237:
carrying the J2 haplotype, found more frequently in
Southwest Asian or Persian individuals compared to Sub-Saharan African individuals. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, was compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side. The proportion of female African DNA from the samples analyzed was quantified by the authors to be 100%.
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mortar. These building techniques are found only on islands and coastal areas of Kenya. This brick and mortar technology is unique to the previously mentioned areas whereas the bricks averaging about 18 cm (7") (which "match perfectly ...in measure") are unique for East Africa for this period,
190:
and glass, and local pottery dated by the associated imports. . Chittick defines 7 periods for occupation of Manda Island: Mid-9th to early 11th century, Mid-11th to late 13th century, late 13th to 14th century, 15th and early 16th century, Mid-16th to 17th century, and Post-seventeenth century. A
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built sometime between the 9th century to the 13th century. The walls parallel the shore and are built from large coral blocks. These walls were likely constructed to reclaim sections of the shoreline. Running parallel with the sea with returns running inland, these walls built from large coral
236:
DNA, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan
African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was
223:
Ancient DNA analysis has been completed for 3 buried Manda Island individuals in order to determine the proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. The location of the analyzed burials next to mosques is indicative of an elite status in the Manda society. The
358:
Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (March 2023).
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Introduction of foreign DNA was estimated to have occurred between 795-1085 AD. However, the authors indicate that this likely occurred over "multiple generations" and that mixture of
Eurasian and African populations have continually occurred since.
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Both Manda town and Takwa were probably abandoned due to a lack of water in the first half of the 19th century. In the 1960s the Kenya
Department of Agriculture recommended building several concrete catchments called
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At its peak, the town covered some 40 acres (160,000 m) and its population is estimated to have been about 3,500. Manda prospered until the 13th century when it began to decline.
697:
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213:" cash coin was found on Manda Island, illustrating the reach of Chinese explorers and trade. The coin was issued during the reign of the Yongle Emperor,
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The large scale excavations in 1966, 1970, and 1978 revealed a prosperity unrivaled in East Africa for the period. Signs of this prosperity include
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blocks are deduced to have been constructed partly to reclaim sections of the shore, and partly to consolidate the edges of the peninsula.
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in sailing ships entering the port. From the mid-9th century to the early 11th century buildings were also constructed from coral known as
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poles were probably also important. Early inhabitants of Manda constructed buildings with burnt square brick and stone and set with a
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The Takwa Ruins was a town in the period 1500-1700, and it was designated a Kenyan
National Monument in 1982.
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200:
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The Manda town ruins (on the
Northwest coast of Manda Island), were first explored by the archaeologist
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101:, while Manda Toto island lies to its west. The island is separated from the mainland by the narrow
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MANDA: Excavations at an Island Port on the Kenya Coast. British
Institute In Eastern Africa
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individuals were dated to between 1400-1500 AD. Analysis was completed of the individual's
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361:"Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast"
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during the 9th and 10th centuries. The chief trading commodity was probably
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were built and many families moved onto the island, farming maize,
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Quest for the Past. An historical guide to the Lamu
Archipelago.
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Takwa: An
Ancient Swahili Settlement of the Lamu Archipelago.
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Martin, Chryssee MacCasler Perry and Esmond
Bradley Martin:
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in 1965. The town owes its origins to trade with the
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269:Manda Airport is the only civilian airport in the
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85:, known for the prosperous 9th century ports of
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159:and are likely to have been brought in from
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27:
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113:to capture rain water on the island. Two
909:Archaeological history of Eastern Africa
93:. The island is now linked by ferry to
191:striking feature of the town are large
16:Island of the Lamu Archipelago of Kenya
904:Archaeological sites of Eastern Africa
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186:dating from the ninth century onward,
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884:Populated places in Coast Province
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899:Former populated places in Kenya
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209:it was reported that a Chinese "
660:Kiunga Marine National Reserve
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889:Archaeological sites in Kenya
713:Archaeological sites in Kenya
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283:Historic Swahili Settlements
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201:The pottery of Manda Island
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377:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w
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205:In the July 2013 issue of
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217:which lasted until 1424.
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894:Coastal islands of Kenya
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336:Chittick, 1984, p.11-12
315:Chittick, 1984, p. 217
798:Manemanya Pillar Site
655:Administrative Centre
446:Kenya Museum Society.
324:Chittick, 1984, p. 15
583:Manda Island Pottery
288:Swahili architecture
77:is an island of the
869:Swahili city-states
753:Kalokol Pillar Site
665:World Heritage Site
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442:Wilson, Thomas H.:
345:Martin, 1973, p. 26
306:Martin, 1973, p. 27
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412:Chittick, Neville
371:(7954): 866–873.
226:mitochondrial DNA
184:Chinese porcelain
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879:Lamu Archipelago
813:Njoro River Cave
763:Kaya (Mijikenda)
728:Enkapune Ya Muto
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513:Lamu Archipelago
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468:2.267°S 40.967°E
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271:Lamu Archipelago
163:, in modern-day
140:Neville Chittick
79:Lamu Archipelago
54:Lamu Archipelago
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748:Jumba la Mtwana
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437:Further reading
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97:and is home to
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473:-2.267; 40.967
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263:Main article:
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175:cut from dead
148:elephant ivory
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59:Administration
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578:Manda Airport
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259:Manda Airport
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230:autosomal DNA
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818:Olorgesailie
793:Manda Island
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562:Manda Island
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234:Y chromosome
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144:Persian Gulf
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125:and cotton.
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33:Takwa Ruins
22:Manda Island
18:
828:Pate Island
633:Kizingitini
593:Pate Island
521:Lamu Island
471: /
177:coral reefs
51:Archipelago
858:Categories
803:Mount Homa
773:Koobi Fora
738:Hyrax Hill
619:Bwana Tamu
614:Bwana Mkuu
569:Manda Town
406:References
207:Archeology
129:Manda town
91:Manda town
758:Kapthurin
624:Fumo Madi
605:Pate Town
544:Kipangani
541:Matondoni
534:Lamu Fort
529:Lamu Town
385:1476-4687
228:(mtDNA),
193:sea walls
173:coral rag
105:channel.
46:Geography
733:Enkorika
394:10060156
277:See also
152:mangrove
788:Mambrui
768:Kiongwe
459:40°58′E
418:, 1984
169:ballast
134:History
119:cassava
808:Ngenyn
743:Ileret
637:Shanga
456:2°16′S
422:
391:
383:
365:Nature
215:Zhu Di
123:simsim
115:jabias
111:jabias
103:Mkanda
35:Mihrab
838:Takwa
720:Sites
573:Takwa
538:Shela
432:1973.
294:Notes
251:Takwa
245:Takwa
161:Sohar
87:Takwa
83:Kenya
75:Manda
66:Kenya
778:Lamu
629:Siyu
601:Faza
420:ISBN
381:ISSN
165:Oman
156:lime
95:Lamu
89:and
389:PMC
373:doi
369:615
81:of
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