Main Concourse - Knowledge

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modern equipment several times (1985, 1996, and 2019). Since the mid-20th century, the room started to deteriorate, as its windows were darkened, advertisements were installed on its walls, and bank kiosks were placed on its floor. In the late 1990s, a restoration project overhauled the terminal with a significant focus on the concourse, making it appear nearly like it did in 1913. The most major change was the addition of the east staircase, an element planned but never implemented until then. Since the renovation was completed in 1998, the concourse has been maintained to keep its original overall appearance. The building's purchase by the MTA in 2020 has ensured its well-kept state for the foreseeable future.

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with more modern equipment several times (in 1985, 1996, and 2019). In the mid-20th century, the room started to deteriorate, its windows were darkened, advertisements were installed on its walls, and bank kiosks were placed on its floor. In the late 1990s, a restoration project overhauled the terminal, restoring the concourse nearly to its 1913 appearance. The biggest change was the addition of the east staircase, an element planned but never implemented until then. No major changes have been made since the overhaul finished in 1998.

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oak branches. These windows were covered over with black paint for decades, until the first major renovation of the terminal in 1988. The reason for the painting over is not fully clear; while many modern sources attribute it to blackout paint to avoid Germans targeting the station during World War II, others have claimed it to be leftover from filming inside the concourse. Before it was confirmed the darkening was caused by paint, Metro-North staff supported the theory that the darkening was from decades of dirt or pigeon droppings.

570: 443: 338: 990: 347: 3678: 491: 579: 588: 252: 757: 36: 561: 467: 1021: 280: 735:. There is only one entrance from the south end – a wide bridge spanning over the Oyster Bar ramps leading into Vanderbilt Hall. Passageways also lead from the west and east ends of the concourse, on either side of the west and east sets of stairs. These passageways lie underneath the east and west balconies, with shops and ticket machines along the walls, and lead to additional passageways that largely make up the station interior. 479: 855: 3563: 744:

staircases, though a change in design led to only the west staircase having been built by the time the terminal opened. During the terminal's restoration in the 1990s, the east staircase was added. It uses the same stone as the west staircase, as well, as a similar design (modified for ADA compliance, and to show close observers that it is not original). The staircases were modeled after those of the

882:, and its unveiling was a nationally broadcast event that also drew 3,000 people on-site. In 1943, this mural was replaced by another, 75 by 30 feet (22.9 m × 9.1 m), also installed over the east wall. A large flag also hung in the Main Concourse honoring the 21,314 New York Central Railroad employees that participated in the war. The terminal also hosted a canteen operated by the 695:

stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913, they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.

1032:(designed by Warren & Wetmore and built in 1913), which held a palm court modeled after the Main Concourse. The building was gutted by developers in 1981, and although preservationists managed to secure an agreement to approximately re-create the space, a new agreement in 1983 prompted a $ 500,000 donation to a landmarks fund instead. 1003:

The Main Concourse is one of the most-photographed places in New York City and the United States. One of the most famous photographs of the space shows light streaming from its clerestory windows down to the floor. The work is reproduced online through hundreds of different images, with variations in

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The Main Concourse, on the terminal's upper platform level, is located in the geographical center of the station building. The cavernous concourse measures 275 ft (84 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide by 125 ft (38 m) high; a total of about 35,000 square feet (3,300 m).

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An additional inspiration taken from the Main Concourse is at the terminal's wine-and-liquor store Central Cellars. The space was formerly the Grand Central Theatre or Terminal Newsreel Theatre, open from 1937 to around 1979. The theater lobby featured an astronomical mural, which has similar colors

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In 1944 its ceiling proved to be damaged beyond repair, and was covered over with a false ceiling, replicating the artistry of the original work. In 1967, the first train departure display was installed in the Main Concourse. The display, affectionately known as the Big Board, was replaced with more

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canteen. In 1944, its ceiling proved to be damaged beyond repair, and was covered over with a false ceiling, replicating the artistry of the original work. In 1967, the first train departure display was installed in the Main Concourse. The display, affectionately known as the Big Board, was replaced

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The Main Concourse is located on the upper platform level of Grand Central, in the geographical center of the station building. The 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m) concourse leads directly to most of the terminal's upper-level tracks, although some are accessed from passageways near the concourse.

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exhibit was a prominent fixture. A thirteen-and-a-half-foot-diameter (4.1 m) illuminated clock hung in the Main Concourse at the entrance to the main waiting room from the 1960s to the 1990s. The clock, sometimes referred to as "Big Ben", had chimes, and after 1986, news and stock information.

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and executed in 1913 by Brooklyn's Hewlett-Basing Studio, became water-damaged and faded by the 1920s. In 1945, New York Central covered it with cement-and-asbestos boards and a new version of the mural. Both the original mural and its mid-century copy contain several astronomical inaccuracies: the

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There are also arrival and departure displays at each of the platform gates, about 93 in total. Originally these were cloth curtains with train information stitched onto them, posted at the platform entrances. The signs were eventually replaced with flip panels, replaced again with the installation

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windows on the north and south sides, with carvings by Salières, alternately depicting a globe adorned with Mercury's staff and a winged wheel that symbolizes the speed of the railway, adorned with lightning bolts to symbolize the line's then-recent electrification. Both designs include laurel and

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staircase down to a similar booth on the station's Dining Concourse. The Main Concourse booth originally had a simple counter surrounding the enclosed staircase and clock, though by the end of 1914 the entire booth was enclosed with a glass roof, and eventually with window panels on its sides.

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The 18-sided main information booth is in the center of the concourse. Its attendants provide train schedules and other information to the public; in 2015, they fielded more than 1,000 questions an hour, according to an MTA spokesman. A door within the marble and brass pagoda conceals a spiral

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Two nearly-identical sets of staircases are placed on either side of the concourse space. The east and west sets each have central stairwells leading down to the Dining Concourse, flanked by sets of stairs leading up to the balconies. The concourse was originally designed to have both sets of

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atop several windows above the terminal's ticket office. The symbol was designed with the "T" resembling an upside-down anchor, intended as a reference to Cornelius Vanderbilt's commercial beginnings in shipping and ferry businesses. In 2017, the MTA based its new logo for the terminal on the

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that made a distinctive flapping sound as they rotated to reflect changes. In 1985, the Solari board was replaced with the more technologically advanced Omega board, with flip panels controlled by a computer database of train information instead of manual inputs. It was built by watchmaker

678:, with its base at an elevation of 121.5 feet and its crown at 160.25 feet. A skylight was originally supposed to be installed to provide light into the terminal, and accommodations were made for a large ceiling light, in case an office building were to be constructed over the terminal. 397:, a precious gem, and that renowned auction houses had estimated their worth at millions of dollars. This myth was spread by tour guides in the terminal, by its presentation as fact in Knowledge from 2006 to 2013, and by major news publications into the present day. It was debunked by 804:

The Main Concourse has featured numerous advertisements, displays, and kiosks on its floor since the terminal's opening. Among the long-term elements was a massive illuminated clock, in place from 1959 to the late 1980s. Additionally, Kodak displayed a large photographic display, the

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Along with the rest of the New York Central Railroad system's clocks, it was formerly set to a clock in the train dispatcher's office at Grand Central. Through the 1980s, they were set to a master clock at a workshop in Grand Central. Since 2004, they have been set to the

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that replicated the analog look of the older boards, yet were the first to span over both the east and west ticket offices. Between March and September 2019, the LCD boards — whose software had become unavailable — were removed from their housings and replaced by

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Natural light comes from large windows in the concourse's east and west walls. Each wall has three round-arched windows, about 60 feet (18 m) high, identical in size and shape to the three on the terminal's south facade. The design was inspired by the

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painted with more than 2,500 stars and several bands in gold set against a turquoise backdrop. It is a less-detailed version of an earlier mural painted directly on the ceiling itself. The original mural, conceived in 1912 by architect Warren and painter

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The four corners of the Main Concourse have roughly square towers, lobbies for the office tower proposed to be built atop the terminal since its planning began. The four towers each contain a bank of four elevators, along with intricate staircases.

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The terminal's primary departure board is located on the south side of the concourse, installed directly atop the two sets of ticket windows. Colloquially known as the "Big Board", it shows the track and status of arriving and departing trains.

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While the Dining Concourse was completed and opened early, the Main Concourse was completed in 1913, and opened along with the rest of the terminal. It held numerous events, exhibitions, and other attractions over the coming decades.

911:. All of these advertisements and fixtures were removed around the time of the terminal's renovation in the 1990s; only four advertisement screens remain on the concourse, each about 7 by 6 feet (2.1 m × 1.8 m). 404:

The clock was first stopped for repairs in 1954, after it was found to be losing a minute or two per day. One of the four original clock faces was damaged in 1968 by a police officer's bullet, while he chased members of the

271:; at the time of the terminal's construction, 80 percent of passengers transferred to and from the subway. The remainder of Grand Central Terminal was then designed around the floor level of the Main Concourse. 774:

Underneath the east and west balconies lie two intricately carved marble water fountains. The fountains, which date to the terminal's opening, still operate and are cleaned daily, though they are rarely used.

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in the concourse; metalwork above the elevators; reliefs above the train gates; and the electric chandeliers in the Main Waiting Room and Main Concourse. These decorations were designed by Sylvain Salières.

886:. Known as the Service Men's Lounge, the space on the east balcony had pool and ping pong tables, a piano, lounge chairs, and lunch counters. The terminal was used for military funeral processions as well. 640:

Two sets of ticket offices span the south side of the room, on the east and west of the entryway from Vanderbilt Hall. Many have been closed or repurposed since the introduction of ticket vending machines.

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to install a 118 ft × 100 ft (36 m × 30 m) mural on the Main Concourse's east wall in 1941. The mural, which had a montage of photographs, was part of a campaign to sell

870:, the terminal became heavily used by troops moving across the United States. Due to Grand Central's importance in civilian and military transit, many of the terminal's windows were covered with 238:

Opened with the rest of the terminal in 1913, the Main Concourse held numerous events, exhibitions, and other attractions over the next decades. In World War II, its east balcony became a

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Many parts of the Main Concourse and rest of the terminal are adorned with sculpted oak leaves and acorns, nuts of the oak tree. Cornelius Vanderbilt chose the acorn as the symbol of the

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who staged a protest inside the terminal. The cracked face was removed in the 1990s during the terminal's restoration. It was replaced with a replica; the original is now part of the

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atop the four-sided clock in the center of the Main Concourse. Other acorn or oak leaf decorations include carved wreaths under the Main Concourse's west stairs; sculptures above the

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There have been five departure boards used over the terminal's history: the 1913–1967 chalkboard, the 1967–1985 Solari board, the 1985–1996 Omega board, the 1996–2019

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and style to the Main Concourse ceiling. A renovation in the early 2000s removed a false ceiling, revealing the mural as well as the theater's projection window.

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board, and the 2019 fully digital display. For the first 54 years of the terminal's operation, train arrival and departure information was hand-chalked on a

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have also held events within the concourse. The Main Concourse has also been used for memorials, including events to commemorate U.S. ambassador to France

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The concourse, in the terminal's center, leads north to its train shed as well as an escalator, placed centrally on the north wall, leading up to the

231:. The terminal is one of the world's ten most-visited tourist attractions, with 21.6 million visitors in 2018, excluding train and subway passengers. 4073: 3096: 1829: 2894: 1783: 771:

The concourse is lit by ten globe-shaped chandeliers in the Beaux-Arts style, each of which weighs 800 pounds (360 kg) and contains 110 bulbs.

3901: 3595: 2464: 1568: 2159: 1569:"Questions of the Traveler – Every One Has Learned to Consult the Railroad Information Bureau, Which Has Become One of the Chief Aids to Travel" 1483: 1442: 389:, along with several other clocks in the terminal. Each 24-inch (61 cm) face is made from opalescent glass, now often called opal glass or 3702: 2009: 1863: 3062: 2551: 1931:"Grand Central Billboard Going Electric; Blackboard Reports on Train Arrivals to Be Replaced Pushbutton System Will Be Installed in Two Weeks" 827: 4063: 355:

The Main Concourse information booth (left) and the Dining Concourse information booth (right). The two are connected by a spiral staircase.

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The Main Concourse has balconies on its north, west, and east sides, overlooking the main floor. Its east and northeast balconies house an

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The distinctive architecture and design of the Main Concourse helped earn several landmark designations for the station, including as a

3097:"8,000 Watch Shot in Grand Central – Capacity Crowd Jams Floor Around Oversize TV Set 9:04 A.M.: Faces Reflect Tension of the Lift-Off" 1538: 1236: 1192:"One Place Really Is as Busy as Grand Central Station: The Cliche Has the New York Terminal's Name Wrong, but Its Character Just Right" 532:, which also installed it. This board was removed during a terminal renovation in July 1996; it was replaced several months later with 4083: 4078: 4032: 3959: 1408: 978: 3656: 544:

screens. Designed by the MTA and New York's State Historic Preservation Office, the LED displays are brighter, easier to read, and

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in Paris. Catwalks, used mostly for maintenance, run across the east and west windows. Their floors are made of semi-transparent

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display in the main concourse over the ticket windows. This new display, dubbed a Solari board after its Italian manufacturer

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The overlapping letters "G", "C", and "T" are sculpted into multiple places in the Main Concourse and terminal, including in

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The booth is topped by a four-faced brass clock, one of Grand Central's most recognizable icons. The clock was designed by

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angles, cropping, flipping, filters, and watermarks, as well as the author and date attributed to the works. Photographer

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for the terminal's centennial in 2013. It depicted the Main Concourse's ball clock set to 7:13, or 19:13 using a

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engraved design; MTA officials said its black and gold colors have long been associated with the terminal. The

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of the Omega Board in 1987, and supplanted again by LCD panels, which were replaced between 2017 and 2020.

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in 2001. Several celebrations have also taken place at the terminal, such as a celebration for the

874:, which would prevent aerial bombers from easily detecting the building. The war also prompted the 1651:"Grand By Design: A Centennial Celebration of Grand Central Terminal [digital exhibition]" 3832: 3826: 3651: 2430:

Railway and Locomotive Engineering: A Practical Journal of Railway Motive Power and Rolling Stock

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This page is about the Main Concourse of Grand Central Terminal. For other uses, see results for

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The Main Concourse has also been used as a gathering venue. In the 1960s, the terminal's tenant

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The Main Concourse is usually filled with bustling crowds and is often used as a meeting place.

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275 ft × 120 ft × 125 ft (84 m × 37 m × 38 m)

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No. 3 Times Square,...No. 4 (tie) Central Park,...No. 10 Grand Central Terminal, New York City

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The Main Concourse inspired multiple works of architecture and art. These include the nearby

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Floor plan of the main level of the terminal; the Main Concourse is roughly in the center

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The concourse's architecture, including its central clock, is depicted on the stage of

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The clock was sponsored by at least five companies; its first and most significant was

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The Main Concourse was deliberately placed at the same level as the mezzanine of the

205: 3063:"New York Pauses to 'Watch' Glenn – Millions Rivet Attention on Astronaut in Flight" 2537:"Constellations Reversed: New Grand Central Ceiling Has the Heavens Turned Around", 454: 3990: 3895: 3821: 3795: 2592: 2010:"New York's Grand Central Terminal: Modern Information Display With a Classic Face" 1005: 971: 947: 903: 847: 806: 765: 732: 365: 213: 3459: 3448: 2160:"Grand Central Terminal's 'Big Board' Is Getting Replaced With 'Brighter' Screens" 3927: 3779: 3764: 3492: 2402: 1695: 1270: 989: 963: 931: 927: 923: 516: 1352: 1329: 4027: 3837: 3805: 1276: 943: 799: 745: 625: 313: 2638: 2596: 1784:"Time Out For Clock – Grand Central Timepiece Takes First 'Break' for Repairs" 898:

The size of the Main Concourse has made it an ideal advertising space. During

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The concourse's large American flag was installed there a few days after the

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Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Architecture and Engineering in New York

1409:"Everything You Never Knew You Wanted To Know About Grand Central Terminal" 1368:"Nordic Food Court Rises at Grand Central, With an Order to Leave No Trace" 935: 899: 867: 675: 629: 587: 529: 422: 3677: 2019:. Vol. 3, no. 2. Society for Information Display. pp. 12–16 858:

A single patch remains uncleaned following the ceiling's restoration; the

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television screen above the ticket offices to follow the spaceflights of

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Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center

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of the Main Concourse, seen in the center of the terminal structure

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television show. The soundstage reconstruction of the terminal in

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have also been held at the Main Concourse throughout the years.

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in 1941; and several large parties and New Year's celebrations.

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Its vastness was meant to evoke the terminal's "grand" status.

3618: 3511: 3237: 3157: 3140: 3128: 3048: 2945: 2881: 2750:"Lighting at Grand Central Goes Green With Fluorescent Bulbs" 2735: 2552:"What Is That Spot on the Ceiling of Grand Central Terminal?" 2075:"Joint Metro-North and LIRR Committee Meeting September 2019" 2045:"Grand Central Terminal's departure boards are going digital" 1913: 1815: 1678: 1637: 1469: 844: 2994:"Space Without Ads Makes Its Own Statement at Grand Central" 2958:

Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (August 11, 1986).

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Primary concourse of Grand Central Terminal in New York City

1519:. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 28, 2017 394: 2960:"New York Day by Day; Grand Central Clock Gets a Makeover" 2802:"Grand Central Due for Another Clock; It's 15 Feet Across" 2409:. Vol. 67, no. 8. February 22, 1913. p. 210 2221:. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 2, 2017 1347:. Vol. 36, no. 16. August 9, 1913. p. 11. 1042: 915: 538: 504: 3515:

Grand Central Terminal: 100 Years of a New York Landmark

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of square boards, installed in 1944, bears an elaborate

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One of the walkways in the Main Councourse east windows

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Grand Central: How a Train Station Transformed America

3273:"Grand Central Terminal: Terminal City and its Hotels" 1894: 1892: 1324:. Vol. 86, no. 1. January 1913. p. 53. 760:

The concourse chandeliers lowered for cleaning in 2013

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Four Photographs of Rays of Sunlight in Grand Central

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Robins, Anthony W.; New York Transit Museum (2013).

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Rays of light streaming into the concourse, c. 1930

3378:"The Lost Movie Theater of Grand Central Terminal" 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 1186: 1184: 600:• 1967–1985 Solari gate display (out of cabinetry) 316:. The 2017 logo succeeded one created by the firm 188:Afternoon pedestrian traffic in the Main Concourse 3251:"MTA – Arts & Design | Lightbox Project" 2877: 2875: 2314: 1747: 1301: 1012:, on display in the terminal's Dining Concourse. 4055: 3902:Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City 3426: 2308: 2233: 2062: 812: 3279: 3206:"Preparing to Dance Away 1991 at Grand Central" 2838: 2836: 2834: 2741: 2266: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1181: 719:The west and northwest balconies also housed a 2957: 2872: 2662: 2660: 2375:"The Untold Secrets of Grand Central Terminal" 1963: 1961: 1959: 1924: 1922: 1599: 1597: 1320:"The New Grand Central Terminal in New York". 1268: 1103:"The ultimate guide to Grand Central Terminal" 958:; and an impromptu memorial created after the 674:The Main Concourse's ceiling is an elliptical 327: 283:Frieze displaying the terminal's original logo 3589: 3540:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3405: 2842: 2451: 1215: 1213: 3406:Belle, John; Leighton, Maxinne Rhea (2000). 3153: 3151: 3149: 2831: 2694: 2584:Schröder, Asta Freifrau von (June 2, 2014). 1909: 1907: 1759:"The Grand Central Clock: Myths and Secrets" 1393: 528:to a design by Advanced Computer Systems of 428: 3532: 3427:Bilotto, Gregory; DiLorenzo, Frank (2017). 2985: 2657: 1956: 1919: 1674: 1672: 1594: 1465: 1463: 1359: 1307: 1154: 1152: 1132:"At 100, Grand Central still holds secrets" 809:, over the east balcony from 1950 to 1989. 3603: 3596: 3582: 2747: 2347:Tkaczyk, Christopher (December 20, 2016). 1689: 1687: 1336: 1313: 1210: 1015: 843:The Main Concourse in 1986, featuring the 723:for years; the space is currently vacant. 246: 34: 4033:Grand Central Terminal in popular culture 3960:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad 3409:Grand Central: Gateway to a Million Lives 3238:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 3158:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 3146: 3141:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 3129:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 3060: 3049:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 2946:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 2919: 2882:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 2736:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 2008:Bennett, Christopher K. (February 1987). 1914:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 1904: 1816:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 1679:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 1638:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 1470:Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013 1230: 1228: 651:Grand Central Terminal art § Ceiling 4074:Beaux-Arts architecture in New York City 3469: 3300:"Meet me at Grand Central for the 100th" 3285: 2821:"Grand Central at 75: Beauty and Misery" 2729: 2583: 2279: 2241:"Metro-North Railroad Committee Meeting" 2038: 2036: 2034: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1969:"Grand Central's Departure Board, Gone!" 1697:A History Lover's Guide to New York City 1669: 1603: 1460: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1149: 1125: 1123: 1100: 1019: 988: 853: 838: 826: 755: 662: 654: 614: 364: 278: 250: 183: 3817:InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel 3568:Main Concourse (Grand Central Terminal) 3490: 3243: 3170:Childs, Kingsley (September 26, 1941). 2666: 2397: 2395: 2372: 2346: 2340: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2157: 2007: 1898: 1827: 1693: 1684: 1406: 1219: 1094: 1074: 835:mural to promote the sales of war bonds 425:, accurate to a billionth of a second. 312:of the letter "G" has a depiction of a 4056: 3203: 3169: 3025: 2992:Dunlap, David W. (November 20, 2008). 2991: 2818: 2781: 2700: 2497:"Central Terminal Opening on Sunday". 2292:Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980 2153: 2151: 1928: 1727: 1721: 1481: 1365: 1269:Solomon, Brian; Schafer, Mike (2007). 1225: 1129: 850:, the illuminated clock, and two banks 793: 726: 519:, showed train information on rows of 3938:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 3577: 3375: 3349: 3343: 3297: 3094: 3026:Anders, Marjorie (February 4, 2013). 2860:. Time Inc. July 12, 1943. p. 53 2782:Dunlap, David W. (February 2, 1988). 2669:"Commuters Overlooking Free Treasure" 2421: 2285: 2252:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 2128: 2042: 2031: 1996: 1757:Young, Michelle (September 3, 2020). 1756: 1700:. The History Press. pp. 208–9. 1604:Schumach, Murray (January 20, 1954). 1482:Pollak, Michael (February 13, 2015). 1431: 1120: 1101:Warerkar, Tanay (December 13, 2018). 1008:collected a sample of such images in 954:after their deaths; celebrations for 140:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 121:35,000 sq ft (3,300 m) 4064:1913 establishments in New York City 3476:. Greenwood Icons. Greenwood Press. 3061:Robertson, Nan (February 21, 1962). 2920:Grundberg, Anny (December 3, 1989). 2748:Sulzberger, A. G. (April 29, 2009). 2667:Dominus, Susan (November 16, 2009). 2392: 2373:Ekstein, Nikki (February 23, 2017). 2297: 2102: 1929:Devlin, John C. (January 13, 1967). 1441:Ferguson, Colleen (August 8, 2018). 764:The concourse floor is made of pink 604:• 2019–present fully digital display 381:. Its mechanism was designed by the 3433:. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. 3298:Sachs, Andrea (February 21, 2013). 3204:Barron, James (December 26, 1991). 2701:George, Tara (September 30, 1998). 2148: 2043:Alexa, Alexandra (April 30, 2019). 1861: 1855: 1606:"Central Derails its 4-Faced Clock" 13: 3376:Young, Michelle (April 24, 2015). 2819:Dunlap, David W. (February 1988). 2129:Young, Michelle (April 29, 2019). 1828:Goldman, Ari L. (April 25, 1980). 1366:Dunlap, David W. (April 6, 2016). 1075:Shields, Ann (November 10, 2014). 14: 4095: 3555: 3491:Roberts, Sam (January 22, 2013). 3460:"Grand Central Terminal Interior" 3095:Brown, Christian (May 16, 1963). 2591:. Technische Universität Berlin. 1235:Roberts, Sam (January 18, 2013). 819:History of Grand Central Terminal 635: 610: 269:Grand Central–42nd Street station 4084:Tourist attractions in Manhattan 4079:New York City interior landmarks 3676: 3670: 3561: 3350:Diehl, Lorraine (May 25, 2002). 2719: 1728:Barron, James (March 25, 2011). 1545:. March 20, 2012. Archived from 751: 586: 577: 568: 559: 489: 477: 465: 453: 441: 345: 336: 3430:Building Grand Central Terminal 3369: 3317: 3291: 3265: 3231: 3197: 3163: 3134: 3122: 3088: 3054: 3042: 3019: 2951: 2939: 2913: 2887: 2848: 2812: 2794: 2775: 2631: 2577: 2544: 2531: 2505: 2501:. January 29, 1913. p. 13. 2490: 2457: 2445: 2366: 2254:. January 22, 2018. p. 108 2208: 2182: 2158:Carlson, Jen (April 29, 2019). 2122: 2096: 1821: 1809: 1776: 1643: 1631: 1561: 1531: 1509: 1475: 419:United States Naval Observatory 3873:The Yale Club of New York City 3760:270 Park Avenue (2021–present) 1262: 1130:Susman, Tina (June 13, 2013). 1068: 862:constellation points toward it 598:• 1913–1967 train gate display 274: 1: 2103:Guse, Clayton (May 5, 2019). 1862:Luo, Michael (July 6, 2004). 1407:Carlson, Jen (May 12, 2015). 1056: 1049:was first installed in 2003. 813:History and uses through time 738: 227:design incorporates numerous 3812:Hyatt Grand Central New York 3646:Michael Jordan's Steak House 3497:. Grand Central Publishing. 2309:Bilotto & DiLorenzo 2017 884:United Service Organizations 876:Farm Security Administration 833:Farm Security Administration 706: 240:United Service Organizations 7: 3754:270 Park Avenue (1960–2021) 2717:– via newspapers.com 979:special exhibits and events 721:Michael Jordan's Steakhouse 328:Information booth and clock 10: 4100: 3399: 2190:"The Big Boards Are Here!" 1275:. Saint Paul, MN: MBI and 999:Grand Central Terminal art 996: 970:in 1933; an event for the 956:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 952:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis 934:; presidential candidates 816: 797: 648: 644: 383:Self Winding Clock Company 221:National Historic Landmark 18: 4018: 3968: 3955:New York Central Railroad 3933:Grand Central Partnership 3920: 3911: 3881: 3735: 3712: 3685: 3668: 3657:Oyster Bar and Restaurant 3611: 3470:Langmead, Donald (2009). 2843:Belle & Leighton 2000 2597:10.14279/depositonce-3901 2452:Belle & Leighton 2000 1539:"New Work: Grand Central" 1272:New York Central Railroad 1160:"Grand Central Directory" 429:Departure and gate boards 407:Youth International Party 387:Seth Thomas Clock Company 167: 157: 153: 145: 135: 125: 117: 109: 72: 52: 42: 33: 3868:Waldorf Astoria New York 3853:Pershing Square Building 3449:"Grand Central Terminal" 3240:, pp. 200, 205–206. 1694:Fortier, Alison (2016). 1061: 602:• 1996–2020 LCD displays 4043:Tournament of Champions 3833:One Grand Central Place 3827:New York Biltmore Hotel 3652:New York Transit Museum 2619:Cite magazine requires 2541:, March 23, 1913, p.10. 1655:New York Transit Museum 1016:Architectural influence 893: 687:mural of constellations 534:liquid-crystal displays 411:New York Transit Museum 247:Layout and architecture 204:, a railway station in 4069:Grand Central Terminal 3605:Grand Central Terminal 1167:Grand Central Terminal 1025: 994: 984: 950:and former first lady 863: 851: 836: 761: 671: 660: 659:Main Concourse ceiling 620: 460:1967–1985 Solari board 379:Waterbury, Connecticut 370: 284: 256: 202:Grand Central Terminal 189: 47:Grand Central Terminal 3948:Long Island Rail Road 3863:Socony–Mobil Building 1345:The Construction News 1024:Central Cellars mural 1023: 992: 857: 842: 830: 759: 666: 658: 618: 472:1985–1996 Omega board 368: 282: 254: 187: 94:40.75278°N 73.97722°W 3986:Alfred T. Fellheimer 3981:Cornelius Vanderbilt 3943:Metro-North Railroad 3790:Grand Central Palace 3775:450 Lexington Avenue 3749:110 East 42nd Street 3630:CBS Broadcast Center 3570:at Wikimedia Commons 3534:Schlichting, Kurt C. 3331:. September 25, 2003 3275:. February 12, 2013. 2471:. January 29, 1913. 1790:. January 17, 1954. 1549:on February 23, 2015 960:September 11 attacks 780:September 11 attacks 698:There are half-moon 496:2019 LED replacement 448:1913–1967 blackboard 375:Henry Edward Bedford 369:Main Concourse clock 265:New York City Subway 4038:Grand Central Tower 3843:Park Avenue Viaduct 3356:New York Daily News 3325:"SNL primed for 29" 3304:The Washington Post 3288:, pp. 165–166. 3143:, pp. 214–215. 3131:, pp. 210–211. 2884:, pp. 207–208. 2707:New York Daily News 2703:"A Grander Central" 2216:"Eye on the Future" 2109:New York Daily News 2017:Information Display 1901:, pp. 190–191. 1198:. November 24, 1985 1038:Saturday Night Live 966:after they won the 794:Historical elements 727:Entrances and exits 484:1996–2019 LCD board 99:40.75278; -73.97722 90: / 30: 4006:Warren and Wetmore 3770:383 Madison Avenue 3625:Campbell Apartment 3210:The New York Times 3176:The New York Times 3101:The New York Times 3067:The New York Times 2998:The New York Times 2964:The New York Times 2922:"Pastimes; Camera" 2899:The New York Times 2825:The New York Times 2806:The New York Times 2788:The New York Times 2754:The New York Times 2673:The New York Times 2645:. January 20, 1988 2556:The New York Times 2539:The New York Times 2499:The New York Times 2469:The New York Times 2433:. 1913. p. 85 2407:Engineering Record 2353:Travel and Leisure 1974:The New York Times 1935:The New York Times 1868:The New York Times 1834:The New York Times 1788:The New York Times 1734:The New York Times 1610:The New York Times 1573:The New York Times 1488:The New York Times 1419:on October 7, 2018 1372:The New York Times 1241:The New York Times 1026: 995: 864: 852: 837: 784:World Trade Center 762: 672: 661: 621: 371: 285: 257: 190: 177:Warren and Wetmore 28: 4051: 4050: 4014: 4013: 3976:William J. Wilgus 3801:Helmsley Building 3785:Chrysler Building 3566:Media related to 3547:978-0-8018-6510-7 3525:978-1-61312-387-4 3504:978-1-4555-2595-9 3483:978-0-313-34207-3 3440:978-1-4396-6051-5 3419:978-0-393-04765-3 2845:, pp. 80–85. 2170:on April 29, 2019 1977:. July 23, 1996. 1763:Untapped New York 1575:. June 11, 1916. 1322:Bankers' Magazine 1196:Los Angeles Times 1136:Los Angeles Times 940:Robert F. Kennedy 692:Paul César Helleu 513:electromechanical 399:Untapped New York 385:and built by the 289:Vanderbilt family 206:Midtown Manhattan 182: 181: 4091: 3991:Bradford Gilbert 3918: 3917: 3896:East Side Access 3822:MetLife Building 3796:Graybar Building 3740:and other nearby 3703:Elevated station 3680: 3674: 3636:M42 sub-basement 3598: 3591: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3565: 3551: 3529: 3508: 3487: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3423: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2926:Pastimes; Camera 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2829: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2808:. July 23, 1959. 2798: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2558:. June 7, 2018. 2548: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2328:. March 30, 2013 2318: 2312: 2306: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2245: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2166:. Archived from 2155: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2079: 2071: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2040: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2014: 2005: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1965: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1926: 1917: 1911: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1447:The Journal News 1438: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1415:. Archived from 1404: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1317: 1311: 1308:Schlichting 2001 1305: 1299: 1298: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1232: 1223: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1188: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1164: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079:. Travel+Leisure 1072: 1006:Penelope Umbrico 972:Brooklyn Dodgers 968:NFL championship 948:Myron T. Herrick 766:Tennessee marble 733:MetLife Building 590: 581: 572: 563: 493: 481: 469: 457: 445: 349: 340: 214:station building 149:February 2, 1913 105: 104: 102: 101: 100: 95: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 58:East 42nd Street 38: 31: 27: 21:"Main Concourse" 4099: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4020: 4010: 3964: 3928:Argent Ventures 3913: 3907: 3877: 3858:Roosevelt Hotel 3848:Pershing Square 3780:Chanin Building 3765:277 Park Avenue 3741: 3739: 3731: 3708: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3607: 3602: 3558: 3548: 3526: 3505: 3484: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3420: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3382:Untapped Cities 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2901:. July 19, 1951 2893: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2832: 2817: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2665: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2643:The Daily Times 2637: 2636: 2632: 2621:|magazine= 2620: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2517:Untapped Cities 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2156: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2135:Untapped Cities 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2101: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2041: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1967: 1966: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1927: 1920: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1692: 1685: 1677: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1602: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1439: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1405: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1364: 1360: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1287: 1267: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1234: 1233: 1226: 1218: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1128: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1099: 1095: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1018: 1001: 987: 964:New York Giants 942:; and governor 932:Harry S. Truman 928:Calvin Coolidge 924:Project Mercury 896: 821: 815: 802: 796: 754: 741: 729: 709: 653: 647: 638: 613: 608: 607: 606: 605: 603: 601: 599: 597: 593: 592: 591: 583: 582: 574: 573: 565: 564: 517:Solari di Udine 501: 500: 499: 498: 497: 494: 486: 485: 482: 474: 473: 470: 462: 461: 458: 450: 449: 446: 431: 359: 358: 357: 356: 352: 351: 350: 342: 341: 330: 277: 249: 196:is the primary 175: 98: 96: 92: 89: 84: 81: 79: 77: 76: 60: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4097: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838:One Vanderbilt 3835: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3806:Hotel Marguery 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3698:Subway station 3695: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3641:Main Concourse 3638: 3633: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3557: 3556:External links 3554: 3553: 3552: 3546: 3530: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3488: 3482: 3467: 3456: 3445: 3439: 3424: 3418: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3368: 3342: 3316: 3290: 3278: 3264: 3253:. 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