3540:. Each voter can cast a single vote for any candidate within any given legislative district, but the candidate with the most votes wins the seat, although variants, such as requiring a majority, are sometimes used. What happens is that in a general election, a party that consistently comes in third in every district is unlikely to win any legislative seats even if there is a significant proportion of the electorate favoring its positions. This arrangement strongly favors large and well-organized political parties that are able to appeal to voters in many districts and hence win many seats, and discourages smaller or regional parties. Politically oriented people consider their only realistic way to capture political power is to run under the auspices of the two dominant parties, and legislators from both dominant parties have an incentive not to reform the system as it eliminates potential choices and multiple competing policy options, meaning that they do not necessarily need to adopt positions favorable to voters, but only need to be seen as marginally less unfavorable than the only other option to gain votes.
3456:
3980:
3794:. The two party system in the United Kingdom allows for other parties to exist, although the main two parties tend to dominate politics (for example, the aforementioned coalition government was the first multi-party government since the government of Winston Churchill in the early- to mid-1940s); in this arrangement, other parties are not excluded and can win seats in Parliament. In contrast, the two party system in the United States has been described as a duopoly or an enforced two-party system, such that politics is almost entirely dominated by either the Republicans or Democrats, and third parties rarely win seats in
3879:'s former campaign manager wrote that the problem with having only two parties is that the nation loses "the ability for things to bubble up from the body politic and give voice to things that aren't being voiced by the major parties." One analyst suggested that parliamentary systems, which typically are multi-party in nature, lead to a better "centralization of policy expertise" in government. Multi-party governments permit wider and more diverse viewpoints in government, and encourage dominant parties to make deals with weaker parties to form winning coalitions. Analyst Chris Weigant of
4554:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...SMDP (single-member districts, plurality) voting system. ... This forces those who might favor a minor party candidate to either vote for whichever of the two biggest parties the voter dislikes the least, or to risk the likelihood that their vote will be "wasted" or, worse, that they will end up helping the major-party candidate whom the voter dislikes the most to win. Minor parties aren't banned, but they seldom produce a plurality winner, and their lack of success often causes the minor parties to wither and die...."
3444:
4141:. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the two party system was centred on a set of core principles held by both sides and that allowed the party out of power to remain as the
6230:
4149:
3587:, to try to become big enough to challenge a large dominant party and, in so doing, gain political clout in the legislature. Second, voters learn, over time, not to vote for candidates outside of one of the two large parties since their votes for third party candidates are usually ineffectual. As a result, weaker parties are eliminated by voters over time. Duverger pointed to statistics and tactics to suggest that voters tended to gravitate towards one of the two main parties, a phenomenon which he called
3720:
1330:
726:
3955:, the media frames every issue as a simple debate between the Democratic and the Republican positions. This creates the ludicrous idea that every public policy problem has two, and only two, approaches. That's nonsense. Certainly some problems have only two resolutions, some have only one, but most have a range of possible solutions. But the "national" debate presents every issue as a simplistic duality, which trivializes everything." —Michael Coblenz, 2016
3671:
1825:
1927:
2214:. The League withdrew its support in protest in 1988 over objections of alleged stagecraft such as rules for camera placement, filling the audience with supporters, approved moderators, predetermined question selection, room temperature and others. The Commission maintains its own rules for admittance and has only admitted a single third-party candidate to a televised debate,
4599:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...The current system has many disadvantages, most notably its propensity to discriminate against minor parties operating outside the increasingly uncompetitive, cozy two-party system.... America's winner-takes-all electoral system may be the least bad option for those seeking to limit government involvement in the nation's economic life...."
3844:, encouraging voter apathy since there is a perception of fewer choices, and putting a damper on debate within a nation. In a proportional representation system, lesser parties can moderate policy since they are not usually eliminated from government. One analyst suggested the two-party approach may not promote inter-party compromise but may encourage partisanship. In
4659:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...Third-party or independent candidates face a slew of obstacles in American politics, from limited media coverage to legal barriers and Congressional leadership rules. Laws regarding third-party candidates also vary from state to state, presenting additional difficulties...."
1618:, two major parties which have strong influence emerge and tend to elect most of the candidates, but a multitude of lesser parties exist with varying degrees of influence, and sometimes these lesser parties are able to elect officials who participate in the legislature. In political systems based on the
3740:. Many believe that third parties do not affect American politics by winning elections, but they can act as "spoilers" by taking votes from one of the two major parties. They act like barometers of change in the political mood since they push the major parties to consider their demands. An analysis in
4440:
4101:
and acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the "Opposition Whigs", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government. The ideological gap between the Tories and the
Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single
3893:, argued that the two American parties (the Republican Party and the Democratic Party) were highly unpopular (as of 2015), are not part of the political framework of state governments, and do not represent the 47% of the electorate who identify themselves as "independents". He makes a case that the
2655:
revealed wide-ranging corruption police and government. Bjelke-Petersen was forced to resign in disgrace, while many high-ranking police and politicians were criminally charged. Labor has been in power for most of the time since then, with the state
Country and Liberal parties merging into the LNP,
1479:
is sometimes used to indicate an arrangement in which two major parties dominate elections but in which there are viable third parties or independents that do win some seats in the legislature, and in which the two major parties exert proportionately greater influence than their percentage of votes
3856:
with choice, and then limits choice to one party or the other. If there is any truth to
Schattschneider's analogy between elections and markets, America's faith in the two–party system begs the following question: Why do voters accept as the ultimate in political freedom a binary option they would
3815:
suggested that it is difficult to overestimate the long-term economic benefits of political stability. Sometimes two-party systems have been seen as preferable to multi-party systems because they are simpler to govern, with less fractiousness and greater harmony, since it discourages radical minor
3192:
is greater than two but usually fewer than five; in a two-party system, the effective number of parties is two (according to one analysis, the actual average number of parties varies between 1.7 and 2.1). The parties in a multi-party system can control government separately or as a coalition; in a
3486:
The main reason for
America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional
1670:
has a multiparty system at the federal and provincial levels. Some provinces have effectively become two-party systems in which only two parties regularly get members elected, while smaller parties largely fail to secure electoral representation, and two of the three territories are run under a
3606:
The bounty of the
American economy, the fluidity of American society, the remarkable unity of the American people, and, most important, the success of the American experiment have all mitigated against the emergence of large dissenting groups that would seek satisfaction of their special needs
3679:
Third parties, meaning a party other than one of the two dominant parties, are possible in two-party systems, but they are often unlikely to exert much influence by gaining control of legislatures or by winning elections. While there are occasional opinions in the media expressed about the
3885:
wrote that "the parliamentary system is inherently much more open to minority parties getting much better representation than third parties do in the
American system". After an election in which the party changes, there can be a "polar shift in policy-making" when voters react to changes.
2461:, there is still only one member per electoral division (ie: a winner-take-all system) and so major parties tend to win the vast majority of seats even if they need to rely on preferences to do so. For example, a Labor candidate may win a seat with 30% of the vote for Labor and 21% from
3727:
When third parties are built around an ideology which is at odds with the majority mindset, many members belong to such a party not for the purpose of expecting electoral success but rather for personal or psychological reasons. In the U.S., third parties include older ones such as the
3900:
Others have accused two party systems of encouraging an environment which stifles individual thought processes and analysis. In a two party system, knowledge about political leaning facilitates assumptions to be made about an individual's opinions on a wide variety of topics (e.g.
3644:
Politics has lagged our social and business evolution ... There are 30 brands of
Pringles in our local grocery store. How is it that Americans have so much selection for potato chips and only two brands – and not very good ones – for political
5836:
And, as a result, more parties are represented in their parliament after the elections. The
Italian Parliament, for instance, recently had more than 70 parties represented. ... These deals are cut with the smaller parties by offering them the chance to fill high government
2673:
systems. Due to the common accumulation of power in the presidential office both the official party and the main opposition became important political protagonists causing historically two-party systems. Some of the first manifestations of this particularity was with the
3824:, with a multi-party system, has had years of divisive politics since 2000, although analyst Silvia Aloisi suggested in 2008 that the nation may be moving closer to a two-party arrangement, although this no longer seemed the case by the 2010s, which saw the rise of the
3157:(1964–1985): on October 27, 1965, the Institutional Act 2 decree banned all existing parties and conditioned the creation of new parties to the quorum of 1/3 of the then-elected National Congress; resulting in the creation of two parties: a pro-government party, the
3806:
Some historians have suggested that two-party systems promote centrism and encourage political parties to find common positions which appeal to wide swaths of the electorate. It can lead to political stability, which leads, in turn, to economic growth. Historian
3746:
by Ryan Lizza in 2006 suggested that third parties arose from time to time in the nineteenth century around single-issue movements such as abolition, women's suffrage, and the direct election of senators, but were less prominent in the twentieth century.
3101:
has a multi-party system that has sometimes been described as having characteristics of a two-party system. Parties will have reconstructions based upon its leader, but the country continues to maintain two major parties. Currently these parties are the
3991:
The two-party system, in the sense of the looser definition, where two parties dominate politics but in which third parties can elect members and gain some representation in the legislature, can be traced to the development of political parties in the
3406:
happen in nations where no more than one party is codified in law and/or officially recognized, or where alternate parties are restricted (sometimes constitutionally) by or in favor of the dominant party which wields power. Examples are rule by the
3790:) have sufficient authority to run the government. Accordingly, the Liberal Democrats can in theory exert tremendous influence in such a situation since they can ally with one of the two main parties to form a coalition. This happened in the
3680:
possibility of third parties emerging in the United States, for example, political insiders such as the 1980 presidential candidate John
Anderson think the chances of one appearing in the early twenty-first century is remote. A report in
2162:
Throughout every
American party system, no third party has won a presidential election or majorities in either house of Congress. Despite that, third parties and third party candidates have gained traction and support. In the election of
4619:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...That electoral vote system (combined with the winner-take-all allocation of votes in all states but Maine and Nebraska) makes it very difficult for third-party presidential candidates to be competitive..."
2445:
will be the leader of the Nationals. In theory, disagreements between the Coalition's constituent parties would lead to the Coalition being broken. However, the last time that this has happened at the federal level was in 1939-1940.
5618:
In the nineteenth century, third parties were single-issue creatures that grew up around great causes that the major parties were ignoring. Abolition, women's suffrage, and the direct election of senators all started as third-party
4673:
3578:
Duverger concluded that "plurality election single-ballot procedures are likely to produce two-party systems, whereas proportional representation and runoff designs encourage multipartyism." He suggested there were two reasons why
3440:, according to several views. In addition, there has been more speculation that the winner-takes-all electoral system as well as particular state and federal laws regarding voting procedures helped to cause a two-party system.
3032:
in their respective countries. In some countries like Argentina, Chile and Venezuela the political system is now split in two large multi-party alliances or blocs, one on the left and one on the right of the spectrum, such as
3505:
Consider a system in which voters can vote for any candidate from any one of many parties. Suppose further that if a party gets 15% of votes, then that party will win 15% of the seats in the legislature. This is termed
4706:
3293:
are present where a dominant party holds a vast majority for decades and the party institutions may be intertwined with, or hard to distinguish from the major institutions of the state. Unlike in one-party-states,
5695:
Italy's next parliament will have far fewer parties than the previous assembly, pushing the country closer to the two-party system that many commentators say is the only way to end years of political instability.
2609:, the main parties reflect the situation nationally: Labor versus the Coalition of the Liberals and Nationals. NSW is the only state where the Coalition has never split, but has also never merged into one party.
6284:
4839:
3487:
seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as
3674:
According to one view, the winner-takes-all system discourages voters from choosing third party or independent candidates, and over time the process becomes entrenched so that only two major parties become
5725:
4818:
The outcome also suggests that Spain, which has many small parties, is moving toward a greater two-party system – even as basic splits between right and left are deepening and becoming more contentious.
5789:
3518:
Because even a minor party may still obtain at least a few seats in the legislature, smaller parties have a greater incentive to organize under such electoral systems than they do in the United States.
3342:) or in countries which are only nominally democratic, where the allowance of the existence of multiple parties is merely a front to give the illusion of a democratic system (such as the case of the
2144:), presidential elections have been competitive between the predominant Republican and Democratic parties and no one party has been able to hold the presidency for more than three consecutive terms.
3640:
spent $ 15 million to get ballot access but failed to elect any candidates. The lack of choice in a two-party model in politics has often been compared to the variety of choices in the marketplace.
4097:, during which the Tories were systematically purged from high positions in government. Although the Tories were dismissed from office for 50 years, they retained a measure of party cohesion under
5949:
5584:
The Pirate Party ... wants to legalise internet file-sharing and protect people's privacy on the net ... There *IS* a UK Pirate Party ... and there's a US ... one, and one in a few dozen others."
4784:
Malta's next legislature will feature an elected third party representative for the first time in more than 50 years, with Democratic Party leader Marlene Farrugia having made it into parliament.
5250:
2268:
was the only political party from 1949-1954, and was dominant until 1967 when they became affiliated with the Democrats. Since then, the Democrats and Republicans have been the two main parties.
4214:– the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to "a perpetual vortex of agitation". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with
5769:
Some argue that the winner-take-all mechanism in 48 states discourages independent or third party candidates from running because it would be difficult for them to get many electoral votes.
4681:
4472:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...This "winner-takes-all" characteristic of political contestation then forces political groups to consolidate into two blocs, hence, the two-party system..."
3723:
Party affiliation in the United States according to a 2004 study: Democratic with 72 million, Republican with 55 million and third parties collectively with 42 million registered citizens
1517:(STV), a form with proportional representation traditionally associated with a multi-party system, minor parties have not had much success. Politics is dominated between the center-left
4771:
2892:
The traditional two-party dynamic started to break after a while, especially in the early 2000s; alternative parties won elections breaking the traditional two-party systems including
4963:
5385:
Forty-eight states have the standard "winner-takes-all" electoral system: whichever presidential ticket amasses the most popular votes in a state wins all the electors of that state.
1598:
parties would mean the political system would evolve into a two-bloc system, with an alliance of the PP and Citizens on the right facing a leftist coalition of PSOE, Podemos and the
4524:
2779:
parties, focusing more in economic differences than in cultural and religious differences as it was common during the liberal versus conservative period. Examples of this include
2290:(territorial legislature) is non-partisan, and on ballots only candidate names are displayed, not political parties. The Governor has typically been either Democrat or Republican.
2594:
won 53 out of 59 lower house seats in a landslide victory. The National Party won 4 seats making them the official opposition. The Liberals won only 2 seats, putting them on the
6095:
4547:
5978:
4904:
3147:. These parties were dissolved in 1889, after the republic was instituted in Brazil, in which the registration of party directories came under the jurisdiction of the states.
4703:
2639:
which heavily favoured rural seats. It had been originally designed by a Labor government, but ended up benefitting the Country Party as demographics shifted. Later, Premier
4194:, when the franchise was widened and politics entered into the basic divide between conservatism and liberalism that has fundamentally endured up to the present. The modern
5053:
4740:
3514:. Political scientists speculate that proportional representation leads logically to multi-party systems, since it allows new parties to build a niche in the legislature:
2541:
2106:
from 1953 to 1961, Democrats retained firm control of the presidency until the mid-1960s. In Congress, Democrats retained majorities in both houses for 60 years until the
6268:
4831:
5661:
Certainly, there have been a whole lot of hung parliaments and slow-forming coalitions around the world lately. (Canada, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Iraq...)
4592:
4126:" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the
3875:
There have been arguments that the winner-take-all mechanism discourages independent or third-party candidates from running for office or promulgating their views.
3432:
There are several reasons why, in some systems, two major parties dominate the political landscape. There has been speculation that a two-party system arose in the
3165:(MDB). Despite officially having a bipartisan system, complex electoral mechanisms, nominally neutral, were created to guarantee the prevalence of the ARENA in the
2678:
that often fought for power in all Latin America causing the first two-party systems in most Latin American countries which often lead to civil wars in places like
2580:
5571:
4612:
4465:
4258:
did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s saw the emergence of a two-party political system, the
4426:
2032:
formed from a loose coalition of former Whigs, Free Soilers and other anti-slavery activists. The Republicans quickly became the dominant party nationally, and
5781:
5823:
5511:
4574:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...The American electoral system – winner-takes-all – guarantees that any third, fourth party etc has no chance of winning...."
4500:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...Winner-take-all rules trigger a cycle that leads to and strengthens a system of few (two in the US) political parties..." (
3943:
and everything in between – seem largely incapable of dealing with any issue outside of the liberal versus conservative paradigm. Whether it's dealing with
3080:
the two-way political situation has mainly arisen due to strong ideological differences in the electorate. Once again this can mainly be attributed to the
2433:(ancestor of today's Liberal Party) lost its absolute majority, and was only able to remain in government by allying with the Country Party (now called the
4131:
3778:. While electoral results do not necessarily translate into legislative seats, the Liberal Democrats can exert influence if there is a situation such as a
5134:
2407:
The Coalition has been in government about two-thirds of time, broken by 4 periods of Labor governments: 1972-1975, 1983-1996, 2007-2013, and since 2022.
1978:
were significant political parties. Toward the end of the First Party System, the Democratic-Republicans were dominant (primarily under the presidency of
5648:
5962:... since both parties are cut from the same cloth of corruption and corporate influence, the American populace is left in a "crisis of creativity," ...
5941:
3897:
should be elected on a non-partisan basis, and asserts that both political parties are "cut from the same cloth of corruption and corporate influence."
2591:
2565:
5234:
2635:(LNP). Historically, the Country Party was the largest Coalition member and they governed the state from 1957 until 1989. This was partially due to a
4930:
3848:, Lisa Jane Disch criticizes two-party systems for failing to provide enough options since only two choices are permitted on the ballot. She wrote:
3455:
2532:
in western New South Wales), while some have seen long periods of dominance by one party. Some parties are absent entirely in parts of the country.
2651:, worsening malapportionment in order to reduce the power of the Liberals so his Country Party could rule alone. Eventually, media reports and the
5748:
5398:
5362:
5281:
2352:
2348:
5915:
5431:
2061:
5928:...only about eight percent of Americans feel confident in our partisan Congress ... 47 percent of Americans ... identify as independents. ...
4652:
2206:
at different levels of government as well as other electoral obstacles, such as denial of access to general election debates. Since 1987, the
5630:
Gillespie, J. D. (2012). Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-party Politics. University of South Carolina Press.
4763:
4085:
and the nature of the new constitutional state. This proto two-party system fell into relative abeyance after the accession to the throne of
2457:
electoral system. Although voters can preference third parties and independents above the major parties, and the voting method has a reduced
5454:...and another $ 15 million has gone toward its most valuable asset: ballot access. Americans Elect has secured a ballot line in 26 states..
5156:
4953:
4501:
4497:
6229:
2675:
2549:
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have been the third largest party in the country, with 8-13% of the national vote and an equivalent amount of Senators. Prior to this, the
4632:
3933:"The more destructive problem is the way this skews the discussion of the issues facing the nation. The media – meaning news sources from
2882:
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4263:
701:
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1958:
has two dominant political parties; historically, there have been few instances in which third party candidates won an election. In the
5211:
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4805:
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1358:
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2164:
2148:
2141:
2129:
2037:
1994:
1990:
1455:
In such systems, while chances for third-party candidates winning election to major national office are remote, it is possible for
754:
4047:. In the following century, the Whig party's support base widened to include emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants.
3436:
from early political battling between the federalists and anti-federalists in the first few decades after the ratification of the
1560:
was moving toward a "greater two-party system" while acknowledging that Spain has many small parties. A 2015 article published by
6309:
Duverger's Law is a dead parrot. Outside the USA, first-past-the-post voting has no tendency at all to produce two party politics
5041:
4267:
2172:
1587:
5141:, Accessed Oct. 18, 2013, quote: "...This is positive. A two-party system isn't here yet, but it's a kind of dream we have..."
4639:, Accessed August 12, 2013, "...The two party system forces the third party to join their group in a winner take all system..."
3775:
2973:
2780:
2588:
2238:
1889:
1788:
1724:
3599:, by favoring a system of winner-takes-all in presidential elections, is a structural choice favoring only two major parties.
1396:
consistently dominate the political landscape. At any point in time, one of the two parties typically holds a majority in the
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4255:
3383:
3009:
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1861:
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principle applies in presidential elections, since if a presidential candidate gets the most votes in any particular state,
1679:
currently has only two parties; two-party representation has also historically been common in the legislative assemblies of
3771:
3767:
2917:
2870:
2632:
2502:
2328:
1583:
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surely protest as consumers? ... This is the tyranny of the two–party system, the construct that persuades United States
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706:
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4609:
1868:
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In contrast, a voting system that allows only a single winner for each possible legislative seat is sometimes termed a
2442:
2207:
1772:
1591:
3625:
countries and in the bottom half of all countries, while the country ranks outside the top five countries in terms of
3478:
agreed that there was a link between voting arrangements and the effective number of parties. Sachs explained how the
4872:
4522:
Two-party systems are prominent in various countries, such as the U.S., and contain both advantages and disadvantages
4434:
4123:
3729:
3592:
3583:
systems leads to a two-party system. First, the weaker parties are pressured to form an alliance, sometimes called a
3548:
3005:
2977:
1908:
1842:
1595:
1226:
2297:, the Democrats and Republicans have been the main two parties, but two Governors during the 1970s were part of the
1638:, and coalitions of lesser parties are possible; in the rare circumstance in which neither party is the majority, a
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5605:
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Protestants, and other issues that had been put on the liberal agenda through the political concepts propounded by
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2275:, the Democrats and Republicans are the two main parties but as recently as 2013, the Governor was a member of the
2029:
1998:
1748:
1728:
832:
711:
4531:, Accessed August 12, 2013 "...There are two main reasons winner-takes-all systems lead to a two-party system...",
1875:
357:
4050:
The basic matters of principle that defined the struggle between the two factions, were concerning the nature of
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3974:
3571:, the presidential candidate winning a plurality of votes wins all of the electoral votes, a practice called the
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As in other regions, the original rivalry between liberals and conservatives was overtaken by a rivalry between
5640:
5131:
4024:
3602:
Gary Cox suggested that America's two-party system was highly related with economic prosperity in the country:
2827:
2364:
2068:
the Republicans remained the most popular party nationally while the Democrats remained dominant in the South.
1846:
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17:
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Two-party systems have been criticized for downplaying alternative views, being less competitive, failing the
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5042:"Party systems, political alternation and ideology in the south cone (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay)"
2210:, established by the Republican and Democratic parties themselves, supplanted debates run since 1976 by the
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3140:
2823:
2784:
2726:
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2521:
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1939:
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1371:"Two-party state" redirects here. For telephone call recording laws and notification and requirements, see
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817:
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150:
6025:
Richard Ashcraft and M. M. Goldsmith, "Locke, Revolution Principles, and the Formation of Whig Ideology",
3979:
2194:, has been described as duopolistic since the Republican and Democratic parties have dominated and framed
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1975:
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4277:. A consensus on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the
3139:, since 1840, two great parties with a national base alternated its dominance between legislatures: the
1459:, or in opposition to one or both of them, to exert influence on the two major parties. In contrast, in
5756:
5408:
5372:
4958:
4293:
3948:
3737:
3437:
3420:
3408:
3173:
in that period. The two parties were dissolved in 1979, when the regime allowed other parties to form.
2957:
2843:
2449:
One reason for Australia's two-party system is because the House of Representatives (which chooses the
2418:
2411:
2113:
There was a significant change in U.S. politics in 1960, and this is seen by some as a transition to a
2014:
1712:
1545:
822:
793:
693:
4234:
in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of
3832:. The two-party system has generally been identified as simpler since there are fewer voting choices.
2198:
debate as well as the public discourse on matters of national concern for about a century and a half.
2075:
from about 1896 to 1932, the Republicans remained the dominant presidential party, although Democrats
5911:
5441:
4086:
3319:
3311:
3302:
may be preserved. This can occur in countries which are formally democratic (such as the case of the
3158:
3106:
3103:
2839:
2738:
2512:
Some Australian states have seen the rise of minor parties at either the state or federal level (eg:
1760:
1567:
1566:
written by academic Fernando Casal Bértoa noted the decline in support for the two main parties, the
1522:
1344:
949:
674:
4649:
2477:
is effectively a multi-party system, and a Senate majority matching the House is very rare. It uses
4177:
3303:
2754:
2750:
2670:
2478:
2272:
1752:
1740:
1574:(PSOE) in recent years, with these two parties winning only 52 percent of the votes in that year's
1514:
1064:
954:
411:
342:
5294:
the standoff between the Federalists and their opponents, which led to the modern two-party system
5272:
Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) American Creation (book by Joseph J. Ellis) (November 27, 2007).
1654:
system. There is not always a sharp boundary between a two-party system and a multi-party system.
5152:
4630:
Party of three: A third political party is an important aspect of the Virginia democratic process
4235:
4195:
4165:
4051:
4016:
3783:
3763:
3537:
3416:
3412:
3098:
3081:
2874:
2851:
2819:
1835:
1756:
1488:
1421:
994:
740:
366:
6038:
Melinda S. Zook, "The Restoration Remembered: The First Whigs and the Making of their History",
4199:
3447:
In a two-party system, voters have mostly two options; in this sample ballot for an election in
3076:
alliances. Although both alliances are made up of several political parties on both ends of the
2969:
4901:"Statement by Nancy M. Neuman, President, League of Women Voters | League of Women Voters"
4342:
4110:
The old Whig leadership dissolved in the 1760s into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "
3829:
3795:
3759:
3661:
3029:
2498:
2394:
2211:
1764:
1700:
1449:
1441:
1231:
1173:
1119:
602:
4629:
3451:, voters can choose between a Republican or Democrat, but there are no third party candidates.
3193:
two-party system, coalition governments rarely form. Nations with multi-party systems include
2410:
The ALP is Australia's largest and oldest continuing political party, formed in 1891 from the
2225:
Some parts of the US have had their own party systems, distinct from the rest of the country.
1882:
6243:
The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840
5709:
4862:
4564:
4375:
4332:
4284:
Partisan politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the
4181:
4078:
3335:
3290:
3170:
3069:
2925:
2569:
2454:
2400:
2320:
2107:
2099:
1776:
1691:, although all did elect some third-party members in their most recent provincial elections.
1635:
1603:
1468:
1444:
rarely win any seats in the legislature. In such arrangements, two-party systems result from
1051:
884:
644:
583:
538:
501:
352:
337:
298:
126:
106:
5201:
4797:
5873:
5105:
4927:"CNNfyi.com - Nader and Buchanan excluded from first presidential debate - October 3, 2000"
4285:
4278:
4238:. The two party system had come of age at the time of Gladstone and his Conservative rival
4135:
4055:
3922:
3841:
3351:
3046:
3038:
2865:
authoritarian parties, now in peace, make some similar two-party systems in countries like
2776:
2666:
2606:
2494:
2340:
2265:
2006:
1768:
1716:
1688:
1675:
model rather than through a political party system. The provincial legislative assembly of
1672:
1627:
1623:
1518:
1472:
1429:
1161:
1032:
1022:
1007:
934:
852:
639:
431:
238:
96:
76:
2831:
8:
5178:
4074:
4005:
3997:
3881:
3853:
3479:
3226:
3063:
2989:
2921:
2799:
2640:
2324:
2287:
2072:
1986:
1935:
1806:
1798:
1708:
1599:
1425:
1273:
1183:
1037:
939:
889:
827:
679:
669:
664:
649:
629:
486:
308:
293:
168:
116:
6134:
5674:
5504:"'America is better than this': paralysis at the top leaves voters desperate for change"
4039:, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the
3474:
claim that there are strong correlations between voting rules and type of party system.
2620:, the main parties are Labor and the Liberals, with the Nationals not holding any seats.
6329:
5091:
4327:
4270:
4227:
4207:
3938:
3825:
3695:
3448:
3185:
3077:
2953:
2795:
2652:
2561:
2506:
2234:
2168:
2114:
2095:
2091:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2025:
1963:
1959:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1744:
1720:
1667:
1619:
1562:
1311:
904:
634:
593:
528:
446:
258:
131:
61:
52:
6193:
6059:
5879:
5715:
5341:
5316:
5240:
5002:
4868:
4730:
4430:
4317:
4239:
4184:
4161:
4036:
4020:
4001:
3821:
3787:
3742:
3488:
3387:
2769:
2644:
2576:
2490:
2474:
2462:
2316:
2294:
2103:
2102:
won landslides in four consecutive elections. Other than the two terms of Republican
2010:
1510:
1505:
1456:
1445:
1393:
1306:
980:
842:
837:
798:
771:
451:
426:
71:
36:
4674:"Voters' renewed anger at Washington spurs formation of third-party advocate groups"
6304:
6276:
5087:
4994:
4142:
4127:
4119:
3812:
3618:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3299:
3136:
3042:
3021:
2636:
2245:
being the two strongest parties. Minor parties in the 2021 legislature include the
2076:
1971:
1967:
1680:
1484:
1256:
1012:
866:
533:
515:
496:
481:
248:
183:
101:
3774:, the Liberal Democrats received 23% of the votes but only 9% of the seats in the
1606:
party became the third largest group in the Spanish parliament in the late 2010s.
6288:
6187:
6118:
6055:
The Transatlantic Persuasion: The Liberal-Democratic Mind in the Age of Gladstone
6053:
5859:
5436:
5403:
5367:
5315:(Second ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 176–77.
5138:
4710:
4656:
4636:
4616:
4596:
4571:
4551:
4528:
4469:
4422:
4371:
4337:
4322:
4243:
4191:
4067:
3918:
3817:
3779:
3637:
3560:
3443:
3403:
3034:
2730:
2703:
2613:
2602:
2555:
Notably, the ACT is the only state/territory where the Greens have been in power.
2517:
2513:
2254:
2125:
2033:
2018:
1639:
1334:
1316:
1141:
1126:
730:
659:
654:
574:
548:
543:
523:
461:
421:
416:
43:
4180:
in 1783 leading the new Tories, against a reconstituted "Whig" party led by the
4148:
2909:
5206:
4289:
4094:
4090:
4082:
3993:
3952:
3808:
3755:
3626:
2985:
2913:
2893:
2707:
2458:
2283:
2137:
2080:
2002:
1464:
1212:
1131:
1085:
1027:
456:
406:
347:
213:
198:
6280:
3591:, and tend to shun third parties. For example, some analysts suggest that the
2183:
won 19% of the popular vote but no electoral votes running as an Independent.
2083:
were both elected to two terms (non-consecutively in the case of the former).
6318:
4274:
4223:
4157:
4073:
Vigorous struggle between the two factions characterised the period from the
3944:
3910:
3633:
3596:
3433:
3367:
3017:
2937:
2702:, with fights focusing specially on opposing/defending the privileges of the
2437:). Under the Coalition agreement, if the Coalition forms government then the
2417:
The Coalition is a near-permanent alliance of several parties, primarily the
2344:
2203:
2133:
2121:
1704:
1684:
1136:
1114:
1089:
919:
327:
243:
233:
5236:
Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies ...
5022:
Coppedge, Michael. "The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems".
4998:
3686:
suggested that American politics has been "stuck in a two-way fight between
4211:
4176:
A genuine two-party system began to emerge, with the accession to power of
4138:
3682:
3670:
3363:
3315:
3295:
3001:
2773:
2648:
2485:
and as a result, third parties have much more influence and often hold the
2389:, Australia's House of Representatives has been dominated by two factions:
2386:
2152:
1979:
1386:
899:
562:
441:
401:
396:
332:
313:
178:
4986:
5597:
5533:
5472:
5274:"The Timing, Luck and Lust Behind the Forming of That More Perfect Union"
4374:
but rather "two major political groupings"; for further information, see
4219:
4203:
4111:
3852:
Herein lies the central tension of the two–party doctrine. It identifies
3719:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3013:
2878:
2850:. After the democratization of Central America following the end of the
2765:
2710:
2230:
2156:
2041:
1416:. Around the world, the term has different meanings. For example, in the
1397:
1390:
1203:
1168:
1071:
1059:
924:
436:
386:
322:
318:
288:
223:
158:
4832:"Shake-up in Spain: Reform parties have broken the old two-party cartel"
1329:
725:
4987:"Ghana: The African Exemplar of an Institutionalized Two-Party System?"
4297:
4215:
4115:
4063:
4044:
4013:
3876:
3355:
3347:
3073:
2981:
2862:
2858:
2788:
2624:
2595:
2552:(Nationals not present). Labor was in government alone from 2001-2012.
2545:
2525:
2481:
with multiple Senators for each state/territory. This results in rough
2215:
2180:
1849: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1631:
1293:
1283:
1278:
1017:
879:
283:
218:
208:
4954:"What is the Commission on Presidential Debates, and what do they do?"
1590:
and broken campaign promises. He argued that the emergence of the new
5541:
4367:
3782:. In this instance, neither of the two main parties (at present, the
3307:
3222:
2997:
2905:
2866:
2815:
2803:
2792:
2734:
2714:
2691:
1483:
Other parties in these countries may have seen candidates elected to
1178:
1076:
959:
914:
894:
620:
491:
263:
253:
173:
163:
2497:
was the third largest party. Other current and past parties include
1824:
5852:
5432:"Indie Block: Why has a third-party presidential effort sputtered?"
4702:
Chris Cillizza and Aaron Blake, May 18, 2012, The Washington Post,
4347:
4032:
4028:
3984:
3934:
3914:
3902:
3712:
3568:
3395:
3339:
3323:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
2949:
2855:
2847:
2746:
2718:
2679:
2617:
1437:
1383:
1301:
1261:
944:
929:
909:
778:
303:
228:
203:
193:
86:
2323:
in 1992 have a strongly institutionalized two-party system led by
4266:, centred on the differing views on federal government powers of
3331:
3270:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
2933:
2758:
2683:
1676:
1216:
874:
188:
6001:
The First Whigs. The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis. 1678–1683
3929:, opinions on police, etc.) which are not necessarily connected.
3491:. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections.
2171:
won 27% of the popular vote and 88 electoral votes running as a
6092:"ConHome op-ed: the USA, Radical Conservatism and Edmund Burke"
3987:, commemorating the landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688
3371:
3278:
3254:
3238:
3230:
3210:
3198:
3150:
2965:
2835:
2687:
2195:
1460:
1266:
1208:
1106:
391:
27:
Government system dominated by only two major political parties
1703:
while inheriting their basic political and voting system from
4860:
3894:
3564:
3327:
3242:
3234:
3218:
2811:
2722:
2713:. Other examples of primitive two-party systems included the
2120:
Since the mid-1960s, despite a couple of landslides (such as
1557:
1373:
Telephone call recording laws § Two-party consent states
6275:(2004), 18: pp. 160–85, (2004), Cambridge University Press,
5078:
Angell, Alan (July 1966). "Party Systems in Latin America".
2587:
are not in a permanent coalition at the state level. At the
2572:(CLP), which aligns with the Coalition at the federal level.
1525:, with no third parties winning seats in Parliament between
4764:"Marlene Farrugia's election met with counting hall taunts"
3698:, and that third-party runs had little meaningful success.
3622:
3621:(which measures income inequality) ranks near the worst of
3379:
2699:
2261:
4798:"In Spain's elections, Socialists win with liberal appeal"
1513:
is somewhat unusual in that while the electoral system is
6135:"The History of Political Parties in England (1678–1914)"
4704:
Americans Elect and the death of the third party movement
3926:
3906:
3816:
parties, while multi-party systems can sometimes lead to
3482:
voting arrangement tended to promote a two-party system:
6120:
The Emergence of the British Two-Party System, 1760–1832
4054:, the desirability of a Catholic king, the extension of
3547:
electoral system for amassing presidential votes in the
2159:(47%), although Obama won the electoral vote (332–206).
6159:
Parliamentary History, xxiv, 213, 222, cited in Foord,
4864:
Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process
4190:
The two-party system matured in the early 19th century
2414:. The party has branches in every state and territory.
4867:(6th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42.
4545:
Why the same two parties dominate our two-party system
3889:
Political analyst A. G. Roderick, writing in his book
2040:. The Democrats held a strong, loyal coalition in the
1731:
which is actually a coalition of smaller parties. The
2301:, and from 2015-2019 the Governor was an independent.
2094:
and a long period of Democratic dominance due to the
6311:", June 18, 2012, British Politics and Policy at LSE
5862:
interview by Kathleen Dunn with author A.G. Roderick
4421:
3705:
Built around a particular ideology or interest group
3563:
from that state are awarded. In all but two states,
2136:
carrying 49 states and 58% of the popular vote over
2124:
carrying 49 states and 61% of the popular vote over
1436:
describes an arrangement in which all or nearly all
6051:
5912:"Republicans and Democrats: America's Two Tyrants?"
4608:George F. Will, October 12, 2006, Washington Post,
2048:where the South (which was mostly dominated by the
1989:, the Democratic-Republican Party split during the
6116:
4984:
4427:"American Government and Politics Today 2008–2009"
4417:
4415:
3798:, state legislatures, or even at the local level.
6014:Restoration:Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685
4628:Ashley Ford, September 17, 2012, Cavalier Daily,
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
1642:arises. Sometimes these systems are described as
1582:elections. He explained this as being due to the
6316:
5675:"Election pushes Italy towards two-party system"
5466:
5464:
5462:
5306:
5304:
5302:
3632:An effort in 2012 by centrist groups to promote
3543:In the U.S., forty-eight states have a standard
3532:and is usually described under the heading of a
3176:
2548:coalition government since 2012, opposed by the
2013:. After the National Republicans collapsed, the
5707:
4795:
4425:; Shelley, Mack C.; Bardes, Barbara A. (2008).
3770:by number of the House of Common seats. In the
2647:to suppress political dissent, and enacted the
2349:Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front
2343:are effectively a two-party system between the
1440:belong to either of the two major parties, and
6269:Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860
6185:
6123:. Holmes & Meier Publishers, Incorporated.
5564:"Sweden's Pirate Party wins EU seat (updated)"
5561:
5232:
5150:
4588:Patrick Bashan, CATO Institute, June 9, 2004,
4392:
4210:in 1834 which set out the basic principles of
2110:, broken only by brief Republican majorities.
5871:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5746:
5701:
5672:
5459:
5299:
4308:as one of the two main parties in the 1850s.
2656:which is a member of the Coalition federally.
2151:, only 4% separated the popular vote between
2036:became the first Republican President in the
1626:based on the British model and found in many
1352:
748:
5975:"The two-party system is destroying America"
5939:
5904:
5313:Why the Electoral College is Bad for America
5195:
5035:
5033:
4829:
4610:From Schwarzenegger, a Veto for Voters' Good
4590:Do Electoral Systems Affect Government Size?
4520:The Two Party System, Boundless Publishing,
4172:. George III is the blockhead in the center.
3701:Third parties in a two-party system can be:
2441:will be the leader of the Liberals, and the
2060:. The South lost the war and were forced to
5933:
5589:
5501:
5310:
4989:. In Doorenspleet, R.; Nijzink, L. (eds.).
4667:
4665:
4539:
4537:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
3607:through the formation of political parties.
2369:
1934:It has been suggested that this section be
6042:, Autumn 2002, Vol. 17 Issue 2, pp. 213–34
5865:
5804:
5774:
5633:
5595:
5555:
5538:"Why politics is fun from catbirds' seats"
5470:
5329:
5265:
4081:, over the legacy of the overthrow of the
3708:Split off from one of the major parties or
3181:Two-party systems can be contrasted with:
3028:in 2021, all of them from non-traditional
1993:into Adams' Men and Jackson's Men. In the
1630:countries, a majority party will form the
1359:
1345:
755:
741:
6273:Studies in American Political Development
5740:
5390:
5354:
5132:Post-Koizumi, dream of a two-party system
5073:
5071:
5030:
4985:Daddieh, C.K.; Bob-Milliar, G.M. (2014).
4696:
2883:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
2382:) has in effect been a two-party system.
1909:Learn how and when to remove this message
6029:, Dec 1983, Vol. 26 Issue 4, pp. 773–800
5666:
5532:
4861:L. Sandy Maisel; Mark D. Brewer (2011).
4830:Casal Bértoa, Fernando (June 19, 2015).
4789:
4671:
4662:
4543:Eric Black, Minnpost, October 8, 2012,
4534:
4507:
4147:
3978:
3718:
3669:
3454:
3442:
3153:also had a two-party system for most of
2665:Most Latin American countries also have
2149:2012 United States presidential election
1991:1824 United States presidential election
5608:from the original on September 26, 2011
5495:
5483:from the original on September 26, 2011
5429:
5340:. New York: Random House. p. 107.
5214:from the original on September 24, 2017
5039:
4842:from the original on September 29, 2017
4774:from the original on September 24, 2018
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4461:Wong Chin Huat, fz.com, July 29, 2013,
3344:People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan
2425:(4th largest). It was formed after the
14:
6317:
6058:. Transaction Publishers. p. 83.
6003:(Oxford University Press, 1961), p. 4.
5847:
5845:
5792:from the original on November 25, 2010
5782:"The advantages of parliamentarianism"
5728:from the original on December 26, 2011
5574:from the original on February 13, 2014
5077:
5068:
4907:from the original on December 27, 2019
4743:from the original on December 26, 2011
4584:
4582:
4580:
4443:from the original on February 29, 2020
3983:Equestrian portrait of William III by
2589:2021 Western Australian state election
1789:Political parties in the United States
1646:, but they are usually referred to as
6141:from the original on October 20, 2013
6098:from the original on October 20, 2013
5651:from the original on November 9, 2010
5335:
5233:Lijphart, Arend; Aitkin, Don (1994).
5159:from the original on October 19, 2013
5130:The New York Times, August 21, 2006,
5112:from the original on January 23, 2008
5056:from the original on January 24, 2018
4991:Party Systems and Democracy in Africa
4808:from the original on November 7, 2010
4722:
4304:and the latter was replaced with the
4300:. The former evolved into the modern
4256:Founding Fathers of the United States
4134:and the intellectual guidance of the
3650:Scott Ehredt of the Centrist Alliance
3392:Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
3384:Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea
3161:(ARENA) and an opposition party, the
1634:and the minority party will form the
6206:from the original on October 2, 2020
6072:from the original on August 19, 2020
5914:. WNYC Public Radio. July 27, 2015.
5892:from the original on October 2, 2020
5685:from the original on October 2, 2020
5514:from the original on October 1, 2013
5396:
5360:
5253:from the original on October 2, 2020
5046:Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política
5021:
4951:
4933:from the original on January 7, 2019
4881:from the original on January 7, 2014
4761:
4475:
4105:
3617:However, as of 2022, United States'
2871:Sandinista National Liberation Front
2421:(Australia's 2nd largest party) and
1920:
1847:adding citations to reliable sources
1818:
5918:from the original on August 7, 2016
5842:
5826:from the original on April 13, 2010
5711:The tyranny of the two-party system
5397:Dell, Kristina (November 1, 2004).
5361:Dell, Kristina (November 1, 2004).
4726:The Tyranny of the Two-Party System
4642:
4577:
3846:The Tyranny of the Two-party system
2530:Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party
2376:Australian House of Representatives
2202:have encountered various blocks in
1707:have become two-party systems. The
1452:tend to produce two-party systems.
24:
5981:from the original on June 22, 2020
5747:Kristina dell (November 1, 2004).
5092:10.1111/j.1467-923X.1966.tb00224.x
5024:Kellogg Institute, Hesburgh Center
4796:Robert Marquand (March 11, 2008).
3964:
3861:to accept two–party contests as a
2669:very similar to the US often with
2208:Commission on Presidential Debates
1400:and is usually referred to as the
25:
6346:
6298:
6174:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
5749:"The Electoral College Explained"
5502:Paul Harris (November 19, 2011).
5430:Crowley, Michael (May 21, 2012).
5399:"The Electoral College Explained"
5363:"The Electoral College Explained"
5284:from the original on June 5, 2015
4966:from the original on June 6, 2020
4952:Fain, Thom (September 26, 2016).
4672:Cillizza, Chris (July 24, 2011).
3636:by third-party candidates called
3512:party-proportional representation
3006:Grand Alliance for National Unity
1622:, which is a particular style of
1609:
1227:Biology and political orientation
6228:
5952:from the original on May 8, 2016
5673:Silvia Aloisi (April 15, 2008).
5598:"But Is a Third Party Possible?"
5473:"But Is a Third Party Possible?"
5153:"'그들만의 양당제', 유권자가 정치에 관심을 끊은 이유"
5151:Jung Sang-Geun (July 10, 2013).
4565:Why America is a two-party state
4429:. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
3971:Tories (British political party)
3835:
3655:
3612:Cox, according to George Edwards
3360:Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
3169:, making Brazil, in practice, a
3119:
3094:Political parties of South Korea
2660:
2465:voters who ranked Labor second.
2427:1922 Australian federal election
1925:
1823:
1782:
1657:
1572:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
1457:groups within the larger parties
1328:
724:
6261:
6248:
6235:
6218:
6179:
6166:
6153:
6127:
6110:
6084:
6045:
6032:
6019:
6006:
5993:
5967:
5814:Chris Weigant (April 7, 2010).
5641:"What mean will we regress to?"
5624:
5562:Jack Schofield (June 8, 2009).
5526:
5423:
5311:Edwards III, George C. (2011).
5226:
5189:
5171:
5144:
5124:
5106:"The Lebanese crisis explained"
5098:
5015:
4978:
4945:
4919:
4893:
4854:
4823:
4762:Borg, Bertrand (June 6, 2017).
4755:
4716:
4622:
4498:The US System: Winner Takes All
3975:Whigs (British political party)
3523:Schmidt, Shelley, Bardes (2008)
2887:Nationalist Republican Alliance
2247:Puerto Rican Independence Party
1834:needs additional citations for
1733:politics of Trinidad and Tobago
6172:Ellen Wilson and Peter Reill,
5940:Loren Moreno (June 15, 2015).
4993:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
4602:
4557:
4455:
4360:
4008:in the late 17th century. The
3087:
2828:Democratic Revolutionary Party
2365:Political parties of Australia
2353:Movement for Democratic Change
2021:quickly formed and collapsed.
1222:Theories of political behavior
848:Political history of the world
13:
1:
6254:William Nisbet Chambers, ed.
6225:Washington's Farewell Address
5714:. Columbia University Press.
5596:Ryan Lizza (April 16, 2006).
5471:Ryan Lizza (April 16, 2006).
4729:. Columbia University Press.
4385:
4089:and the consequent period of
3801:
3536:arrangement in the case of a
3466:Political scientists such as
3177:Comparison with other systems
3163:Brazilian Democratic Movement
2643:increased his power by using
2351:and the opposition coalition
2299:Independent Citizens Movement
2054:Confederate States of America
2052:) attempted to secede as the
1588:political corruption scandals
1553:The Christian Science Monitor
1237:Critique of political economy
6052:Robert Lloyd Kelley (1990).
5202:"Brazil – Political parties"
3792:coalition government of 2010
3415:in the former case, and the
2824:Colombian Conservative Party
2785:Social Christian Unity Party
2538:Australian Capital Territory
2358:
2329:National Democratic Congress
2088:1932 United States elections
2056:, in an attempt to preserve
1938:out into another article. (
1694:
818:Outline of political science
7:
5878:. City of Gold Publishing.
5040:Moreira, Constanza (2006).
4311:
4264:Democratic-Republican Party
4249:
3736:and newer ones such as the
3666:Third party (United States)
3530:single-winner voting system
3508:proportional representation
3190:effective number of parties
3131:Political parties in Brazil
2564:, the two main parties are
2483:proportional representation
2451:Prime Minister of Australia
2423:National Party of Australia
2334:
2064:, and during the following
1976:Democratic-Republican Party
707:Political parties by region
497:Party convention/conference
10:
6351:
6192:. Routledge. p. 146.
4959:The State Journal-Register
4713:, Accessed August 11, 2013
3996:. There was a division in
3968:
3959:
3766:taken its place since the
3659:
3409:Communist Party of Vietnam
3128:
3091:
3061:
3057:
2942:Christian Democratic Party
2676:liberals and conservatives
2419:Liberal Party of Australia
2412:Australian labour movement
2362:
2251:Citizens' Victory Movement
2177:1992 presidential election
2038:1860 presidential election
2009:were formed in support of
1995:1828 presidential election
1792:
1786:
1737:People's National Movement
1725:People's Progressive Party
1546:Political parties in Spain
1543:
1503:
1370:
823:Index of politics articles
694:Lists of political parties
6281:10.1017/S0898588X04000094
5338:The Price of Civilization
5261:– via Google Books.
5239:Oxford University Press.
4962:. Springfield, Illinois.
4802:Christian Science Monitor
4751:– via Google Books.
4723:Disch, Lisa Jane (2002).
4366:Note: in the politics of
4268:Secretary of the Treasury
3498:The Price of Civilization
3427:
3312:African National Congress
3159:National Renewal Alliance
3155:its military dictatorship
3124:
3107:Democratic Party of Korea
3072:is mainly made up of two
2781:National Liberation Party
2696:Central American Republic
2522:Katter's Australian Party
2468:
2453:) is elected through the
2305:
1761:Progressive Liberal Party
1662:
1494:
702:Ruling parties by country
675:National unity government
6161:His Majesty's Opposition
6016:Allen Lane (2005) p. 241
5851:Wisconsin Public Radio,
5708:Lisa Jane Disch (2002).
5198:Schneider, Ronald Milton
4376:the Australian Coalition
4353:
4178:William Pitt the Younger
4164:'s return to power in a
4145:to the governing party.
4132:Charles Watson-Wentworth
4130:under the leadership of
2479:single transferable vote
2370:House of Representatives
2310:
2273:Northern Mariana Islands
2239:Popular Democratic Party
2192:electoral college system
1741:United National Congress
1539:
1515:single transferable vote
1499:
1475:and elsewhere, the term
712:Banned political parties
412:Leader of the Opposition
380:Leaders and organization
343:Parliamentary opposition
6335:Political party systems
6186:Stephen J. Lee (2005).
6117:Frank O'Gorman (1982).
5816:"Exceptional Democracy"
5336:Sachs, Jeffrey (2011).
4999:10.1057/9781137011718_6
4648:Two Party System, PBS,
4563:History Learning Site,
4236:William Ewart Gladstone
4198:was created out of the
4192:era of political reform
4052:constitutional monarchy
4017:constitutional monarchy
3865:of electoral democracy.
3764:Scottish National Party
3538:plurality voting system
3421:Workers' Party of Korea
3417:Chinese Communist Party
3413:Communist Party of Cuba
3052:
2852:Central American crisis
2820:Colombian Liberal Party
2627:, the main parties are
2473:On the other hand, the
2321:transition to democracy
1773:Democratic Labour Party
1757:Politics of the Bahamas
1749:United Democratic Party
1713:People's National Party
1624:parliamentary democracy
1584:Spanish economic crisis
1556:in 2008 suggested that
1450:winner-take-all systems
1408:while the other is the
1232:Political organisations
995:International relations
833:Politics by subdivision
6256:The First Party System
6189:Gladstone and Disraeli
5872:A.G. Roderick (2014).
4343:Political organisation
4173:
3988:
3957:
3873:
3758:were historically the
3724:
3713:charismatic individual
3676:
3662:Third party (politics)
3653:
3615:
3526:
3510:or more accurately as
3503:
3463:
3452:
3376:Union for the Republic
3291:Dominant-party systems
3041:in Argentina, and the
2974:Citizens' Action Party
2633:Liberal-National Party
2395:Australian Labor Party
2212:League of Women Voters
2044:. This period saw the
1765:Free National Movement
1701:Commonwealth Caribbean
4463:When winner takes all
4333:Dominant-party system
4151:
4136:political philosopher
4079:Hanoverian succession
4027:, originating in the
3982:
3931:
3870:Lisa Jane Disch, 2002
3850:
3722:
3673:
3642:
3604:
3516:
3484:
3458:
3446:
3336:Dominica Labour Party
3304:People's Action Party
3171:dominant-party system
3070:Parliament of Lebanon
2570:Country Liberal Party
2455:instant-runoff voting
2443:Deputy Prime Minister
2374:Since the 1920s, the
2243:New Progressive Party
2108:Republican Revolution
2100:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2098:. Democrat President
2090:saw the onset of the
2001:formed in support of
1777:Barbados Labour Party
1753:People's United Party
1614:In countries such as
1521:and the centre-right
1473:parliamentary systems
1312:Political campaigning
1052:Public administration
885:Collective leadership
645:Confidence and supply
502:Leadership convention
353:Official party status
309:Entrepreneurial party
6267:Stephen Minicucci, "
6241:Richard Hofstadter,
5977:. January 28, 2016.
5788:. January 21, 2010.
5536:(January 22, 2004).
4370:, there are not two
4286:Jacksonian Democrats
4279:Era of Good Feelings
4154:A Block for the Wigs
4056:religious toleration
3842:median voter theorem
3352:New Azerbaijan Party
3047:Great Patriotic Pole
3039:Juntos por el Cambio
2970:Luis Guillermo Solís
2898:National Convergence
2854:in the 1990s former
2777:liberal conservative
2667:presidential systems
2495:Australian Democrats
2341:politics of Zimbabwe
2204:getting onto ballots
2190:, in particular the
2007:National Republicans
1843:improve this article
1769:politics of Barbados
1717:Jamaica Labour Party
1689:Prince Edward Island
1673:consensus government
1448:, which states that
1162:Separation of powers
1033:Political psychology
1008:Comparative politics
986:political scientists
973:Academic disciplines
853:Political philosophy
650:Consensus government
640:Coalition government
432:Parliamentary leader
239:Classical radicalism
6163:, 1714–1830, p. 441
6040:Seventeenth Century
5647:. October 5, 2010.
5183:www.planalto.gov.br
5080:Political Quarterly
4678:The Washington Post
4423:Schmidt, Steffen W.
4075:Glorious Revolution
4006:Glorious Revolution
4000:at the time of the
3882:the Huffington Post
3854:popular sovereignty
3480:first-past-the-post
3423:in the latter case.
3186:Multi-party systems
3064:Politics of Lebanon
2990:Republican Proposal
2800:Radical Civic Union
2641:Joh Bjelke-Petersen
2325:New Patriotic Party
2288:American Samoa Fono
2073:Fourth Party System
1987:Second Party System
1807:Fourth Party System
1799:Second Party System
1709:politics of Jamaica
1335:Politics portal
1184:Election commission
1155:Government branches
1038:Political sociology
890:Confessional system
828:Politics by country
731:Politics portal
680:Rotation government
670:Minority government
665:Majority government
630:Parliamentary group
487:Leadership election
169:Christian democracy
6325:Types of democracy
6287:2016-08-22 at the
6027:Historical Journal
5858:2016-05-06 at the
5278:The New York Times
5196:Martins, Luciano;
5137:2020-02-26 at the
4836:WashingtonPost.com
4709:2020-02-25 at the
4655:2019-11-17 at the
4635:2020-03-23 at the
4615:2017-05-20 at the
4595:2020-03-10 at the
4570:2015-06-08 at the
4550:2020-05-02 at the
4527:2013-10-03 at the
4502:in Wayback Machine
4496:Regis Publishing,
4468:2013-08-01 at the
4328:Multi-party system
4271:Alexander Hamilton
4222:, and independent
4218:Tory followers of
4208:Tamworth Manifesto
4196:Conservative Party
4182:radical politician
4174:
4035:") faction of the
3989:
3895:American president
3826:Five Star Movement
3784:Conservative Party
3725:
3677:
3464:
3453:
3449:Summit, New Jersey
3114:People Power Party
3078:political spectrum
2954:Ricardo Martinelli
2796:Justicialist Party
2653:Fitzgerald Inquiry
2562:Northern Territory
2489:. Since 2004, the
2380:federal government
2235:multi-party system
2169:Theodore Roosevelt
2115:sixth party system
2096:New Deal Coalition
2092:Fifth Party System
2066:Reconstruction Era
2050:Southern Democrats
2046:American Civil War
2026:Third Party System
2024:In 1854 began the
1964:Alexander Hamilton
1960:First Party System
1858:"Two-party system"
1815:Sixth Party System
1811:Fifth Party System
1803:Third Party System
1795:First Party System
1745:Politics of Belize
1721:politics of Guyana
1620:Westminster system
1563:WashingtonPost.com
1018:Political analysis
950:Semi-parliamentary
635:Divided government
529:Crossing the floor
475:Internal elections
447:Party spokesperson
358:Single-issue party
53:Political Spectrum
6305:Dunleavy, Patrick
5946:Honolulu Magazine
5602:New York Magazine
5477:New York Magazine
5347:978-1-4000-6841-8
5322:978-0-300-16649-1
5008:978-1-137-01171-8
4372:political parties
4240:Benjamin Disraeli
4206:, who issued the
4185:Charles James Fox
4106:British emergence
4037:English Civil War
3760:Liberal Democrats
3743:New York Magazine
3730:Libertarian Party
3593:Electoral College
3549:Electoral College
3404:One-party systems
3388:Equatorial Guinea
3167:National Congress
2958:Democratic Change
2832:Panameñista Party
2808:Democratic Action
2772:) parties versus
2770:social-democratic
2645:Queensland Police
2577:Western Australia
2503:Liberal Democrats
2491:Australian Greens
2475:Australian Senate
2463:Australian Greens
2431:Nationalist Party
2399:the centre-right
2385:Since the end of
2317:Republic of Ghana
2295:US Virgin Islands
2188:American politics
2104:Dwight Eisenhower
2011:John Quincy Adams
1952:
1951:
1947:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1893:
1644:two-party systems
1523:Nationalist Party
1506:Politics of Malta
1438:elected officials
1394:political parties
1369:
1368:
1317:Political parties
1257:Electoral systems
981:Political science
955:Semi-presidential
867:Political systems
843:Political history
838:Political economy
765:
764:
611:
610:
427:Political faction
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
6342:
6292:
6265:
6259:
6252:
6246:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6183:
6177:
6170:
6164:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6049:
6043:
6036:
6030:
6023:
6017:
6010:
6004:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5957:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5869:
5863:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5811:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5759:on July 10, 2010
5755:. Archived from
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5468:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5449:
5440:. Archived from
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5411:on July 10, 2010
5407:. Archived from
5394:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5375:on July 10, 2010
5371:. Archived from
5358:
5352:
5351:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5308:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5148:
5142:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5108:. May 22, 2007.
5102:
5096:
5095:
5075:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5013:
5012:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4720:
4714:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4684:on June 21, 2018
4680:. Archived from
4669:
4660:
4650:Two-Party System
4646:
4640:
4626:
4620:
4606:
4600:
4586:
4575:
4561:
4555:
4541:
4532:
4518:
4505:
4494:
4473:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4419:
4379:
4364:
4306:Republican Party
4302:Democratic Party
4260:Federalist Party
4200:"Pittite" Tories
4143:Loyal Opposition
4128:Rockingham Whigs
3998:English politics
3871:
3818:hung parliaments
3813:Teaching Company
3776:House of Commons
3651:
3619:Gini coefficient
3613:
3581:winner-takes-all
3553:winner-takes-all
3545:winner-takes-all
3534:winner-takes-all
3524:
3501:
3476:Jeffrey D. Sachs
3472:William H. Riker
3468:Maurice Duverger
3461:Jeffrey D. Sachs
3300:freedom of press
3188:. In these, the
3082:winner takes all
3043:Unitary Platform
2671:winner takes all
2637:malapportionment
2585:National parties
2487:balance of power
2393:the centre-left
2077:Grover Cleveland
2030:Republican Party
2028:when the modern
1999:Democratic Party
1972:Thomas Jefferson
1968:Federalist Party
1943:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1851:
1827:
1819:
1771:are between the
1759:are between the
1747:are between the
1735:are between the
1723:are between the
1711:are between the
1681:British Columbia
1533:and since 2022.
1480:would suggest.
1477:two-party system
1434:two-party system
1414:opposition party
1380:two-party system
1361:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1123:
1068:
1023:Political theory
1013:Election science
1003:
989:
767:
766:
757:
750:
743:
729:
728:
568:
567:
534:Party discipline
516:Party discipline
482:Primary election
338:Opposition party
249:Social democracy
184:Environmentalism
58:
57:
32:
31:
21:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6315:
6314:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6289:Wayback Machine
6266:
6262:
6253:
6249:
6240:
6236:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6207:
6200:
6184:
6180:
6171:
6167:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6115:
6111:
6101:
6099:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6066:
6050:
6046:
6037:
6033:
6024:
6020:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5955:
5953:
5938:
5934:
5921:
5919:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5886:
5870:
5866:
5860:Wayback Machine
5850:
5843:
5829:
5827:
5820:Huffington Post
5812:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5762:
5760:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5722:
5706:
5702:
5688:
5686:
5671:
5667:
5654:
5652:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5611:
5609:
5594:
5590:
5577:
5575:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5531:
5527:
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4338:One-party state
4323:False dichotomy
4314:
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4244:Reform Act 1867
4232:Lord Palmerston
4108:
4099:William Wyndham
4068:Algernon Sidney
3977:
3969:Main articles:
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3965:British parties
3962:
3919:human sexuality
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3762:, prior to the
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3035:Frente de Todos
3022:Approve Dignity
2704:Catholic Church
2663:
2614:South Australia
2603:New South Wales
2518:South Australia
2514:Centre Alliance
2471:
2372:
2367:
2361:
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2255:Project Dignity
2126:George McGovern
2034:Abraham Lincoln
2019:Free Soil Party
1948:
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5155:. Mediatoday.
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4083:Stuart dynasty
4043:tendencies of
3994:United Kingdom
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3953:climate change
3940:New York Times
3915:viral pandemic
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2894:Rafael Caldera
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2081:Woodrow Wilson
2058:racial slavery
2003:Andrew Jackson
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4280:
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4275:James Madison
4272:
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4265:
4261:
4257:
4254:Although the
4247:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:Liberal Party
4226:, formed the
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
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4205:
4201:
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4186:
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4159:
4158:James Gillray
4155:
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4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
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4120:Rockinghamite
4117:
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4103:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
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4071:
4069:
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4060:nonconformist
4057:
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4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
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4021:absolute rule
4018:
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3911:space program
3908:
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3836:Disadvantages
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3799:
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3772:2010 election
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3768:2015 election
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3711:Focused on a
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3196:
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3187:
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3174:
3172:
3168:
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3156:
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3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3120:South America
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3030:third parties
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:Gabriel Boric
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:Fernando Lugo
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:Liberal Party
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:in Colombia,
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
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2771:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2661:Latin America
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
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2504:
2500:
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2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Robert Mugabe
2342:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:Popular Party
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:, there is a
2232:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:Third Parties
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:Ronald Reagan
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:Richard Nixon
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:, the modern
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:United States
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1902:
1899:December 2019
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860: –
1859:
1855:
1854:Find sources:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1832:This section
1830:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1783:United States
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Great Britain
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:New Brunswick
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:non-partisan
1669:
1658:North America
1655:
1653:
1650:systems or a
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:(PP) and the
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:and in other
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:third parties
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:United States
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:in which two
1388:
1385:
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1374:
1362:
1357:
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1343:
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1185:
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1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Civil society
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:Public policy
1113:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1083:
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1080:
1078:
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1073:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
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1009:
1006:
1001:
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992:
987:
982:
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977:
969:
968:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Parliamentary
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:Hybrid regime
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
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872:
868:
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861:
854:
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841:
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806:
800:
797:
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604:
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600:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
576:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
563:Party systems
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
512:
511:
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479:
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410:
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403:
400:
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395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
377:
376:
368:
367:International
364:
363:Transnational
361:
359:
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351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
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334:
331:
329:
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290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
274:
273:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Republicanism
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:Progressivism
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
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202:
200:
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63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6272:
6263:
6255:
6250:
6242:
6237:
6220:
6208:. Retrieved
6188:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6143:. Retrieved
6129:
6119:
6112:
6100:. Retrieved
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6054:
6047:
6039:
6034:
6026:
6021:
6013:
6012:Harris, Tim
6008:
6000:
5995:
5983:. Retrieved
5969:
5961:
5954:. Retrieved
5945:
5935:
5927:
5920:. Retrieved
5906:
5894:. Retrieved
5874:
5867:
5835:
5828:. Retrieved
5819:
5794:. Retrieved
5785:
5776:
5768:
5761:. Retrieved
5757:the original
5752:
5742:
5730:. Retrieved
5710:
5703:
5694:
5687:. Retrieved
5678:
5668:
5660:
5653:. Retrieved
5644:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5610:. Retrieved
5601:
5591:
5583:
5576:. Retrieved
5568:The Guardian
5567:
5557:
5545:. Retrieved
5534:Neuharth, Al
5528:
5516:. Retrieved
5508:The Guardian
5507:
5497:
5485:. Retrieved
5476:
5453:
5446:. Retrieved
5442:the original
5435:
5425:
5413:. Retrieved
5409:the original
5402:
5392:
5384:
5377:. Retrieved
5373:the original
5366:
5356:
5337:
5331:
5312:
5293:
5286:. Retrieved
5277:
5267:
5255:. Retrieved
5235:
5228:
5216:. Retrieved
5205:
5191:
5182:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5146:
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5100:
5083:
5079:
5058:. Retrieved
5049:
5045:
5023:
5017:
4990:
4980:
4968:. Retrieved
4957:
4947:
4937:December 27,
4935:. Retrieved
4921:
4911:December 27,
4909:. Retrieved
4895:
4883:. Retrieved
4863:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4835:
4825:
4817:
4810:. Retrieved
4801:
4791:
4783:
4776:. Retrieved
4767:
4757:
4745:. Retrieved
4725:
4718:
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4682:the original
4677:
4644:
4624:
4604:
4559:
4457:
4447:November 22,
4445:. Retrieved
4362:
4283:
4253:
4212:Conservatism
4189:
4175:
4160:caricatured
4153:
4139:Edmund Burke
4109:
4077:to the 1715
4072:
4070:and others.
4049:
3990:
3949:debt ceiling
3939:
3932:
3899:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3862:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3805:
3788:Labour Party
3751:
3750:A so-called
3749:
3741:
3738:Pirate Party
3726:
3700:
3694:" since the
3683:The Guardian
3681:
3678:
3643:
3631:
3616:
3605:
3601:
3589:polarization
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3551:system. The
3544:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3497:
3485:
3465:
3438:Constitution
3431:
3364:Turkmenistan
3316:South Africa
3296:civil rights
3180:
3149:
3145:Conservative
3134:
3111:conservative
3097:
3067:
3002:Nayib Bukele
2910:Álvaro Uribe
2891:
2881:between the
2869:between the
2774:center-right
2763:
2664:
2649:Bjelkemander
2524:in northern
2511:
2507:Family First
2472:
2448:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2387:World War II
2384:
2373:
2338:
2314:
2224:
2185:
2161:
2153:Barack Obama
2146:
2119:
2112:
2085:
2070:
2023:
1984:
1980:James Monroe
1953:
1944:
1905:
1896:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1853:
1841:Please help
1836:verification
1833:
1698:
1666:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1628:Commonwealth
1613:
1602:. Far-right
1561:
1551:
1550:A report in
1549:
1535:
1519:Labour Party
1509:
1482:
1476:
1454:
1433:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1387:party system
1379:
1377:
1065:street-level
940:Presidential
900:Dictatorship
770:Part of the
603:Non-partisan
588:
442:Party leader
402:Frontbencher
397:Caucus chair
333:Ruling party
314:Ethnic party
294:Cartel party
179:Conservatism
127:Centre-Right
107:Centre-Right
35:Part of the
29:
6145:October 19,
6102:October 19,
5875:Two Tyrants
5853:Two Tyrants
5830:November 7,
5796:November 7,
5763:November 7,
5732:October 22,
5689:November 7,
5655:November 7,
5612:December 7,
5547:February 3,
5518:January 17,
5487:December 7,
5415:November 7,
5379:November 7,
5288:November 7,
5257:October 29,
5179:"AIT-02-65"
5163:October 18,
5116:October 24,
5060:January 24,
4812:November 7,
4747:October 29,
4220:Robert Peel
4204:Robert Peel
4112:Grenvillite
3923:environment
3891:Two Tyrants
3752:third party
3734:Green Party
3688:Republicans
3263:Philippines
3251:New Zealand
3247:Netherlands
3135:During the
3099:South Korea
3088:South Korea
3014:El Salvador
3012:in 2019 in
2996:in 2015 in
2980:in 2014 in
2964:in 2009 in
2926:Broad Front
2879:El Salvador
2861:and former
2822:versus the
2766:center-left
2727:Federalists
2711:aristocracy
2429:, when the
2231:Puerto Rico
2173:Progressive
2157:Mitt Romney
2071:During the
2062:end slavery
2042:Solid South
1648:multi-party
1600:United Left
1489:subnational
1422:the Bahamas
1398:legislature
1204:Sovereignty
1169:Legislature
1072:Technocracy
1060:Bureaucracy
925:Meritocracy
905:Directorial
594:Multi-party
437:Party chair
387:Backbencher
323:Minor party
319:Major party
299:Competitive
289:Elite party
224:Nationalism
159:Agrarianism
97:Centre-Left
77:Centre-Left
6319:Categories
6210:August 29,
6076:August 29,
5837:offices...
5619:movements.
5448:August 11,
4688:August 11,
4386:References
4298:Henry Clay
4294:Whig Party
4292:, and the
4242:after the
4216:free trade
4124:Chathamite
4116:Bedfordite
4064:John Locke
4045:Parliament
4041:republican
4014:Protestant
4012:supported
3877:Ross Perot
3802:Advantages
3459:Economist
3390:, and the
3356:Azerbaijan
3348:Tajikistan
3334:, and the
3074:bipartisan
2982:Costa Rica
2863:right-wing
2859:guerrillas
2789:Costa Rica
2731:Unitarians
2625:Queensland
2596:crossbench
2540:has had a
2528:, and the
2526:Queensland
2499:One Nation
2319:since its
2216:Ross Perot
2181:Ross Perot
2155:(51%) and
2015:Whig Party
1985:Under the
1869:newspapers
1793:See also:
1636:opposition
1632:government
1294:Governance
1284:Government
1279:Federalism
880:City-state
621:Coalitions
539:Party line
328:Mass party
284:Bloc party
259:Syncretism
219:Monarchism
209:Liberalism
151:Ideologies
117:Right-Wing
6330:Elections
5956:April 23,
5922:April 23,
5896:April 23,
5578:March 28,
5542:USA Today
4368:Australia
4296:, led by
4166:coalition
4002:Civil War
3863:condition
3696:Civil War
3692:Democrats
3573:unit rule
3308:Singapore
3223:Indonesia
2998:Argentina
2952:in 2008,
2936:in 2004,
2920:in 2002,
2908:in 1993,
2906:Venezuela
2867:Nicaragua
2816:Venezuela
2804:Argentina
2793:peronista
2755:Nationals
2751:Colorados
2739:Colorados
2735:Argentina
2715:Pelucones
2692:Venezuela
2401:Coalition
2359:Australia
2237:with the
2175:. In the
1695:Caribbean
1469:Australia
1384:political
1274:Unitarism
1262:Elections
1250:Subseries
1179:Judiciary
1174:Executive
1077:Adhocracy
960:Theocracy
915:Feudalism
895:Democracy
589:Two-party
575:One-party
492:Open list
452:Secretary
264:Third Way
254:Socialism
174:Communism
164:Anarchism
132:Far-Right
62:Left-Wing
6285:Archived
6204:Archived
6139:Archived
6096:Archived
6070:Archived
5985:June 22,
5979:Archived
5950:Archived
5916:Archived
5890:Archived
5856:Archived
5824:Archived
5790:Archived
5726:Archived
5683:Archived
5649:Archived
5606:Archived
5572:Archived
5512:Archived
5481:Archived
5282:Archived
5251:Archived
5212:Archived
5157:Archived
5135:Archived
5110:Archived
5054:Archived
4964:Archived
4931:Archived
4905:Archived
4879:Archived
4840:Archived
4806:Archived
4772:Archived
4741:Archived
4707:Archived
4653:Archived
4633:Archived
4613:Archived
4593:Archived
4568:Archived
4548:Archived
4525:Archived
4466:Archived
4441:Archived
4348:Uniparty
4312:See also
4262:and the
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