850:
62:
40:
321:
974:
species have a long use in traditional medicine, extracts being used for their real or supposed aphrodisiac, hypnotic, emetic, purgative, sedative, and pain-killing effects. Tropane alkaloids are known to be effective as analgesics and anaesthetics, and can be used to increase circulation and dilate
888:
species. More than 80 substances have been identified; their paper gives the detailed chemical structure of 37 of them. The different parts of the plant contain different proportions and concentrations of alkaloids, with the roots having the highest concentrations. Alkaloids present include
1963:
Tuttolomondo, Teresa; Licata, Mario; Leto, Claudio; Savo, Valentina; Bonsangue, Giuseppe; Gargano, Maria
Letizia; Venturella, Giuseppe & La Bella, Salvatore (2014), "Ethnobotanical investigation on wild medicinal plants in the Monti Sicani Regional Park (Sicily, Italy)",
1404:
Tu, Tieyao; Volis, Sergei; Dillon, Michael O.; Sun, Hang & Wen, Jun (2010). "Dispersals of
Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae (Solanaceae) from the New World to Eurasia in the early Miocene and their biogeographic diversification within Eurasia".
491:) suggest that there are two clades in the genus - one based in the Mediterranean and beyond to Turkmenistan and Iran, and one in the Sino-Himalayan region. A simplified cladogram based on these studies is shown below. In one of the studies,
1002:
alkaloids and the sometimes vaguely humanoid shape of their roots have led to mandrakes being associated with a variety of myths and superstitious practices throughout history. However, the plants used in this way are not always species of
283:
are perennial herbaceous plants. They have large vertical tap roots, sometimes forked. Their stems are short or virtually absent. The leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant. The flowers are sometimes borne on a short stalk
467:
suggest that the genus belongs in the large subfamily
Solanoideae, but that within this subfamily, it is one of a number of isolated genera with no immediate relatives. It has thus been placed in its own tribe, Mandragoreae.
1848:
Jiménez-Mejías, M.E.; Montaño-Díaz, M.; López Pardo, F.; Campos Jiménez, E.; Martín
Cordero, M.C.; Ayuso González, M.J. & González de la Puente, M.A. (1990-11-24), "Intoxicación atropínica por
834:). Stems sometimes present; petals dark purple or yellow; berry globose. Considerably variable in size and appearance, possibly justifying dividing the taxon into subspecies or even species.
1469:
Särkinen, Tiina; Bohs, Lynn; Olmstead, Richard G. & Knapp, Sandra (2013), "A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000-tip tree",
918:
1443:
Olmstead, Richard G.; Bohs, Lynn; Migid, Hala Abdel; Santiago-Valentin, Eugenio; Garcia, Vicente F. & Collier, Sarah M. (2008), "A molecular phylogeny of the
Solanaceae",
376:
and their scientific names. Dioscorides was among those who distinguished between "male" and "female" mandrakes, a distinction used in 1764 when
Garsault published the names
418:. Using statistical analysis of morphological characters, Ungricht et al. found no distinct clusters among the specimens they examined and concluded that Linnaeus's
914:
728:. Virtually stemless; petals 1.2–6.5 cm (0.5–2.6 in) long, greenish white through blue to violet; berry globose to ovoid, yellow to orange when ripe.
1998:
Shengji, Pei; Huyin, Huai & Lixin, Yang (2009), "Medicinal Plants and Their
Conservation in China with Reference to the Chinese Himalayan Region",
384:. The size and shape of the fruit and the colour and time of appearance of the flowers have been used to distinguish possible species. In the 1820s,
2238:
2277:
372:
Jackson and Berry (1979) and
Ungricht et al. (1998) have documented the subsequent confusion over the number of Mediterranean species of
1167:
Hawkes, J.G. (1972). "Mandragora". In Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.).
2303:
2186:
2251:
2199:
745:
confined to northern Italy and parts of the coast of former
Yugoslavia. Some more recent sources distinguish plants found in the
677:
1086:""Hexing Herbs" in Ethnobotanical Perspective: A Historical Review of the Uses of Anticholinergic Solanaceae Plants in Europe"
431:
differently. Plants from the western
Mediterranean, from Turkey westwards to the Iberian peninsula and Morocco, are placed in
1176:
2256:
1918:"Common anticholinergic solanaceaous plants of temperate Europe - A review of intoxications from the literature (1966–2018)"
1724:"Common anticholinergic solanaceaous plants of temperate Europe - A review of intoxications from the literature (1966–2018)"
1032:"Common anticholinergic solanaceaous plants of temperate Europe - A review of intoxications from the literature (1966–2018)"
1192:
949:) include severe symptoms similar to those of atropine poisoning, including blurred vision, dilation of the pupils (
953:), dryness of the mouth, difficulty in urinating, dizziness, headache, vomiting, blushing, and a rapid heart rate (
2282:
2225:
2321:
2264:
660:
through the agency of birds, with the main split between the species occurring around 10 million years ago.
1692:
2113:
2108:
1356:
20:
2178:
2165:
1132:
2375:
2316:
472:
61:
1769:
975:
pupils, among other effects. Hyoscine and anisodamine are used medicinally in China. Continued use of
877:
849:
2204:
1534:
1239:
1224:
780:). Stemless; petals 2.3–2.7 cm (0.9–1.1 in) long, violet; berry yellow, strongly aromatic.
252:. Individual flowers are bell-shaped, whitish through to violet, and followed by yellow or orange
2308:
2173:
1917:
1723:
1031:
827:
464:
1878:
Piccillo, Giovita A.; Mondati, Enrico G. M. & Moro, Paola A. (2002), "Six clinical cases of
1772:; Řezanka, Tomáš; Spížek, Jaroslav & Dembitsky, Valery M. (2005), "Substances isolated from
2160:
2051:
761:
487:
347:
48:
2243:
463:, being grouped together in the same tribe or subtribe as at least the first of these genera.
910:
784:
704:
481:
2295:
2370:
2134:
2089:
684:. Three species are accepted in a 1998 review of the genus and by GRIN. Other sources keep
268:
8:
2380:
1658:
1013:) is explicitly mentioned as the source of a "mandrake" or "mandragora" in some sources.
230:
1308:
2342:
1945:
1831:
1810:
Razzakov, N. A.; Aripova, S. F.; Akhmedova, E. & Karimov, A. (1998), "Alkaloids of
1751:
1612:
1493:
1212:
1113:
1059:
56:
1085:
2290:
2121:
2031:
1981:
1949:
1937:
1899:
1895:
1861:
1793:
1755:
1743:
1498:
1422:
1276:
1172:
1117:
1105:
1063:
1051:
777:
385:
341:
1835:
1789:
1696:
1616:
1136:
2347:
2126:
2007:
1973:
1929:
1891:
1847:
1823:
1785:
1735:
1604:
1488:
1478:
1452:
1414:
1097:
1043:
873:
249:
241:
2100:
1933:
1739:
1047:
238:
99:
2269:
1418:
1101:
999:
957:). Hyperactivity and hallucinations also occurred in the majority of patients.
881:
753:, one difference being that the seeds are more than twice as large as those of
673:
402:
352:
309:
301:
285:
253:
86:
1977:
1608:
475:
of the Mediterranean mandrakes. Two studies that separate plants found in the
2364:
2074:
2035:
2012:
1483:
1109:
717:
435:; plants from the eastern Mediterranean, from Syria to Israel, are placed in
336:
300:
are shorter than the petals, joined to the floral tube towards the base. The
267:
that make the plants poisonous. Their roots in particular have a long use in
182:
39:
1595:(Solanaceae) in Iran: a new distribution record for an endangered species".
966:
844:
320:
2334:
1985:
1941:
1903:
1797:
1747:
1502:
1426:
1055:
902:
898:
769:
1865:
2212:
2083:
954:
930:
906:
894:
861:
656:
is suggested to have originated around 20 million years ago, arriving in
234:
155:
1630:
1563:
2191:
1827:
1456:
945:
427:
237:. Two or three further species are found eastwards into China. All are
218:
145:
2217:
936:
Clinical reports of the effects of consumption of plants described as
396:, the autumn-flowering mandrake. Identifying the former as Linnaeus's
2147:
1508:
995:
991:) has been listed as a Chinese medicinal plant needing conservation.
950:
649:
135:
2045:
2329:
2068:
890:
853:
713:
669:
264:
245:
222:
125:
112:
2152:
1442:
355:
of the genus. (Linnaeus later changed his mind and in 1759 placed
2230:
1009:
823:
819:
657:
229:
are placed in the genus. The one or two species found around the
226:
1809:
980:
857:
831:
815:
746:
725:
476:
459:
453:
361:
305:
297:
2139:
1695:. In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.).
1355:
Ungricht, Stefan; Knapp, Sandra & Press, John R. (1998).
1286:. In Hawkes, J.G.; Lester, R.N. & Skelding, A.D. (eds.).
1135:. In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.).
811:
807:
721:
668:
As of March 2015, major online plant databases (such as
293:
289:
214:
211:
73:
1768:
773:
1962:
1185:
485:) from those found in the rest of the Mediterranean area (
271:. Mandrakes are involved in many myths and superstitions.
1514:
1468:
737:
or considered a separate species. Older sources consider
1591:
Akhania, Hossein & Ghorbanib, Abdol-Basset (2003). "
308:). After fertilization, a yellow or orange fruit forms (
1169:
Flora Europaea, Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae
1438:
1436:
1365:
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Botany Series
1556:
741:
to the main species found in the Mediterranean with
422:
is a single, variable species. Other sources divide
288:), and are solitary, with whorls of five parts. The
1877:
1691:Zhang, Zhi-Yun; Lu, Anmin & D'Arcy, William G.
1623:
1131:Zhang, Zhi-Yun; Lu, Anmin & D'Arcy, William G.
680:) accept different numbers of species in the genus
233:constitute the mandrake of ancient writers such as
1956:
1841:
1803:
1762:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1462:
1433:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1354:
1275:Jackson, Betty P. & Berry, Michael I. (1979).
1997:
1281:- taxonomy and chemistry of the European species"
2362:
2030:, trans. Ross Nichols, New York: Citadel Press,
1590:
1403:
1171:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–200.
868:Like many members of the Solanaceae, species of
259:Like many members of the Solanaceae, species of
1520:
1382:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
442:
1991:
1871:
1651:
1301:
872:contain highly biologically active alkaloids,
471:Within the genus, studies have used different
1690:
1130:
1124:
451:has been considered to be closely related to
1274:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1070:
388:used flowering time to name two species as
1916:Fatur, Karsten; Kreft, Samo (April 2020).
1915:
1722:Fatur, Karsten; Kreft, Samo (April 2020).
1721:
1584:
1290:. London: Academic Press. pp. 505–512
1288:The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae
1030:Fatur, Karsten; Kreft, Samo (April 2020).
1029:
38:
2025:
2011:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1492:
1482:
1257:
296:, both in the shape of a lobed bell. The
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1237:
848:
319:
2363:
2019:
1884:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
1679:
1166:
2050:
2049:
1882:poisoning: diagnosis and treatment",
1407:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1329:
1231:
1083:
392:, the spring-flowering mandrake, and
221:). Members of the genus are known as
1162:
1160:
1158:
406:listed two Mediterranean species of
217:belonging to the nightshade family (
292:are joined at the base, as are the
263:contain highly biologically active
13:
1194:IPNI Plant Name Query Results for
14:
2392:
2028:The History and Practice of Magic
1852:: descripción de quince casos ",
1155:
979:in folk medicine was reported in
351:was described, which is thus the
1896:10.1097/00063110-200212000-00010
345:where the Mediterranean species
60:
2322:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:38432-1
1909:
1790:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.07.016
1715:
818:and parts of China (south-east
648:The Solanaceae are primarily a
1816:Chemistry of Natural Compounds
1023:
465:Molecular phylogenetic studies
274:
1:
1934:10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.005
1740:10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.005
1048:10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.005
1016:
929:are also reported to contain
1966:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1597:Systematics and Biodiversity
1084:Fatur, Karsten (June 2020).
443:Classification and phylogeny
248:and leaves in the form of a
196:
7:
1419:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.007
1196:Mandragora officinarum
838:
315:
10:
2397:
1102:10.1007/s12231-020-09498-w
964:
842:
663:
335:was first used in 1753 by
18:
2058:
1978:10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.032
1609:10.1017/S1477200003001105
1357:"A revision of the genus
1244:Species Plantarum, vol. 1
919:3α,6β-ditigloyloxytropane
614:
599:
592:
568:
544:
529:
522:
515:
508:
225:. Between three and five
194:
189:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
2026:Christian, Paul (1963),
2013:10.1163/157342109X568810
1543:GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
1484:10.1186/1471-2148-13-214
1471:BMC Evolutionary Biology
967:Mandrake § Folklore
856:is a mixture of D and L
845:Mandrake § Toxicity
793:Mandragora chinghaiensis
678:GRIN Taxonomy for Plants
617:Mandragora chinghaiensis
339:in the first edition of
1693:"Mandragora caulescens"
1007:; for example, bryony (
960:
733:may be included within
1812:Mandragora turcomanica
1593:Mandragora turcomanica
1566:Mandragora turcomanica
1515:Särkinen et al. (2013)
1311:Mandragora officinarum
865:
762:Mandragora turcomanica
697:Mandragora officinarum
571:Mandragora officinarum
532:Mandragora turcomanica
488:Mandragora officinarum
348:Mandragora officinarum
328:
325:Mandragora officinarum
49:Mandragora officinarum
1880:Mandragora autumnalis
1850:Mandragora autumnalis
1633:Mandragora caulescens
1238:Linnaeus, C. (1753).
989:M. chinghaiensis
860:, the L isomer being
852:
785:Mandragora caulescens
751:Mandragora autumnalis
712:Central and southern
705:Mandragora autumnalis
692:as separate species.
690:M. chinghaiensis
602:Mandragora caulescens
547:Mandragora autumnalis
493:M. chinghaiensis
482:Mandragora autumnalis
394:Mandragora autumnalis
323:
1659:"Search results for
1535:"Search results for
915:3α-tigloyloxytropane
880:et al. reviewed the
495:was embedded within
269:traditional medicine
19:For other uses, see
1517:, additional file 2
927:M. turcomanica
800:Mandragora tibetica
755:M. officinarum
743:M. officinarum
735:M. officinarum
720:area, eastwards to
716:and throughout the
433:M. officinarum
424:M. officinarum
420:M. officinarum
412:M. officinarum
398:M. officinarum
390:Mandragora vernalis
357:M. officinarum
327:with violet flowers
310:botanically a berry
1828:10.1007/BF02336107
1457:10.1002/tax.574010
985:M. caulescens
977:M. autumnalis
923:M. caulescens
866:
796:Kuang & A.M.Lu
739:M. autumnalis
731:M. autumnalis
686:M. autumnalis
497:M. caulescens
437:M. autumnalis
416:M. autumnalis
382:Mandragora foemina
329:
304:has two chambers (
2376:Solanaceae genera
2358:
2357:
2291:Open Tree of Life
2052:Taxon identifiers
1784:(20): 2408–2417,
1178:978-0-521-08489-5
874:tropane alkaloids
804:
797:
790:
778:Golestan Province
767:
710:
701:
645:
644:
636:
635:
627:
626:
581:
580:
557:
556:
386:Antonio Bertoloni
342:Species Plantarum
242:herbaceous plants
203:
202:
185:
2388:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2270:NHMSYS0020823397
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2015:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1854:Medicina Clínica
1845:
1839:
1838:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1688:
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1674:
1673:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1621:
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1579:
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1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1531:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1486:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1451:(4): 1159–1181,
1440:
1431:
1430:
1413:(3): 1226–1237.
1401:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1352:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1272:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1027:
994:The presence of
802:
795:
788:
765:
708:
699:
595:
594:
525:
524:
518:
517:
511:
510:
503:
502:
473:circumscriptions
400:, works such as
181:
65:
64:
42:
28:
27:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2024:
2020:
1996:
1992:
1961:
1957:
1914:
1910:
1876:
1872:
1860:(18): 689–692,
1846:
1842:
1808:
1804:
1770:Hanuš, Lumír O.
1767:
1763:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1698:Flora of China
1689:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1467:
1463:
1441:
1434:
1402:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1353:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1273:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1138:Flora of China
1129:
1125:
1090:Economic Botany
1082:
1071:
1028:
1024:
1019:
969:
963:
876:in particular.
847:
841:
806:
768:
729:
711:
666:
646:
637:
628:
582:
558:
447:Traditionally,
445:
318:
277:
180:
59:
24:
17:
16:Genus of plants
12:
11:
5:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:wfo-4000023017
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2157:
2144:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2095:
2080:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2018:
2006:(2): 273–290,
2000:Asian Medicine
1990:
1972:(3): 568–586,
1955:
1908:
1890:(4): 342–347,
1870:
1840:
1822:(6): 741–742,
1802:
1778:Phytochemistry
1761:
1714:
1678:
1667:The Plant List
1650:
1622:
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1706:. Retrieved
1701:
1697:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1660:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1635:C.B. Clarke"
1632:
1625:
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1592:
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1575:. Retrieved
1571:
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1547:. Retrieved
1542:
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1373:. Retrieved
1368:
1364:
1358:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1310:
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1240:"Mandragora"
1233:
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1193:
1187:
1168:
1146:. Retrieved
1141:
1137:
1133:"Mandragora"
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1035:
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942:M. offinarum
941:
937:
935:
926:
922:
913:(hyoscine),
903:cuscohygrine
899:belladonnine
885:
869:
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770:Turkmenistan
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166:Mandragoreae
165:
119:
106:
93:
80:
47:
31:
25:
2371:Solanoideae
2213:iNaturalist
2084:Wikispecies
955:tachycardia
931:anisodamine
911:scopolamine
907:hyoscyamine
895:apoatropine
862:hyoscyamine
791:(including
279:Species of
275:Description
235:Dioscorides
156:Solanoideae
152:Subfamily:
100:Angiosperms
2381:Oneirogens
2365:Categories
2090:Mandragora
2060:Mandragora
1776:species",
1774:Mandragora
1708:2015-03-30
1672:2015-03-29
1661:Mandragora
1644:2015-03-29
1577:2015-03-29
1549:2015-03-29
1537:Mandragora
1477:(1): 214,
1375:2015-03-31
1371:(1): 17–40
1359:Mandragora
1322:2015-04-02
1294:2015-03-29
1279:Mandragora
1250:2015-03-29
1204:2015-03-29
1148:2015-03-30
1017:References
1005:Mandragora
972:Mandragora
946:sensu lato
886:Mandragora
870:Mandragora
843:See also:
789:C.B.Clarke
682:Mandragora
654:Mandragora
449:Mandragora
428:sensu lato
408:Mandragora
374:Mandragora
333:Mandragora
331:The genus
281:Mandragora
261:Mandragora
219:Solanaceae
207:Mandragora
177:Mandragora
146:Solanaceae
32:Mandragora
21:Mandragora
2036:301220772
1950:213559151
1928:: 52–88.
1756:213559151
1734:: 52–88.
1223:ignored (
1213:cite book
1118:220844064
1110:0013-0001
1064:213559151
1042:: 52–88.
996:deliriant
983:in 2014.
951:mydriasis
652:family.
650:New World
265:alkaloids
246:tap roots
239:perennial
223:mandrakes
136:Solanales
70:Kingdom:
2335:40013146
2330:Tropicos
2069:Wikidata
1986:24632020
1942:32217234
1904:12501035
1836:27501840
1798:16137728
1748:32217234
1700:(online)
1639:Tropicos
1617:85903719
1572:Tropicos
1503:24283922
1427:20858548
1140:(online)
1056:32217234
891:atropine
854:Atropine
839:Toxicity
714:Portugal
670:Tropicos
316:Taxonomy
197:See text
190:Species
142:Family:
126:Asterids
113:Eudicots
2244:1101638
2231:38432-1
2192:2928728
2075:Q212742
1922:Toxicon
1866:2087109
1728:Toxicon
1494:3850475
1036:Toxicon
1010:Bryonia
858:isomers
826:, east
824:Sichuan
822:, west
820:Qinghai
709:Bertol.
664:Species
658:Eurasia
306:locules
298:stamens
254:berries
250:rosette
227:species
172:Genus:
162:Tribe:
132:Order:
74:Plantae
2304:PLANTS
2296:442498
2257:500625
2218:337455
2179:119600
2166:119600
2114:438840
2101:192388
2098:APDB:
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981:Sicily
917:, and
832:Yunnan
816:Bhutan
803:Grubov
747:Levant
726:Jordan
676:, and
477:Levant
460:Lycium
454:Atropa
362:Atropa
294:petals
290:sepals
2309:MANDR
2283:24647
2239:IRMNG
2153:1MNDG
2140:61639
2127:62ZLN
1946:S2CID
1832:S2CID
1752:S2CID
1613:S2CID
1568:Mizg"
1445:Taxon
1284:(PDF)
1277:"39.
1114:S2CID
1060:S2CID
878:Hanuš
812:Nepal
808:India
766:Mizg.
722:Syria
302:ovary
286:scape
215:genus
212:plant
210:is a
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
2317:POWO
2278:NCBI
2252:ITIS
2226:IPNI
2205:7226
2200:GRIN
2187:GBIF
2148:EPPO
2109:BOLD
2032:OCLC
1982:PMID
1938:PMID
1900:PMID
1862:PMID
1794:PMID
1744:PMID
1499:PMID
1423:PMID
1225:help
1173:ISBN
1106:ISSN
1052:PMID
998:and
987:(as
961:Uses
925:and
774:Iran
724:and
702:and
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380:and
2343:WFO
2265:NBN
2174:FoC
2161:FNA
2135:EoL
2122:CoL
2008:doi
1974:doi
1970:153
1930:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
