53:
124:
143:
182:
60:
249:
Activists gathered in the summer of 1984 to discuss remedies to the imbalance of power they perceived between communities within the greater city of Boston, as it had expanded through annexations in the 19th century. Leaders spoke of the relationship between Black residents and City Hall as that of a
308:
A non-binding referendum question about succession appeared on the ballot in 1986, on
November 4. Nearly 50,000 people voted in the referendum. The proposal failed, with 73 percent voting against it. The measure did not win in any precinct, and fared worst in the predominantly Black neighborhoods.
300:
Jones said that Black neighborhoods had "a colonial relationship with the city of Boston" because they were not given adequate public funds. Opponents, including some of Boston's black ministers, Roxbury state representative
262:
The proposal to create
Mandela sought to carve out a new, 12-square-mile city in the heart of Boston, which would comprise about 22 percent of Boston's 600,000 population, including most of its black residents.
250:"colony," in an era when apartheid in the Republic of South Africa, notions of community control were under discussion, and a decade after the upheavals created in Boston by efforts at school desegregation and
317:
The plan was put back on the ballot in 1988, when it was also defeated. In 1989, Jones proposed a longer-range commission that would study the impacts of turning a neighborhood into an independent city.
294:
1081:
1061:
780:
1066:
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954:""Separatist City": The Mandela, Massachusetts (Roxbury) Movement and the Politics of Incorporation, Self-Determination, and Community Control, 1986–1988"
709:""Separatist City": The Mandela, Massachusetts (Roxbury) Movement and the Politics of Incorporation, Self-Determination, and Community Control, 1986–1988"
185:
A map of Boston, Massachusetts, USA highlighting in blue the precincts that would have been included in the proposed new city of
Mandela, Massachusetts.
84:
1071:
305:
and Mayor
Raymond L. Flynn, claimed the new municipality would undermine gains and create a community with annual deficit of $ 135 million.
736:." Ph.D. diss. University of Southern California, 2002 (especially chapter 7, "The Greater Roxbury Incorporation Project," pages 229–285).
1076:
924:
684:
52:
290:
984:
898:
813:
289:
Other community-based organizations in Boston doing work around local Black and Brown residents' land control included the
167:
1015:
883:
251:
155:
1056:
274:) were the sponsors of the Mandela initiative; the co-leaders of the GRIP campaign were journalist and filmmaker
857:
160:
733:
755:
1043:
from Urban League of
Eastern Massachusetts records, Special Collections, Northeastern University Library
41:
precincts that would have formed
Mandela, Massachusetts in the 1986 and 1988 ballot question language.
232:
204:
734:
Recapturing
Suburbia: Urban Secession and the Politics of Growth in Los Angeles, Boston, and Seattle
116:
1040:
1086:
200:
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was also a proponent, and ran in 1983 as mayoral candidate against then city council member,
192:
was a proposed city that would have been formed as a result of some districts seceding from
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8:
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1030:
1016:
https://electionstats.state.ma.us/data/serve_file_pages_for_item/5550/BallotQuestion/
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965:
884:
https://electionstats.state.ma.us/data/serve_file_pages_for_item/5607/BallotQuestion/
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223:, and the movement was driven by Black community leaders. The name was inspired by
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996:
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792:
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224:
837:
Kennedy, Marie; Tilly, Chris (1986). "The
Mandela Campaign, An Overview".
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In 2017, Epicenter
Community held a panel discussion about the movement.
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135:
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729:(substantial and comprehensive article with extensive bibliography).
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279:
208:
1034:
193:
38:
1041:
Greater
Roxbury incorporation project: A new municipality.
925:"Bostonians Debating Drive to Carve Out a Black City"
241:
The proposal was defeated in 1986 and again in 1988.
1062:African and Black nationalism in the United States
1082:Post–civil rights era in African-American history
952:Miletsky, Zebulon; González, Tomás (2016-09-22).
899:"Mandela, MA and the bid to separate from Boston"
814:"Mandela, MA and the bid to separate from Boston"
707:Miletsky, Zebulon; González, Tomás (2016-09-22).
1048:
985:"Boston's Black Areas Mount New Secession Drive"
951:
706:
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1067:Proposed populated places in the United States
756:"Irate Blacks Pushing for Secession in Boston"
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16:Proposed City in Massachusetts, United States
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983:Hays, Constance L. (December 10, 1989).
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231:activist and political prisoner, later
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685:History of African Americans in Boston
295:Greater Roxbury Neighborhood Authority
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923:Butterfield, Fox (October 12, 1986).
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291:Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative
268:Greater Roxbury Incorporation Project
1072:Ethnic enclaves in the United States
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893:
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812:Pattison-Gordon, Jule (2017-09-13).
781:"In Boston, a Dream of Independence"
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1077:African-American history in Boston
805:
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199:The districts, including parts of
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1024:
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888:
779:Hornblower, Margot (1986-10-13).
72:Location within the United States
141:
122:
58:
51:
976:
858:"Boston Chooses to Stay Intact"
754:Shlachter, Barry (1986-09-07).
59:
916:
830:
37:Interactive map outlining the
1:
856:Page, Clarence (1986-11-09).
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23:Mandela County, Massachusetts
278:and architect Curtis Davis.
7:
1031:1986 news broadcast footage
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332:State Legislative District
215:, were populated mainly by
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1103:
680:Timeline of Boston history
313:1988 referendum and beyond
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233:President of South Africa
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1057:Neighborhoods in Boston
845:(5) – via EBSCO.
245:Background and impetus
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276:Andrew Philemon Jones
194:Boston, Massachusetts
184:
100:42.35806°N 71.06361°W
903:The Bay State Banner
818:The Bay State Banner
618:Seventeenth Suffolk
568:Fourteenth Suffolk
539:Thirteenth Suffolk
258:Referendums in 1986
105:42.35806; -71.06361
96: /
1037:about the proposal
732:Hogen-Esch, Tom. "
593:Fifteenth Suffolk
325:Referendum results
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760:Los Angeles Times
690:Black nationalism
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338:1988 Referendum
335:1986 Referendum
217:African-Americans
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81:Coordinates:
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30:Proposed City
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1000:. Retrieved
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932:. Retrieved
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907:. Retrieved
905:. 2017-09-13
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865:. Retrieved
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293:(DSNI) and
173:New England
103: /
1051:Categories
1002:2020-08-17
909:2020-08-18
867:2020-08-18
823:2020-08-18
798:2020-08-18
765:2020-08-18
741:References
205:Dorchester
91:71°03′49″W
88:42°21′29″N
997:0362-4331
970:2373-7743
934:17 August
793:0190-8286
725:2373-7743
229:Apartheid
213:South End
674:See also
297:(GRNA).
280:Mel King
211:and the
209:Mattapan
664:32,890
661:21,248
658:11,642
652:47,383
649:35,273
646:12,110
221:Latinos
201:Roxbury
190:Mandela
161:Suffolk
117:Country
66:Mandela
995:
968:
791:
723:
667:35.4%
655:25.6%
643:TOTAL
630:26.7%
627:4,457
624:3,266
621:1,191
605:20.2%
602:5,110
599:4,076
596:1,034
580:26.6%
577:5,956
574:4,371
571:1,585
563:29.2%
560:6,752
557:4,781
554:1,971
551:24.2%
548:4,356
545:3,301
542:1,055
534:35.4%
531:6,238
528:4,027
525:2,211
522:27.7%
519:5,279
516:3,819
513:1,460
505:40.9%
502:5,986
499:3,540
496:2,446
493:26.0%
490:5,189
487:3,841
484:1,348
476:41.7%
473:5,179
470:3,021
467:2,158
464:28.1%
461:5,137
458:3,691
455:1,446
447:32.7%
444:4,975
441:3,350
438:1,625
435:25.9%
432:2,646
429:1,962
418:32.7%
415:3,760
412:2,529
409:1,231
406:23.6%
403:4,349
400:3,322
397:1,027
381:26.1%
378:4,904
375:3,624
372:1,280
364:% YES
361:TOTAL
352:% YES
349:TOTAL
252:busing
168:Region
156:County
146:
39:Boston
1033:from
964:(1).
719:(1).
227:anti-
136:State
1035:WGBH
993:ISSN
966:ISSN
936:2020
789:ISSN
721:ISSN
426:684
355:YES
343:YES
272:GRIP
266:The
219:and
358:NO
346:NO
1053::
987:.
962:23
960:.
956:.
944:^
927:.
901:.
890:^
876:^
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843:20
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816:.
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783:.
758:.
717:23
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711:.
286:.
254:.
238:.
207:,
203:,
196:.
1005:.
972:.
938:.
912:.
870:.
826:.
801:.
768:.
727:.
270:(
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