Mallard - Knowledge

480: 1304: 1931:, in the latter case even leading to a dispute as to whether these birds should be considered a species (and thus entitled to more conservation research and funding) or included in the mallard species. Ecological changes and hunting have also led to a decline of local species; for example, the New Zealand grey duck population declined drastically due to overhunting in the mid-20th century. Hybrid offspring of Hawaiian ducks seem to be less well adapted to native habitat, and using them in re-introduction projects apparently reduces success. In summary, the problems of mallards "hybridising away" relatives is more a consequence of local ducks declining than of mallards spreading; 1111: 1007: 1574: 680: 1505: 1224: 127: 2141: 2057: 1410: 891: 1842: 1442: 380: 222: 1453: 1208: 1047: 177: 7766: 199: 1878:

domesticated, mallards are so successful at coexisting in human regions that the main conservation risk they pose comes from the loss of genetic diversity among a region's traditional ducks once humans and mallards colonise an area. Mallards are very adaptable, being able to live and even thrive in urban areas which may have supported more localised, sensitive species of waterfowl before development. The release of

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polar forms to minimise heat loss, and larger in tropical and desert equivalents to facilitate heat diffusion, and that the polar taxa are stockier overall. Examples of this rule in birds are rare as they lack external ears, but the bill of ducks is supplied with a few blood vessels to prevent heat loss, and, as in the Greenland mallard, the bill is smaller than that of birds farther south, illustrating the rule.

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yellowish-orange tipped with black, with that of the female generally darker and ranging from black to mottled orange and brown. The female mallard is predominantly mottled, with each individual feather showing sharp contrast from buff to very dark brown, a coloration shared by most female dabbling ducks, and has buff cheeks, eyebrow, throat, and neck, with a darker crown and eye-stripe. Mallards, like other

1944: 1826: 1413: 1412: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1845: 1418: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1850: 1796:) are similarly territorial and aggressive towards other birds in such disputes, and will frequently drive mallards away from their territory. However, in 2019, a pair of common loons in Wisconsin were observed raising a mallard duckling for several weeks, having seemingly adopted the bird after it had been abandoned by its parents. 1415: 1847: 5313: 2023:

is an insular relative of the mallard, with a very small and fluctuating population. Mallards sometimes arrive on its island home during migration, and can be expected to occasionally have remained and hybridised with Laysan ducks as long as these species have existed. However, these hybrids are less

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and K.E.L. Simmons (1977) speak of "rape-intent flights". Male mallards also occasionally chase other male ducks of a different species, and even each other, in the same way. In one documented case of "homosexual necrophilia", a male mallard copulated with another male he was chasing after the chased

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in males, the centre tail feather (drake feather) is curled, but in females, the centre tail feather is straight. During the final period of maturity leading up to adulthood (6–10 months of age), the plumage of female juveniles remains the same while the plumage of male juveniles gradually changes to

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The drakes that end up being left out after the others have paired off with mating partners sometimes target an isolated female duck, even one of a different species, and proceed to chase and peck at her until she weakens, at which point the males take turns copulating with the female. Lebret (1961)

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compels them to instinctively stay near the mother, not only for warmth and protection but also to learn about and remember their habitat as well as how and where to forage for food. Though adoptions are known to occur, female mallards typically do not tolerate stray ducklings near their broods, and

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eyes) and black on the back (with some yellow spots) all the way to the top and back of the head. Its legs and bill are also black. As it nears a month in age, the duckling's plumage starts becoming drab, looking more like the female, though more streaked, and its legs lose their dark grey colouring.

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by producing fertile offspring. Complete hybridisation of various species of wild duck gene pools could result in the extinction of many indigenous waterfowl. The mallard itself is the ancestor of most domestic ducks, and its naturally evolved wild gene pool gets genetically polluted in turn by the

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During the breeding season, both male and female mallards can become aggressive, driving off competitors to themselves or their mate by charging at them. Males tend to fight more than females and attack each other by repeatedly pecking at their rival's chest, ripping out feathers and even skin on

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Mallards usually form pairs (in October and November in the Northern Hemisphere) until the female lays eggs at the start of the nesting season, which is around the beginning of spring. At this time she is left by the male who joins up with other males to await the moulting period, which begins in

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in birds. Bergmann's Rule, which states that polar forms tend to be larger than related ones from warmer climates, has numerous examples in birds, as in case of the Greenland mallard which is larger than the mallards further south. Allen's Rule says that appendages like ears tend to be smaller in

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Huang, Y.; Li, Y.; Burt, D.W.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Qian, Wubin; Kim, Heebal; Gan, Shangquan; Zhao, Yiqiang; Li, Jianwen; Yi, Kang; Feng, Huapeng; Zhu, Pengyang; Li, Bo; Liu, Qiuyue; Fairley, Suan; Magor, Katharine E; Du, Zhenlin; Hu, Xiaoxiang; Goodman, Laurie; Tafer, Hakim; Vignal, Alain; Lee,

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Both male and female mallards have distinct iridescent purple-blue speculum feathers edged with white, which are prominent in flight or at rest but temporarily shed during the annual summer moult. Upon hatching, the plumage of the duckling is yellow on the underside and face (with streaks by the

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in some regions. They are a common sight in urban parks, lakes, ponds, and other human-made water features in the regions they inhabit, and are often tolerated or encouraged in human habitat due to their placid nature towards humans and their beautiful and iridescent colours. While most are not

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In cases where a nest or brood fails, some mallards may mate for a second time in an attempt to raise a second clutch, typically around early-to-mid summer. In addition, mallards may occasionally breed during the autumn in cases of unseasonably warm weather; one such instance of a 'late' clutch

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size. The ideal location for hunting mallards is considered to be where the water level is somewhat shallow where the birds can be found foraging for food. Hunting mallards might cause the population to decline in some places, at some times, and with some populations. In certain countries, the

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an agreement to protect the local waterfowl populations – applies to the mallard as well as other ducks. The hybrids of mallards and the yellow-billed duck are fertile, capable of producing hybrid offspring. If this continues, only hybrids occur and in the long term result in the extinction of

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The breeding male mallard is unmistakable, with a glossy bottle-green head and a white collar that demarcates the head from the purple-tinged brown breast, grey-brown wings, and a pale grey belly. The rear of the male is black, with white-bordered dark tail feathers. The bill of the male is a

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The mallard is a medium-sized waterfowl species that is often slightly heavier than most other dabbling ducks. It is 50–65 cm (20–26 in) long – of which the body makes up around two-thirds – has a wingspan of 81–98 cm (32–39 in), and weighs

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in some regions. It is a very adaptable species, being able to live and even thrive in urban areas which may have supported more localised, sensitive species of waterfowl before development. The non-migratory mallard interbreeds with indigenous wild ducks of closely related species through

908: 2123:. As the domestic duck and the mallard are the same species as each other, it is common for mallards to mate with domestic ducks and produce hybrid offspring that are fully fertile. Because of this, mallards have been found to be contaminated with the genes of the domestic duck. 156: 154: 1966:

various indigenous waterfowl. The mallard can crossbreed with 63 other species, posing a severe threat to indigenous waterfowl's genetic integrity. Mallards and their hybrids compete with indigenous birds for resources, including nest sites, roosting sites, and food.

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Two months after hatching, the fledgling period has ended, and the duckling is now a juvenile. The duckling is able to fly 50–60 days after hatching. Its bill soon loses its dark grey colouring, and its sex can finally be distinguished visually by three factors:

1828: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1370:, and nonlaying females ate 37.0% animal matter and 63.0% plant matter, while laying females ate 71.9% animal matter and only 28.1% plant matter. Plants generally make up the larger part of a bird's diet, especially during autumn migration and in the winter. 1295:, as well as shallow inlets and open sea within sight of the coastline. Water depths of less than 0.9 metres (3.0 ft) are preferred, with birds avoiding areas more than a few metres deep. They are attracted to bodies of water with aquatic vegetation. 1832: 1141:, but it is deeper and quieter compared to that of the female. Research conducted by Middlesex University on two English mallard populations found that the vocalisations of the mallard varies depending on their environment and have something akin to a 7281: 147: 3001:

Kraus, R.H.S.; van Hooft, P.; Megens, H.-J.; Tsvey, A.; Fokin, S.Y.; Ydenberg, Ronald C.; Prins, Herbert H.T. (2013). "Global lack of flyway structure in a cosmopolitan bird revealed by a genome wide survey of single nucleotide polymorphisms".

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rare occasions. Female mallards are also known to carry out 'inciting displays', which encourage other ducks in the flock to begin fighting. It is possible that this behaviour allows the female to evaluate the strength of potential partners.

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The predation-avoidance behaviour of sleeping with one eye open, allowing one brain hemisphere to remain aware while the other half sleeps, was first demonstrated in mallards, although it is believed to be widespread among birds in general.

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AD, after which they suffered a rapid decline during the Polynesian colonisation. Now, their range includes only Laysan Island. It is one of the successfully translocated birds, after having become nearly extinct in the early 20th century.

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on their wings; males especially tend to have blue speculum feathers. The mallard is 50–65 cm (20–26 in) long, of which the body makes up around two-thirds the length. The wingspan is 81–98 cm (32–39 in) and the

1830: 1414: 1397:, the first documented occasion they had been seen attacking and consuming large vertebrates. It usually nests on a river bank, but not always near water. It is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season and forms large 1192:

Due to the variability of the mallard's genetic code, which gives it its vast interbreeding capability, mutations in the genes that decide plumage colour are very common and have resulted in a wide variety of hybrids, such as

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a nest, or when offspring are present, females vocalise differently, making a call that sounds like a truncated version of the usual quack. This maternal vocalisation is highly attractive to their young. The repetition and

1431:(for female mallards that have lost or abandoned their previous clutch) or forcibly mate with females that appear to be isolated or unattached regardless of their species and whether or not they have a brood of ducklings. 4674:

Krapu, Gary L.; Reinecke, Kenneth J. (1992). "Foraging ecology and nutrition". In Batt, Bruce D.J.; Afton, Alan D.; Anderson, Michael G.; Ankney, C. Davison; Johnson, Douglas H.; Kadlec, John A.; Krapu, Gary L. (eds.).

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Mallards have often been ubiquitous in their regions among the ponds, rivers, and streams of human parks, farms, and other human-made waterways – even to the point of visiting water features in human

907: 2103:. Domestic ducks have no territorial behaviour and are less aggressive than mallards. Domestic ducks are mostly kept for meat; their eggs are also eaten, and have a strong flavour. They were first domesticated in 1460:

Egg clutches number 8–13 creamy white to greenish-buff eggs free of speckles. They measure about 58 mm (2.3 in) in length and 32 mm (1.3 in) in width. The eggs are laid on alternate days, and

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by producing fertile offspring. Complete hybridisation of various species of wild duck gene pools could result in the extinction of many indigenous waterfowl. This species is the main ancestor of most breeds of

6621: 1565:, and other mallards. These eggs are generally accepted when they resemble the eggs of the host mallard, but the hen may attempt to eject them or even abandon the nest if parasitism occurs during egg laying. 2546:

Buckingham, James Silk; Sterling, John; Maurice, Frederick Denison; Stebbing, Henry; Dilke, Charles Wentworth; Hervey, Thomas Kibble; Dixon, William Hepworth; Maccoll, Norman; Rendall, Vernon Horace (1904).

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Availability of mallards, mallard ducklings, and fertilised mallard eggs for public sale and private ownership, either as poultry or as pets, is currently legal in the United States, except for the state of

1438:, but female mallards have also been known to nest in hollows in trees, boathouses, roof gardens and on balconies, sometimes resulting in hatched offspring having difficulty following their parent to water. 1290:

The mallard inhabits a wide range of habitats and climates, from the Arctic tundra to subtropical regions. It is found in both fresh- and salt-water wetlands, including parks, small ponds, rivers, lakes and

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When ducklings mature into flight-capable juveniles, they learn about and remember their traditional migratory routes (unless they are born and raised in captivity). In New Zealand, where mallards are

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and Britain to the north, and to Siberia, Japan, and South Korea. Also in the east, it ranges to south-eastern and south-western Australia and New Zealand in the Southern hemisphere. It is strongly

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The mallard is omnivorous and very flexible in its choice of food. Its diet may vary based on several factors, including the stage of the breeding cycle, short-term variations in available food,

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and isolating behaviour have produced today's diversity of mallard-like ducks despite the fact that, in most, if not all, of these populations, hybridisation must have occurred to some extent.

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identification. In addition, females hiss if the nest or offspring are threatened or interfered with. When taking off, the wings of a mallard produce a characteristic faint whistling noise.

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In captivity, domestic ducks come in wild-type plumages, white, and other colours. Most of these colour variants are also known in domestic mallards not bred as livestock, but kept as pets,

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at the beginning and the end of the summer moulting period. The adulthood age for mallards is fourteen months, and the average life expectancy is three years, but they can live to twenty.

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that may be fully fertile. The mallard has hybridised with more than 40 species in the wild, and an additional 20 species in captivity, though fertile hybrids typically have two

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June (in the Northern Hemisphere). During the brief time before this, however, the males are still sexually potent and some of them either remain on standby to sire replacement

986:, though larger, have smaller bills, paler plumage, and stockier bodies than birds further south and are sometimes classified as a separate subspecies, the Greenland mallard ( 1829: 3769:

Dyer, Antoinette B.; Gottlieb, Gilbert (1990). "Auditory basis of maternal attachment in ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) under simulated naturalistic imprinting conditions".

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Mallards are differentiated in their mitochondrial DNA between North American and Eurasian populations, but the nuclear genome displays a notable lack of genetic structure.

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Marquiss, M.; Leitch, A. F. (1 October 1990). "The diet of Grey Herons Ardea cinerea breeding at Loch Leven, Scotland, and the importance of their predation on ducklings".

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While the keeping of domestic breeds is more popular, pure-bred mallards are sometimes kept for eggs and meat, although they may require wing clipping to restrict flying.

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is 4.4 to 6.1 cm (1.7 to 2.4 in) long. It is often slightly heavier than most other dabbling ducks, weighing 0.7–1.6 kg (1.5–3.5 lb). Mallards live in

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Browne, Robert; Griffin, Curtice; Chang, Paul; Hubley, Mark; Martin, Amy (1993). "Genetic Divergence Among Populations of the Hawaiian Duck, Laysan Duck, and Mallard".

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Yamaguchi, Noriyuki; Hiraoka, Emiko; Fujita, Masaki; Hijikata, Naoya; Ueta, Mutsuyuki; Takagi, Kentaro; Konno, Satoshi; Okuyama, Miwa; Watanabe, Yuki (September 2008).

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

6632: 6833: 900: 3952:"A test of Allen's rule in ectotherms: the case of two south American Melanopline Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with partially overlapping geographic ranges" 1493:, the nesting season has been found to be longer, eggs and clutches are larger and nest survival is generally greater compared with mallards in their native range. 6241:

Griffin, C.R.; Shallenberger, F.J.; Fefer, S.I. (1989). "Hawaii's endangered waterbirds: a resource management challenge". In Sharitz, R.R.; Gibbons, I.W. (eds.).

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Kulikova, Irina V.; Drovetski, S.V.; Gibson, D.D.; Harrigan, R.J.; Rohwer, S.; Sorenson, Michael D.; Winker, K.; Zhuravlev, Yury N.; McCracken, Kevin G. (2005).

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In addition to human hunting, mallards of all ages (but especially young ones) and in all locations must contend with a wide diversity of predators including

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Sheppard, J.L.; Amundson, C.L.; Arnold, T.W.; Klee, D. (2019). "Nesting ecology of a naturalized population of Mallards Anas platyrhynchos in New Zealand".

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van Toor, Mariëlle L.; Hedenström, Anders; Waldenström, Jonas; Fiedler, Wolfgang; Holland, Richard A.; Thorup, Kasper; Wikelski, Martin (30 August 2013).

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mallard may be legally shot but is protected under national acts and policies. For example, in the United Kingdom, the mallard is protected under the

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in a row, starting loud and with the volume gradually decreasing. Male mallards make a sound phonetically similar to that of the female, a typical

5366: 5113: 5083: 8592: 8450: 3896: 3109:"Phylogenetics of a recent radiation in the mallards and allies (Aves: Anas): inferences from a genomic transect and the multispecies coalescent" 1114:

Mallards are among the most common bird species to exhibit aberrant colouration, typically due to genetic mutations. The female pictured here is

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in mallard hens. This phenomenon can cause female mallards to exhibit male plumage, and vice versa (phenotypic feminisation or masculinisation).

5621: 5340: 1985:(known as the grey duck locally in New Zealand) which was over-hunted in the past. There, and elsewhere, mallards are spreading with increasing 7572: 1873:

Unlike many waterfowl, mallards have benefited from human alterations to the world – so much so that they are now considered an

654: 1693:), and about a dozen species of mammalian predators, not counting several more avian and mammalian predators who threaten eggs and nestlings. 8761: 8736: 8731: 8515: 7674: 5698: 1068:

its characteristic colours. This change in plumage also applies to adult mallard males when they transition in and out of their non-breeding

3420: 8706: 6592:"Invasive Alien Bird Species Pose A Threat, Kruger National Park, Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd – South Africa Safari Travel Specialist" 6087: 4431: 1107:), which is somewhat darker than the female mallard, and with slightly different bare-part colouration and no white edge on the speculum. 1891:

domestic and feral populations. Over time, a continuum of hybrids ranging between almost typical examples of either species develop; the

692: 1364:. During the breeding season, male birds were recorded to have eaten 37.6% animal matter and 62.4% plant matter, most notably the grass 7598: 5140: 4403: 3499: 5813: 3287: 3314: 5857: 3390: 2448: 8388: 6867: 6214: 4946: 4512: 8463: 5221: 6109: 2669: 7309: 7054: 4059: 3526: 2363: 2012:

population – in most respects a good species – apparently initially derived from mallard-Pacific black duck hybrids; it became

1886:. These non-migratory mallards interbreed with indigenous wild ducks from local populations of closely related species through 1267:

in the northern parts of its breeding range, and winters farther south. For example, in North America, it winters south to the

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Channel Improvements, Columbia and Lower Willamette River Federal Navigation Channel, (OR, WA): Environmental Impact Statement

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are highly similar to the Old World mallard, and birds such as the Hawaiian duck are highly similar to the New World mallard.

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between September and May. A drake later named "Trevor" attracted media attention in 2018 when it turned up on the island of

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Waterbirds Around the World: A Global Overview of the Conservation, Management and Research of the World's Waterbird Flyways

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Waterbirds Around the World: A Global Overview of the Conservation, Management and Research of the World's Waterbird Flyways

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are fully interfertile; many wild mallard populations in North America contain significant amounts of domestic mallard DNA.

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Kraus, R.H.S.; Zeddeman, A.; van Hooft, P.; Sartakov, D.; Soloviev, S.A.; Ydenberg, Ronald C.; Prins, Herbert H.T. (2011).

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birds, can sometimes go though spontaneous sex reversal, often caused by damaged or nonfunctioning sex organs, such as the

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to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, the Falkland Islands, and South Africa. This

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Taeheon; Kim, Kyu-Won; Sheng, Zheya; An, Yang; Searle, Steve; Herrero, Javier; Groenen, Martien A.M.; et al. (2013).

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In summer, a combination of hot temperatures and reduced water levels place mallards at an increased risk of contracting

1760:) are also known to kill ducklings and adults on occasion. Also, mallards may be attacked by larger anseriformes such as 5192: 1434:

Nesting sites are typically on the ground, hidden in vegetation where the female's speckled plumage serves as effective

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Schummer, Michael L.; Simpson, John; Shirkey, Brendan; Kucia, Samuel R.; Lavretsky, Philip; Tozer, Douglas C. (2023).

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Final environmental statement for the issuance of annual regulations permitting the sport hunting of migratory birds

4178:"Spring migration routes of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) that winter in Japan, determined from satellite telemetry" 4147: 4120: 1207: 8721: 8652: 8401: 8357: 3841:"Global warming and Bergmann's rule: do central European passerines adjust their body size to rising temperatures?" 3657:

van Grouw, Hein (2006). "Not every white bird is an albino: sense and nonsense about colour aberrations in birds".

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Birds of Ontario: Habitat Requirements, Limiting Factors, and Status: Volume 1–Nonpasserines: Loons through Cranes

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Combs, Daniel L.; Fredrickson, Leigh H. (1990). "Foods used by male mallards wintering in southeastern Missouri".

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Gruenhagen, Ned M.; Fredrickson, Leigh H. (1990). "Food use by migratory female mallards in northwest Missouri".

4582: 2952:"Evolution and connectivity in the world-wide migration system of the mallard: Inferences from mitochondrial DNA" 2608: 1497:

occurred in November 2011, in which a female successfully hatched and raised a clutch of eleven ducklings at the

206: 5840: 3084: 3057: 2912: 2889: 2866: 1788:) have been known to attack or even kill mallards if they feel that the ducks pose a threat to their offspring. 6729: 5056: 4910: 4873: 4836: 2837: 2112: 1118:; leucism in birds often results in 'cream-coloured', 'apricot' or muted feathers on certain parts of the body. 6443:

Young, H. Glyn; Rhymer, Judith M. (1998). "Meller's duck: A threatened species receives recognition at last".

6260: 6178: 5520: 3365:"Ovarian degeneration resulting in the phenotypic masculinisation of a wild female Mallard Anas platyrhynchos" 1974:, which has currently banned domestic ownership of mallards. This is to prevent hybridisation with the native 790:

for "wild drake" although its true derivation is unclear. It may be related to, or at least influenced by, an

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mallards in areas where they are not native sometimes creates problems through interbreeding with indigenous

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Several species of duck have brown-plumaged females that can be confused with the female mallard. The female

6699: 6002: 8533: 8139: 8130: 7660: 6401: 1637:, the last two including domestic cats and dogs. The most prolific natural predators of adult mallards are 1110: 17: 6599: 2709:"Low levels of hybridization between domestic and wild Mallards wintering in the lower Mississippi Flyway" 2100: 1006: 8225: 8163: 7546: 6502: 1389:. However, in 2017 a flock of mallards in Romania were observed hunting small migratory birds, including 8230: 4290:

International Wildfowl Inquiry Volume i Factors Affecting the General Status of Wild Geese and Wild Duck

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Davis, J. Brian; Outlaw, Diana C.; Ringelman, Kevin M.; Kaminski, Richard M.; Lavretsky, Philip (2022).

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originally referred to any wild drake, and it is sometimes still used this way. It was derived from the

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The mallard is considered an invasive species in Australia and New Zealand, where it competes with the

6404:(2001). "Molecular population genetics, phylogeography, and conservation biology of the mottled duck ( 8657: 8553: 8429: 8181: 8168: 3213:

Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa, the Birds of the Western Palearctic

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produced by the bacteria. Outbreaks of botulism among mallard populations can lead to mass die-offs.

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during the breeding season, and are frequently driven off by these birds over territorial disputes.

8741: 8528: 8494: 8380: 7273: 6350:"A century of hybridization: decreasing genetic distance between American black ducks and mallards" 5702: 3364: 2475:"The duck genome and transcriptome provide insight into an avian influenza virus reservoir species" 1993: 1490: 1486:

will violently attack and drive away any unfamiliar young, sometimes going as far as to kill them.

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mallard demonstrates the extent to which the genome is shared among them such that birds like the

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The mallard usually feeds by dabbling for plant food or grazing; there are reports of it eating

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Hemispheres; in North America its range extends from southern and central Alaska to Mexico, the

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Rhymer, Judith M.; Simberloff, Daniel (1996). "Extinction by hybridization and introgression".

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eagles). In North America, adult mallards face no fewer than 15 species of birds of prey, from

1366: 1268: 857:. Mallard bones rather abruptly appear in food remains of ancient humans and other deposits of 367: 8481: 7160: 7134: 7076: 7028: 6971: 6780: 8613: 7989: 7765: 7652: 7295: 7268: 7092: 5846:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Wetland Wildlife Populations and Research Group. 4261: 2222: 2116: 1932: 1805: 1725: 710: 316: 8605: 6998: 6941: 5554:"The first case of homosexual necrophilia in the mallard Anas platyrhynchos (Aves:Anatidae)" 5001: 2871:): hybridization, dispersal, and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure" 1645:; which most often pick off brooding females) and the faster or larger birds of prey, (e.g. 1504: 733:

had priority, as it appeared on an earlier page in the text. The scientific name comes from

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The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species

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stereotypically associated with ducks. The female will often call with a sequence of 2-10

8: 8746: 7863: 7785: 7735: 7499: 7055:"Raising Mallard Ducks: How to Raise Mallards In Your Backyard Duck Yard – DuckHobby.com" 6374: 6349: 6302: 3535:

BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407)

2271: 2096: 1943: 1244: 1240: 870: 819: 684: 166: 126: 6875: 6515: 6365: 6036: 5921: 4624: 4520: 3124: 3015: 2776: 2757: 2741: 2621: 2586: 8217: 8212: 7959: 7398: 6815: 6460: 6425: 6379: 6319: 6295:"Mitochondrial gene trees and the evolutionary relationship of Mallard and Black Ducks" 5998: 5941: 5761:

Reader's Digest Scenic wonders of Canada: an illustrated guide to our natural splendors

5737: 5680: 5408: 4927: 4890: 4853: 4651: 4608: 4574: 4566: 4215: 3873: 3840: 3089: 3035: 2978: 2951: 2894: 2829: 2742:"Population genetics and geographic origins of mallards harvested in northwestern Ohio" 2689: 2499: 2474: 2423: 2415: 2233: 2208: 2180:

Since ancient times, the mallard has been eaten as food. The wild mallard was eaten in

1982: 1924: 1912: 1867: 1550: 1185: 850: 606:. Males (drakes) have green heads, while the females (hens) have mainly brown-speckled 584: 443: 216: 6866:

Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2016).

6668: 5812:

Fray, Rob; Davies, Roger; Gamble, Dave; Harrop, Andrew; Lister, Steve (30 June 2010).

5663:

Martz, Gerald F. (1967). "Effects of nesting cover removal on breeding puddle ducks".

5426: 4149:

Bird Migration across the Himalayas: Wetland Functioning amidst Mountains and Glaciers

3058:"Asymmetric hybridization and sex-biased gene flow between Eastern Spot-billed Ducks ( 2140: 8600: 8261: 8055: 7903: 7777: 7740: 7695: 7433: 7418: 7367: 7218: 7193: 7166: 7140: 7113: 7034: 7004: 6977: 6947: 6904: 6786: 6570: 6555: 6538: 6327: 6116: 6068: 6063: 6050: 6020: 5933: 5819: 5792: 5765: 5741: 5597: 5502: 5459: 5346: 5293: 5266: 5227: 5146: 5119: 5089: 5062: 5035: 5008: 4952: 4768: 4716: 4684: 4656: 4638: 4492: 4465: 4408: 4382: 4355: 4311: 4267: 4240: 4207: 4199: 4153: 4126: 4092: 4065: 3991: 3983: 3932: 3878: 3860: 3819: 3794: 3786: 3696: 3597: 3567: 3505: 3475: 3426: 3396: 3320: 3293: 3266: 3241: 3216: 3174: 3144: 3136: 3108: 3027: 2983: 2930: 2781: 2648: 2527: 2504: 2452: 2369: 2160: 2135: 2029: 2001: 1887: 1462: 1214: 1032: 1024: 846: 663: 611: 355: 8670: 8279: 8253: 6464: 6429: 6383: 6227: 5412: 4219: 3968: 3951: 3538: 3093: 3039: 2898: 2550:

The Athenaeum: A Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, Music, and the Drama

2427: 2056: 722: 493: 8416: 8406: 8035: 7994: 7850: 7820: 7700: 7618: 7577: 7453: 7438: 6560: 6550: 6519: 6452: 6417: 6369: 6311: 6223: 6058: 6040: 5959: 5945: 5925: 5733: 5672: 5633: 5492: 5400: 4919: 4882: 4845: 4829: 4737: 4646: 4628: 4578: 4558: 4189: 3973: 3963: 3922: 3912: 3868: 3852: 3778: 3128: 3079: 3019: 2973: 2963: 2908: 2884: 2821: 2771: 2761: 2720: 2681: 2625: 2494: 2486: 2405: 2289: 2212: 2181: 1920: 1874: 1709: 1662: 1646: 1562: 1554: 1446: 1248: 1194: 945: 827: 823: 658: 510: 8266: 8240: 7094:

Cape Cod National Seashore (N.S.), Hunting Program: Environmental Impact Statement

7000:

Ducks, Geese and Swans: General chapters, species accounts (Anhima to Salvadorina)

2725: 2708: 8561: 8344: 7830: 7720: 7530: 7423: 7337: 6753: 5973: 5591: 5574: 5260: 5029: 4633: 4461:

People and Wildlife in Northern North America: Essays in Honor of R. Dale Guthrie

4459: 4376: 4349: 4332: 4305: 4288: 4234: 4086: 4009: 3813: 3721: 3447: 2924: 2766: 2548: 1948: 1810: 1670: 1276: 1272: 1181: 1069: 979: 791: 701: 8507: 5858:"A Mallard Duckling Is Thriving—and Maybe Diving—Under the Care of Loon Parents" 5481:"Female mate preferences and subsequent resistance to copulation in the mallard" 5390: 4033: 3782: 3132: 8726: 8543: 8365: 8352: 8075: 7878: 7825: 7725: 7705: 7458: 7448: 7357: 7342: 5701:. USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. 3 August 2006. Archived from 5641: 4832:"Foods consumed by breeding mallards on wetlands of south-central North Dakota" 3901:"Bergmann's and Allen's Rules in Native European and Mediterranean Phasmatodea" 3422:

The inheritance of plumage colour in the common duck (Anas platyrhynchos linné)

2389: 2226: 2185: 2104: 2061: 2005: 1997: 1766: 1750: 1651: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1441: 1394: 1264: 1157: 635: 6456: 6421: 6108:

Uyehara, Kimberly; Engilis, Andrew; Reynolds, Michelle. Hendley, James (ed.).

5497: 3856: 3263:

Waterfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World

2188:

before preparation, and is often braised or roasted, sometimes flavoured with

841:

Genetic analysis has shown that certain mallards appear to be closer to their

379: 8716: 8700: 8476: 8040: 8014: 7913: 7858: 7805: 7745: 7730: 7715: 7628: 7567: 7520: 7463: 7413: 7393: 6574: 6539:"Hybridization patterns and the evolution of reproductive isolation in ducks" 6054: 5978: 5745: 5506: 4642: 4513:"Mallard Duck • Elmwood Park Zoo | Elmwood Park Zoo | www.elmwoodparkzoo.org" 4203: 3987: 3936: 3864: 3790: 3140: 2344: 2280: 2189: 2144: 2081: 2065: 2046: 2025: 1900: 1859: 1741: 1697: 1558: 1518: 1428: 1398: 1084: 873: 741: 706: 668: 624: 568: 332: 186: 181: 77: 3917: 3900: 3839:

Salewski, Volker; Hochachka, Wesley M.; Fiedler, Wolfgang (September 2009).

2968: 1063:

the breast feathers are reddish-brown in males, but brown in females; and 3)

948:

hold a population of mallards that appear to be evolving towards becoming a

802:, clues lying in the alternative English forms "maudelard" and "mawdelard". 8115: 8070: 8045: 8030: 7979: 7810: 7790: 7408: 7372: 7362: 6331: 6072: 6045: 5937: 4660: 4436: 4211: 3995: 3882: 3148: 3107:

Lavretsky, Philip; McCracken, Kevin G.; Peters, Jeffrey L. (January 2014).

3031: 2987: 2785: 2629: 2508: 2184:. Usually, only the breast and thigh meat is eaten. It does not need to be 2085: 1986: 1975: 1955: 1928: 1916: 1879: 1733: 1686: 1590: 1542: 1390: 1256: 1096: 842: 599: 580: 479: 273: 8331: 5788:

Ecosystem Matters: Activity and Resource Guide for Environmental Educators

4609:"Flexibility of Continental Navigation and Migration in European Mallards" 3798: 3639: 2215:. The book centers on a pair of mallards who raise their ducklings in the 8626: 8489: 8437: 8124: 8050: 7750: 7633: 7428: 7318: 7030:

Elements of Ethology: A textbook for agricultural and veterinary students

6776: 6772: 6345: 5620:

Drilling, Nancy; Titman, Roger; McKinney, Frank (2002). Poole, A. (ed.).

4307:

Habitat Management for Migrating and Wintering Waterfowl in North America

2321: 2241: 2229: 2193: 2172:, which restricts certain hunting methods or taking or killing mallards. 2020: 1789: 1452: 1337: 1260: 1174: 877: 876:

that made up at least the European and West Asian populations during the

835: 52: 8191: 7238: 6622:"Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds" 6565: 3316:

Birds of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East: A Photographic Guide

2032:. Laysan ducks were found throughout the Hawaiian archipelago before 400 1809:

to propagate, with the birds also more likely to come into contact with

1360:

of other birds, many varieties of seeds and plant matter, and roots and

1153:, serving as an adaptation to persistent levels of anthropogenic noise. 1095:), which is notably darker-hued in both sexes than the mallard, and the 8665: 8566: 8393: 7938: 7933: 7873: 7835: 7795: 7551: 7504: 7352: 7081:. Vol. 77. Columbia Broadcasting System Publications. p. 108. 6973:

The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 1, Part 1, Prehistory

6819: 6323: 5684: 4931: 4894: 4857: 4570: 4194: 4177: 3978: 2833: 2693: 2419: 2164: 2148: 2009: 1892: 1701: 1678: 1657: 1598: 1538: 1435: 1349: 1252: 1046: 949: 941: 933: 924: 772: 97: 62: 5404: 3023: 1961:

Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

8313: 7923: 7918: 7868: 7840: 7494: 2108: 2074: 1883: 1781: 1578: 1522:

male died upon flying into a glass window. This paper was awarded an

1478: 1378: 1353: 1345: 1341: 1329: 1280: 1162: 983: 968: 964: 953: 643: 592: 233: 102: 8442: 8292: 8086: 6523: 6497: 6315: 5908:

Niels C., Rattenborg (1999). "Half-awake to the risk of predation".

5676: 5637: 4923: 4886: 4849: 4831: 4606: 4562: 3341: 3056:

Kulikova, Irina V.; Zhuravlev, Yury N.; McCracken, Kevin G. (2004).

2825: 2685: 2603: 2490: 2410: 1149:

being much louder and more vociferous compared to rural mallards in

1015:

0.7–1.6 kg (1.5–3.5 lb). Among standard measurements, the

8318: 8109: 7984: 7883: 7755: 7484: 7479: 7322: 7317: 4014:. Vol. 67–68. Ducks Unlimited, Incorporated. 2003. p. 62. 1800: 1602: 1317: 1150: 809:

Mallards frequently interbreed with their closest relatives in the

631: 603: 595: 572: 283: 253: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 6477: 6269:, in New Zealand: processes and outcome of a deliberate encounter" 5929: 5699:"Impact of Red Fox Predation on the Sex Ratio of Prairie Mallards" 4811:

Drilling, Nancy; Titman, Rodger D.; McKinney, Frank (8 May 2024).

4304:

Smith, Loren M.; Pederson, Roger L.; Kaminski, Richard M. (1989).

1954:

Mallards are causing severe "genetic pollution" to South Africa's

8678: 8305: 8176: 8065: 8060: 8009: 8004: 7800: 7525: 7443: 3070: 2875: 2812: 2604:"Experimental studies of hybridization among ducks and pheasants" 2545: 2245: 2240:. The story follows a family of mallards who try to migrate from 2156: 2013: 1971: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1614: 1610: 1546: 1465:

begins when the clutch is almost complete. Incubation takes 27–28

1386: 1292: 1126:

birds, etc., where they are rare but increasing in availability.

1115: 1076: 866: 854: 845:

relatives, while others are related to their American relatives.

620: 607: 576: 107: 82: 8579: 6498:"Haldane's rule and American black duck × mallard hybridization" 6164:"Extinction by hybridization and introgression in anatine ducks" 5974:"Anas platyrhynchos (Common Mallard, Mallard, Northern Mallard)" 4830:

Swanson, George A.; Meyer, Mavis I.; Adomaitis, Vyto A. (1985).

1870:

rating. Also, the population size of the mallard is very large.

1229:

Female showing pattern of the back and the coloured wing patches

1059:

the bill is yellow in males, but black and orange in females; 2)

687:(upper left) and a male mallard (lower right) in eclipse plumage 7999: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7928: 7888: 6293:

Avise, John C.; Ankney, C. Davison; Nelson, William S. (1990).

4337:. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2864: 1996:

is currently introgressing into the mallard populations of the

1622: 1470: 1333: 1146: 1123: 862: 858: 757: 639: 630:

The female lays 8 to 13 creamy white to greenish-buff spotless

627:

preferring to congregate in groups or flocks of varying sizes.

243: 7682: 4175: 2949: 2524:

Scientific Enquiry and Natural Kinds: from Planets to Mallards

2080:

Mallards have had a long relationship with humans. Almost all

1481:

and fully capable of swimming as soon as they hatch. However,

853:

suggest that mallards may have evolved in the general area of

546: 8287: 7943: 7898: 6940:

Appleby, Michael C.; Mench, Joy A.; Hughes, Barry O. (2004).

6258: 3697:"Mallard Sounds, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 2670:"Hybridization in the Anatide and its Taxonomic Implications" 1777: 1618: 1606: 1361: 1357: 1036: 810: 734: 5112:

Boere, G. C.; Galbraith, Colin A.; Stroud, David A. (2006).

5082:

Boere, G. C.; Galbraith, Colin A.; Stroud, David A. (2006).

2706: 2084:

breeds derive from the mallard, with the exception of a few

1328:. The majority of the mallard's diet seems to be made up of 1255:, from Iceland and southern Greenland and parts of Morocco ( 822:, and also with species more distantly related, such as the 525: 437: Possibly extant and introduced (seasonality uncertain) 7908: 6496:

Kirby, Ronald E.; Sargeant, Glen A.; Shutler, Dave (2004).

4432:"Trevor the lonely duck gets tiny island of Niue in a flap" 3085:

10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0930:AHASGF]2.0.CO;2

2890:

10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0949:POTMAP]2.0.CO;2

2739: 2120: 1761: 1626: 1382: 1374: 1284: 1020: 814: 616: 588: 293: 263: 7110:

Tips for Pheasant Shooting from some of the Finest Hunters

3617:

Abraham, Kevin; Risley, Chris; Weseloh, D.V. Chip (2020).

3215:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press. 3055: 657:(IUCN). Unlike many waterfowl, mallards are considered an 7893: 6243:

Proceedings of Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife Symposium

6240: 4764:

Wildlife of the Mid-Atlantic: A Complete Reference Manual

3363:

Lavretsky, Philip; Hernandez, Flor; Davis, Brian (2022).

3000: 1895:

process is beginning to reverse itself. This has created

1594: 540: 519: 6805: 3838: 3106: 2805:): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" 6834:"Recovery Strategy – Laysan Duck Revised Recovery Plan" 6751:

Yamashina, Y. (1948). "Notes on the Marianas mallard".

6537:

Tubaro, Pablo L.; Lijtmaer, Dario A. (1 October 2002).

6399: 4146:

Prins, Herbert H. T.; Namgail, Tsewang (6 April 2017).

3446:

Station, Delta Waterfowl and Wetlands Research (1984).

3362: 3051: 3049: 2860: 2858: 1858:

Since 1998, the mallard has been rated as a species of

6865: 6344: 5811: 5619: 4810: 3313:

Jiguet, Frédéric; Audevard, Aurélien (21 March 2017).

2269: 2024:

well adapted to the peculiar ecological conditions of

6348:; Carlson, John E.; Brittingham, Margaret C. (2004). 6110:"Hawaiian Duck's Future Threatened by Feral Mallards" 5223:

International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Leopard – marten

4974:"Wild ducks caught on camera snacking on small birds" 4870: 4488:

International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Leopard – marten

4303: 2801:"Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus 721:. The latter was generally preferred until 1906 when 646:

and fully capable of swimming as soon as they hatch.

571:

that breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical

6903:(2011 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. 9 January 2012. 6586: 6584: 6495: 5111: 5081: 4951:. University of British Columbia Press. p. 60. 4171: 4169: 3616: 3340:

Rayner, Enid; Hamra, Wayne; Shipton, Warren (2015).

3046: 2855: 1023:

is 4.4 to 6.1 cm (1.7 to 2.4 in), and the

1019:

is 25.7 to 30.6 cm (10.1 to 12.0 in), the

674: 549: 543: 528: 522: 431: Extant and introduced (seasonality uncertain) 4544:"Vocalizations of the Mallard (Anas Platyrhynchos)" 1899:concerns for relatives of the mallard, such as the 1508:

Female mallard swimming with her brood of ducklings

865:, without a good candidate for a local predecessor 537: 534: 516: 513: 6939: 6107: 5055:Ginn, H. B.; Melville, Dorothy Sutherland (1983). 5000: 3950:Bidau, Claudio J.; Martí, Dardo A. (August 2008). 3339: 2563: 2295:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680186A155457360.en 1533:, occasionally having eggs laid in their nests by 1517:calls this behaviour "Attempted Rape Flight", and 7594:British Association for Shooting and Conservation 6726:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 6581: 6292: 4767:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 102. 4166: 1696:Mallards are also preyed upon by other waterside 8698: 6692:"Those mighty mallards can bust the speed limit" 6211: 4907: 1854:A mallard (male) eats rolled oats from the hand. 473: 6485:(6th ed.). American Ornithologists' Union. 6245:. Savannah River Ecology Lab. pp. 155–169. 6025:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5285: 4715:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 410. 4354:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 180. 3537:. British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from 2798: 2471: 1958:by breeding with endemic ducks even though the 806:(male) has also been proposed as an influence. 7573:Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 6970:Piggott, Stuart; Thirsk, Joan (2 April 1981). 6785:. Christopher Helm Publications. p. 211. 6765: 6536: 5764:. Reader's Digest Association (Canada). 1976. 5723: 4084: 3312: 655:International Union for Conservation of Nature 623:, eat water plants and small animals, and are 7668: 7303: 7217:(45. ed.). New York: The Viking Press. 6969: 6395: 6393: 6021:"The evolutionary impact of invasive species" 6018: 5254: 5252: 5250: 4673: 4348:Tunnell, John Wesley; Judd, Frank W. (2002). 3593:Kaufman Field Guide to Birds of North America 3559: 3419:Lancaster, Frank Maurice (17 December 2013). 3342:"Sexual Dimorphism and Sex Reversal in Birds" 2647:. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press. 1239:The mallard is widely distributed across the 6254: 6252: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6157: 6155: 6019:Mooney, H. A.; Cleland, E. E. (8 May 2001). 5342:British Columbia: Graced by Nature's Palette 5286:DK; International, BirdLife (1 March 2011). 5219: 5054: 4677:Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl 4484: 4145: 3895: 3768: 3619:"Aberrant colouration in some Ontario birds" 3388: 3285: 3166: 2444:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2351:(in Latin). Laurentius Salvius. p. 125. 1027:is 4.1 to 4.8 cm (1.6 to 1.9 in). 796: 784: 776: 7074: 6442: 6086:Leedy, Daniel L.; Adams, Lowell W. (1984). 5589: 5265:. University of Chicago Press. p. 83. 4813:"Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), version 1.0" 4708: 4347: 2337: 2040: 1529:Mallards are opportunistically targeted by 1234: 7683:Game animals and shooting in North America 7675: 7661: 7599:Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom 7310: 7296: 7107: 6744: 6400:McCracken, Kevin G.; Johnson, William P.; 6390: 6085: 5478: 5427:"Ducklings hatch at London Wetland Centre" 5247: 4944: 4864: 4032:. National Audubon Society. Archived from 3949: 3815:Life Histories of North American Wild Fowl 3392:Wildlife of Pennsylvania and the Northeast 2799:Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, M.D. (1999). 2028:than the local ducks, and thus have lower 1820: 1307:Drake mallard performing the grunt-whistle 1173:in offspring, a process known as acoustic 936:typical of American mallard relatives and 378: 197: 175: 143: 125: 8752:Native birds of the Eastern United States 7644:Rarely shot because of declining numbers. 7212: 7033:. Springer Science & Business Media. 7026: 6771: 6750: 6564: 6554: 6543:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 6373: 6249: 6196: 6152: 6062: 6044: 5496: 5138: 5034:. Parragon Publishing India. p. 50. 5027: 4650: 4632: 4535: 4331:Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife (1975). 4193: 4118: 3977: 3967: 3926: 3916: 3872: 3656: 3497: 3418: 3083: 2994: 2977: 2967: 2943: 2888: 2775: 2765: 2724: 2667: 2498: 2409: 2388: 2293: 1129:A noisy species, the female has the deep 7192:. Oxford University Press. p. 472. 7185: 6259:Williams, Murray; Basse, Britta (2006). 6234: 6215:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6092:. National Institute for Urban Wildlife. 5907: 5593:Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America 5551: 5338: 5220:Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). 4735: 4712:Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America 4485:Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). 4401: 4351:The Laguna Madre of Texas and Tamaulipas 3560:Moss, Stephen; Cottridge, David (2000). 3524: 3389:Fergus, Charles; Hansen, Amelia (2000). 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 2922: 2642: 2601: 2595: 2584: 2465: 2365:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2343: 2139: 2055: 1942: 1840: 1824: 1677:) (both smaller than a mallard) to huge 1572: 1568: 1503: 1451: 1440: 1408: 1302: 1109: 1045: 1005: 956:with other populations is very limited. 678: 7022: 7020: 6965: 6963: 6861: 6859: 6714: 5815:The Birds of Leicestershire and Rutland 5615: 5613: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 4823: 4760: 4551:The Condor: Ornithological Applications 4541: 4457: 4374: 4330: 4085:Skerrett, Adrian; Disley, Tony (2016). 4018: 3589: 3467: 3445: 3235: 2792: 2440: 2361: 642:takes 50 to 60 days. The ducklings are 14: 8699: 7604:Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust 6655: 6653: 6629:Official Journal of the European Union 6489: 6436: 6286: 6161: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6014: 6012: 5691: 5258: 5215: 5213: 5118:. The Stationery Office. p. 359. 5107: 5105: 4998: 4971: 4806: 4804: 4756: 4754: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4542:Abraham, Richard L. (1 October 1974). 4125:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 219. 3674: 3672: 3585: 3583: 3493: 3491: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3414: 3412: 3162: 3160: 3158: 2645:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World 2521: 2265: 2263: 2261: 1989:and hybridising with local relatives. 1180:The mallard is a rare example of both 8091: 8090: 7656: 7291: 7136:Food in the Ancient World from A to Z 7132: 7075:O'Neill, Michael J. (February 1973). 6689: 6338: 6177:(Supplement): 583–585. Archived from 5784: 5662: 5479:Cunningham, Emma J. A. (1 May 2003). 5289:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds 4901: 4667: 4429: 4286: 4266:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 89. 4259: 4239:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 89. 4232: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4091:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 48. 4057: 4053: 4051: 3744:"Ducks quack in cockney, study finds" 3678: 3501:The Helm Guide to Bird Identification 3384: 3382: 3286:Ogilvie, M. A.; Young, Steve (2002). 3260: 3254: 3210: 3187: 3167:Ogilvie, M. A.; Young, Steve (2002). 3113:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3010:(1) (published January 2013): 41–55. 2107:at least 4,000 years ago, during the 2008:. The Mariana mallard was a resident 1287:, an atypical location for mallards. 834:parents. Mallards and their domestic 419: Vagrant (seasonality uncertain) 8762:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 8737:Migratory birds (Western Hemisphere) 8732:Migratory birds (Eastern Hemisphere) 8684:9B6B99DD-0F4E-49D7-9EA7-046A3D366580 8554:136c72e4-3876-40d5-8734-f6f706354f24 8371:272433f5-3729-4170-bf81-a171235d2baf 7017: 6996: 6960: 6856: 6471: 6089:A Guide to Urban Wildlife Management 5610: 5538: 5451: 4491:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1525. 4402:Mulligan, Jesse (6 September 2018). 3811: 2557: 2434: 2155:Mallards are one of the most common 1803:, as these conditions are ideal for 940:can be found in mallards around the 425: Possibly extant and introduced 8707:IUCN Red List least concern species 6650: 6096: 6009: 5979:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5367:"Mallard Ducklings | Nesting Ducks" 5314:"Urban Mallards - Portland Audubon" 5210: 5102: 4801: 4751: 4697: 3722:"Ducks 'quack in regional accents'" 3669: 3580: 3518: 3488: 3456: 3409: 3229: 3155: 2281:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2258: 1864:IUCN Red List of Endangered Species 24: 7764: 6900:Advances in Research and Treatment 6483:Check-list of North American Birds 6375:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031139.55389.b1 5841:"Common Loon Attacks on Waterfowl" 5838: 5738:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb00277.x 5167:"The secret life of mallard ducks" 4938: 4105: 4048: 3905:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3498:Vinicombe, Keith (27 March 2014). 3379: 3236:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). 3100: 1422:Female mallard with five ducklings 889: 649:The mallard is considered to be a 134:Female (left) and male (right) in 25: 8773: 7624:Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom 7261: 7027:Wood-Gush, D. (6 December 2012). 5630:The Birds of North America Online 5339:Townsley, Frank (10 March 2016). 5061:. British Trust for Ornithology. 3771:Journal of Comparative Psychology 3468:Moulton, Judy (7 November 2014). 3346:Journal of Applied Animal Science 3238:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 2170:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 2088:breeds, and are listed under the 1837:Several drakes swimming in a pond 1275:, but also regularly strays into 693:bird species originally described 675:Taxonomy and evolutionary history 7231: 7206: 7179: 7153: 7126: 7101: 7085: 7068: 7047: 6990: 6933: 6917: 6890: 6868:"Anas laysanensis (Laysan duck)" 6840:. September 2009. Archived from 6826: 6799: 6683: 6614: 6556:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00096.x 6530: 6134: 6079: 5966: 5952: 5901: 5876: 5850: 5832: 5805: 5778: 5752: 5717: 5656: 5583: 5567: 5513: 5472: 5452:Kear, Janet (30 November 2010). 5445: 5145:. Stackpole Books. p. 130. 4430:Lyons, Kate (7 September 2018). 4122:Birds of the Strait of Gibraltar 2867:"Phylogeography of the Mallard ( 2270:BirdLife International (2019) . 2099:while domestic ducks are mostly 2051: 1222: 1206: 923:Problems playing this file? See 905: 882:Anas platyrhynchos palaeoboschas 691:The mallard was one of the many 509: 478: 220: 50: 7213:McCloskey, Robert, ed. (1988). 7133:Dalby, Andrew (15 April 2013). 6228:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 5419: 5384: 5359: 5332: 5306: 5279: 5185: 5159: 5132: 5075: 5048: 5021: 4992: 4965: 4781: 4738:"Waterfowl Management Handbook" 4729: 4600: 4505: 4478: 4451: 4423: 4395: 4368: 4341: 4324: 4310:. Texas Tech University Press. 4297: 4280: 4253: 4226: 4139: 4078: 4002: 3969:10.1590/S1519-566X2008000400004 3943: 3889: 3832: 3812:Bent, Arthur Cleveland (1962). 3805: 3762: 3736: 3714: 3689: 3650: 3632: 3610: 3563:Attracting Birds to Your Garden 3553: 3439: 3356: 3333: 3306: 3279: 2916: 2733: 2700: 2661: 2636: 2609:Journal of Experimental Zoology 2588:Dictionary of English Etymology 2578: 1938: 1915:, the American black duck, the 1773: 1757: 1585:) driving off a female Mallard. 1401:, which are known as "sordes". 978:The size of the mallard varies 748:, "broad-billed" (from πλατύς, 494:Listen to Mallard on xeno-canto 6728:. 10 July 2004. Archived from 6479:American Ornithologists' Union 6142:"Of a Feather: Why this duck?" 5665:Journal of Wildlife Management 5292:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 4972:Briggs, Helen (30 June 2017). 4911:Journal of Wildlife Management 4874:Journal of Wildlife Management 4837:Journal of Wildlife Management 4789:"Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)" 4458:Guthrie, Russell Dale (2001). 4263:Naturalised Birds of the World 4236:Naturalised Birds of the World 4152:. Cambridge University Press. 4064:. A&C Black. p. 212. 3928:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-DD87-4 3319:. Princeton University Press. 2539: 2515: 2382: 2355: 2309: 2111:, and were also farmed by the 1001: 13: 1: 6943:Poultry Behaviour and Welfare 6445:Biodiversity and Conservation 5576:Annals of Improbable Research 5142:Field Guide to Urban Wildlife 4681:University of Minnesota Press 4293:. Cambridge University Press. 3679:Hicks, James Stephen (1923). 3596:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 3265:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2447:. Christopher Helm. pp. 2251: 2199: 1903:, the New Zealand grey duck ( 1087:are the American black duck ( 7284:at VIREO (Drexel University) 7189:The Oxford Companion to Food 7162:The Visual Food Encyclopedia 6690:Marsh, David (1 June 2010). 5785:Adams, Mary (October 1995). 5590:Baldassarre, Guy A. (2014). 4709:Baldassarre, Guy A. (2014). 4634:10.1371/journal.pone.0072629 4404:"The loneliest duck in Niue" 3682:The Encyclopaedia of Poultry 3211:Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1977). 2913:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122.) 2767:10.1371/journal.pone.0282874 2643:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006). 2585:Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1862). 1298: 1169:form the auditory basis for 915:A group of mallards quacking 7: 8757:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7547:League Against Cruel Sports 7003:. Oxford University Press. 6503:Canadian Journal of Zoology 6265:, and introduced mallards, 5552:Moeliker, Cornelis (2001). 4260:Lever, Christopher (2010). 4233:Lever, Christopher (2010). 3783:10.1037/0735-7036.104.2.190 3133:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.008 2726:10.1093/ornithology/ukac034 2668:Johnsgard, Paul A. (1960). 2211:written and illustrated by 1404: 1336:(including beetles, flies, 10: 8778: 8712:NatureServe secure species 8430:mallard-anas-platyrhynchos 6897:"Clostridium Infections". 6162:Rhymer, Judith M. (2006). 4375:Winkler, Lawrence (2012). 3566:. New Holland Publishers. 3292:. New Holland Publishers. 3173:. New Holland Publishers. 3066:) in the Russian Far East" 2926:The Waterfowl of the World 2602:Phillips, John C. (1915). 2362:Jobling, James A. (2010). 2175: 2133: 2129: 2044: 2016:in the late 20th century. 1718:black-crowned night herons 1311: 982:; for example, birds from 29: 8169:Anas_(Anas)_platyrhynchos 8099: 8023: 7952: 7849: 7776: 7762: 7688: 7642: 7586: 7560: 7539: 7513: 7472: 7381: 7330: 7165:. Québec Amerique. 1996. 7108:Walsingham, Lord (2016). 6722:"Mallard Possession Rule" 5818:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5458:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5139:Feinstein, Julie (2011). 5088:. The Stationery Office. 5031:The Encyclopedia of Birds 4761:Rappole, John H. (2012). 4745:Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 4119:Finlayson, Clive (2010). 3857:10.1007/s00442-009-1446-2 3504:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2567:Oxford English Dictionary 2441:Jobling, James A (2010). 2368:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2288:: e.T22680186A155457360. 2095:. Mallards are generally 1326:intraspecific competition 1145:, with urban mallards in 938:eastern spot-billed ducks 449: 442: 386: 377: 345: 340: 322: 315: 217:Scientific classification 215: 195: 173: 164: 142: 133: 124: 41: 7274:Internet Bird Collection 6261:"Indigenous gray ducks, 5259:Hauber, Mark E. (2014). 4378:Westwood Lake Chronicles 4011:Ducks Unlimited Magazine 3685:. Waverley Book Company. 2068:derived from the mallard 2041:Relationship with humans 1994:Chinese spot-billed duck 1683:Haliaeetus leucocephalus 1477:days. The ducklings are 1235:Distribution and habitat 1010:Juvenile male and female 973:Chinese spot-billed duck 963:differences between the 651:species of least concern 638:takes 27 to 28 days and 48:Late Pleistocene–present 32:Mallard (disambiguation) 8722:Birds described in 1758 7186:Davidson, Alan (2006). 6457:10.1023/A:1008843815676 6422:10.1023/A:1011858312115 5498:10.1093/beheco/14.3.326 5171:Scottish Wildlife Trust 4945:Sandilands, Al (2011). 3918:10.3389/fevo.2017.00025 3818:. Courier Corporation. 3644:Chavez Park Conservancy 3525:Robinson, R.A. (2005). 3474:. Xlibris Corporation. 3471:Daisy and Ducky Mallard 2969:10.1186/1471-2156-12-99 2923:Delacour, Jean (1964). 2572:Oxford University Press 2209:children's picture book 1821:Status and conservation 764:was sequenced in 2013. 7889:Cougar (mountain lion) 7770: 7614:Driven grouse shooting 7215:Make way for ducklings 6667:. 2007. Archived from 6598:. 2008. Archived from 6282:(Supplement): 579–582. 6046:10.1073/pnas.091093398 5226:. Marshall Cavendish. 5003:An Exaltation of Larks 4999:Lipton, James (1991). 4736:Eldridge, Jan (1990). 4683:. pp. 1–30 (10). 4519:. 2015. Archived from 4517:www.elmwoodparkzoo.org 3956:Neotropical Entomology 3899:; Zeuss, Dirk (2017). 3590:Kaufman, Kenn (2005). 2630:10.1002/jez.1400180103 2591:. Trübner and Company. 2526:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2205:Make Way for Ducklings 2152: 2069: 1951: 1855: 1838: 1586: 1509: 1457: 1449: 1423: 1367:Echinochloa crus-galli 1308: 1269:southern United States 1171:species identification 1119: 1051: 1011: 894: 797: 794:masculine proper name 785: 777: 752:, "broad" and ρυγχός, 688: 8614:Paleobiology Database 7768: 7325:in the United Kingdom 7282:Mallard photo gallery 6410:Conservation Genetics 6402:Sheldon, Frederick H. 6354:Conservation Genetics 6276:Acta Zoologica Sinica 6171:Acta Zoologica Sinica 5320:. Audubonportland.org 4058:Madge, Steve (2010). 3701:www.allaboutbirds.org 3289:Wildfowl of the World 3261:Madge, Steve (1992). 3170:Wildfowl of the World 2143: 2134:Further information: 2059: 2045:Further information: 1946: 1933:allopatric speciation 1853: 1836: 1806:Clostridium botulinum 1726:European herring gull 1722:Nycticorax nycticorax 1576: 1569:Predators and threats 1507: 1499:London Wetland Centre 1455: 1444: 1421: 1306: 1113: 1049: 1009: 959:Also, the paucity of 893: 826:, leading to various 682: 634:, on alternate days. 308:A. platyrhynchos 136:Straßlach-Dingharting 8366:Fauna Europaea (new) 7741:Snipe (common snipe) 7721:Ring-necked pheasant 7609:Countryside Alliance 7490:European fallow deer 7348:Red-legged partridge 6997:Kear, Janet (2005). 6872:Animal Diversity Web 5960:"IUCN Red List maps" 5791:. DIANE Publishing. 4794:Animal Diversity Web 4381:. Lawrence Winkler. 2317:"Anas platyrhynchos" 2217:Boston Public Garden 1197:(mallard × gadwall, 1163:frequency modulation 30:For other uses, see 7736:Sharp-tailed grouse 7706:Hungarian partridge 7097:. 2007. p. 90. 6671:on 11 February 2017 6602:on 12 November 2016 6516:2004CaJZ...82.1827K 6366:2004ConG....5..395M 6184:on 11 February 2015 6037:2001PNAS...98.5446M 5922:1999Natur.397..397R 5579:. MIT Museum. 2005. 4625:2013PLoSO...872629V 4588:on 17 February 2019 4523:on 18 February 2017 4088:Birds of Seychelles 3541:on 13 December 2013 3395:. Stackpole Books. 3125:2014MolPE..70..402L 3016:2013MolEc..22...41K 2758:2023PLoSO..1882874S 2622:1915JEZ....18...69P 2522:Magnus, PD (2012), 2163:due to their large 2151:painting, 1883–1884 2115:in Europe, and the 2062:American Pekin duck 1551:northern shovellers 1050:Adult drake mallard 820:American black duck 685:American black duck 464:Linnaeus, 1758 456:Linnaeus, 1758 348:A. p. platyrhynchos 167:Conservation status 8671:Anas-platyrhynchos 8280:anas-platyrhynchos 8213:BirdLife-Australia 8156:Anas_platyrhynchos 8131:Anas platyrhynchos 8101:Anas platyrhynchos 7960:American alligator 7771: 7112:. Read Books Ltd. 7078:Field & Stream 6732:on 18 October 2016 6148:. 23 October 2021. 6001:}}: old-form url ( 5624:Anas platyrhynchos 5485:Behavioral Ecology 5433:. 20 November 2011 5193:"Nesting mallards" 5028:Anonymous (2005). 4817:Birds of the World 4195:10.2108/zsj.25.875 4182:Zoological Science 3529:Anas platyrhynchos 2869:Anas platyrhynchos 2390:Johnsgard, Paul A. 2274:Anas platyrhynchos 2234:Universal Pictures 2153: 2070: 2000:, possibly due to 1983:Pacific black duck 1952: 1925:yellow-billed duck 1913:Pacific black duck 1911:subspecies of the 1856: 1839: 1587: 1510: 1458: 1450: 1424: 1320:availability, and 1309: 1120: 1052: 1033:sexually-dimorphic 1012: 895: 762:Anas platyrhynchos 715:Anas platyrhynchos 689: 564:Anas platyrhynchos 413: Non-breeding 326:Anas platyrhynchos 8694: 8693: 8601:Open Tree of Life 8093:Taxon identifiers 8084: 8083: 8056:Waterfowl hunting 7904:White-tailed deer 7769:Waterfowl hunters 7650: 7649: 7434:Northern shoveler 7419:Pink-footed goose 7368:Eurasian woodcock 7245:. 26 October 2023 7224:978-0-670-45149-4 7010:978-0-198-61008-3 6510:(11): 1827–1831. 6451:(10): 1313–1323. 6263:Anas superciliosa 6031:(10): 5446–5451. 5916:(6718): 397–398. 5888:Wildlife Illinois 5705:on 2 January 2015 5405:10.1111/ibi.12656 5272:978-0-226-05781-1 5014:978-0-670-30044-0 4690:978-0-8166-2001-2 4409:Radio New Zealand 3640:"Apricot Mallard" 3272:978-0-395-46726-8 3247:978-0-8493-4258-5 3024:10.1111/mec.12098 3004:Molecular Ecology 2843:on 12 August 2017 2654:978-0-19-518323-8 2458:978-1-4081-2501-4 2161:waterfowl hunting 2136:Waterfowl hunting 1888:genetic pollution 1851: 1834: 1710:great blue herons 1691:Aquila chrysaetos 1663:northern harriers 1647:peregrine falcons 1563:common goldeneyes 1555:northern pintails 1483:filial imprinting 1419: 1215:speculum feathers 967:mallards and the 910: 847:Mitochondrial DNA 725:established that 709:. He gave it two 664:genetic pollution 500: 499: 471: 470: 371: 361: 352: 210: 190: 158: 16:(Redirected from 8769: 8687: 8686: 8674: 8673: 8661: 8660: 8648: 8647: 8635: 8634: 8622: 8621: 8609: 8608: 8596: 8595: 8583: 8582: 8570: 8569: 8557: 8556: 8547: 8546: 8537: 8536: 8524: 8523: 8511: 8510: 8508:NBNSYS0000000007 8498: 8497: 8485: 8484: 8472: 8471: 8459: 8458: 8446: 8445: 8433: 8432: 8420: 8419: 8410: 8409: 8397: 8396: 8384: 8383: 8374: 8373: 8361: 8360: 8348: 8347: 8335: 8334: 8322: 8321: 8309: 8308: 8296: 8295: 8283: 8282: 8270: 8269: 8257: 8256: 8244: 8243: 8234: 8233: 8221: 8220: 8218:northern-mallard 8208: 8207: 8195: 8194: 8185: 8184: 8182:85625D75F2524457 8172: 8171: 8159: 8158: 8146: 8145: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8088: 8087: 8036:Big-game hunting 7821:Northern pintail 7677: 7670: 7663: 7654: 7653: 7619:Glorious Twelfth 7578:Hunting Act 2004 7500:Reeves's muntjac 7454:Common goldeneye 7439:Northern pintail 7312: 7305: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7278: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7024: 7015: 7014: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6878:on 13 March 2016 6874:. Archived from 6863: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6698:. Archived from 6696:San Quentin News 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6661:"Marina da Gama" 6657: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6631:. Archived from 6626: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6596:krugerpark.co.za 6588: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6558: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6310:(4): 1109–1119. 6299: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6273: 6267:A. platyrhynchos 6256: 6247: 6246: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6209: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6115:. Archived from 6114: 6105: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6048: 6016: 6007: 6006: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5839:Sperry, Mark L. 5836: 5830: 5829: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5640:. Archived from 5617: 5608: 5607: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5525:web.stanford.edu 5517: 5511: 5510: 5500: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5455:Man and Wildfowl 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5345:. FriesenPress. 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5318:Portland Audubon 5310: 5304: 5303: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5256: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5006: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4706: 4695: 4694: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4636: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4581:. Archived from 4548: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4464:. Archaeopress. 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4197: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3981: 3971: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3920: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3208: 3185: 3184: 3164: 3153: 3152: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3064:A. platyrhynchos 3062:) and Mallards ( 3060:Anas zonorhyncha 3053: 3044: 3043: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2971: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2929:. Country Life. 2920: 2914: 2902: 2892: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2836:. Archived from 2809: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2779: 2769: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2570:(2nd ed.). 2561: 2555: 2554: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2502: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2413: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2267: 2213:Robert McCloskey 2182:Neolithic Greece 2093:A. p. domesticus 2035: 1909:s. superciliosa) 1908: 1875:invasive species 1852: 1835: 1775: 1772: 1759: 1756: 1730:Larus argentatus 1671:short-eared owls 1667:Circus hudsonius 1476: 1468: 1447:Museum Wiesbaden 1445:Egg, Collection 1420: 1249:Hawaiian Islands 1226: 1210: 1104: 1092: 1066: 1062: 1058: 995: 991: 946:Aleutian Islands 912: 911: 892: 874:palaeosubspecies 824:northern pintail 800: 788: 780: 730: 698: 695:in the 1758 10th 659:invasive species 556: 555: 552: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 482: 474: 465: 457: 436: 430: 424: 418: 412: 406: 400: 394: 389:A. platyrhynchos 382: 366: 364:A. p. conboschas 359: 356:A. p. domesticus 350: 328: 225: 224: 204: 201: 200: 184: 179: 178: 160: 159: 129: 119: 49: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8742:Holarctic birds 8697: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8682: 8677: 8669: 8664: 8656: 8651: 8643: 8638: 8630: 8625: 8617: 8612: 8604: 8599: 8591: 8586: 8578: 8573: 8565: 8562:Observation.org 8560: 8552: 8550: 8542: 8540: 8532: 8527: 8519: 8514: 8506: 8501: 8493: 8488: 8480: 8475: 8467: 8462: 8454: 8449: 8441: 8436: 8428: 8423: 8415: 8413: 8405: 8400: 8392: 8387: 8379: 8377: 8369: 8364: 8356: 8351: 8343: 8338: 8330: 8325: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8299: 8291: 8286: 8278: 8273: 8265: 8260: 8252: 8247: 8239: 8237: 8229: 8224: 8216: 8211: 8203: 8198: 8190: 8188: 8180: 8175: 8167: 8162: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8095: 8085: 8080: 8019: 7948: 7879:Bison (buffalo) 7845: 7772: 7760: 7711:Prairie chicken 7684: 7681: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7582: 7556: 7535: 7531:European rabbit 7509: 7468: 7424:Eurasian wigeon 7377: 7338:Common pheasant 7326: 7316: 7269:"Mallard media" 7267: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7106: 7102: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7025: 7018: 7011: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6976:. CUP Archive. 6968: 6961: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6879: 6864: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6844:on 20 June 2017 6832: 6831: 6827: 6804: 6800: 6793: 6770: 6766: 6754:Pacific Science 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6702:on 15 June 2017 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6638:on 19 June 2017 6635: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6590: 6589: 6582: 6535: 6531: 6524:10.1139/z04-169 6494: 6490: 6476: 6472: 6441: 6437: 6398: 6391: 6346:Mank, Judith E. 6343: 6339: 6316:10.2307/2409570 6297: 6291: 6287: 6271: 6257: 6250: 6239: 6235: 6210: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6166: 6160: 6153: 6146:The Eagle Times 6140: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6106: 6097: 6084: 6080: 6017: 6010: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5677:10.2307/3798312 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5644:on 21 June 2016 5638:10.2173/bna.658 5618: 5611: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5556: 5550: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5521:"Duck Displays" 5519: 5518: 5514: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5257: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5218: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5173:. 29 March 2020 5165: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5103: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5015: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4924:10.2307/3802078 4906: 4902: 4887:10.2307/3809359 4869: 4865: 4850:10.2307/3801871 4828: 4824: 4809: 4802: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4752: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4707: 4698: 4691: 4672: 4668: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4563:10.2307/1365814 4546: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4106: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4056: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4026:"Brewer's Duck" 4024: 4023: 4019: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3948: 3944: 3894: 3890: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3677: 3670: 3655: 3651: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3466: 3457: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3387: 3380: 3361: 3357: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3209: 3188: 3181: 3165: 3156: 3105: 3101: 3054: 3047: 2999: 2995: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2907:122 (4): 1309, 2863: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2826:10.2307/4089339 2807: 2797: 2793: 2752:(3): e0282874. 2738: 2734: 2705: 2701: 2686:10.2307/1365656 2666: 2662: 2655: 2641: 2637: 2600: 2596: 2583: 2579: 2562: 2558: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2520: 2516: 2491:10.1038/ng.2657 2479:Nature Genetics 2470: 2466: 2459: 2439: 2435: 2411:10.2307/4082232 2387: 2383: 2376: 2360: 2356: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2268: 2259: 2254: 2225:is an animated 2202: 2178: 2138: 2132: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2033: 1992:The eastern or 1949:Mariana mallard 1941: 1906: 1841: 1825: 1823: 1811:botulinum toxin 1770: 1754: 1571: 1531:brood parasites 1474: 1466: 1409: 1407: 1395:black redstarts 1314: 1301: 1277:Central America 1273:northern Mexico 1259:) in the west, 1237: 1230: 1227: 1218: 1211: 1199:Mareca strepera 1186:Bergmann's Rule 1143:regional accent 1102: 1090: 1081:Mareca strepera 1070:eclipse plumage 1064: 1060: 1056: 1004: 993: 989: 930: 929: 921: 919: 918: 917: 916: 913: 906: 903: 896: 890: 880:has been named 851:D-loop sequence 792:Old High German 756:, "bill"). The 728: 702:Systema Naturae 696: 677: 591:belongs to the 533: 512: 508: 501: 496: 491: 490: 488:Songs and calls 463: 455: 438: 434: 432: 428: 426: 422: 420: 416: 414: 410: 408: 404: 402: 398: 396: 392: 362: 353: 336: 330: 324: 311: 219: 211: 202: 198: 191: 180: 176: 169: 144: 120: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 27:Species of duck 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8775: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8675: 8662: 8649: 8636: 8623: 8610: 8597: 8584: 8571: 8558: 8548: 8538: 8525: 8512: 8499: 8486: 8473: 8460: 8447: 8434: 8421: 8411: 8398: 8385: 8375: 8362: 8353:Fauna Europaea 8349: 8336: 8323: 8310: 8297: 8284: 8271: 8258: 8245: 8235: 8222: 8209: 8196: 8186: 8173: 8160: 8147: 8136: 8121: 8105: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8076:Upland hunting 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Bobwhite quail 7692: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7459:Common moorhen 7456: 7451: 7449:Common pochard 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7382:Quarry species 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7358:Rock ptarmigan 7355: 7350: 7345: 7343:Grey partridge 7340: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7279: 7263: 7262:External links 7260: 7257: 7256: 7230: 7223: 7205: 7198: 7178: 7171: 7152: 7145: 7125: 7119:978-1473357051 7118: 7100: 7084: 7067: 7046: 7039: 7016: 7009: 6989: 6982: 6959: 6952: 6932: 6916: 6909: 6889: 6855: 6825: 6798: 6792:978-1408138953 6791: 6764: 6743: 6713: 6682: 6665:www.mdga.co.za 6649: 6613: 6580: 6549:(2): 193–200. 6529: 6488: 6470: 6435: 6406:Anas fulvigula 6389: 6360:(3): 395–403. 6337: 6285: 6248: 6233: 6195: 6151: 6133: 6095: 6078: 6008: 5965: 5951: 5900: 5875: 5864:. 12 July 2019 5849: 5831: 5824: 5804: 5797: 5777: 5770: 5751: 5732:(4): 535–549. 5716: 5690: 5671:(2): 236–247. 5655: 5609: 5602: 5582: 5566: 5537: 5512: 5491:(3): 326–333. 5471: 5464: 5444: 5418: 5399:(3): 504–520. 5383: 5358: 5351: 5331: 5305: 5298: 5278: 5271: 5246: 5232: 5209: 5184: 5158: 5151: 5131: 5124: 5101: 5094: 5074: 5067: 5058:Moult in birds 5047: 5040: 5020: 5013: 4991: 4964: 4957: 4937: 4918:(3): 603–610. 4900: 4881:(4): 622–626. 4863: 4844:(1): 197–203. 4822: 4800: 4780: 4774:978-0812222012 4773: 4750: 4728: 4721: 4696: 4689: 4666: 4599: 4557:(4): 401–420. 4534: 4504: 4497: 4477: 4470: 4450: 4422: 4394: 4387: 4367: 4360: 4340: 4323: 4316: 4296: 4279: 4272: 4252: 4245: 4225: 4188:(9): 875–881. 4165: 4158: 4138: 4131: 4104: 4097: 4077: 4070: 4047: 4036:on 13 May 2014 4017: 4001: 3962:(4): 370–380. 3942: 3897:Shelomi, Matan 3888: 3851:(1): 247–260. 3831: 3824: 3804: 3777:(2): 190–194. 3761: 3748:www.abc.net.au 3735: 3713: 3688: 3668: 3649: 3631: 3609: 3603:978-0618574230 3602: 3579: 3572: 3552: 3517: 3510: 3487: 3480: 3455: 3452:. The Station. 3438: 3431: 3408: 3401: 3378: 3355: 3332: 3325: 3305: 3298: 3278: 3271: 3253: 3246: 3228: 3221: 3186: 3179: 3154: 3099: 3078:(3): 930–949. 3045: 2993: 2942: 2935: 2915: 2883:(3): 949–965. 2854: 2820:(3): 792–805. 2791: 2732: 2719:(4): ukac034. 2699: 2660: 2653: 2635: 2594: 2577: 2556: 2538: 2532: 2514: 2485:(7): 776–783. 2464: 2457: 2433: 2381: 2374: 2354: 2345:Linnaeus, Carl 2336: 2308: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2201: 2198: 2177: 2174: 2131: 2128: 2105:Southeast Asia 2090:trinomial name 2053: 2050: 2042: 2039: 2006:global warming 1998:Primorsky Krai 1947:The last male 1940: 1937: 1822: 1819: 1738:Silurus glanis 1714:Ardea herodias 1698:apex predators 1570: 1567: 1524:Ig Nobel Prize 1406: 1403: 1313: 1310: 1300: 1297: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1221: 1219: 1212: 1205: 1003: 1000: 920: 914: 904: 899: 898: 897: 888: 887: 886: 818:, such as the 723:Einar Lönnberg 711:binomial names 676: 673: 625:social animals 583:. It has been 498: 497: 492: 486: 484: 472: 469: 468: 467: 466: 458: 447: 446: 440: 439: 433: 427: 421: 415: 409: 403: 401: Resident 397: 395: Breeding 391: 384: 383: 375: 374: 360:Linnaeus, 1758 351:Linnaeus, 1758 343: 342: 338: 337: 331: 320: 319: 313: 312: 305: 303: 299: 298: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 213: 212: 196: 193: 192: 174: 171: 170: 165: 162: 161: 140: 139: 131: 130: 122: 121: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8774: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8126: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8041:Bison hunting 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8015:Snowshoe hare 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990:Gray squirrel 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7914:Mountain goat 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:Bighorn sheep 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7806:Greater scaup 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7746:Spruce grouse 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7731:Ruffed grouse 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716:Mourning dove 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7666: 7664: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Deer stalking 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Game Act 1831 7566: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7521:European hare 7519: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7464:Eurasian coot 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7414:Greylag goose 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7404:Golden plover 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7201: 7199:9780191018251 7195: 7191: 7190: 7182: 7174: 7172:9782764408988 7168: 7164: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7146:9781135954222 7142: 7139:. Routledge. 7138: 7137: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7095: 7088: 7080: 7079: 7071: 7056: 7050: 7042: 7040:9789400959316 7036: 7032: 7031: 7023: 7021: 7012: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6993: 6985: 6983:9780521087414 6979: 6975: 6974: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6953:9780851996677 6949: 6945: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6912: 6910:9781464960130 6906: 6902: 6901: 6893: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6860: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6794: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6416:(2): 87–102. 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6394: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6244: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6156: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6122:on 4 May 2017 6118: 6111: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6004: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5961: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5930:10.1038/17037 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5825:9781408133118 5821: 5817: 5816: 5808: 5800: 5798:9780788124532 5794: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5771:9780888500496 5767: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5603:9781421407517 5599: 5596:. JHU Press. 5595: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5465:9781408137604 5461: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5352:9781460277737 5348: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5301: 5299:9781405336161 5295: 5291: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5235: 5233:9780761472773 5229: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5152:9780811705851 5148: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5127: 5125:9780114973339 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5095:9780114973339 5091: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5070: 5068:9780903793025 5064: 5060: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5041:9781405498517 5037: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4958:9780774859431 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4722:9781421407517 4718: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619:(8): e72629. 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4500: 4498:9780761472773 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4473: 4471:9781841712369 4467: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4388:9780991694105 4384: 4380: 4379: 4371: 4363: 4361:9781585441334 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4317:9780896722040 4313: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4283: 4275: 4273:9781408133125 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4246:9781408133125 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4159:9781107114715 4155: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4134: 4132:9781408136942 4128: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4098:9781472946010 4094: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4071:9781408138953 4067: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4052: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3825:9780486254227 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3750:. 4 June 2004 3749: 3745: 3739: 3724:. 4 June 2004 3723: 3717: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3660: 3659:Dutch Birding 3653: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3626:Ontario Birds 3620: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3573:9781859740057 3569: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3521: 3513: 3511:9781472905543 3507: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3481:9781503511910 3477: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3449:Annual Report 3442: 3434: 3432:9789401768344 3428: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3413: 3404: 3402:9780811728997 3398: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3326:9780691172439 3322: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3301: 3299:9781843303282 3295: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3243: 3240:. CRC Press. 3239: 3232: 3224: 3222:9780198573586 3218: 3214: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3180:9781843303282 3176: 3172: 3171: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2936:9780668029704 2932: 2928: 2927: 2919: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616:(1): 69–112. 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2553:. J. Francis. 2552: 2551: 2542: 2535: 2533:9781137271259 2529: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2375:9781408133262 2371: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190:bitter orange 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2145:George Hetzel 2142: 2137: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Neolithic Age 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082:domestic duck 2078: 2076: 2067: 2066:domestic duck 2064:, a breed of 2063: 2058: 2052:Domestication 2048: 2047:Domestic duck 2038: 2031: 2027: 2026:Laysan Island 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004:changes from 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921:Meller's duck 1918: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1901:Hawaiian duck 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:least concern 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742:northern pike 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Ardea cinerea 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1687:golden eagles 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675:Asio flammeus 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1643:Vulpes vulpes 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559:cinnamon teal 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1519:Stanley Cramp 1514: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1464: 1454: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:grey wagtails 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:lepidopterans 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:interspecific 1319: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251:, across the 1250: 1246: 1242: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1195:Brewer's duck 1190: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1098: 1094: 1086: 1085:North America 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1008: 999: 997: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:morphological 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 928: 926: 902: 885: 883: 879: 875: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 849:data for the 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 799: 793: 789: 787: 781: 779: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746:platyrhynchus 744:πλατυρυγχος, 743: 742:Ancient Greek 740:, "duck" and 739: 736: 732: 731:platyrhynchos 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:Carl Linnaeus 704: 703: 694: 686: 681: 672: 670: 669:domestic duck 665: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 569:dabbling duck 566: 565: 560: 554: 506: 495: 489: 485: 483: 481: 476: 475: 462: 459: 454: 451: 450: 448: 445: 441: 407: Passage 390: 385: 381: 376: 373: 369: 365: 358: 357: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 327: 321: 318: 317:Binomial name 314: 310: 309: 304: 301: 300: 297: 296: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 279: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 218: 214: 208: 194: 188: 183: 182:Least Concern 172: 168: 163: 141: 137: 132: 128: 123: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8100: 8071:Wolf hunting 8046:Deer hunting 8031:Bear hunting 7980:Fox squirrel 7953:Other quarry 7831:Ross's goose 7815: 7811:Lesser scaup 7791:Canada goose 7514:Other quarry 7409:Canada goose 7388: 7373:Common snipe 7363:Black grouse 7319:Game animals 7272: 7247:. Retrieved 7243:www.uphe.com 7242: 7233: 7214: 7208: 7188: 7181: 7161: 7155: 7135: 7128: 7109: 7103: 7093: 7087: 7077: 7070: 7058:. Retrieved 7049: 7029: 6999: 6992: 6972: 6942: 6935: 6925: 6919: 6899: 6892: 6880:. Retrieved 6876:the original 6871: 6846:. Retrieved 6842:the original 6837: 6828: 6814:(1): 49–56. 6811: 6807: 6801: 6781: 6777:Burn, Hilary 6773:Madge, Steve 6767: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6734:. Retrieved 6730:the original 6716: 6704:. Retrieved 6700:the original 6695: 6685: 6673:. Retrieved 6669:the original 6664: 6640:. Retrieved 6633:the original 6628: 6616: 6604:. Retrieved 6600:the original 6595: 6566:11336/136485 6546: 6542: 6532: 6507: 6501: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6357: 6353: 6340: 6307: 6301: 6288: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6262: 6242: 6236: 6219: 6213: 6186:. Retrieved 6179:the original 6174: 6170: 6145: 6136: 6124:. Retrieved 6117:the original 6088: 6081: 6028: 6024: 5988:. Retrieved 5983: 5977: 5968: 5954: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5891:. 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