44:
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is exceptionally drought and heat tolerant. Thus, they also grow in dry periods without being watered. It usually grows best in full sun, but it can also be cultivated in light shade. Additionally, the plant is not very cold tolerant and is therefore especially grown in places where winters are short
508:
The bright red edible fruits of the agarita can be harvested around late April to early May. The fruits contain a slightly sweet and sour juice; when expelled, the juice can be used to produce an agarita wine or consumed as a fruit juice drink. The berries can also be used for jelly, pie or cobblers;
531:
in the agarita roots was used to make a yellow dye. Agarita also has uses in medicine; its medicinal value is created mainly by the alkaloids in the roots, and throughout history, it was used to treat ailments ranging from fevers to stomach troubles and open wounds. It was also used as a laxative by
346:
The name
Agarita comes from the Spanish verb agarrar, which means "to grab". The ending "-ita" is often added to little things, so agarita means "grabs a little". This was probably said because the bush is a bit scratchy but does not have significant spines. Typical characteristics are grey-green to
499:
The plant is well adapted to hot temperatures and dry conditions. In areas where it occurs naturally, the fruits are eaten by birds and small animals use the plant for cover. The shrub is also considered to be a good nectar source for honey bees and other insects. As the trifoliate leaves are tough
651:. This growth is especially vigorous when the above ground vegetation is removed or damaged (through fires, cutting, etc.). The flowers usually bloom from February until March. The berries ripen from April to July, but peak ripeness is usually already reached in May.
509:
the tart flavor is reported to be pleasant to eat when mixed with sugar. The fruits contain seeds and can be used to germinate new agarita plants, or be roasted as a coffee alternative. However, a high quantity of seeds makes raw consumption difficult.
560:
and mild. The plant can be reproduced generatively with the seeds. The seeds need a cold stratification of two to three months. Therefore, it can be sown through summer or autumn and the seeds then germinate in spring. As it is a
367:. It mainly grows in areas that it is native in; there is no cultivation in other countries. In Texas, it is found on rocky slopes and cliffs, and in thickets and open woods, from coastal South Texas northwest to the
419:
that grows up to 1–2.5 m (3–8 ft) tall and wide. It has rigid and spreading branches, often forming thickets. The foliage is gray-green to blue-gray, and the leaflets have sharp points at the ends.
378:
in Texas. Mechanical and chemical control have been attempted, but few economically viable results have been achieved due to agarita's quick recovery ability and its resistance to many herbicides.
617:, farmers have removed the bushes to reduce the prevalence of disease. However, typically the climate is too arid for the cultivation of cereals in areas where the plant grows naturally.
347:
blue-grey leaves, yellow flowers in
February to April and the red berries appearing in May. The most important harvest organ are the berries, though the roots and seeds can also be used.
374:
In Texas, it has reached areas of up to 300,000 hectares (730,000 acres), but it is commonly seen as a pest there due to its rapid spread. Especially large coverage can be found on the
1558:
631:
occurs through seeds and sprouts. The seed is produced and dispersed during summer, it usually germinates in the following spring. Dispersal happens through a variety of
524:
tribes used the fresh and preserved fruit for food, and the wood shavings as a traditional eye medicine and a yellow dye for hides. During early pioneering years, the
432:
1548:
1543:
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1435:
620:
As the roots contain a large amount of the alkaloid berberine, they inhibit some root fungi and are therefore relatively resistant to pathogens.
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540:. The roots are known to possess antiseptic qualities and are therefore used to treat wounds, skin or gum problems.
435:
in 1841. As part of the disagreement among botanist regarding the correct classification of many species as either
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1322:
70:
1252:
1479:
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of the Plains. Virtually every part of the plant has been used for food, medicine and dye throughout history.
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580:. It usually grows very well in dry, well-drained soils. Usually, the plant occurs on soils derived from
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609:, is an agriculturally important disease in wheat, barley, oats, rye, and triticale. Since
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Lady Bird
Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network (NPIN) treatment of
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Durand, Herbert K. (October 1972). "Texas mahonia—a neglected economic plant".
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There are not many known insect or disease problems in agarita. Sometimes
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1005:"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin"
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There are also no ethnographic records describing the use of the species
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University of
Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of
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491:. As of 2023, this is the most common classification by botanists.
443:
166:
136:
1427:
564:, it doesn't need to be sown yearly and has a very long lifespan.
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and supported the species being known under its original name of
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I.M. Johnstone, Journal of the Arnold
Arboretum 31: 190. 1950.
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region. It is one of the most common bushes in Hill
Country.
355:
The shrub is native to
Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the
97:
644:
632:
573:
569:
1269:"Berberis trifoliata (also known as Mahonia trifoliata)"
322:, in southwestern North America. Common names include
1159:
1157:
1559:
Plants used in traditional Native
American medicine
1154:
1065:"Transfer of Specific and Infraspecific Taxa from
359:, and across northeastern Mexico as far south as
280:(Hartw. ex Lindl.) Jacques & HĂ©rincq (1845)
1520:
821:
819:
500:and spiny, they aren't eaten by cattle or deer.
463:with his argument that it belonged in the genus
483:being more properly classified as a synonym of
385:, but a number of records indicate the use of
816:
603:- may occur. Stem rust, caused by the fungus
264:(I.M.Johnst.) M.C.Johnst. ex Laferr. (1991)
236:(I.M.Johnst.) C.C.Yu & K.F.Chung (2017)
982:(Agarita, Agarito, Algerita, Laredo mahonia)
722:
1062:
973:
971:
716:
568:tolerates a variety of soil textures like
431:was scientifically described and named by
61:
42:
1549:Flora of the South-Central United States
584:parent material and therefore tolerates
224:(Moric.) C.C.Yu & K.F.Chung (2017)
1544:Flora of the Southwestern United States
1132:
1130:
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888:United States Department of Agriculture
879:Germplasm Resources Information Network
14:
1554:Plants used in Native American cuisine
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752:
750:
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479:in 1997 summarized the arguments for
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1208:Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
1101:
862:
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24:
1063:Laferrière, Joseph Edward (1997).
555:for use in desert-region gardens.
25:
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1480:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:107152-1
800:"Agarita, BERBERIS TRIFOLIOLATA"
697:
685:
673:
661:
84:
1271:– via www.public.asu.edu.
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944:Fire Effects Information System
536:and other groups native to the
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1569:Garden plants of North America
1253:Texas Native Plants Database:
950:
900:
643:; they usually grow from the
543:
404:
13:
1:
912:Native Plant Society of Texas
884:Agricultural Research Service
709:
469:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1539:Flora of Northeastern Mexico
1229:"Flora Fact:Painful Picking"
639:. The sprouts represent the
7:
423:
10:
1585:
1529:NatureServe secure species
1233:Texas Parks & Wildlife
1043:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1038:Plants of the World Online
772:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
767:Plants of the World Online
654:
623:
494:
453:Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde
357:Southwestern United States
229:Alloberberis trifoliolata
27:Species of flowering plant
1291:
692:Immature fruits in spring
300:(Moric.) A.Heller (1912)
252:Hartw. ex Lindl. (1841)
221:Alloberberis trifoliolata
217:
210:
195:
188:
81:Scientific classification
79:
59:
50:
41:
34:
1564:Plants described in 1901
512:Native Americans of the
477:Joseph Edward Laferrière
641:vegetative reproduction
503:
475:. A paper published by
473:Odostemon trifoliolatus
297:Odostemon trifoliolatus
272:(Moric.) Fedde (1901)
1204:"Mahonia trifoliolata"
1138:"Mahonia trifoliolata"
940:"Mahonia trifoliolata"
804:www.backyardnature.net
257:Berberis trifoliolata
1323:Berberis trifoliolata
1293:Berberis trifoliolata
1106:Berberis trifoliolata
1077:Botanicheskii Zhurnal
872:Berberis trifoliolata
760:Berberis trifoliolata
731:. Arlington, Virginia
611:Berberis trifoliolata
566:Berberis trifoliolata
557:Berberis trifoliolata
549:Berberis trifoliolata
489:Berberis trifoliolata
429:Berberis trifoliolata
410:Berberis trifoliolata
388:Berberis haematocarpa
383:Berberis trifoliolata
311:Berberis trifoliolata
285:Mahonia trifoliolata
199:Berberis trifoliolata
36:Berberis trifoliolata
1255:Mahonia trifoliolata
1191:Mahonia trifoliolata
1169:Texas beyond history
980:Mahonia trifoliolata
727:Mahonia trifoliolata
723:NatureServe (2023).
551:is cultivated as an
449:Mahonia trifoliolata
292:I.M.Johnst. (1950)
269:Mahonia trifoliolata
181:B. trifoliolata
18:Mahonia trifoliolata
1165:"Agarito, Algerita"
599:- especially black
455:in 1901. A further
249:Berberis trifoliata
241:Berberis roemeriana
53:Conservation status
1112:World Flora Online
1009:www.wildflower.org
840:10.1007/bf02860701
461:Amos Arthur Heller
277:Mahonia trifoliata
1516:
1515:
1462:Open Tree of Life
1285:Taxon identifiers
962:Agarito, Algerita
615:intermediate host
606:Puccinia graminis
538:Pacific Northwest
447:, it was renamed
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16:(Redirected from
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1073:(Berberidaceae)"
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958:"Nature-agarita"
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908:"Common agarita"
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576:, clay-loam and
553:ornamental plant
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399:Native Americans
344:chaparral berry.
336:currant-of-Texas
314:is a species of
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376:Edwards Plateau
365:San Luis PotosĂ
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834:(4): 319–325.
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964:. 2016-03-01.
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190:Binomial name
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1237:. Retrieved
1235:. 2014-04-01
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1210:. 2015-06-24
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1173:. Retrieved
1171:. 2016-03-01
1168:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
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1111:
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1102:WFO (2023).
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1080:
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914:. 2009-10-19
911:
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733:. Retrieved
726:
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668:Overall form
629:Reproduction
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471:in 1817, as
467:proposed by
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351:Distribution
343:
340:wild currant
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147:Ranunculales
130:
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1410:iNaturalist
1317:Wikispecies
704:Ripe fruits
613:acts as an
586:Alkali soil
544:Cultivation
441:as part of
405:Description
369:Trans-Pecos
124:Angiosperms
71:NatureServe
1523:Categories
1239:2019-11-28
1214:2019-11-28
1175:2019-11-28
1147:2019-11-16
1117:5 December
1087:8 November
1083:(9): 95–98
1048:5 December
1014:2019-11-15
918:2019-11-16
893:2010-10-19
809:2019-11-15
777:5 December
735:5 December
710:References
649:root crown
593:leaf spots
532:the Ramah
518:Chiricahua
1376:233500243
1308:Q17794769
1257:(Agarita)
1031:Odostemon
848:0013-0001
601:stem rust
582:Limestone
529:berberine
522:Mescalero
465:Odostemon
414:evergreen
175:Species:
94:Kingdom:
1534:Berberis
1488:Tropicos
1441:11331774
1428:107152-1
1302:Wikidata
1071:Berberis
856:33422128
526:alkaloid
485:Berberis
444:Berberis
424:Taxonomy
332:algerita
212:Synonyms
168:Berberis
153:Family:
137:Eudicots
1493:3500184
1389:3033862
1067:Mahonia
655:Gallery
647:or the
637:mammals
624:Biology
495:Ecology
481:Mahonia
457:synonym
438:Mahonia
397:by the
361:Durango
324:agarita
163:Genus:
143:Order:
98:Plantae
69: (
67:Secure
1467:840498
1415:273862
1402:317553
1363:486933
1337:407103
1108:Moric"
854:
846:
762:Moric"
578:Gravel
534:Navajo
520:, and
514:Apache
412:is an
342:, and
328:agrito
289:glauca
261:glauca
233:glauca
205:Moric.
1454:18836
1436:IRMNG
1350:5WKCX
852:S2CID
645:roots
633:birds
597:rusts
417:shrub
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
1475:POWO
1449:ITIS
1423:IPNI
1397:GRIN
1384:GBIF
1332:BOLD
1119:2023
1089:2023
1050:2023
1033:Raf"
844:ISSN
779:2023
737:2023
635:and
595:and
574:Clay
570:Loam
504:Uses
391:and
363:and
287:var.
259:var.
231:var.
1501:WFO
1371:FNA
1358:EoL
1345:CoL
1069:to
836:doi
451:by
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