170:
274:. These are encoded into a second pair of letters, which should be presented in uppercase, but are sometimes (incorrectly) presented in lowercase as a legacy from the old QRA. The error has unfortunately been incorporated into various software packages, several examples of which can be seen on this page. Again, to make manual calculations from degrees and minutes easier, 24 was chosen as the base number, giving these subsquares dimensions of 2.5' of latitude by 5' of longitude. The letters used are "A" through "X".
258:
208:
269:
and placed after the first pair of letters, uses a base number of 10, and is encoded using the digits "0" to "9". This is where the alternative name "grid squares" comes from. Each of these squares represents 1° of latitude by 2° of longitude. For additional precision, each square can optionally be
304:
into even smaller ones with dimensions 15" of latitude by 30" of longitude. Such precision has uses in very short communication spans. Beyond this, no common definition exists to extend the system further into even smaller squares. Most often the extending is done by repeating alternating
417:
of the
Maidenhead locator system in 1999, operators had usually specified their location based on their local national datum. Consequently, stations very near the edges of squares (at denoted precision) may have changed their locators when changing over to the use of WGS 84.
203:
In each pair, the first character encodes longitude and the second character encodes latitude. These character pairs also have traditional names, and in the case of letters, the range of characters (or "encoding base number") used in each pair does vary.
293:. Two points within the same Maidenhead subsquare are always less than 10.4 km (6.5 mi) apart, which means a Maidenhead locator can give adequate precision from only six easily transmissible characters.
425:
narrowband digital mode transmits
Maidenhead locator square as part of standard messages, with the 4 character locator square being efficiently represented within 15 bits of the transmitted string.
89:
was initially discouraged, as it caused confusion with the older QRA locator system. The only abbreviation recommended to indicate a
Maidenhead reference in Morse code and radio teleprinter transmission was
409:
Earth. This results in a small error in distance, but makes calculations simpler and, given the inherent imprecision in the input data used, it is not the biggest error source. Until the adoption of
139:, typically 1 point per kilometre, so there is a need for amateurs to exchange their locations over the air. To facilitate this, following the growth of the sport in the 1950s, the German
254:—was chosen to be 18, thus dividing the globe into 18 zones of longitude of 20° each, and 18 zones of latitude 10° each. These zones are encoded with the letters "A" through "R".
143:
system was adopted in 1959. The QRA locator system was limited to describing
European coordinates, and by the mid-1970s there was growing need for a global locator system.
150:, England, the VHF Working Group had received twenty different proposals to replace the QRA locator grid. That devised by John Morris (G4ANB) was deemed to be the best.
433:
clarified the latest position on use of the IARU locator at various levels of precision, including a fifth pair of characters and that all letters should be uppercase.
445:
language routines to convert from locator references to geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) for further processing. A complete program in BASIC called
188:
or GEOREF. This position information is presented in a limited level of precision to limit the number of characters needed for its transmission using voice,
157:
Conference in
Lillehammer it was decided that the latitude and longitude to be used as a reference for the determining of locators should be based on the
305:
subsquare and square rules (base numbers 24 and 10 respectively). However, other bases for letter encodings have also been observed, and therefore such
1260:
1237:
387:
Like the QRA system before it, Maidenhead locators were enthusiastically adopted by radio amateurs beyond contesting, and it is now in widespread use.
356:(The fifth and subsequent pairs are not formally defined, but recursing to the third and fourth pair algorithms is a possibility, e.g.: BL11BH16OO66)
277:
The resulting
Maidenhead subsquare locator string is hence composed of two letters, two digits, and two more letters. To give an example, W1AW, the
1243:
951:
852:
809:
747:
699:
645:
561:
1435:
955:
856:
813:
751:
703:
649:
565:
1623:
1196:
1445:
777:
Talbot, Andy, G4JNT (16–23 September 2017). "Clarification and extension of the IARU locator system". In Green, Dennis, ZS4BS (ed.).
1225:
290:
460:
supports conversion between geographical coordinates and
Maidenhead locators in module Ham::Locator by Andy Smith, available on
1613:
1335:
665:
244:
236:
1506:
1389:
836:
787:
545:
503:
430:
402:
185:
154:
106:
778:
1189:
422:
405:
Region 1 rules, VHF distance calculations are carried out between
Maidenhead subsquare centres, assuming a
1410:
1394:
1005:
993:
537:
483:
1558:
1478:
1308:
488:
52:
40:
1155:
C# class to convert between geographic coordinates and
Maidenhead locators, including distance calculation
1472:
1467:
1461:
1020:
978:
875:
677:
498:
278:
474:(GPS) receivers (e.g. Garmin GPS-12) have the option to display positions in Maidenhead Locator format.
1345:
1219:
1182:
75:
1340:
889:
471:
215:
To avoid negative numbers in the input data, the system specifies that latitude is measured from the
1553:
1518:
803:
453:
452:
Many other utilities exist to convert latitude and longitude to locators, as this is a favourite
394:
amateur radio contests and as the basis of earning awards like the
American Radio Relay League's
136:
78:
48:
870:
Overbeck, Wayne (December 1986). "A universal grid-locator program for your personal computer".
1628:
1608:
1501:
693:
296:
For even more precise location mapping, two additional digits were proposed and ratified as an
286:
718:
158:
1366:
395:
250:
To simplify manual encoding, the base for the first pair of letters—traditionally called a
1083:
8:
1618:
1563:
1523:
147:
102:
1420:
1328:
1323:
1318:
846:
555:
509:
1146:
169:
1633:
1415:
1290:
1285:
1249:
945:
832:
741:
639:
541:
282:
764:
1231:
1119:
1107:
620:
32:
1405:
1255:
414:
390:
Maidenhead locators are still used as part of the formulas for scoring in many
232:
1108:"An explanation of the [Maidenhead] system and how it came into being"
257:
1602:
1573:
1529:
121:
36:
1300:
1277:
1095:
449:
was made available the following year by ARRL for a nominal cost of US$ 3.
224:
1587:
1493:
493:
207:
195:
The chosen coding uses alternating pairs of letters and digits, like so:
140:
44:
926:
1440:
1384:
1313:
907:
220:
216:
189:
124:
110:
1162:
1134:
1037:"Amateur Radio Maidenhead Grid Square Locator and Distance Calculator"
1036:
467:
The Python maidenhead module is on pypi.org for installation via pip.
184:
into a short string of characters, which is similar in concept to the
1545:
1430:
1374:
831:. Potters Bar, UK: Radio Society of Great Britain. pp. 129–161.
441:
In 1985, the Radio Society of Great Britain published a small set of
360:
317:
228:
181:
105:
originally devised the system and it was adopted at a meeting of the
51:. Its purpose is to be concise, accurate, and robust in the face of
1534:
1355:
321:
177:
1174:
790:
Region 1. pp. 42–45, 33–34. Appendix A, paper LA17 C5 17
586:
1512:
1400:
1379:
1205:
240:
1079:"Click on the checkbox in upper right corner menu to activate."
1266:
410:
726:
442:
786:. 24th IARU Region 1 General Conference. Landshut, DE:
1425:
461:
457:
300:, making it altogether eight characters long, and dividing
1063:
1049:"View full dynamic Maidenhead locator grid in Google Maps"
1048:
391:
132:
128:
780:
Report of the 24th IARU Region 1 General Conference
211:
The world is divided into 324 (18Ă—18) Maidenhead fields.
1128:
grid square for any location or amateur radio call sign
581:
579:
577:
575:
666:"Conversion between geodetic and grid locator systems"
1064:"View Maidenhead locator grid overlay in OpenTopoMap"
62:
Maidenhead locators are also commonly referred to as
966:
572:
470:
Many commercially available general purpose (civil)
1135:"Generate a KML file that outlines a grid position"
927:"GPS units that support the Maidenhead grid system"
614:
612:
610:
1161:
1057:Click on the control in the map area to activate.
664:
371:precision is used. At high microwave frequencies
345:) encodes with base 24 and the letters "A" to "X".
331:) encodes with base 18 and the letters "A" to "R".
74:, although the "squares" are distorted on any non-
765:https://www.rsgbcc.org/vhf/VHF_Handbook_V6_12.pdf
352:) encodes with base 10 and the digits "0" to "9".
338:) encodes with base 10 and the digits "0" to "9".
146:By the time of their April 1980 meeting, in
1600:
983:Containing all 32,400 Maidenhead Locator Squares
607:
436:
55:and other adverse transmission conditions. The
59:can describe locations anywhere in the world.
1190:
456:for programmers who are also radio amateurs.
950:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
808:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
746:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
698:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
644:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
560:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
164:
223:, and longitude measured eastward from the
1197:
1183:
954:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
924:
855:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
812:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
750:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
702:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
648:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
564:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
135:are often scored based on the distance of
531:
261:Fields are divided into 100 squares each.
869:
256:
206:
168:
1017:ARRL Amateur Radio Map of North America
527:
525:
363:frequencies, positions are reported at
39:operators to succinctly describe their
1601:
1163:"View Maidenhead grid on Google Earth"
826:
776:
398:, URE TTLOC, etc. operating contests.
1178:
716:
663:Tyson, Edmund, N5JTY (January 1989).
662:
265:The second pair of numbers, called a
16:Geocode system used by radio amateurs
522:
1624:Science and technology in Berkshire
1204:
1114:. From the field hunter's web page.
618:
536:(third ed.). Potters bar, UK:
382:
13:
309:locators might not be compatible.
14:
1645:
1029:
967:Maps with Maidenhead Locator grid
788:International Amateur Radio Union
504:World Geographic Reference System
289:, is found in grid locator
186:World Geographic Reference System
1096:"Grid Locators and Grid Squares"
925:Burlingame, L.A., N7CFO (2010).
176:A Maidenhead locator compresses
47:, which was limited to European
43:, which replaced the deprecated
918:
900:
882:
532:Eckersley, R.J., G4FTJ (1985).
367:precision, and on VHF and UHF,
192:, or any other operating mode.
1411:Military Grid Reference System
1395:International Map of the World
1006:Radio Society of Great Britain
1002:IARU Locator of Western Europe
994:Radio Society of Great Britain
863:
820:
770:
758:
710:
656:
538:Radio Society of Great Britain
534:Amateur Radio Operating Manual
484:Military Grid Reference System
1:
1614:Geographic coordinate systems
1479:Ordnance Survey National Grid
975:ARRL World Grid Locator Atlas
827:Morris, John, GM4ANB (1985).
515:
489:Ordnance Survey National Grid
437:Hardware and software support
1464:(north-east Atlantic region)
1084:"ABC of Grid Locator System"
717:Paige, Bruce, KK5DO (2000).
7:
1559:ITU-T country calling codes
1473:National Topographic System
1468:Irish grid reference system
1462:ICES Statistical Rectangles
1021:American Radio Relay League
979:American Radio Relay League
890:"Ham Locator v 0.1000"
876:American Radio Relay League
678:American Radio Relay League
499:United States National Grid
477:
279:American Radio Relay League
10:
1650:
1564:ITU-T mobile calling codes
270:sub-divided further, into
159:World Geodetic System 1984
116:
1582:Maidenhead Locator System
1572:
1544:
1530:United Kingdom post codes
1492:
1454:
1365:
1354:
1299:
1276:
1212:
719:"Maidenhead grid squares"
472:Global Positioning System
379:precision is often used.
165:Description of the system
57:Maidenhead Locator System
21:Maidenhead Locator System
619:Rosvall, Folke, SM5AGM.
316:Character pairs encode
79:cartographic projection
1519:New Zealand post codes
990:IARU Locator of Europe
829:Amateur Radio Software
287:Newington, Connecticut
262:
212:
173:
41:geographic coordinates
1515:(Republic of Ireland)
1502:Australian post codes
447:Universal Gridlocator
260:
210:
172:
109:VHF Working Group in
1213:Administrative codes
1147:"Maidenhead locator"
680:. pp. 29–30, 43
621:"The Locator System"
587:"The Locator System"
396:VHF/UHF Century Club
285:Memorial Station in
1554:ITU-R country codes
1524:Postal Index Number
1151:dev.unclassified.de
1010:(scale 1:2,000,000)
1004:. Potters Bar, UK:
992:. Potters Bar, UK:
908:"maidenhead – PyPI"
421:The relatively new
113:, England in 1980.
81:. Use of the terms
1586:Historical :
1421:Open Location Code
1256:MARC country codes
540:. pp. 64–66.
510:Open Location Code
377:extended subsquare
327:The first pair (a
263:
213:
174:
1596:
1595:
1488:
1487:
1416:Natural Area Code
1346:FIFA country code
1336:Aircraft prefixes
1309:IANA country code
1291:ICAO airport code
1286:IATA airport code
1220:FIPS country code
1124:levinecentral.com
1120:"Map grid square"
1019:. Newington, CT:
977:. Newington, CT:
878:. pp. 30–31.
874:. Newington, CT:
676:. Newington, CT:
348:The fourth pair (
334:The second pair (
307:extended extended
283:Hiram Percy Maxim
1641:
1363:
1362:
1341:IOC country code
1252:(United Kingdom)
1232:FIPS county code
1199:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1142:
1130:
1115:
1103:
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1059:
1044:
1024:
1012:
997:
985:
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949:
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904:
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583:
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569:
559:
551:
529:
413:as the official
383:Adoption and use
341:The third pair (
320:first, and then
298:extended locator
239:of 180° and the
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1568:
1540:
1537:(United States)
1484:
1450:
1397:indexing system
1358:
1350:
1295:
1272:
1238:FIPS state code
1226:FIPS place code
1208:
1206:Geocode systems
1203:
1160:
1145:
1133:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1068:opentopomap.org
1062:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1015:
1000:
988:
973:
969:
964:
963:
943:
942:
935:
933:
923:
919:
906:
905:
901:
888:
887:
883:
868:
864:
844:
843:
839:
825:
821:
804:cite conference
801:
800:
793:
791:
783:
775:
771:
763:
759:
739:
738:
731:
729:
715:
711:
691:
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683:
681:
669:
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637:
636:
629:
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608:
598:
596:
589:
585:
584:
573:
553:
552:
548:
530:
523:
518:
480:
439:
385:
373:extended square
350:extended square
167:
119:
76:equirectangular
17:
12:
11:
5:
1647:
1637:
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1626:
1621:
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1449:
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1433:
1428:
1423:
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1413:
1408:
1406:Marsden square
1403:
1398:
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1387:
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1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1173:
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1158:
1143:
1131:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1088:HamRadio India
1080:
1060:
1045:
1031:
1030:External links
1028:
1026:
1025:
1013:
998:
986:
970:
968:
965:
962:
961:
917:
899:
896:. CPAN module.
881:
862:
837:
819:
769:
757:
709:
655:
606:
571:
546:
520:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
507:
501:
496:
491:
486:
479:
476:
438:
435:
415:geodetic datum
384:
381:
354:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
312:To summarise:
291:FN31pr
245:false northing
233:prime meridian
201:
200:
166:
163:
118:
115:
33:geocode system
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1646:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:1980 in radio
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
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1610:
1609:Amateur radio
1607:
1606:
1604:
1589:
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1574:Amateur radio
1571:
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1302:
1301:Country codes
1298:
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1279:
1278:Airport codes
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1168:earthpoint.us
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1042:
1041:karhukoti.com
1038:
1034:
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987:
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921:
913:
909:
903:
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866:
858:
854:
848:
840:
838:0-900612-71-1
834:
830:
823:
815:
811:
805:
789:
782:
781:
773:
766:
761:
753:
749:
743:
728:
724:
720:
713:
705:
701:
695:
694:cite magazine
679:
675:
667:
659:
651:
647:
641:
626:
622:
615:
613:
611:
595:
588:
582:
580:
578:
576:
567:
563:
557:
549:
547:0-900612-69-X
543:
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528:
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792:. Retrieved
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767:Section 5.13
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732:10 September
730:. Retrieved
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674:QST Magazine
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153:At the 1999
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101:John Morris
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72:grid squares
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64:QTH locators
63:
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53:interference
29:IARU Locator
28:
24:
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18:
1588:QRA locator
1446:WMO squares
1359:place codes
1222:(FIPS 10-4)
936:9 September
494:QRA locator
141:QRA locator
87:QRA locator
83:QTH locator
45:QRA locator
25:QTH Locator
1619:Maidenhead
1603:Categories
1441:what3words
1385:Geohash-36
1314:ISO 3166-1
1240:(FIPS 5-2)
1234:(FIPS 6-4)
630:30 January
516:References
302:subsquares
272:subsquares
221:North Pole
217:South Pole
190:Morse code
161:(WGS-84).
148:Maidenhead
111:Maidenhead
96:LOC KN28LH
1546:Telephony
1431:UN/LOCODE
1375:C-squares
1261:SGC codes
1250:GSS codes
1228:(FIPS 55)
1112:jonit.com
1073:18 August
931:n7cfo.com
847:cite book
723:amsat.org
625:jonit.com
556:cite book
407:spherical
369:subsquare
361:shortwave
343:subsquare
318:longitude
229:Greenwich
182:longitude
1634:Geocodes
1535:ZIP Code
1513:Eircodes
1509:(Brazil)
1475:(Canada)
1455:Regional
1356:Geodesic
1263:(Canada)
1139:w8an.net
1008:. 1985.
981:. 2007.
946:cite web
912:pypi.org
894:cpan.org
742:cite web
640:cite web
506:(GEOREF)
478:See also
322:latitude
247:of 90°.
199:BL11BH16
178:latitude
137:contacts
125:contests
94:, as in
49:contacts
35:used by
23:(a.k.a.
1526:(India)
1401:Mapcode
1380:Geohash
1329:numeric
1324:alpha-3
1319:alpha-2
1267:UN M.49
1023:. 2003.
996:. 1984.
684:9 March
599:13 July
241:equator
219:to the
117:History
31:) is a
1390:GEOREF
1367:Global
835:
594:qrz.ru
544:
411:WGS 84
401:Under
365:square
336:square
267:square
784:(PDF)
727:AMSAT
670:(PDF)
590:(PDF)
443:BASIC
329:field
252:field
103:G4ANB
1481:(UK)
1426:QDGC
1269:(UN)
1246:(EU)
1244:NUTS
1100:ARRL
1075:2022
956:link
952:link
938:2012
857:link
853:link
833:ISBN
814:link
810:link
796:2020
752:link
748:link
734:2012
704:link
700:link
686:2018
650:link
646:link
632:2017
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566:link
562:link
542:ISBN
462:CPAN
458:Perl
454:hack
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403:IARU
375:and
180:and
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131:and
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19:The
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1436:UTM
423:FT8
392:VHF
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129:VHF
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