899. 3039:"Gender and Power" 2882:. 26 August 2008. 2880:Indiana University 2572:"Who is Arminius?" 2570:Torres, Danielle. 1092: 1078:Gender-role stress 912: 801: 775:Precarious manhood 753: 654:Brokeback Mountain 601:sexual orientation 488:sexual orientation 468:gender assumptions 412: 314: 239: 154: 92: 35: 9461: 9460: 9439: 9438: 9294: 9293: 9209: 9208: 9052:Sexual harassment 8828:, Historiography. 8741:Buchbinder, David 8720:on 29 August 2021 8710:"Survival skills" 8424:Mansfield, Harvey 8365:978-1-43-382690-0 8221:978-0-52-024011-7 7927:(10): 1385–1401. 7820:Buchbinder, David 7718:Psychiatric Times 7462:(10): 1369–1385. 6733:10.1080/741922357 6670:World Development 6518:978-0-415-15182-5 6491:978-0-335-19659-3 6467:978-0-335-19988-4 6404:978-0-231-50036-4 6247:Marketing Letters 6122:978-1-31-734808-5 4668:Paloian, Andrea. 3860:Y., Wang (2018). 2878:(Press release). 2760:Elliott J. Gorn, 2387:. Bible Gateway. 2295:978-1-4051-6859-5 1864:978-1-57-607774-0 1825:978-1-57-607774-0 1778:978-0-8400-3204-1 1741:978-1-40-514343-1 1645:978-0-8166-2444-7 1389:Sooshokukeidanshi 1323: 1322: 1315: 1282:needs additional 1248: 1234: 1214: 1159:feminist movement 1096:Toxic masculinity 1065:muscle dysmorphia 953:toxic masculinity 898:after his return 852:American football 825:feminist movement 247:(about 1750 BC): 244:Code of Hammurabi 26: 16:(Redirected from 9491: 9451: 9450: 9368: 9367: 9350:Remembrance days 9254: 9253: 9108:Stay-at-home dad 9015: 9014: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8973: 8932: 8913: 8901: 8892:Theweleit, Klaus 8887: 8868: 8851: 8839: 8836:The American man 8827: 8807: 8785: 8773: 8762: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8704: 8698: 8690: 8688: 8676: 8642: 8632: 8609: 8590: 8571: 8548: 8528: 8516: 8505: 8487: 8465: 8454: 8443: 8419: 8388: 8369: 8348: 8329: 8302: 8275: 8258:Messner, Michael 8249: 8232: 8230: 8224:. 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R. R. Tolkien 317:Jeffrey Richards 47:9 September 2024 21: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9435: 9414: 9380:Dating violence 9359: 9345: 9331:Michael Messner 9290: 9252: 9205: 9201:Human sex ratio 9169: 9143: 9122: 9093:Paternity fraud 9056: 9027:Gender equality 9006: 9001: 8954:Boyhood Studies 8939: 8929: 8910: 8884: 8848: 8825: 8804: 8790:Kimmel, Michael 8782: 8759: 8736: 8723: 8721: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8640: 8606: 8587: 8568: 8545: 8525: 8503: 8484: 8450:Wiley-Blackwell 8440: 8385: 8366: 8345: 8272: 8260:, eds. (2001). 8254:Kimmel, Michael 8228: 8222: 8207: 8196: 8141: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8043: 8032: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7934:10.1.1.462.4452 7914: 7903: 7860: 7812: 7793: 7779:Biddulph, Steve 7771: 7707: 7702: 7700:Further reading 7697: 7644: 7640: 7593: 7589: 7579: 7577: 7542: 7538: 7495: 7491: 7448: 7441: 7431: 7429: 7394: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7364: 7360: 7323: 7319: 7276: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7217: 7210: 7195: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7133: 7129: 7086: 7082: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6943: 6939: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6786: 6782: 6763: 6756: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6662: 6647: 6631: 6630: 6623: 6621: 6606: 6602: 6592: 6590: 6583:The Japan Times 6575: 6571: 6566:Wayback Machine 6551: 6549: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6454: 6445: 6435: 6433: 6432:on 12 July 2012 6416: 6412: 6405: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6360: 6356: 6335:(82): 435–451. 6323: 6319: 6312: 6298: 6294: 6289:Wayback Machine 6260:10.1.1.477.5034 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6064:livescience.com 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6005:. 28 May 2008. 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5961: 5957: 5948:Wayback Machine 5896: 5894: 5893:on 18 June 2008 5879: 5875: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5801:Farrell, Warren 5798: 5794: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5728: 5724: 5691: 5684: 5651: 5647: 5614: 5603: 5596: 5577: 5566: 5559: 5537:Wayback Machine 5527: 5520: 5513: 5499: 5495: 5450: 5446: 5421:10.2307/3177729 5415:(3–4): 83–103. 5403: 5399: 5392: 5373: 5366: 5313: 5309: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5249:Kimmel, Michael 5245: 5241: 5230: 5212:Wayback Machine 5193: 5191: 5165: 5163: 5133: 5131: 5091: 5068: 5061: 5018: 5014: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4924: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4877: 4873: 4834: 4830: 4797: 4793: 4770: 4766: 4760:Wayback Machine 4749: 4745: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4639:Wayback Machine 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4594: 4590: 4581: 4559: 4532: 4530: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4394: 4390: 4349: 4345: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4285:Wayback Machine 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4117:Wayback Machine 4110:Gender warriors 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4045:Wayback Machine 4035: 4031: 4024: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3973: 3969: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3927:Invented Bears" 3921: 3920: 3916: 3903: 3901: 3858: 3854: 3841: 3839: 3796: 3792: 3779: 3777: 3769:The Independent 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3613: 3606: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3522:Tatchell, Peter 3519: 3515: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3389: 3358: 3354: 3348:Wayback Machine 3333: 3326: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083:Wayback Machine 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3008: 3004: 2951: 2947: 2921:10.1.1.183.9867 2889: 2887: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2846: 2842: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2711:Wayback Machine 2701: 2697: 2690: 2672:Wayback Machine 2662: 2658: 2639:Cultural Values 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2369:on 14 May 2011. 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2331: 2312: 2303: 2296: 2280: 2265: 2260:Wayback Machine 2245: 2243: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2143: 2139: 2134:Wayback Machine 2119: 2117: 2092: 2088: 2045: 2041: 2030: 2022:. p. 248. 2007: 2003: 1996: 1976:"Assertiveness" 1972: 1968: 1955: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1865: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1826: 1808: 1804: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1765: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1742: 1726: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1694: 1678: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1646: 1630: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1600: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1549:Men's World Day 1519: 1444:gender equality 1440: 1420: 1401: 1376: 1328: 1319: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1292: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1256: 1185: 1177:Main articles: 1175: 1143: 1098: 1080: 1053:Thomas Holbrook 1051:. Psychiatrist 1044:objectification 1036: 1016:historiographic 989: 981:gender policing 888: 790: 777: 741: 735: 708:men's movements 628:female pronouns 540: 534: 484:gender identity 470:and is part of 455: 423: 417: 400: 365: 303: 275:Germanic tribes 225: 213: 158:Western society 143: 74: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9497: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9326:Michael Kimmel 9323: 9318: 9316:Warren Farrell 9313: 9308: 9302: 9300: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9281:United Kingdom 9278: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9223: 9221:Men's movement 9217: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9098:Patrilineality 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9073:Paper abortion 9070: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9037:Gender pay gap 9034: 9029: 9023: 9021: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8967:Men in America 8958: 8957: 8951: 8938: 8937:External links 8935: 8934: 8933: 8927: 8914: 8908: 8898:Male fantasies 8888: 8882: 8869: 8852: 8846: 8829: 8823: 8808: 8802: 8786: 8780: 8763: 8757: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8705: 8677: 8633: 8610: 8604: 8591: 8585: 8572: 8566: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8543: 8523: 8506: 8501: 8488: 8482: 8466: 8461:Ottawa Citizen 8455: 8444: 8438: 8420: 8402:(2): 103–128. 8389: 8383: 8370: 8364: 8349: 8343: 8330: 8320:(1): 409–432. 8303: 8293:(3): 369–395. 8276: 8270: 8250: 8233: 8220: 8200: 8194: 8176: 8158:(3): 375–390. 8145: 8139: 8119: 8101:(2): 122–139. 8089: 8036: 8030: 8014:Eldredge, John 8010: 7992:(3): 301–320. 7978: 7907: 7901: 7883: 7873:(3): 337–364. 7853: 7844: 7816: 7810: 7797: 7792:978-1876451882 7791: 7775: 7769: 7756: 7727: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7658:(2): 181–202. 7638: 7607:(4): 929–943. 7587: 7556:(5): 467–501. 7536: 7509:(3): 173–191. 7489: 7439: 7408:(2): 266–287. 7385: 7358: 7317: 7270: 7231:(5): 503–523. 7208: 7205:(17): 128–173. 7186: 7147:(2): 251–280. 7127: 7100:(3): 721–745. 7080: 7041: 7008:(2): 169–179. 6988: 6957:(2): 168–187. 6937: 6910:(4): 530–536. 6890: 6859:(1): 118–138. 6839: 6800:(3): 249–266. 6780: 6754: 6707: 6676:(4): 657–671. 6645: 6600: 6569: 6524: 6517: 6497: 6490: 6472: 6466: 6443: 6410: 6403: 6381: 6375:978-0333593226 6374: 6354: 6317: 6310: 6292: 6253:(4): 353–367. 6237: 6202: 6196:978-0122272455 6195: 6171: 6148:(3): 259–265. 6128: 6121: 6101: 6069: 6051: 6020: 5988: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5873: 5852:10.2307/622614 5838:(2): 199–213. 5820: 5813: 5792: 5747: 5740: 5722: 5703:(3): 419–431. 5682: 5645: 5626:(1): 163–185. 5601: 5594: 5564: 5557: 5518: 5511: 5493: 5444: 5397: 5390: 5364: 5327:(3): 693–701. 5307: 5272: 5265: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5228: 5201: 5172: 5140: 5102: 5101: 5089: 5059: 5032:(5): 559–573. 5012: 4971: 4908: 4901: 4871: 4828: 4809:(6): 616–623. 4791: 4780:(2): 147–168. 4764: 4743: 4716: 4710:978-1450417594 4709: 4691: 4660: 4653: 4623: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4579: 4563: 4557: 4509:(5): 622–633. 4487: 4480: 4452: 4445: 4425: 4388: 4343: 4306: 4299: 4269: 4235:(4): 530–548. 4212: 4175: 4168: 4144: 4137: 4101: 4074: 4067: 4029: 4022: 3997: 3990: 3967: 3950: 3914: 3872:(2): 246–257. 3852: 3810:(2): 345–352. 3790: 3754: 3718: 3667: 3634: 3604: 3578: 3547: 3513: 3508:10.1086/449528 3484: 3477: 3471:. p. 19. 3448: 3435: 3416:(6): 728–751. 3400: 3387: 3368:(2): 125–151. 3352: 3324: 3314:Butler, Judith 3306: 3297: 3262: 3236: 3217:. Here Press. 3200: 3167: 3108: 3095: 3086: 3065: 3051: 3029: 3022: 3002: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2914:(3): 583–594. 2867: 2856:(2): 221–243. 2840: 2805: 2792: 2779: 2766: 2753: 2740: 2733: 2695: 2688: 2656: 2645:(2): 213–234. 2629: 2599: 2562: 2530: 2521: 2491: 2462: 2432: 2402: 2372: 2348: 2329: 2301: 2294: 2263: 2197: 2190: 2176:Butler, Judith 2167: 2160: 2146:Flood, Michael 2137: 2100:(PhD thesis). 2086: 2059:(2): 219–237. 2039: 2028: 2001: 1994: 1966: 1953: 1935:"Introduction" 1925: 1918: 1882: 1863: 1843: 1824: 1802: 1784: 1777: 1759: 1740: 1711: 1692: 1663: 1644: 1617: 1598: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1439: 1436: 1419: 1416: 1400: 1397: 1375: 1372: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1279: 1277: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1174: 1171: 1142: 1139: 1118:In their book 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1079: 1076: 1035: 1032: 988: 985: 902:. Fighting in 887: 884: 848:weight lifting 821:male dominance 789: 786: 776: 773: 761:Raewyn Connell 737:Main article: 734: 731: 700:gay liberation 659:LGBT community 576:adds that the 574:Michael Kimmel 551:Peter Tatchell 533: 530: 507:male genitalia 454: 451: 419:Main article: 416: 413: 399: 396: 378:Erving Goffman 364: 361: 341:Thomas Carlyle 302: 299: 256: 255: 252: 234:, hero of the 224: 221: 217:Raewyn Connell 212: 209: 142: 139: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9496: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9454: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9432: 9431:Androcentrism 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9342: 9341:Bettina Arndt 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9286:United States 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9181:Herbivore men 9179: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9134:Men's shelter 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9078:Paternal bond 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8942:Bibliographic 8930: 8928:9780841912816 8924: 8920: 8915: 8911: 8909:9780816614516 8905: 8900: 8899: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8883:9780415938815 8879: 8875: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8847:9780130281425 8843: 8838: 8837: 8830: 8826: 8824:9781884964336 8820: 8816: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8803:9780199781553 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8781:9780253213433 8777: 8772: 8771: 8764: 8760: 8758:9780415623070 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8623:(48): 24–27. 8622: 8618: 8617: 8616:Nursing Times 8611: 8607: 8605:9781349368242 8601: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8586:9781329542730 8582: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8567:9780060950989 8563: 8559: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8544:9780304328086 8540: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8524:9780415909914 8520: 8515: 8514: 8507: 8504: 8502:9780813533735 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8483:9780399129926 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8456: 8453:. Malden, MA. 8452: 8451: 8445: 8441: 8439:9780300106640 8435: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8384:9780814746943 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8344:9780465039166 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8271:9780205321056 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8195:9780415969277 8191: 8187: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8146: 8142: 8140:9780822322436 8136: 8131: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8037: 8033: 8031:9780785218951 8027: 8022: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7902:9780877736035 7898: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7824:Modern Family 7821: 7817: 7813: 7811:9780470516560 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7770:9781281062505 7766: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7444: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7390: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7213: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7191: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 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Ask Men. 5786:2066/116820 5769:(1): 5–18. 5257:Men's lives 5194:20 November 5166:20 November 5134:20 November 4964:21 December 4922:" magazine" 4616:10 December 4262:19 February 2821:: 291–312. 2235:10453/44221 2120:18 November 1544:Gender role 1507:Afghanistan 1460:Afghanistan 1364:Tayeb Salih 1345:Afghanistan 1124:Dan Kindlon 880:gender role 836:competition 685:Second-wave 671:facial hair 605:gay culture 593:transgender 582:patriarchal 443:epigenetics 398:Development 369:breadwinner 337:masculinity 205:androgynous 196:theories). 95:Masculinity 9468:Categories 9426:Androcracy 9306:Robert Bly 9266:By country 9186:Manosphere 8734:Historical 8069:1903/24529 7849:Herald Sun 7580:24 October 7432:24 October 7378:23 October 7263:24 October 7179:24 October 7034:24 October 6981:24 October 6883:24 October 6832:24 October 6777:(1): 1–24. 6094:13 January 6034:askmen.com 6028:Lee, Ian. 5288:(4): 413. 4542:Review of: 4094:11 October 3693:See also: 3571:11 January 2622:4 November 2592:4 November 2555:4 November 2539:"Arminius" 2514:4 November 2484:4 November 2455:4 November 2425:4 November 2110:1004500685 1875:17 January 1610:26 October 1571:References 1539:Femininity 1468:oppression 1418:Fatherhood 1094:See also: 937:alcoholism 864:motorsport 860:ice hockey 840:aggression 813:lesbianism 769:patriarchy 757:leadership 667:subculture 536:See also: 496:effeminacy 353:Brummelism 295:Germanicus 174:leadership 150:Lewis Hine 135:femininity 9405:Male rape 9271:Australia 9214:Movements 9004:Masculism 8792:(2012) . 8695:cite book 8629:937998604 8429:Manliness 8416:145124069 8172:145584255 8115:143576618 8006:146256628 7929:CiteSeerX 7725:(11): 31. 7672:1097-184X 7633:0021-9118 7570:145452643 7531:149873689 7523:1573-2762 7503:Sex Roles 7484:150074837 7476:0966-369X 7422:149213138 7353:0008-0055 7312:149873689 7304:0360-0025 7284:Sex Roles 7253:142050341 7245:1097-184X 7169:149917168 7161:0957-6851 7122:212780718 7114:1355-5855 7075:1361-2026 7024:2502-3837 7002:Informasi 6971:150733468 6932:148885845 6924:1461-6742 6873:145119356 6822:149389725 6814:1742-7665 6741:1355-2074 6690:0305-750X 6349:143116739 6277:143193100 6255:CiteSeerX 5868:147461986 5717:145772531 5677:144245717 5640:144767677 5488:162012479 5341:1557-9883 5302:143771206 5186:. 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