Malankara Church - Knowledge

6155: 2545: 2044: 1650:–had great importance in the church of India in the centuries leading up to the formation of an independent Malankara Church. Though technically subordinate to the metropolitan, the archdeacon wielded great ecclesiastical and secular power, to the extent that he was considered the secular leader of the community and served as effective head of the Indian Church in times when the province was absent a bishop. Unlike the metropolitan, who was evidently always an East Syriac sent by the patriarch, the archdeacon was a native Saint Thomas Christian. In the documented period, the position was evidently hereditary, belonging to the 2511: 2161: 1972:

for yourselves venerable bishops. Afterwards, you were in need and have already sent three times . And we yielded out of the love of Christ, and have sent to you our Fathers, our Father Mor Baselios, that is, Patriarch Yaldo, together with those who accompany him, not in order that he stays with you, but in order to fill your need and to consecrate for you venerable and metropolitans. And after having fulfilled your requests, send them back to us. We do not want him to come to us after a long period, but after three years.

3173: 3988: 1837:, who dispatched him to India in 1652, evidently in response to a request for aid from Archdeacon Thomas. Reckoning him an impostor, the Portuguese arrested him, but allowed him to meet with members of the Saint Thomas Christian clergy, whom he impressed greatly. The Portuguese put him on a ship bound for Cochin and Goa, and Archdeacon Thomas led his militia to Cochin demanding to meet with the Patriarch. The Portuguese refused, asserting that he was a dangerous invader and that the ship had already sailed on to Goa. 2528: 969: 1661:(780–823) called the Archdeacon of India the "head of the faithful in India", implying an elevated status by at least that time. In the recorded period of its history, the office of archdeacon was substantially different in India than in the rest of the Church of the East or other Christian churches. In the broader Church of the East, each bishop was attended by an archdeacon, but in India, there was only ever one archdeacon, even when the province had multiple bishops serving it. 1943: 715: 245: 86: 5952: 143: 2359:. On 3 July 2017, the Supreme Court of India passed a judgement in favour of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church on the question of who is the legitimate Malankara Metropolitan and who has the authority to manage the affairs of the Malankara Church and its properties. It equivocally declared the 1934 Constitution of the Malankara Church a valid document to administer the church and ended the legal dispute among the two factions. 489: 306: 45: 356: 1934:

leadership of the Archdeacon welcomed him. The Gregorios Abdal Jaleel regularised the consecration of Archdeacon as Metropolitan of the Syriac Orthodox Church as per the apostolic standards of Kaiveppu (traditional legitimate way of laying hands by a valid Bishop). The 18th century saw the gradual introduction of West Syriac liturgy and script to the Malabar Coast, a process that continued through the 19th century.

1866: 1768:, and the other of which remained independent. At different times both patriarchs sent bishops to India, but the Portuguese were consistently able to outmaneuver the newcomers or else convert them to Latin Catholicism outright. In 1575 the Padroado declared that neither patriarch could appoint prelates to the community without Portuguese consent, thereby cutting the Thomas Christians off from their hierarchy. 413: 2086:, the most ancient episcopal see in India was deprived of its all-India jurisdiction and was made an inferior to the Archdiocese of Goa, that was a product of the Portuguese colonialism in the sixteenth century. Although the metropolitan status was soon restored, the colonial subjugation continued. In 1653, as a move for independence, the Saint Thomas Christians made the 4087:

Church now sees it, just as the Anglican Church is a Western Reformed Church, the MTC is an Eastern Reformed Church. At the same time as it continues in the apostolic episcopal tradition and ancient oriental practices, it has much in common with the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Thus, it is regarded as a "bridging Church".

1971:

After greeting you with a holy kiss, let that, which we are relating to each one of you, be known to you, o brethren, my beloved, namely that the apostolate to you of Gregorios, that is, the venerable Abdal-Jaleel, was from the divine Providence, because you were not able to appoint and to consecrate

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Thoma I with 32 churches (out of a total of 116) and their congregations were the body from which the Malankara Syrian Puthenkūr Churches originated. In 1665, Gregorios Abdul Jaleel, a bishop sent by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, arrived in India, and the Saint Thomas Christians under the

2003:

Mar Dionysius, Metropolitan of the Jacobite-Syrians in Malabar, subject to the authority of our Father, Mar Ignatius, Patriarch, who presides in the Apostolic See of Antioch of Syria, beloved of the Messiah. Love from Christ, and from the People of all the Churches, to Lord Gambier, the illustrious,

1840:

Ahatallah was never heard from again in India, and rumours soon spread that Archbishop Garcia had disposed of him before he ever reached Goa. Contemporary accounts allege that he was drowned in Cochin harbour, or even that the Portuguese burned him at the stake. In reality, it appears that Ahatallah

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arrived on the South Indian coast, the leaders of the Saint Thomas community greeted them and proffered a formal alliance to their fellow Christians. The Portuguese, who had keen interest in implanting themselves in the spice trade and in expanding the domain of their bellicose form of Christianity,

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Following the collapse of the Church of the East's hierarchy in most of Asia in the 14th century, India was effectively cut off from the church's heartland in Mesopotamia and formal contact was severed. By the late 15th century India had had no metropolitan for several generations, and the authority

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Metropolitan Juhanon Mar Thoma called it "a Protestant Church in an oriental grab."...As a reformed Oriental Church, it agrees with the reformed doctrines of the Western Churches. Therefore, there is much in common in faith and doctrine between the MTC and the reformed Churches of the West. As the

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responded by consecrating two bishops, Thoma and Yuhanon, and dispatching them to India. These bishops helped rebuild the ecclesiastical infrastructure and reestablish fraternal ties with the patriarchate, but the years of separation had greatly affected the structure of the Indian church. Though

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Following the death of Metropolitan Mar Jacob in 1552, the Portuguese became more aggressive in their efforts to subjugate the Saint Thomas Christians. Protests on the part of the natives were frustrated by events back in the Church of the East's Mesopotamian heartland, which left them devoid of

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missionaries. Unfortunately there was no Metropolitan present in the Malankara Church at that time. Hence in the same year, at Alangad, Archdeacon Thoma was ordained, by the laying on of hands of twelve priests, as the first known indigenous Metropolitan of Kerala, under the name Thoma I. The

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and their followers from the Malankara Church. The British colonial administration abstained from extending their crucial endorsement to any one faction, thereby disengaging themselves from local church matters. Thus, the rival parties had to settle their disputes, entirely by means of court

2006:

We, who are called Syrian-Jacobites, and reside in the land of Malabar, even from the times of Mar Thomas, the holy Apostle, until the wall of Cochin was taken in the reign of King Purgis, kept the True Faith according to the manner of the Syrian Jacobites, of real glory, without division or

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Portuguese missionaries attempted reconciliation with Saint Thomas Christians but this was not successful. Later Pope Alexander VII sent the Syrian bishop Joseph Sebastiani at the head of a Carmelite delegation who succeeded in convincing the majority of Saint Thomas Christians, including

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to take bold action. In a great ceremony before a crucifix and lighted candles, they swore a solemn oath that they would never obey Garcia or the Portuguese again, and that they accepted only the Archdeacon as their shepherd. The Malankara Church and all its successor churches regard this

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Over the next several decades, tensions seethed between the Latin prelates and what remained of the native hierarchy. This came to a head in 1641 with the ascension of two new protagonists on either side of the contention: Francis Garcia, the new Archbishop of Kodungalloor, and Archdeacon

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1876 Patriarch Peter tries to persuade British to declare Mar Dionysius V as lawful Metropolitan, since he had excommunicated Mathews Mar Athanasius. British refuse, withdraw recognition of Mar Athanasius and ask the Indian Christians to approach the civil courts to decide who is lawful

1567:, otherwise called the Persian church. The Malankara Church was headed by a Metropolitan consecrated from the Persian Church and ordinary administration of the Church was vested upon a local, dynastic archdeacon, who was referred to as the Head of the Malankara Christian community. ( 1783:, was purged of elements unacceptable by the Latin standards. Though the Saint Thomas Christians were now formally part of the Catholic Church, the conduct of the Portuguese over the next decades fueled resentment in parts of the community, ultimately leading to open resistance. 2007:

confusion. But, by the power of the Franks, our Jacobite Syrian Fathers and Leaders were prohibited from coming from Antioch: and, because we had no Leader and Head, we were like Sheep without a Shepherd; or, like Orphans and Widows, oppressed in spirit, without support or help.

1625:

These plates detail privileges awarded to the community by the then rulers. These influenced the development of the social structure in Kerala and privileges, rules for the communities. These are considered as one of the most important legal documents in the history of

1779:, which instituted a number of structural and liturgical reforms to the Indian church. At the synod, the parishes were brought directly under the Archbishop's authority, certain "superstitious" customs were anathematized, and the traditional variant of the 4055:

The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity, as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874, adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant

1583:, in appreciation for their assistance, gave to the Malankara Nazranis, three deeds on copper plates. They gave the Nasranis various rights and privileges which were written on copper plates. These are known as Cheppeds, Royal Grants, Sasanam etc. 1747:

and established a church hierarchy; soon they set themselves to bringing the native Christians under their dominion. Towards this goal, the colonial establishment felt it necessary to conduct the Saint Thomas Christians fully into the

1919:

Jerusalem Bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church. This led to the first permanent split in the Saint Thomas Christian community. Thereafter, the faction affiliated with the Catholic Church under Parambil Mar Chandy was designated the

3690:, p. 94. "In 1875 Patriarch Peter III Ignatius visited Malabar. Perceiving that his authority was getting steadily eroded because of the popularity of Mathew Mar Athanasius, the patriarch excommunicated him and his clique." 1914:

Kathanar and Vengūr Givargis Kathanar. This made it essential to rectify the illegitimacy of the consecration of Archdeacon as Metropolitan. Episcopal consecration of Thoma I as a bishop was regularized in 1665 by

1605:: In 849 AD, Perumal Sthanu Ravi Gupta (844–885) gave a deed to Isodatta Virai for Tharissa Palli (church) at Curakkeni Kollam. According to historians, this is the first deed in Kerala that gives the exact date. 2019:, thereby starting a century of legal proceedings between factions of the church which supported the Catholicate, and those who opposed it on behalf of the claims that, the Abdul Masih was excommunicated, Later 3973: 2324:

wherefrom he received direct consecration. The judgement also dismissed all claims of the reformists and their leader Thomas Athanasius to the Metropolitanate or its assets. They separated and established the

1563:. These groups included Arabs, Jews and also Christians, and the Christians who visited here maintained contact with the Malankara Church. As such the Church in India was in ecclesiastical communion with the 2256:. Meanwhile, the majority of the members of the church, resisted the movement and strengthened their affiliation to the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch at the Mulanthuruthy Synod in 1876. They were led by 1598:

Dynasty. Thoma's plates were recorded and translated in the 16th and 17th century by Portuguese officials. The plates are later noted to have disappeared while in the possession of the Portuguese and remain

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The oppressive rule of the Portuguese padroado provoked a violent reaction on the part of the indigenous Christian community. The first solemn protest took place in 1653, known as the Coonan Kurishu Satyam

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The Episcopal throne of Patriarch is the throne of St. Peter, while the throne of Malankara Church is that of St. Thomas. Malankara Church is as old as the Church in Antioch, equal in status, and both are

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and his supporters filed a case on 4 March 1879. (Case O.S. No. 439 of 1054) demanding the possession of the seminary and the control of assets of the Church. Thomas Athanasius was then the Metropolitan.

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who had been sent by the Catholic pope to serve as "Patriarch of the Whole of India and of China". Ahatallah's true biography is obscure, but some details have been established. He appears to have been a

1826:

into communion with Rome. He had not accomplished this by the time Hidayat Allah died in 1639, after which point Ahatallah began claiming he was Hidayat Allah's rightful successor. In 1646, he was in

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conferred upon the Portuguese government certain authority in ecclesiastical matters in the foreign territories they conquered. Upon reaching India the Portuguese quickly ensconced themselves in

2225:. The declaration resulted in the separation of the CMS missionaries from the communion with the Malankara Church. However, a minority from the Malankara Church, who were in favour of the 1681:

receiving utmost respect, the metropolitan was treated as the spiritual authority in his own diocese; the Archdeacon was firmly established as the real power in the Malankara community.

3855:, pp. 377–378. "Under the influence of the British officers and the missionaries, the Government by Royal Proclamation recognised Mathews Mar Athanasius as Malankara Metropolitan." 2098:

among the Christians, with one faction reuniting with the Catholic Church and the other faction remaining steadfast against the Latin missionaries. The former faction came to known as

2355:, which got incorporated into an arch-diocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church later and the latter, initially known as the Malankara Yakkobaya Orthodox Syrian Church, adopted the title 2221:, in protest against the interference of Anglicans in the affairs of the Malankara Church. There it was declared that Malankara Church would be subject to Syrian traditions and the 2304:

Malankara Church was never under any foreign rule and that he was unwilling to move away from the teachings or give the authority and the Church possessions to a foreign Patriarch.

1902:. The Catholic faction constantly challenged the legitimacy of the consecration of the archdeacon as Metropolitan by priests. The faction was led by Palliveettil Chandy, cousin of 1845:

before reaching Rome, where his case was to be heard. In any event, Garcia's dismissive response to the Saint Thomas Christians' appeals only embittered the community further.

2787:, p. 79. "The community of the St Thomas Christians was now divided into two: one group known as the "Roman Catholic Syrians/RCSC" remained in the new communion with the 2339:

However this church underwent a further split in 1912 due to internal disputes and the question of autonomy. The faction that supported the Patriarch of Antioch was known as

427: 2480:: an Autonomous and Autocephalous church under the jurisdiction of its own independent Metropolitan, also sharing an communion with the Church of England and its communion. 4826: 6154: 2074:, their Church was forcibly merged into the Latin Catholic Church and their eccesiastical province of India was downgraded to become a suffragan see of the newly erected 2011:

Again, in the year of our Lord 1753, came to us some holy Jacobite Syrian Fathers from Antioch, who turned us to our true ancient faith, and set up a High Priest for us.

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malankara church under the jurisdiction of Marthoma Metropolitan, seated on the Apostolic Throne of Saint Thomas the apostle. The Church also shares communion with the

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traditionally associated with him had been vested in the archdeacon. In 1491, the archdeacon sent envoys to the Patriarch of the Church of the East, as well as to the

3721: 2332:. In the 1950s, a faction that demanded further conformity to Protestant doctrines, surfaced within the Mar Thoma Syrian Church. In 1961, they split and formed the 5141: 4914: 1709:

and protected by a formidable militia, the tumultuous political climate of the time had placed the small community under pressure from the forces of the powerful

1930:, or "New Allegiance". These appellations have been somewhat controversial since both groups considered themselves the true heirs to the Saint Thomas tradition. 1775:, had secured the submission of the young Archdeacon George, the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. That year Menezes convened the 1590:: Dated between 345 and 811 AD, Thomas of Cana (Knai Thoma), a merchant from Persian Mesopotamia, was granted a deed of socio-economic rights known today as the 1422: 322:

Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.

1802:, the nephew and successor to Archdeacon George. In 1652, the escalating situation was further complicated by the arrival in India of a mysterious figure named 6336: 3869: 5989: 2222: 2823:

followers kept the ancient name ie 'Malankara Nazranies', as distinct from the 'Roman Catholic Syrians', the name by which the Catholic party became known."

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after the assembly of parish representatives met at Kandanad, Kerala and resolved to fully implement the move to West Syriac Rite through the declaration

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since the late 19th century. The Chaldean Syrian Church thus represents the continuation of the traditional pre-Portuguese Church of the East in India.

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Niranam Granthavari (Record of History written during 1770–1830). Editor Paul Manalil, M.O.C. Publications, Catholicate Aramana, Kottayam. 2002, p. 97.

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Bishop of Damascus who converted to Catholicism and went to Rome in 1632. He then returned to Syria in order to bring the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch

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This was the last straw for the Saint Thomas Christians, and in 1653, Thomas and representatives of the community met at the Church of Our Lady in

5925: 4986: 4629: 4400: 4377: 3394: 1470: 2070:. Later some rifts erupted in their church due to the colonization of India by the Portuguese padroado Latin Catholic missionaries. After the 4899: 4856: 4816: 1366: 3662: 2510: 2182:

Later, a number of splits happened among the Jacobite Syrians due to the influence of foreign missionaries and internal conflicts. In 1772,

4069: 3784: 3322:. Translated by Professor Lee. Letter to President and Members of the Society. pp. 431–432 – via The Missionary Register (v.10). 315: 6248: 2067: 1415: 431: 1705:

arrived in India in 1498, the Saint Thomas Christians were in a difficult position. Though prosperous owing to their large stake in the

2055:, sent from Patriarch Ignatius Abdulmasih I introduced West Syriac Rite in India. By 1809, the Jacobite Syrians fully incorporated the 1729:

The Portuguese brought to India a particularly militant brand of Christianity, the product of several centuries of struggle during the

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The church of Saint Thomas Christians constituted a single church until the 16th century. It formed the community of the East Syriac

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the rightful Malankara Metropolitan owing to the acceptance by the vast majority of Malankara Christians and appointment by

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Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Vischer, Lukas (1999).

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The final verdict which came on 12 July 1889 from the Royal Court of Travancore, upheld the conservative position on the

1617:: In 1225 AD, Sri Vira Raghava Chakravarti gave a deed to Iravi Corttan (Eravi Karthan) of Mahadevarpattanam in 774. Two 1131: 813: 268: 186: 6308: 4801: 2094:

Carmelite missionaries, assigning them the responsibility for reunification. This eventually culminated in the gradual

1306: 1121: 1008: 833: 5572: 4851: 4831: 4756: 4703: 4513: 4476: 4361: 4235: 4152: 2896: 2844: 2800: 2629: 2477: 2459: 2203: 1499: 1255: 561: 471: 453: 394: 337: 287: 226: 160: 124: 72: 58: 3974:"Malankara church row: All you need to know about century-old dispute between Jacobite, Orthodox factions in Kerala" 2312:, as being the only competent ecclesiastical authority historically authorized to ordain and appoint bishops to the 6549: 6482: 5826: 5566: 5560: 5096: 5007: 4992: 4811: 4713: 4708: 4698: 2423: 2405: 2356: 2352: 1491: 1487: 1334: 1240: 1236: 921: 698: 573: 557: 366: 193: 6554: 6171: 6140: 5821: 5608: 5467: 5076: 5053: 5017: 4971: 4743: 3708:

The Patriarch excommunicated Mathew Mar Athanasius and the pro-Anglican group from the Malankara Jacobite Church.

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In the year of our Lord 1653, came our Spiritual Father, Mar Ignatius, the Patriarch, from Antioch to Malabar....

1752:, both in bringing them into conformity with Latin church customs and in subjecting them to the authority of the 1658: 1280: 799: 435: 102: 2248:

In the 19th century, a reform movement inspired by British missionaries led to the formation of the independent

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of 1653. The Malankara Church's divisions and branchings have resulted in present-day Churches that include the

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Eastern Christianity in India: A History of the Syro-Malabar Church from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

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Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]

6260: 5806: 5401: 5048: 4909: 828: 175: 4201:"La Double identité des chrétiens keralais : confessions et castes chrétiennes au Kerala (Inde du Sud)" 4191:

Christian Researches in Asia (With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages)

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Christian Researches in Asia (With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages)

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During the course of this litigation (1879–1889), answering a question Thomas Athanasius Metropolitan said,

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missionaries helped the Malankara Church, through their Help Mission. But on 16 January 1836, Metropolitan

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The Eucharistic Liturgy: A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church

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those who rejected the Latin rite were known as the New Party, which later became the Jacobite Church

2083: 1631: 1350: 780: 714: 4203:[The Double Identity of Kerala Christians: Confessions and Christian Castes (South India)]. 2110:. Thoma I was regularised as a canonical bishop in 1665 by Archbishop Gregorios Abdul Jaleel of the 5765: 5629: 5423: 5229: 5081: 4997: 4751: 4661: 4134: 1394: 1314: 1202: 1013: 4287:. In Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milič; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Vischer, Lukas (eds.). 2834: 2646: 6462: 6272: 6071: 5710: 5617: 5256: 5224: 5214: 5091: 5002: 4976: 3804: 2329: 2249: 2242: 2214: 2016: 1986: 1899: 1527: 1495: 1358: 1326: 1289: 1166: 1091: 1076: 1023: 848: 739: 706: 676: 569: 153: 3458:. Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 2005 2137:

in India was replaced among them and this transformation was completed by the 19th century. The

1657:

Details on the archidiaconate prior to the arrival of the Portuguese are elusive, but Patriarch

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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resulted in there being two rival patriarchates, one of which entered into communion with the

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against the oppressive Latin Catholic hierarchy. The Pope responded to the issue by sending

2063:, which had been already partially implemented by the same assembly in 1789 at Puthiyacavu. 6323: 6265: 6221: 6117: 5998: 5881: 5715: 5690: 4775: 4681: 2517: 2487: 1814: 1677: 1126: 501: 1634:(Old Seminary) in Kottayam and two are at the Mar Thoma Church Headquarters in Tiruvalla. 1621:

families are witness to this deed showing that Brahmins were in Kerala by the 8th century.

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The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium

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The Indian Christians of St. Thomas. An Account of the Ancient Syriac Church of Malabar

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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900

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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900

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Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 259-276

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is the highest rank for a cleric in the Church of the East after the rank of bishop.)

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Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas",

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Journey of the Archbishop of Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primate of Eastern India

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In 1912, a Catholicate was instituted in Malankara by the Syriac orthodox Patriarch

6193: 5775: 5700: 5382: 5319: 4614: 4417: 4212: 3343:. In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). 3340: 2495: 2380: 2130: 2071: 2056: 1780: 1776: 1733:, which they hoped to spread across the world. Facilitating this objective was the 1696: 1690: 1466: 1446: 1028: 899: 853: 749: 533: 6281: 5868: 5851: 5846: 5670: 5665: 5342: 4580: 4559: 4466: 4435: 4421: 4284: 4246: 4225: 4189: 4175: 4142: 3899: 3748: 3701: 3539: 3509: 3428: 3336: 2882: 2687: 2395: 2230: 1926:, or "Old Allegiance", while the branch affiliated with Mar Thoma was called the 1907: 1819: 1765: 1552: 1330: 785: 619: 605: 101:

It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly

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Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleixo de Menezes Primaz da India oriental

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did in fact reach Goa, whence he was sent on to Europe, but evidently died in

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By 1599 the last Metropolitan, Abraham, had died, and the Archbishop of Goa,

1735: 1722: 1676:, requesting a new bishop for India. The Patriarch of the Church of the East 1548: 1081: 30:

This article is about the historic Indian church. For the rite employed, see

4496:(2006). Jacob Thekeparampil; Geevarghese Panicker; Abraham Kalakudi (eds.). 434:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

6437: 6432: 6427: 6226: 6216: 6189: 6163: 6027: 5760: 5720: 5680: 5438: 4271:

A Short History of the Church of Malabar together with the Synod of Diamper

4216: 3318:

Metropolitan of the Syriac Church (Punnathara Dionysious ) (October 1822).

2788: 2317: 2280: 2257: 1906:, who was consecrated as a bishop in 1663 by Carmelite missionaries of the 1889:, Cochin, that they would not obey the Portuguese Catholic bishops and the 1886: 1849: 1749: 1651: 1479: 521: 3345:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition

2983: 1721:, and the various smaller kingdoms in the area. When the Portuguese under 6513: 6487: 6039: 6031: 6019: 5780: 5063: 2820: 2796: 2226: 2122: 1831: 1799: 1730: 1706: 1544: 838: 4553:. Translated and editted by E. R. Hambye. Westminster, MD: Newman Press. 4412:. Dharmaram College, Bangalore: The Church History Association of India. 1942: 6523: 6518: 6457: 6386: 6296: 6231: 5967: 5705: 2297: 2218: 2165: 2119: 1643: 1475: 894: 5280: 3901:

Ethnic Church Meets Megachurch: Indian American Christianity in Motion

6467: 6407: 5660: 5111: 4866: 2741: 2739: 2376: 2229:

ideologies of the missionaries, stood along with them and joined the

1966:

Letter of Patriarch Ignatios Abdal-Masih I to the faithful of Malabar

1955: 1803: 1714: 609: 3409: 2791:

and in obedience to the Pope whose authority they recognized in the

2444:: community of former Malankara Syrian Christians who belong to the 142: 6452: 6422: 6391: 6063: 6043: 6035: 5913: 5816: 5655: 4924: 4793: 4653: 4347:. Vol. 1. Trichur: St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India. 4338:. Vol. 2. Trichur: St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India. 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2391: 2187: 2079: 1810: 1702: 1654:

family, who claimed a privileged connection to Thomas the Apostle.

1462: 4529:(is a readable and exhaustive study of the St. Thomas Christians.) 4408:

Menachery, G. (2012). Oberland Snaitang; George Menachery (eds.).

2736: 6291: 5951: 5740: 4291:. Vol. 5. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 285–286. 3408:

Thomas, M. Kurian; Thottappuzha, Varghese John (6 October 2021).

2300:, before the final verdict was given, Athanasius testified that, 2103: 2001:

In the Name of the Eternal and Necessary Existence, the Almighty.

1950:

The arrival of Mar Gregorios in 1665, marked the introduction of

1903: 1618: 1574: 1457: 3933: 2655: 1865: 1543:

Historically, Malabar traded frequently with the nations of the

1452:

denominations which claim ultimate origins from the missions of

488: 5514: 3495:. Academic Publishers, College Road, Kottayam. 2003.p. 254-262. 2711: 2709: 2095: 1890: 1647: 1627: 1580: 1556: 661: 587: 4582:

India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World

3923: 3921: 3002: 6198: 5874: 5685: 5518: 4561:

Origin of Christianity in India: a Historiographical Critique

4468:

A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707

4040:

Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century

3507: 3125: 3101: 3077: 3065: 3043: 3041: 1842: 1827: 1760:

consistent leadership. In 1552, the year of Jacob's death, a

1595: 1560: 591: 4827:

Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam

3190: 3188: 2706: 365:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

6412: 4312:

Hough, James (1893) "The History of Christianity in India".

3918: 3761: 2905: 2726: 2724: 1740: 1710: 3053: 3038: 3026: 3014: 2861: 2859: 1786: 4915:

United Church of Northern India – Presbyterian Synod

4354:

The Indian Church History Classics, Vol. I: The Nazranies

3473: 3250: 3185: 3137: 3113: 3089: 2990: 2252:

under the leadership of the then Malankara Metropolitan,

1744: 1521: 4166:(repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3538:

Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010).

3149: 2766: 2721: 2367:

The modern-day descendants of the Malankara Church are:

2245:

in 1947. So they are also called CSI Syrian Christians.

3829:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 36–45, 89–90. 3798: 3796: 3558: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3217: 3215: 2917: 2856: 2775:, Volume 4 By Charles George Herbermann page 1180–1181. 2756: 2754: 94:

A major contributor to this article appears to have a

4423:

Sixteenth century traditions of St. Thomas Christians

4248:

Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present

4223: 4092: 3871:

A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II: 1500-1900

3726:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 285, 300–305. 2784: 2745: 2351:(bishop faction). The former came to be known as the 4644: 3793: 3640:. London: Catholic Truth Society. pp. 370–371. 3533: 3531: 3412:[Malankara Association: from 1653 to 2020]. 3227: 3212: 3200: 3161: 2795:. The 'Malankara Nazranies' stayed with Native head 2751: 4822:

Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Himalayan States

3848: 3846: 3503: 3501: 3461: 3437:] (in Portuguese). Coimbra: D. Gomez Loureyro. 2832: 167:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5247:List of Christian denominations in Northeast India 4982:Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars 4227:Christianity in India: Two Thousand Years of Faith 3407: 3320:"Letter of the Syrian Metropolitan to the Society" 2951:The Plates and the Privileges of Syrian Christians 4282: 3939: 3802: 3746: 3528: 3426: 3308:Dr. Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India" 2047:History of the Saint Thomas Christians' divisions 1881:). Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thoma, the 6536: 5120:Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists 4543:The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India 4008:"CNEWA · Catholic Near East Welfare Association" 3843: 3514:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 687–688. 3498: 3383:] (in Malayalam). Cheeramchira. p. 210. 2773:Encyclopaedia of sects & religious doctrines 2343:(Patriarch faction) and those who supported the 1954:in India through the Malankara Church and valid 1937: 1739:, a series of treaties and decrees in which the 1611:: Continuation of the above, given after 849 AD. 5526: 5142:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4283:Gregorios, Paulos; Roberson, Ronald G. (2008). 2551:Malankara Syrian Church Sunday School Text Book 4987:Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India 4387:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India 4345:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India 4336:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India 3818: 3816: 3740: 2984:"Heritage – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church" 2616:(2013). Peter Bruns; Heinz Otto Luthe (eds.). 2025:Catholicate / Maphrianate of the East in India 1575:Cheppeds: Collection of deeds on copper plates 379:to make improvements to the overall structure. 5983: 5296: 4900:Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India 4857:United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India 4817:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Madhya Pradesh 4630: 4437:A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858 4224:Fernando, Leonard; Gispert-Sauch, G. (2004). 3893: 3891: 3782: 3537: 2884:A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858 2877: 2644: 1416: 929: 272:that contextualizes different points of view. 258:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 4205:Archives des sciences sociales des religions 3863: 3861: 2612: 1684: 4557: 4133: 4067: 3813: 3778: 3776: 3687: 3613:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 7–8. 3479: 3059: 3047: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2715: 2692:. Cambridge University Press. p. 300. 2681: 2679: 2677: 2624:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 275–276. 2202:led the faction that eventually became the 2177: 1532: 316:promotes the subject in a subjective manner 73:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5990: 5976: 5926:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations 5303: 5289: 4637: 4623: 4545:, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur. 4399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4376:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4244: 3888: 3747:Verghèse, Paul; Gregorios, Paulos (1982). 3627: 3393:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3256: 3194: 3179: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 2812: 2730: 2296:A meeting was convened by the Maharaja of 2153:while the latter is in communion with the 1997:, as translated from the Syriac original: 1539:Malankara-Persian ecclesiastical relations 1456:. This community, under the leadership of 1423: 1409: 967: 936: 922: 4895:Presbyterian Free Church of Central India 4548: 4407: 4384: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4322: 4276: 4144:The Church of the East: A Concise History 3858: 3822: 3750:The Orthodox Church in India: An Overview 3633: 3606: 3600: 3564: 3374: 3292: 3280: 3276: 3272: 2865: 2799:and eventually started relation with the 1390:All India Conference of Indian Christians 1237:Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church 472:Learn how and when to remove this message 454:Learn how and when to remove this message 395:Learn how and when to remove this message 338:Learn how and when to remove this message 288:Learn how and when to remove this message 227:Learn how and when to remove this message 125:Learn how and when to remove this message 5997: 5034:North Bank Baptist Christian Association 4578: 4522: 4416: 4184: 4170: 4061: 4036: 4030: 3927: 3852: 3773: 3767: 3693: 3654: 3331: 3329: 3284: 3268: 2966: 2911: 2674: 2159: 2042: 1993:) addressed to the head of the Anglican 1941: 1864: 5897:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 5310: 4492: 3867: 3699: 2839:. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 811. 2567:Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam 2322:Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch 2310:Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch 1787:Coonan Cross and the independent church 14: 6537: 5624:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 4967:Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention 4762:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 4532: 4265: 4198: 4147:. London; New York: Routledge-Curzon. 3951: 3897: 3713: 3660: 3410:"മലങ്കര അസോസിയേഷൻ: 1653 മുതൽ 2020 വരെ" 3296: 2970: 2923: 2760: 2484:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 2400:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches 2334:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 2004:honour able, and renowned President... 1646:–the highest for clergy who are not a 1522:Early history of Christianity in India 1516:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 1122:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly 578:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 27:Historic Indian Christian denomination 5971: 5284: 5174:National Council of Churches in India 4905:Reformed Presbyterian Church of India 4618: 4461: 4430: 4161: 3994: 3719: 3467: 3381:History of the Syrian Church in India 3335: 3326: 3288: 3244: 3221: 3206: 3167: 3155: 2962: 2685: 2668: 2618:"Syro-Malabar History and Traditions" 2498:church, headed by a presiding bishop. 2462:(MTC): an Independent and Autonomous 2434:enthroned on the apostolic throne of 2362: 1989:(a nineteenth century prelate of the 1813:in 1652, claiming to be the rightful 1385:National Council of Churches in India 864:Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala 844:Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception 5169:Church's Auxiliary for Social Action 5044:Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches 4842:Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church 4018:from the original on 4 November 1999 3806:Historiography and History of Kerala 3449: 2223:Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch 1860: 1674:Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch 1192:Saint Thomas Christian denominations 859:Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril 406: 349: 299: 238: 165:adding citations to reliable sources 136: 79: 38: 5102:Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church 5039:Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade 4885:Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong 4837:Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church 4527:. London: Darton, Longman and Tidd. 4285:"Syrian Orthodox Churches in India" 4251:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4037:Leustean, Lucian N. (30 May 2014). 3809:. Learners' Book House. p. 82. 3753:. Sophia Publications. p. 57. 2785:Fernando & Gispert-Sauch (2004) 2746:Fernando & Gispert-Sauch (2004) 2260:, who was consecrated by Patriarch 2129:. In this process, the traditional 1132:Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan 814:Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar 313:This article contains wording that 24: 4802:Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church 4585:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 4323:MacKenzie, Gordon Thomson (1901). 4098: 3823:MacKenzie, Gordon Thomson (2018). 2412:under the local jurisdiction of a 2038: 1630:. Three of these are still in the 1445:, is the historic unified body of 834:Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly 318:without imparting real information 25: 6566: 5902:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora 5573:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 4852:Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church 4832:India Evangelical Lutheran Church 4757:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church 4704:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 4111:from the original on 17 July 2019 3898:Kurien, Prema A. (20 June 2017). 3588:from the original on 5 March 2016 2478:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 2460:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church 2456:with the Mar Thoma Syrian Church. 2398:, with self-governance under the 2204:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 2192:Kattumangatt Abraham Mar Koorilos 2125:and affiliated themselves to the 1500:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 1496:Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church 1256:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 562:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 558:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church 54:This article has multiple issues. 6153: 5950: 5567:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 5561:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church 5097:Indian Pentecostal Church of God 5008:Karbi-Anglong Baptist Convention 4993:Arunachal Baptist Church Council 4812:Bodo Evangelical Lutheran Church 4709:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 4699:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church 4646:Christian denominations in India 4289:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 4245:Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2008). 4068:Pallikunnil, Jameson K. (2017). 3706:. Mar Thoma Yogam. p. 141. 3511:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 2648:Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church 2543: 2526: 2509: 2424:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 2406:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church 2357:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 2353:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church 2258:Pulikkootil Joseph Mar Dionysios 2209:From 1816 onwards, the Anglican 1762:schism in the Church of the East 1492:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 1488:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church 1335:Indian Pentecostal Church of God 1241:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 713: 574:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 487: 411: 372:events discussed multiple times. 354: 304: 243: 141: 105:. Please discuss further on the 84: 43: 6309:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 6101:Independent Churches/Communions 5077:Christian Congregation in India 5054:Tripura Baptist Christian Union 5018:Nagaland Baptist Church Council 4972:Boro Baptist Church Association 4579:Varghese, Alexander P. (2008). 4426:. Bangalore: Dharmaram College. 4317:Six St. Thomases of South India 4000: 3966: 3945: 3940:Gregorios & Roberson (2008) 3681: 3578:"Mulanthuruthy Synod Decisions" 3570: 3485: 3420: 3401: 3377:ഇന്ത്യയിലെ സുറിയാനി സഭാ ചരിത്രം 3368: 3359: 3311: 3302: 3262: 2976: 2956: 2942: 2929: 2871: 2826: 2806: 2778: 2589: 2577:List of Malankara Metropolitans 2408:(JSCC): an arch-diocese of the 2068:Eccesiastical Province of India 2033:Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church 1559:frequently visited Malabar for 152:needs additional citations for 62:or discuss these issues on the 6333:Moscow–Constantinople schisms 5892:Assyrian independence movement 5542:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 5024:Evangelical Baptist Convention 4880:Evangelical Church of Maraland 4875:Congregational Church in India 4672:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 4558:Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). 4471:. Cambridge University Press. 4440:. Cambridge University Press. 4329:. Travancore Government Press. 3976:. FirstPost. 27 September 2019 3493:Orthodox Christianity in India 2638: 2606: 2537:used in the Malankara Churches 2372:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 2171:Kadavil Paulose Mar Athanasius 2057:Antiochian Syriac Rite liturgy 1637: 1504:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 1248:Independent Oriential Orthodox 554:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 13: 1: 5049:Telugu Baptist Church Council 4910:South India Reformed Churches 4127: 3952:Thomas, Antony Korah (1993). 3868:Moffett, Samuel Hugh (2014). 3607:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). 2836:Encyclopedia of Protestantism 2801:West Syrian Church of Antioch 1938:The Syriac Orthodox Communion 1632:Orthodox Theological Seminary 1347:Northern Evangelical Lutheran 1281:Oriental Protestant Christian 1077:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara 829:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara 6545:1665 establishments in India 6483:Essence–energies distinction 6304:Christianization of Bulgaria 4962:Baptist Union of North India 4890:Presbyterian Church of India 4847:South Andhra Lutheran Church 4667:Syro-Malabar Catholic Church 4523:Podipara, Placid J. (1970). 4099:Office, Anglican Communion. 3789:. D.V. Chitaley. p. 39. 3703:The Catholic Church in India 3375:Yakub III, Ignatius (2010). 3271:, p. ; Menachery ( 2833:Hans J. Hillerbrand (2004). 2671:, pp. 241–243, 246–251. 2582: 2194:as the Metropolitan against 2141:constitute the contemporary 1896:Palliveettil Chandy Kathanar 1872:, 3rd Malankara Metropolitan 1726:jumped at this opportunity. 1592:Thomas of Cana copper plates 1588:Thomas of Cana copper plates 1343:North Bank Baptist Christian 1072:Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal 436:Knowledge's inclusion policy 7: 6287:Antiochian Greek Christians 6185:Christianization of Georgia 6180:Christianization of Armenia 6087:Assyrian Church of the East 5909:Terms for Syriac Christians 5726:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa 5585:Assyrian Church of the East 5483:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 5477:Assyrian Evangelical Church 5447:Assyrian Church of the East 5164:All India Christian Council 4535:Syrian Christians of Kerala 4352:Menachery, G., ed. (1998). 4319:. University of California. 3637:The lesser eastern churches 3582:www.syriacchristianity.info 2557: 2155:Assyrian Church of the East 2127:Oriental Orthodox Communion 1482:, following the historical 1367:United Evangelical Lutheran 1339:Church of God (Full Gospel) 1307:Andhra Evangelical Lutheran 824:Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban 687:Oriental Orthodox Communion 10: 6571: 6337:15th–16th centuries schism 6261:Oriental Orthodox Churches 6092:Ancient Church of the East 6077:Oriental Orthodox Churches 5453:Ancient Church of the East 5087:Manna Full Gospel Churches 5072:Assemblies of God in India 5013:Manipur Baptist Convention 4410:India's Christian Heritage 4326:Christianity in Travancore 4043:. Routledge. p. 568. 3826:Christianity in Travancore 3803:G. Krishnan Nadar (2001). 3456:Addai and Mari, Liturgy of 3427:Antonio de Gouvea (1606). 2937:A Survey of Kerala History 2889:Cambridge University Press 2502: 1853:declaration, known as the 1790: 1694: 1688: 1536: 1525: 1311:Assemblies Jehovah Shammah 1102:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar 819:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar 29: 6496: 6400: 6359: 6170: 6151: 6131: 6100: 6082:Eastern Catholic Churches 6062: 6051: 6005: 5939: 5861: 5794: 5643: 5603: 5582: 5551: 5511:(active 1st century–1601) 5496: 5462: 5437: 5414: 5381: 5358: 5333: 5318: 5265: 5182: 5154: 5132: 5110: 5062: 4957:Baptist Church of Mizoram 4947: 4923: 4865: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4742: 4724: 4714:Brahmavar Orthodox Church 4689: 4680: 4652: 4105:www.anglicancommunion.org 3904:. NYU Press. p. 67. 3544:. ABC-CLIO. p. 707. 3048:Baum & Winkler (2003) 2997:Baum & Winkler (2003) 2965:, pp. 74–75, 85–90; 2084:Archdiocese of Cranganore 1995:Church Missionary Society 1885:publicly took an oath in 1685:Arrival of the Portuguese 1137:Mar Geevarghese Dionysius 1117:Mar Gregorios of Parumala 682: 672: 660: 650: 639: 629: 615: 597: 583: 549: 539: 527: 517: 507: 497: 486: 5766:Dionysius of Vattasseril 5630:Believers Eastern Church 5424:Chaldean Catholic Church 5082:Christian Revival Church 4998:Assam Baptist Convention 4752:Believers Eastern Church 4662:Catholic Church in India 4199:Chaput, Pascale (1999). 3955:The Christians of Kerala 2599: 2178:Disputes and Court Cases 2118:, gradually adopted the 1533:Ecclesiastical Communion 1395:All India Catholic Union 1315:Christian Revival Church 1301:Protestant denominations 1127:Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran 1052:Saint Thomas the Apostle 6550:Saint Thomas Christians 6319:Eastern Orthodox Church 6273:Saint Thomas Christians 6072:Eastern Orthodox Church 5957:Christianity portal 5711:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth 5618:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 5498:Saint Thomas Christians 5257:Saint Thomas Christians 5092:The Pentecostal Mission 5003:Garo Baptist Convention 4977:Boro Baptist Convention 4162:Brown, Leslie (1982) . 4101:"Churches in Communion" 2414:maphrian and catholicos 2330:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 2250:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 2215:Dionysius IV of Cheppad 1991:Malankara Syrian Church 1900:Kadavil Chandy Kathanar 1528:Saint Thomas Christians 1359:The Pentecostal Mission 1216:Syro-Malankara Catholic 1167:Mar Augustine Kandathil 1142:Mar Geevarghese Ivanios 1092:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth 1024:Saint Thomas Christians 849:Sadhu Kochoonju Upadesi 740:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth 707:Saint Thomas Christians 677:Saint Thomas Christians 570:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 370:. The reason given is: 18:Malankara Syrian Church 6555:Syriac Orthodox Church 6118:True Orthodox churches 6113:Spiritual Christianity 5751:Ignatius Andrew Akijan 5736:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel 5594:Chaldean Syrian Church 5368:Syriac Orthodox Church 5349:Syriac Catholic Church 4734:Chaldean Syrian Church 4564:. Delhi: Media House. 4549:Tisserant, E. (1957). 4385:Menachery, G. (2010). 4343:Menachery, G. (1982). 4334:Menachery, G. (1973). 4275:Reproduced in full in 4217:10.3406/assr.1999.1084 3960:University of Michigan 3783:D.V. Chitaley (1959). 3700:Pallath, Paul (2003). 3667:. Centre. p. 45. 3661:Afonso, A. V. (2009). 3634:Fortescue, A. (1913). 2645:Thomas Joseph (2011). 2572:Malankara Metropolitan 2442:Saint Thomas Anglicans 2432:Malankara Metropolitan 2428:Catholicos of the East 2410:Syriac Orthodox Church 2345:Malankara Metropolitan 2316:. The ruling declared 2314:Malankara Metropolitan 2306: 2294: 2254:Mathews Mar Athanasius 2235:Saint Thomas Anglicans 2217:, convened a Synod at 2211:Church Mission Society 2200:Abraham Mar Koorilos I 2174: 2147:Chaldean Syrian Church 2112:Syriac Orthodox Church 2106:, came to be known as 2053:Gregorios Abdul Jaleel 2048: 2023:established Canonical 2021:Syriac Orthodox Church 2013: 1975: 1960:Syriac Orthodox Church 1947: 1917:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel 1873: 1824:Ignatius Hidayat Allah 1609:Tharissa palli Deed II 1508:Saint Thomas Anglicans 1450:Saint Thomas Christian 1294:St. Thomas Evangelical 1152:Giuseppe Maria Bernini 874:Euphrasia Eluvathingal 624:Liturgy of Saint James 566:Saint Thomas Anglicans 544:Malankara Metropolitan 6141:Eastern Protestantism 6014:that developed since 5190:Christianity in India 5029:Mising Baptist Kebang 4939:Church of South India 4934:Church of North India 4807:Arcot Lutheran Church 4533:Pothan, S.G. (1970). 4525:The Thomas Christians 4389:. Vol. 3. Ollur. 4315:Joseph, T. K. (1955) 3720:Bayly, Susan (2004). 2686:Bayly, Susan (1989). 2520:, 1835 pencil drawing 2450:Church of South India 2302: 2289: 2264:. In 1875, Patriarch 2239:Church of South India 2163: 2046: 1999: 1987:Dionysious Punnathara 1968: 1946:Mor Osthatheos Sleebo 1945: 1883:St. Thomas Christians 1868: 1809:Ahatallah arrived in 1695:Further information: 1603:Tharissa palli Deed I 1537:Further information: 1526:Further information: 1512:Church of South India 1363:Seventh-day Adventist 1323:Church of South India 1319:Church of North India 1212:Syro-Malabar Catholic 1162:Palackal Thoma Malpan 1087:Bl.Devasahayam Pillai 961:Christianity in India 879:Thoma of Villarvattom 266:by rewriting it in a 103:neutral point of view 6266:Council of Chalcedon 6012:Christian traditions 5999:Eastern Christianity 5882:Assyrian nationalism 5827:Koy Sanjaq Christian 5812:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 5802:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 5716:Dionysius bar Salibi 5691:Philoxenus of Mabbug 5544:(West Syriac) (1932) 5538:(East Syriac) (1665) 4776:Western Christianity 4682:Eastern Christianity 4418:Mundadan, A. Mathias 2948:NSC Network (2007), 2935:Sreedhara Menon, A. 2614:Koonammakkal, Thomas 2518:Kottayam Cheriapally 2448:, as members of the 2186:, a Syriac Orthodox 1830:at the court of the 1815:Patriarch of Antioch 1067:Saint Gonsalo Garcia 1062:Saint Francis Xavier 161:improve this article 6042:, and parts of the 5931:Syriac sacral music 5786:Baselios Paulose II 5771:Geevarghese Ivanios 5731:Abraham of Angamaly 5536:Syro-Malabar Church 5312:Syriac Christianity 5155:Interdenominational 4744:Oriental Protestant 4139:Winkler, Dietmar W. 4074:. pp. 48, 53. 3930:, pp. 381–384. 3770:, pp. 363–364. 3664:Indian Christianity 3491:Cherian, Dr. C.V., 3341:"Thomas Christians" 3337:Brock, Sebastian P. 3158:, pp. 208–210. 3134:, pp. 130–133. 3110:, pp. 127–128. 3086:, pp. 125–127. 3074:, pp. 122–124. 3011:, pp. 271–272. 2914:, pp. 107–123. 2464:Oriental Protestant 2418:Catholicos of India 2243:Indian independence 2237:became part of the 2184:Baselios Shakrallah 2143:Syro-Malabar Church 2102:and latter, led by 2029:Catholicos of India 1979:MS Samanvaya Syr 18 1547:, and traders from 1082:Saint Mother Teresa 994:Bombay East Indians 869:Geevarghese Ivanios 745:Tharisapalli plates 540:Metropolitan Bishop 377:editing the article 6239:Church of the East 6209:Ecumenical council 6160:Christ Pantocrator 6016:Early Christianity 5807:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 5746:Abraham Koorilos I 5676:Severus of Antioch 5609:Eastern Protestant 5468:Eastern Protestant 5396:"Nestorian Church" 5390:Church of the East 4186:Buchanan, Claudius 4172:Buchanan, Claudius 3786:All India Reporter 3688:Vadakkekara (2007) 3480:Vadakkekara (2007) 3060:Vadakkekara (2007) 3033:Vadakkekara (2007) 3021:Vadakkekara (2007) 3009:Vadakkekara (2007) 2718:, pp. 84, 86. 2716:Vadakkekara (2007) 2446:Anglican Communion 2394:and the worldwide 2363:Modern descendants 2347:came to be called 2270:Mathews Athanasius 2262:Ignatius Peter III 2175: 2135:Church of the East 2078:, administered by 2076:Archdiocese of Goa 2049: 1952:Oriental Orthodoxy 1948: 1874: 1670:Pope of Alexandria 1615:Iravi Corttan Deed 1565:Church of the East 1454:Thomas the Apostle 1264:Church of the East 1157:Sadhu Sundar Singh 1112:Ignatius Elias III 1097:Mar Baselios Eldho 1019:Punjabi Christians 999:Marathi Christians 989:Bettiah Christians 984:Bengali Christians 910:Suriyani Malayalam 667:Church of the East 644:Thomas the Apostle 602:Suriyani Malayalam 176:"Malankara Church" 6532: 6531: 6504:Sign of the cross 6314:Turkic Christians 6149: 6148: 5965: 5964: 5887:Assyrian homeland 5875:Assyrian genocide 5651:Ephrem the Syrian 5639: 5638: 5553:Oriental Orthodox 5492: 5491: 5377: 5376: 5360:Oriental Orthodox 5326:Church of Antioch 5278: 5277: 5150: 5149: 5128: 5127: 4770: 4769: 4691:Oriental Orthodox 4592:978-81-269-0903-2 4571:978-81-7495-258-5 4508:. Gorgias Press. 4447:978-0-521-89332-9 4298:978-0-8028-2417-2 4258:978-0-19-826377-7 4081:978-1-5246-7652-0 4050:978-1-317-81866-3 3911:978-1-4798-0475-7 3881:978-1-60833-163-5 3836:978-0-343-33052-1 3733:978-0-521-89103-5 3674:978-81-87586-41-8 3647:978-1-177-70798-5 3620:978-1-63087-485-8 3551:978-1-59884-204-3 3521:978-90-04-11695-5 3257:Frykenberg (2008) 3195:Frykenberg (2008) 3180:Frykenberg (2008) 3144:Frykenberg (2008) 3132:Frykenberg (2008) 3120:Frykenberg (2008) 3108:Frykenberg (2008) 3096:Frykenberg (2008) 3084:Frykenberg (2008) 3072:Frykenberg (2008) 2926:, pp. 32–33. 2813:Frykenberg (2008) 2793:archbishop of Goa 2731:Frykenberg (2008) 2699:978-0-521-37201-5 2468:Church of England 2384:particular church 2274:Thomas Athanasius 2266:Ignatius Peter IV 2133:of the erstwhile 2088:Coonan Cross Oath 2061:Kandanad Padiyola 1879:Coonan Cross Oath 1861:Later development 1855:Coonan Cross Oath 1793:Coonan Cross Oath 1773:Aleixo de Menezes 1754:Archbishop of Goa 1678:Shemʿon IV Basidi 1484:Coonan Cross Oath 1433: 1432: 1228:Oriental Orthodox 1034:Telugu Christians 1004:Meitei Christians 946: 945: 800:Prominent persons 755:Coonan Cross Oath 692: 691: 654:52 AD (tradition) 646:as per tradition. 512:Oriental Orthodox 502:Eastern Christian 482: 481: 474: 464: 463: 456: 405: 404: 397: 367:layout guidelines 348: 347: 340: 298: 297: 290: 252:This article may 237: 236: 229: 211: 135: 134: 127: 98:with its subject. 77: 16:(Redirected from 6562: 6324:East–West Schism 6277:Malankara Church 6194:Byzantine Empire 6162:(circa 1261) in 6157: 6060: 6059: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5955: 5954: 5842:Syriac Malayalam 5776:Coorilos Paulose 5701:Isaac the Syrian 5528:Eastern Catholic 5524: 5523: 5507:Malankara Church 5416:Eastern Catholic 5412: 5411: 5335:Eastern Catholic 5331: 5330: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5252:Malankara Church 4790: 4789: 4781: 4780: 4687: 4686: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4596: 4575: 4554: 4538: 4528: 4519: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4427: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4277:Menachery (1998) 4274: 4262: 4241: 4220: 4195: 4181: 4167: 4158: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3865: 3856: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3780: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3574: 3568: 3565:MacKenzie (1901) 3562: 3556: 3555: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3505: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3414:www.ovsonline.in 3405: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3293:Tisserant (1957) 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3225: 3219: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2960: 2954: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2875: 2869: 2866:MacKenzie (1901) 2863: 2854: 2853: 2830: 2824: 2810: 2804: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2653: 2652: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2610: 2593: 2564:Pazhaya Seminary 2547: 2530: 2513: 2486:: an autonomous 2452:. The CSI is in 2381:Eastern Catholic 2374:: an autonomous 2072:Synod of Diamper 1981: 1923:Pazhayakoottukar 1781:East Syriac Rite 1777:Synod of Diamper 1701:At the time the 1697:Synod of Diamper 1691:Portuguese India 1642:The position of 1439:, also known as 1437:Malankara Church 1425: 1418: 1411: 1351:Methodist Church 1290:Mar Thoma Syrian 1029:Tamil Christians 971: 948: 947: 938: 931: 924: 900:Parichamuttukali 854:Kariattil Iousep 750:Synod of Diamper 717: 694: 693: 634:Pazhaya Seminary 606:Classical Syriac 493:Malankara Church 491: 484: 483: 477: 470: 459: 452: 448: 445: 439: 415: 414: 407: 400: 393: 389: 386: 380: 358: 357: 350: 343: 336: 332: 329: 323: 308: 307: 300: 293: 286: 282: 279: 273: 269:balanced fashion 247: 246: 239: 232: 225: 221: 218: 212: 210: 169: 145: 137: 130: 123: 119: 116: 110: 96:close connection 88: 87: 80: 69: 47: 46: 39: 21: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6492: 6423:Filioque clause 6396: 6355: 6282:Arab Christians 6204:Proto-orthodoxy 6166: 6158: 6145: 6127: 6096: 6054: 6047: 6001: 5996: 5966: 5961: 5949: 5943:* Defunct with 5935: 5869:Assyrian people 5857: 5790: 5671:Jacob of Serugh 5666:Jacob Baradaeus 5635: 5599: 5578: 5547: 5512: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5488: 5458: 5433: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5373: 5354: 5343:Maronite Church 5323: 5314: 5309: 5279: 5274: 5261: 5178: 5156: 5146: 5124: 5106: 5058: 4943: 4919: 4861: 4766: 4738: 4720: 4676: 4648: 4643: 4593: 4572: 4516: 4494:Perczel, István 4483: 4481: 4479: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4392: 4391: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4267:Geddes, Michael 4259: 4238: 4194:(5th ed.). 4180:(2nd ed.). 4155: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4093: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4051: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3928:Varghese (2008) 3926: 3919: 3912: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3874:. Orbis Books. 3866: 3859: 3853:Varghese (2008) 3851: 3844: 3837: 3821: 3814: 3801: 3794: 3781: 3774: 3768:Varghese (2008) 3766: 3762: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3718: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3506: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3425: 3421: 3416:(in Malayalam). 3406: 3402: 3386: 3385: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3347:. Gorgias Press 3334: 3327: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3285:Podipara (1970) 3269:Buchanan (1811) 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3228: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967:Mundadan (1970) 2961: 2957: 2947: 2943: 2939:.(Mal).Page 54. 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2912:Buchanan (1812) 2910: 2906: 2899: 2891:. p. 247. 2876: 2872: 2864: 2857: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763:, pp. 7–8. 2759: 2752: 2744: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2684: 2675: 2667: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2585: 2560: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2505: 2396:Catholic Church 2365: 2268:excommunicated 2231:Anglican Church 2180: 2131:Persian liturgy 2041: 2039:Further history 2010: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1983: 1977: 1967: 1940: 1928:Puthenkoottukar 1908:Catholic Church 1863: 1820:Syriac Orthodox 1795: 1789: 1766:Catholic Church 1699: 1693: 1687: 1640: 1577: 1541: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1469:as well as the 1429: 1400: 1399: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1331:Indian Brethren 1305: 1285: 1273:Chaldean Syrian 1268: 1251: 1232: 1207: 1196: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1014:Naga Christians 1009:Mizo Christians 979: 942: 786:Syriac language 655: 620:Antiochian Rite 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 492: 478: 467: 466: 465: 460: 449: 443: 440: 426:Please help by 425: 416: 412: 401: 390: 384: 381: 375:Please help by 374: 359: 355: 344: 333: 327: 324: 321: 309: 305: 294: 283: 277: 274: 264:help improve it 261: 248: 244: 233: 222: 216: 213: 170: 168: 158: 146: 131: 120: 114: 111: 100: 89: 85: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509:Divine Liturgy 6506: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6331: 6326: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6279: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6049: 6048: 6024:Eastern Europe 6006: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5947: 5945:schism of 1552 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5756:Cyril VI Tanas 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696:Thomas of Cana 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5612: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5473: 5471: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5136: 5134:Restorationism 5130: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4619: 4611: 4610: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4555: 4546: 4539: 4530: 4520: 4514: 4490: 4477: 4463:Neill, Stephen 4459: 4446: 4432:Neill, Stephen 4428: 4414: 4405: 4382: 4362: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4297: 4280: 4263: 4257: 4242: 4236: 4221: 4196: 4182: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4091: 4080: 4060: 4049: 4029: 3999: 3987: 3965: 3944: 3942:, p. 285. 3932: 3917: 3910: 3887: 3880: 3857: 3842: 3835: 3812: 3792: 3772: 3760: 3739: 3732: 3712: 3692: 3680: 3673: 3653: 3646: 3626: 3619: 3599: 3569: 3557: 3550: 3527: 3520: 3497: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3419: 3400: 3367: 3358: 3325: 3310: 3301: 3261: 3259:, p. 368. 3249: 3247:, p. 319. 3226: 3224:, p. 317. 3211: 3209:, p. 316. 3199: 3197:, p. 367. 3184: 3172: 3170:, p. 214. 3160: 3148: 3146:, p. 134. 3136: 3124: 3122:, p. 130. 3112: 3100: 3098:, p. 127. 3088: 3076: 3064: 3062:, p. 274. 3052: 3050:, p. 105. 3037: 3035:, p. 272. 3025: 3023:, p. 271. 3013: 3001: 2989: 2975: 2955: 2941: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2897: 2870: 2855: 2845: 2825: 2805: 2789:Western Church 2777: 2765: 2750: 2735: 2733:, p. 361. 2720: 2705: 2698: 2673: 2654: 2637: 2630: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2535:Baptismal font 2533: 2532: 2525: 2523: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2481: 2475: 2457: 2454:full communion 2439: 2421: 2403: 2388:full communion 2364: 2361: 2349:Methran Kakshi 2190:, consecrated 2179: 2176: 2080:Latin Padroado 2040: 2037: 1965: 1964: 1939: 1936: 1912:Kadavil Chandy 1862: 1859: 1788: 1785: 1686: 1683: 1639: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1579:The Rulers of 1576: 1573: 1534: 1531: 1523: 1520: 1460:, opposed the 1431: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1287: 1286: 1270: 1269: 1253: 1252: 1234: 1233: 1220:Latin Catholic 1209: 1208: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147:Abraham Malpan 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107:Thomas of Cana 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057:Saint Alphonsa 1054: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 980: 977: 976: 973: 972: 964: 963: 957: 956: 944: 943: 941: 940: 933: 926: 918: 915: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 889: 888: 884: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 809:Abraham Malpan 803: 802: 796: 795: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 765: 764: 760: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 735:Thomas of Cana 732: 724: 723: 719: 718: 710: 709: 703: 702: 690: 689: 684: 680: 679: 674: 670: 669: 664: 662:Separated from 658: 657: 652: 648: 647: 641: 637: 636: 631: 627: 626: 617: 613: 612: 599: 595: 594: 585: 581: 580: 551: 547: 546: 541: 537: 536: 531: 525: 524: 519: 515: 514: 509: 508:Classification 505: 504: 499: 495: 494: 480: 479: 462: 461: 419: 417: 410: 403: 402: 362: 360: 353: 346: 345: 312: 310: 303: 296: 295: 251: 249: 242: 235: 234: 149: 147: 140: 133: 132: 92: 90: 83: 78: 52: 51: 49: 42: 32:Malankara Rite 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6567: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6377:New Testament 6375: 6373: 6372:Old Testament 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6133:Protestantism 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6108:Old Believers 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6008:Cultural area 6004: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5919:Phoenicianism 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157:organisations 5153: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4515:9781611436549 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4480: 4478:0-521-54885-3 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4363:81-87133-05-8 4359: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4237:9780670057696 4233: 4229: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4154:9781134430192 4150: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4135:Baum, Wilhelm 4132: 4131: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3975: 3969: 3962:. p. 97. 3961: 3957: 3956: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3777: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3756:Metropolitan. 3752: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3603: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3567:, p. 42. 3566: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3488: 3482:, p. 92. 3481: 3476: 3470:, p. 70. 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3314: 3305: 3298: 3297:Geddes (1694) 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2999:, p. 52. 2998: 2993: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2971:Pothan (1970) 2968: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2924:Pothan (1970) 2920: 2913: 2908: 2900: 2898:9780521893329 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2879:Stephen Neill 2874: 2868:, p. 28. 2867: 2862: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2846:9781135960285 2842: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2761:Chaput (1999) 2757: 2755: 2748:, p. 79. 2747: 2742: 2740: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2633: 2631:9783447068857 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472:its communion 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277:litigations. 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114:and thus the 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2012: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1736:Padroado Real 1732: 1727: 1724: 1723:Vasco da Gama 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379:Organisations 1376: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1184:Denominations 1181: 1180: 1173: 1172:William Carey 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 981: 975: 974: 970: 966: 965: 962: 959: 958: 954: 950: 949: 939: 934: 932: 927: 925: 920: 919: 917: 916: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 891: 890: 886: 885: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 804: 801: 798: 797: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 776:Denominations 774: 772: 769: 768: 767: 766: 762: 761: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 726: 725: 721: 720: 716: 712: 711: 708: 705: 704: 700: 696: 695: 688: 685: 681: 678: 675: 673:Branched from 671: 668: 665: 663: 659: 653: 649: 645: 642: 638: 635: 632: 628: 625: 621: 618: 614: 611: 607: 603: 600: 596: 593: 589: 586: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552: 550:Sub-divisions 548: 545: 542: 538: 535: 532: 530: 526: 523: 520: 516: 513: 510: 506: 503: 500: 496: 490: 485: 476: 473: 458: 455: 447: 437: 433: 429: 423: 420:This article 418: 409: 408: 399: 396: 388: 378: 373: 369: 368: 363:This article 361: 352: 351: 342: 339: 331: 328:December 2021 319: 317: 311: 302: 301: 292: 289: 281: 278:December 2021 271: 270: 265: 259: 257: 250: 241: 240: 231: 228: 220: 209: 206: 202: 199: 195: 192: 188: 185: 181: 178: – 177: 173: 172:Find sources: 166: 162: 156: 155: 150:This article 148: 144: 139: 138: 129: 126: 118: 108: 104: 99: 97: 91: 82: 81: 76: 74: 67: 66: 61: 60: 55: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6438:Nestorianism 6433:Dyophysitism 6428:Miaphysitism 6418:Apophaticism 6382:Deuterocanon 6276: 6227:Paulicianism 6217:Nestorianism 6190:Roman Empire 6164:Hagia Sophia 6159: 5854:(Liturgical) 5761:Elias Mellus 5721:Bar Hebraeus 5681:Paul the Jew 5506: 5505: 5395: 5388: 5322:, legacy of 5251: 4612: 4581: 4560: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4524: 4505: 4501: 4482:. Retrieved 4467: 4451:. Retrieved 4436: 4422: 4409: 4386: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4325: 4316: 4302:. Retrieved 4288: 4270: 4247: 4226: 4208: 4204: 4190: 4176: 4163: 4143: 4113:. Retrieved 4104: 4094: 4085: 4070: 4063: 4054: 4039: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4011: 4002: 3995:Brown (1982) 3990: 3978:. Retrieved 3968: 3954: 3947: 3935: 3900: 3870: 3825: 3805: 3785: 3763: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3683: 3663: 3656: 3636: 3629: 3609: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3581: 3572: 3560: 3540: 3510: 3492: 3487: 3475: 3468:Neill (2002) 3463: 3455: 3451: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3413: 3403: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3344: 3313: 3304: 3295:, p. ; 3291:, p. ; 3289:Brown (1982) 3287:, p. ; 3264: 3252: 3245:Neill (2004) 3222:Neill (2004) 3207:Neill (2004) 3202: 3175: 3168:Neill (2004) 3163: 3156:Neill (2004) 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2978: 2969:, p. ; 2963:Brown (1982) 2958: 2950: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2883: 2873: 2850: 2835: 2828: 2808: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2688: 2669:Neill (2002) 2647: 2640: 2621: 2608: 2591: 2563: 2436:Saint Thomas 2416:as known as 2375: 2366: 2348: 2340: 2338: 2318:Dionysious V 2307: 2303: 2295: 2292:independent. 2290: 2286: 2281:Dionysious V 2279: 2247: 2241:, after the 2208: 2181: 2164: 2150: 2138: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2091: 2082:. 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Viking. 4128:References 3351:26 January 3279:, , 3275:, , 2815:, p. 2298:Travancore 2219:Mavelikara 2166:Sthathicon 2151:Pazhayakūr 2120:Miaphysite 2092:Propaganda 1962:in India. 1791:See also: 1703:Portuguese 1689:See also: 1644:archdeacon 1569:Archdeacon 1555:, and the 1476:Carmelites 1472:Propaganda 895:Margamkali 432:relocating 217:April 2020 187:newspapers 115:April 2020 59:improve it 6468:Theotokos 6408:Hesychasm 6213:Heresies 6055:divisions 5795:Languages 5661:Nestorius 5502:legacy of 5439:Nestorian 5220:Meghalaya 5205:Karnataka 5200:Jharkhand 5112:Adventist 4726:Nestorian 4395:cite book 4372:cite book 4356:. Ollur. 4273:. 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