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1028:. U.S. engineers began construction of a concrete barrier along al-Quds Street to seal the southern third of the city off and allow reconstruction to take place. Over the next month, the Mahdi Army launched a number of attacks on the troops building the barrier but sustained heavy losses. On May 11, al-Sadr concluded a cease-fire agreement with Iraqi security forces, ending the battle. Mahdi Army losses were estimated at between 700 and 1,000 casualties.
322:
242:
201:
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1072:, Muqtada al-Sadr and his family remained in Iraq throughout Saddam's rule. The refusal to leave Iraq garnered the Sadr family much support during and after the collapse of Saddam's regime. Early 2006, al-Sadr pledged military support to Iran and other neighboring Islamic countries if they were to be attacked by a foreign nation. Since then, however, Al-Sadr has opposed the
730:, stated "The Muqtada militia is militarily defeated. We have killed scores of them over the last few weeks, and that is in Najaf alone. The militia have been defeated, or have left." June 6 effectively marked the end of Shi'ite uprising. The total number of Mahdi Army militiamen killed in the fighting across Iraq is estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000.
808:
was treated very well and I want to say thank you to the people who kidnapped me." A spokesman for al-Sadr said: "We apologise for what happened to you. This is not our tradition, not our rules. It is not the tradition of Islam." Brandon was delivered to the
British military police who gave him medical treatment and escorted him to
1154:
In
September 2006, a senior coalition intelligence official had remarked to reporters how there were political fractures within Al-Sadr's organization in protest of his relatively moderate political course of action, with one coalition intelligence official claiming that at least six major leaders no
798:
was kidnapped in Basra by unidentified militants. A videotape was released, featuring
Brandon and a hooded militant, threatening to kill the British hostage unless US forces withdrew from Najaf within 24 hours. In a feature, Brandon describes being beaten, pistol-whipped, and forced to participate in
737:
After the June 4 truce with the occupation forces, al-Sadr took steps to disband the Mahdi Army. In a statement, he called on militia members from outside Najaf to "do their duty" and go home. US forces in Najaf were then replaced by Iraqi police. Al-Sadr told supporters not to attack Iraqi security
692:
On May 4, coalition forces began a counter-offensive to eliminate the Mahdi Army in southern Iraq following a breakdown in negotiations. The first wave began with simultaneous raids in
Karbala and Diwaniyah on militia forces, followed by a second wave on May 5 in Karbala and more attacks that seized
455:
from the Shia community. This concerned an uprising that followed the ban of al-Sadr's newspaper and his subsequent attempted arrest, lasting until a truce on June 6. The truce was followed by moves to disband the group and transform al-Sadr's movement into a political party to take part in the 2005
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As of August 2006, the Mahdi Army rarely challenged coalition troops on a wide scale. Neither the coalition nor the Iraqi government made any move to arrest al-Sadr. The Mahdi Army participated in battles against Sunni insurgents and operated its own justice system in the areas it controlled. The
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television. Afterwards, Brandon's treatment improved markedly and he was released after less than a day, following intervention by al-Sadr. At a press conference, Brandon commented on his treatment and thanked his kidnappers: "Initially I was treated roughly, but once they knew I was a journalist I
684:
On April 16, Kut was retaken by US forces, and several dozen Mahdi Army members were killed in the battle. However, the area around Najaf and Kufa along with
Karbala remained under the control of Sadr's forces. Sadr himself was believed to be in Najaf. Coalition troops cordoned off Najaf with 2,500
928:
By the morning of
October 20, 2006, local leaders and residents said that victorious Mahdi fighters were patrolling the city on foot and in commandeered police vehicles and were setting up roadblocks. Sheik al-Muhamadawi stated early October 20 that "there is no state in the city. Policemen do not
768:
On August 5, via his spokesman Ahmed al-Shaibany, al-Sadr re-affirmed his commitment to the truce and called on US forces to honour the truce. He announced that if the restoration of the cease-fire failed "then the firing and igniting of the revolution will continue". The offer was rejected by the
733:
The return of Najaf to Iraqi security forces following the cease-fire left Sadr City as the last bastion of Mahdi Army guerrillas still pursuing violent resistance. Clashes continued periodically in the district following the end of the Najaf-Kufa battles. On June 24, Mahdi Army declared an end to
680:
After sporadic clashes, coalition forces temporarily suppressed most militia activity in
Nasiriyah, Amarah, and Basra. Mahdi rebels expelled Iraqi police from three police stations and ambushed U.S. forces in Sadr City, killing seven U.S. troops and wounding several more. U.S. forces subsequently
701:
On May 24, after suffering heavy losses in weeks of fighting, Mahdi Army forces withdrew from the city of
Karbala. This left the only area still under their firm control being the Najaf-Kufa region, also under sustained American assault. Several hundred Mahdi Army militia in total were killed.
697:
units. On May 8, U.S. forces launched a follow-up offensive into
Karbala, launching a two-pronged attack into the city. U.S. tanks also launched an incursion into Sadr City. At the same time, perhaps as a diversionary tactic, hundreds of Mahdi Army members swept through Basra, firing on British
1001:
Clashes took place between security forces and the militants loyal to
Muqtada al-Sadr after a dawn military offensive in the southern city. In Al-Sadr's headquarters of Najaf, the cleric ordered the field commanders of his Mahdi Army militia to go to 'maximum alert' and prepare "to strike the
456:
elections; Muqtada al-Sadr ordered fighters of the Mahdi army to cease fire unless attacked first. The truce broke down in August 2004 after provocative actions by the Mahdi Army, with new hostilities erupting. The group was disbanded in 2008, following a crackdown by Iraqi security forces.
829:
The uprising seemed to draw an ambivalent reaction from the Iraqi population, which for the most part neither joined nor resisted the rebels. Many Iraqi security forces melted away, wishing to avoid confrontation. In a sign of Mahdi Army's unpopularity in Najaf, however, which follows more
710:
On June 6, 2004, Muqtada al-Sadr issued an announcement directing the Mahdi Army to cease operations in Najaf and Kufa. Remnants of the militia soon ceased bearing arms and halted the attacks on U.S. forces. Gradually, militiamen left the area or went back to their homes. On the same day,
756:
After Sadr's militia besieged a police station in Najaf and the local governor called for assistance, the US military intervened again. US troops arrested Sadr's representative in Karbala, Sheikh Mithal al Hasnawi on July 31 and surrounded al-Sadr's home on August 3. British troops in
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mock executions. He said he escaped after holding a woman at knife-point, to a government building where guards found him, but they phoned his kidnappers, who arrived to collect him. Despite telling them repeatedly that he was a journalist, they assumed he was a spy or agent for the
640:
and the arrest of one of his senior aides, Sadr gave an unusually heated sermon to his followers on April 2. The next day, violent protests occurred throughout the Shi'ite south that soon spilt over into a violent uprising by Mahdi Army militiamen, fully underway by April 4.
921:. Badr fighters blamed the Mahdi Army for the killing and in response to this, the police captured a brother of the suspected bomber, who was a member of the Mahdi Army. Fighting began on October 17, when 800 masked members of the Mahdi army stormed three police stations in
1063:
Although Muqtada Al-Sadr has historically had close ties to Iran, he has generally opposed Iranian clerical and political influence in Iraq. Unlike the Al-Hakim family, of the Supreme Iraqi Islamic Council and many leaders of the Dawa party who fled to Iran following the
997:
On March 25, 2008, thousands of Iraqi troops carried out a military strike against the Mahdi Army in their stronghold of Basra. This operation, code-named Operation Charge of the Knights, was the first of its kind since British troops withdrew from the city centre.
780:
and the cemetery. The Mahdi Army, estimated at 2,000 in Najaf, was outnumbered by some 2,000 US troops and 1,800 Iraqi security forces, and at a disadvantage due to the vastly superior American tactics, training, firepower and airpower, such as helicopters and
885:. Though a number of the movement's supporters felt that the election was invalid. The party finished sixth overall in the election and was represented in the transitional legislature. Another twenty or so candidates aligned with al-Sadr ran for the
1041:, established in November 2008 as a militia, and the Muhamidoon, which focuses on social work and religious education. A 2010 Associated Press report also mentioned a third wing, the Monaseroun, responsible for "the mobilization of supporters".
830:
traditionalist clerics, a small covert movement sprung up to launch attacks on the militants. The uprising did receive a good deal of support from Shiite radicals in Baghdad, however, who were galvanized by the simultaneous siege of the city of
816:
The fact that American troops surrounded the Shrine led to an impasse as the Mahdi army could not leave the shrine and US troops did not want to offend Islam by setting foot inside the shrine. The standoff did not end for three weeks until
596:
Gradually, the militia grew and al-Sadr formalized it in June 2003. The Mahdi Army grew into a sizable force of up to 10,000 who even operated what amounted to a shadow government in some areas. Al-Sadr's preaching is critical of the
681:
regained control of the police stations after running firefights with the fighters, killing dozens of Mahdi militiamen. However, Mahdi Army members still maintained some influence over many of the slum areas of Sadr City.
459:
At its height, the Mahdi Army's popularity was strong enough to influence local government, the police, and cooperation with Sunni Iraqis and their supporters. The group was popular among Iraqi police forces. The
685:
troops but reduced the number of forces to pursue negotiations with the Mahdi Army. At the beginning of May, coalition forces estimated that there were 200–500 militants still present in Karbala, 300–400 in
812:
the following day. Brandon planned to see his family and go on holiday but said he wanted to return to Iraq : "Only next time, I just want to do the reporting. I have no desire to be the story again."
1036:
On August 28, 2008, al-Sadr ordered the Mahdi Army to suspend military activity indefinitely. Later, however, al-Sadr created either two or three new organizations to take the place of the Mahdi Army: the
693:
the governor's office in Najaf on May 6. 86 militiamen were estimated killed in the fighting along with 4 U.S. soldiers. Several high-ranking militia commanders were also killed in a separate raid by US
785:. On August 13, the militia was trapped in a cordon around the Imam Ali shrine. While negotiations continued between the interim government and the Mahdi Army, news came that al-Sadr had been wounded.
951:
The stunning and defiant display of militia strength underscored the weaknesses of the Iraqi security forces and the potency of the Mahdi Army, which had been able to operate virtually unchecked in
979:
between the Mahdi Army and Iraqi Army since August 2007. Amid fears of the ending of the ceasefire in February 2008, it was extended for a further six months by al-Sadr on February 22, 2008.
1462:
2422:
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forces and announced his intention to form a party and enter the 2005 elections. He said the interim government was an opportunity to build a unified Iraq. Interim President
3205:
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gave assurances that al-Sadr could join the political process provided he abandoned his militia. Iraqi officials also assured al-Sadr that he was not to face arrest.
761:
also moved against al-Sadr followers, arresting four on August 3. After the expiration of a noon deadline to release them on August 5, the Basra militiamen declared
5018:
1824:
1764:
932:
The Mahdi Army eventually withdrew from their positions in Amarah following negotiations between local tribal and political leaders and representatives from the
1013:
to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army. The discord threatened to unravel al-Sadr's ceasefire, spark renewed sectarian violence, and prompt the
1599:
929:
have enough weapons and ammunition compared with the militia, which has all kinds of weapons." At least 27 people were killed and 118 wounded in the clashes.
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2743:
2299:
677:. Najaf and Kufa were quickly seized after a few firefights with Spanish troops, and Kut has seized after clashes with Ukrainian troops soon afterwards.
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3339:
2324:
2015:
1024:
Concurrently, on April 6, Iraqi and U.S. forces moved into the southern third of Sadr City to prevent rocket and mortar fire from the area against the
661:, and Sadr City, seizing control of public buildings and police stations while clashing with coalition forces. The militants gained partial control of
2679:
585:, formerly known as Saddam City. The group moved in to fill the security vacuum in Sadr City and in a string of southern Iraqi cities following the
4935:
4323:
3321:
3198:
205:
3151:
1470:
1708:
1492:
917:
In mid-October, a roadside bomb killed Qassim al-Tamimi, the chief of investigations for the provincial police force and a member of the rival
511:
1436:
4499:
3939:
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3665:
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546:, and will emerge again in the end times. Those Shias of this school believe that Imam Mahdi is the rightful ruler of the Islamic community (
4983:
4930:
4845:
2399:
1246:
1151:, BBC news suggested that at the time, the Mahdi Army was not a homogeneous force, with local groups apparently acting on own initiative.
975:
called for a ceasefire and urged Mahdi Army members to stop fighting. The cease-fire has been credited with helping to reduce violence in
3191:
1208:
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to U.S-led coalition forces on April 9, 2003. The group was involved in dispensing aid to Iraqis and provided security in the Shi'ite
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2736:
1687:
882:
2158:
4925:
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1990:
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4898:
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3329:
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1044:
Since 2008, rumors of a Mahdi Army resurgence have cropped up periodically. In April 2010, after winning 40 of 325 seats in the
636:
Sadr's position changed dramatically, however, by the beginning of April 2004. Following the closure of the Sadr-owned newspaper
465:
2446:
2354:
3874:
3577:
878:
461:
4208:
4998:
4993:
4968:
4514:
4111:
3173:
2729:
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800:
773:("There is no compromise or room for another truce") and US officials ("This is one battle we really do feel we can win").
503:
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2490:
2666:
2653:
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452:
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4104:
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1364:
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1603:
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4815:
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1018:
249:
212:
4794:
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3120:
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326:
290:
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131:
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to delay troop withdrawals. Violent rivalries among Shiites had been predicted by many observers ahead of the
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5003:
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4388:
4268:
4203:
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3311:
2941:
3754:
3621:
4888:
4353:
4293:
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1241:
1083:
In late 2007 or 2008, Muqtada al-Sadr moved to Iran and spent several years studying Shia jurisprudence in
626:
480:
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patrols and seizing parts of the city. Two militants were killed and several British troops were wounded.
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4724:
4348:
4343:
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1500:
702:
Unfazed by the fighting, Muqtada al-Sadr regularly gave Friday sermons in Kufa throughout the uprising.
617:
played a significant role in the establishment of Mahdi Army as soon as the Iraq War broke out in 2003.
4789:
4146:
4064:
3214:
2838:
1251:
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The movement is believed to have infiltrated the Iraqi police forces, and to have been involved in the
789:
2712:
1328:
1301:
1275:
4589:
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4449:
4434:
4283:
4188:
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2200:
448:
343:
925:. Several firefights occurred between the militia and police over the course of the next four days.
689:, an unknown number still left in Amarah and Basra, and 1,000–2,000 still in the Najaf-Kufa region.
4629:
4519:
4413:
4398:
3911:
3864:
3562:
3384:
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1229:
1051:
In 2014 al-Sadr announced the formation of the "Peace Companies", to protect Shia shrines from the
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operations in Sadr City as well, effectively ending militia activity, at least for the time being.
586:
437:
371:
2602:
2132:
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4444:
4363:
4333:
4131:
4126:
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4059:
3906:
3859:
3838:
3769:
3726:
3616:
3471:
2961:
2084:
1942:
1128:
858:
2632:
1739:
1395:"اسرار من معركة الفلوجة عام 2004 كيف تعاون مقتدى الصدر مع البعثيين والتكفيريين وقاتل الى جانبهم"
1100:
Mahdi army operated death squads that frequently killed Sunni civilians particularly during the
776:
In the days that followed fighting continued around the old city of Najaf, in particular at the
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4549:
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4358:
4338:
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longer answer to al-Sadr and as many as a third of the army was now out of his direct control.
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751:
381:
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When reporting on an early October 2006 clash between the Mahdi Army and Coalition troops in
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408:
304:
222:
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The Mahdi Army rose to international prominence on April 4, 2004, when it spearheaded the
8:
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4774:
4644:
3640:
3552:
3352:
3022:
2956:
2325:"Feared Shiite Mahdi Army militia led by hardline cleric reviving in post-election Iraq"
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4176:
4079:
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emerged from convalescence in London and brokered an agreement between the two forces.
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1964:
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occupiers". Gunmen also reportedly clashed with Iraqi police in the southern city of
918:
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forces used infrared sensors as triggers, a technique that was used widely by the
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and a small fraction of Shias, the Mahdi Army began as a group of roughly 500
4952:
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1555:"Mahdi army commanders withdraw to Iran to lie low during security crackdown"
1014:
715:
530:, the Mahdī is believed to have been a historical figure identified with the
476:
227:
1920:
1898:
4749:
4714:
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3713:
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2628:
International Crisis Group - Iraq's Muqtada Al-Sadr: Spoiler or Stabiliser?
1256:
507:
469:
147:
143:
483:(IEDs). Many of the IEDs used during attacks on Iraqi security forces and
468:
was closely linked with the army. The Mahdi Army was accused of operating
3916:
3543:
3099:
3093:
1200:
1186:
900:
739:
578:
209:
43:
2423:"Russia denies Mike Pompeo's allegation of links between Iran, al-Qaeda"
2041:"Al-Sadr calls for calm after Shiite militias clash in Karbala, Baghdad"
1116:
1009:
The Mahdi Army launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across
846:
4003:
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3283:
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3017:
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1025:
941:
804:
610:
527:
434:
123:
116:
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General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq
2667:"Disavowed by Mahdi Army, Shadowy 'Butcher' Still Targets Sadr's Foes"
2252:
Withdrawal from Iraq: Assessing the Readiness of Iraqi Security Forces
1991:"CNN.com - Ex-Iraqi leader claims assassination attempt - Dec 4, 2005"
903:
was assaulted by a mob in Najaf, where the Mahdi Army is influential.
4674:
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4010:
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1522:
Harkin, Greg; Elliott, Francis; Whitaker, Raymond (16 October 2005).
1148:
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686:
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and was still active as of 2016. It participated in the recapture of
139:
82:
1582:"Soleimani birthed Iran's Axis of Resistance, Ghaani coordinated it"
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4094:
3981:
3962:
1065:
831:
574:
337:
119:
2400:"Anti-U.S. Cleric Muqtada al-Sadr Retakes Stage Amid Iraq Turmoil"
665:
after fighting there. Other coalition forces came under attack in
4183:
3998:
3746:
2351:"The Return of Moqtada al-Sadr and the Revival of the Mahdi Army"
933:
662:
582:
523:
112:
2528:"The Mahdi Army: Turbans, Kalashnikovs and plans to ′slaughter′"
2517:
magazine. May 29th, 2010 edition. "A well-locked closet". p. 62.
922:
809:
670:
2255:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. p. 45.
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ordered a major offensive targeting the Mahdi Army in Basra.
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723:
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126:
74:
955:. This caused many to accuse the Mahdi Army of starting the
3229:
2762:
2063:"Iraqi militia to hear Saturday whether to resume fighting"
1524:"Revealed: IRA bombs killed eight British soldiers in Iraq"
1437:"The immutable Muqtada al-Sadr loses a battle against Iran"
1010:
976:
952:
727:
654:
590:
431:
272:
183:
92:
78:
2709:
1329:"40 die in Baghdad massacre as Shia militia go on rampage"
1995:
1084:
1003:
658:
2201:"Peaceful Iraq protests spark clashes; 50 reported dead"
2277:"Mapping Militant Organizations: Promised Day Brigades"
3213:
2156:
4259:
Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem
2603:"Cleric Said to Lose Reins of Parts of Iraqi Militia"
2108:"Sadr urges 'civil revolt' as battles erupt in Basra"
1521:
1359:. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. p. 61.
1031:
962:
552:) at any given time, and he is therefore also called
2447:
Cleric says militia would defend Iran if attacked |
1600:"Stars and Stripes: Hertling named 1st AD commander"
1162:
971:
between the Mahdi Army and Iraqi police in Karbala,
2479:. Al Jazeera (2011-01-08). Retrieved on 2012-06-04.
1216:
A rival Shi'ite militia operating in Southern Iraq.
542:. It is believed that he is still present on earth
3340:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
2397:
1423:"Mahdi Army | Mapping Militant Organizations"
1409:"Mahdi Army | Mapping Militant Organizations"
3814:Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq
2677:
2654:"Sadr's Militia and the Slaughter in the Streets"
2491:"Iraq: Al-Sadr Militia Taking Law Into Own Hands"
4950:
4324:Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham
2664:
2651:
2638:
2369:
1795:"Clashes in the holy city as truce plea ignored"
1463:"Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war"
21:For the Mahdist army in 19th-century Sudan, see
5019:Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war
2751:
2461:Radical Militia and Iraqi Army in Fierce Battle
577:students connected with Muqtada al-Sadr in the
2680:"Shiite Militia in Baghdad Sees Its Power Ebb"
2574:
2221:
2105:
1737:
1320:
609:in their attacks on coalition forces. Iranian
4500:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
3947:
3689:
3366:Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq
3199:
2737:
2353:. Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from
2348:
2300:"Sadr's Path Could Determine How Iraq Turns"
2016:"Attack on Iraqi City Shows Militia's Power"
1921:"UK | 'Mock executions' for UK hostage"
1493:"Al-Sadr's Weakening Grip on the Mahdi Army"
1381:"Mapping Militant Organisations, Mahdi Army"
1356:Economics and Geopolitics of the Middle East
1247:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
1021:, which were to be held by October 1, 2008.
803:until they saw a report about the kidnap on
649:The Mahdi Army forces began an offensive in
33:
3152:Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
1209:List of armed groups in the Iraqi Civil War
899:On December 4, 2005, former Prime Minister
3954:
3940:
3206:
3192:
2744:
2730:
2375:
2297:
2133:"Militiamen holding out in Basra fighting"
1943:"Al-Sadr爉ilitia swaps prisoners with Iraq"
1499:. The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from
983:March 2008 Iraqi security forces crackdown
4510:Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
3363:Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party
2600:
2577:"US: Iraq failing to tackle death squads"
2391:
896:of two British soldiers by Iraqi police.
4846:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
2601:Tavernise, Sabrina (28 September 2006).
2249:Anthony Cordesman; Adam Mausner (2009).
2159:"Iraqi forces battle gunmen in oil city"
1352:
4899:Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
4505:Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
4279:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
3330:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
2488:
2085:"Al-Sadr extends Mehdi Army cease-fire"
1579:
1262:
1048:, Sadr called for its reestablishment.
18:Iraqi Shia jihadist militia (2003–2008)
4951:
3875:Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah
3578:Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance
3053:
2344:
2342:
2013:
1580:Brodsky, Jason M. (15 December 2023).
1552:
1068:and remained there in exile until the
906:
879:National Independent Cadres and Elites
498:The group was semi-revived in 2014 as
462:National Independent Cadres and Elites
3935:
3817:Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions
3187:
2725:
2489:Ridolfo, Kathleen (2 February 2012).
2279:. Stanford University. 27 August 2012
745:
620:
4515:Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna
4112:Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai
2575:Peter Beaumont (29 September 2006).
2420:
2225:The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars
1965:"Sadr militia's new muscle in south"
1553:Howard, Michael (15 February 2007).
1111:
1053:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
841:
644:
601:, but he did not initially join the
504:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
444:in June 2003 and disbanded in 2008.
4984:Military wings of political parties
2665:Ellen Knickmeyer (25 August 2006).
2652:Ellen Knickmeyer (25 August 2006).
2641:"'Shi-ite Giant' Extends Its Reach"
2639:Ellen Knickmeyer (24 August 2006).
2477:Al-Sadr calls on Iraqis 'to resist'
2398:Cassandra Vinograd (23 June 2014).
2339:
1855:"Radical cleric 'wounded' in Najaf"
1688:"Iraqi bid to arrest al-Sadr fails"
1618:"Sadr orders militia to quit Najaf"
1058:
877:Loyalists to al-Sadr ran under the
427:
34:
13:
4209:Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
2678:Sabrina Tavernise (27 July 2008).
2616:
1899:"Kidnapped UK journalist released"
1877:"UK journalist kidnapped in Basra"
1740:"US troops kill 300 in Najaf raid"
1666:"Fighting flares around Sadr home"
1326:
1032:Disbandment and resurgence in 2014
963:August 2007 – March 2008 ceasefire
824:
631:
14:
5045:
4989:Organizations established in 2003
4610:Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
4105:Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
3732:Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam
2920:Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam
2703:
2554:"Battle rages in Shia Iraqi town"
1999:. 14 January 2006. Archived from
788:On August 12, British journalist
475:The group was armed with various
4495:Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3169:
3168:
2623:BBC - Who are Iraq's Mehdi Army?
2298:Tim Arango (21 September 2011).
2106:Matthew Weaver (25 March 2008).
2014:Semple, Kirk (20 October 2006).
1738:Michael Howard (6 August 2004).
1193:
1179:
1165:
1115:
1019:2008 Iraqi governorate elections
845:
564:
402:
320:
309:
298:
284:
265:
254:
240:
199:
192:
176:
42:
4873:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
4795:Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
4440:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
4249:Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan
2594:
2568:
2546:
2520:
2508:
2495:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2482:
2470:
2454:
2440:
2414:
2317:
2291:
2269:
2242:
2215:
2193:
2150:
2125:
2099:
2077:
2055:
2033:
2007:
1983:
1957:
1935:
1913:
1891:
1869:
1847:
1817:
1801:. 6 August 2004. Archived from
1787:
1757:
1731:
1709:"Headlines for August 03, 2004"
1701:
1680:
1658:
1632:
1610:
1602:. 10 April 2008. Archived from
1592:
1573:
1546:
1515:
1485:
1455:
1308:. Stanford University. May 2019
1302:"Mapping Militants: Mahdi Army"
1282:. Stanford University. May 2019
1276:"Mapping Militants: Mahdi Army"
948:then took control of the city.
517:
449:first major armed confrontation
3699:Nineveh Plain Protection Units
1429:
1415:
1401:
1387:
1373:
1346:
1294:
1268:
502:in order to fight against the
1:
4650:Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
4490:Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
4389:Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya
4269:Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
4204:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
3709:Qaraqosh Protection Committee
3492:Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya
3312:Facilities Protection Service
2942:Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya
1969:The Christian Science Monitor
1094:
1076:, and in 2006 Prime Minister
705:
556:, meaning "Imam of the Era".
4889:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
4857:Libyan Crisis (2011–present)
4816:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
3967:Middle East and North Africa
2349:Babak Rahimi (3 June 2010).
2157:Thomson Reuters Foundation.
1242:Siege of U.K. bases in Basra
1107:
1046:2010 parliamentary elections
627:Iraq spring fighting of 2004
481:improvised explosive devices
387:Iraq spring fighting of 2008
377:Siege of U.K. bases in Basra
7:
4999:Popular Mobilization Forces
4994:Paramilitary forces of Iraq
4969:2003 establishments in Iraq
4725:Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
4349:Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces
4344:Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
4304:Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
4244:Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
4214:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
4117:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
3900:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
3890:Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah
3844:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
3512:Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
3487:Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces
3477:Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
3404:Popular Mobilization Forces
2993:Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
2753:Popular Mobilization Forces
1158:
495:in the early-to-mid-1990s.
10:
5050:
4964:Anti-ISIL factions in Iraq
4790:Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
4065:Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades
3527:Islamic Resistance in Iraq
2839:Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
2228:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1060.
1923:. BBC News. 15 August 2004
1353:Dralonge, Richard (2008).
1252:Operation Together Forward
986:
936:offices of Prime Minister
910:
749:
624:
559:
538:, and is therefore called
20:
4912:
4881:
4808:
4590:Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
4537:
4450:Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
4435:Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade
4427:
4354:Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
4284:Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
4189:Palestinian Islamic Jihad
4052:
4045:
4019:
3974:
3849:Black Banner Organization
3829:
3797:
3788:
3745:
3679:
3630:
3596:
3542:
3532:Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
3393:
3383:
3320:
3259:
3225:
3165:
3134:
3113:
3080:
3046:
3010:
2998:Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
2975:
2882:
2875:
2848:
2819:
2790:
2769:
2759:
1070:American invasion in 2003
394:
344:Operation Ancient Babylon
332:
235:
169:
161:
153:
98:
88:
70:
60:
50:
41:
30:
4974:Factions in the Iraq War
4520:Tunisian Combatant Group
4414:Hassan Al-Basri Brigades
4399:1920 Revolution Brigades
3912:Wakefulness and Holy War
3885:Mujahideen Shura Council
3865:Hassan Al-Basri Brigades
3760:Êzîdxan Protection Force
3612:Kurdistan Workers' Party
3563:1920 Revolution Brigades
3147:Private militias in Iraq
2967:Quwat al-Shaheed al-Sadr
2841:(Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda)
2421:IANS (14 January 2021).
1530:. London. Archived from
372:Battle of Karbala (2007)
327:Mujahideen Shura Council
5024:Jihadist groups in Iraq
4894:ISIL territorial claims
4868:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
4655:Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
4580:Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
4445:Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
4334:Shield of Islam Brigade
4132:Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)
4127:Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)
4085:Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq
4060:Abdullah Azzam Brigades
3907:Shield of Islam Brigade
3860:Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army
3839:Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq
3770:Sinjar Resistance Units
3727:Syriac Military Council
3661:Brigade of Imam Hussein
3617:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
2962:Sinjar Resistance Units
2691:SADR AND THE MAHDI ARMY
2427:Business Standard India
2222:Spencer Tucker (2010).
1104:phase of the Iraq war.
967:In August 2007, during
940:. A battalion from the
837:
605:Islamist and Ba'athist
512:Second Battle of Tikrit
4685:Abu Mohammad al-Julani
4555:Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
4550:Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
4480:al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
4475:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
4470:Derna Protection Force
4339:Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
4032:Islamic fundamentalism
3462:Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
2947:Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
2710:Peace Brigades website
2327:. Fox News. 4 May 2010
1640:"Back issues for 2004"
1383:. Stanford University.
1306:cisac.fsi.stanford.edu
1280:cisac.fsi.stanford.edu
989:Battle of Basra (2008)
752:Battle of Najaf (2004)
464:party that ran in the
382:Battle of Basra (2008)
357:Battle of Najaf (2004)
4922:Militant Islamism in
4560:Abu Suleiman al-Naser
4525:Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade
4224:Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)
4194:Islamic State of Iraq
3870:Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
3775:Êzîdxan Women's Units
3588:Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq
3440:Special Groups (Iraq)
3416:'s Mahdi Army faction
3291:Iraqi security forces
3028:Mohanad Najim Aleqabi
2803:Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis
2043:. CNN. 28 August 2007
1945:. CNN. 28 August 2004
1586:Middle East Institute
1230:Operation Lion's Leap
1225:Operation Black Eagle
1039:Promised Day Brigades
894:September 2005 arrest
887:United Iraqi Alliance
792:, a reporter for the
536:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi
261:Islamic State of Iraq
5034:Iran in the Iraq War
5014:Shia Islamist groups
5009:Resistance movements
5004:Rebel groups in Iraq
4959:Arab militant groups
4904:Holy Shrine Defender
4765:Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
4755:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
4660:Abu Ubaidah al-Masri
4605:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
4600:Abu Omar al-Baghdadi
4585:Abdul Nasser Qardash
4575:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
4460:Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
4394:Promised Day Brigade
4364:Kata'ib Jund al-Imam
4264:Masada al-Mujahideen
4137:Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
3704:Nineveh Plain Forces
3573:Islamic Army in Iraq
3472:Kata'ib Jund al-Imam
3450:Promised Day Brigade
3300:Iraqi Police Service
3157:Holy Shrine Defender
2932:Salah al-Din Brigade
2820:Secondary commanders
2169:on 20 February 2009.
1263:References and notes
1087:before returning to
938:Nuri Kamal al-Maliki
409:Promised Day Brigade
305:Islamic Army in Iraq
291:Multi-National Force
278:Pro-Coalition Forces
4775:Abu Muhsin al-Masri
4645:Abdelmalek Droukdel
4465:Armed Islamic Group
4359:Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
3641:Iraqi Turkmen Front
3553:Tribal Mobilization
3467:Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
3114:Military activities
3023:Abu Tahsin al-Salhi
2957:Saraya al-Khorasani
2915:Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
2858:(Harakat al-Nujaba)
2357:on 26 February 2013
2003:on 14 January 2006.
1971:. 21 September 2005
1441:atlanticcouncil.org
907:October 2006 battle
883:2005 Iraqi election
769:governor of Najaf,
765:on British forces.
599:American occupation
466:2005 Iraqi election
89:Active regions
4936:Sub-Saharan Africa
4841:Terrorism in Egypt
4836:Algerian Civil War
4826:Iranian Revolution
4821:Lebanese Civil War
4770:Abu Khayr al-Masri
4705:Juhayman al-Otaybi
4630:Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim
4620:Mokhtar Belmokhtar
4595:Abu Ayyub al-Masri
4419:Islamic Dawa Party
4177:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
4080:Al-Ashtar Brigades
3568:Jaish al-Rashideen
3497:Quwwat Sahl Ninawa
3430:Soldiers of Heaven
3269:Iraqi Armed Forces
2791:General commanders
2715:2020-08-04 at the
2696:2010-03-07 at the
2635:GlobalSecurity.org
2607:The New York Times
2185:has generic name (
2065:. 20 February 2008
1503:on 16 October 2006
1327:Steele, Jonathan.
1220:Battle of Diwaniya
1127:. You can help by
993:Siege of Sadr City
857:. You can help by
746:August hostilities
695:Special Operations
621:2004 Shia Uprising
362:Battle of Diwaniya
349:Siege of Sadr City
62:Dates of operation
4946:
4945:
4760:Ayman al-Zawahiri
4730:Nasir al-Wuhayshi
4690:Omar Abdel-Rahman
4545:Abu Ali al-Anbari
4533:
4532:
4404:Turkish Hezbollah
4384:Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
4379:Sabireen Movement
4314:Badr Organization
4309:Kata'ib Hezbollah
4299:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
4037:Islamic terrorism
4027:Islamic extremism
3963:Militant Islamism
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3784:
3783:
3722:
3721:
3666:Sayyid al-Shuhada
3522:Liwa Ali al-Akbar
3517:Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
3455:Kata'ib Hezbollah
3445:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
3435:Free Iraqi Forces
3420:Badr Organization
3306:Supporting Forces
3181:
3180:
3109:
3108:
3076:
3075:
3006:
3005:
2988:Kata'ib Hezbollah
2983:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
2937:Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
2900:Liwa Ali al-Akbar
2890:Badr Organization
2871:
2870:
2849:Former commanders
2835:(Peace Companies)
1835:on 19 August 2004
1805:on 30 August 2004
1775:on 17 August 2004
1646:on 19 August 2004
1606:on 10 April 2008.
1497:Terrorism Monitor
1214:Badr Organization
1173:Shia Islam portal
1145:
1144:
957:Civil War in Iraq
919:Badr Organization
875:
874:
713:Brigadier General
645:April hostilities
453:US forces in Iraq
416:
415:
398:Succeeded by
295:
281:
223:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
188:
105:Iraqi nationalism
5041:
4862:Syrian civil war
4800:Wathiq al-Battat
4745:Ibrahim al-Banna
4700:Hassan Nasrallah
4670:Saleh Al-Qaraawi
4485:Takfir wal-Hijra
4374:Liwa Zainebiyoun
4234:Jundallah (Iran)
4229:Jund Ansar Allah
4142:Army of Conquest
4100:Al-Qaeda in Iraq
4050:
4049:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3895:Al-Qaeda in Iraq
3831:Salafi Jihadists
3795:
3794:
3755:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
3687:
3686:
3622:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
3558:Awakening groups
3425:Sheibani Network
3391:
3390:
3261:Iraqi government
3254:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3126:Syrian Civil War
3078:
3077:
3051:
3050:
2880:
2879:
2811:
2788:
2787:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2687:
2674:
2661:
2648:
2611:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2467:, 29 August 2006
2458:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2376:Daniel Cassman.
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2165:. Archived from
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1831:. Archived from
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1771:. Archived from
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1719:on 5 August 2004
1715:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1642:. Archived from
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1473:on 30 April 2008
1469:. Archived from
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1140:
1137:
1119:
1112:
1066:Persian Gulf War
1059:Iran's influence
913:Battle of Amarah
870:
867:
849:
842:
795:Sunday Telegraph
540:al-Imām al-Mahdī
493:Northern Ireland
429:
407:
406:
405:
367:Battle of Amarah
353:Battle of Al Kut
333:Battles and wars
325:
324:
323:
316:Al-Qaeda in Iraq
314:
313:
312:
303:
302:
301:
293:
289:
288:
287:
275:
271:
269:
268:
259:
258:
257:
245:
244:
243:
213:insurgent groups
204:
203:
202:
197:
196:
195:
186:
182:
180:
179:
136:Anti-Americanism
63:
46:
37:
36:
28:
27:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4908:
4877:
4804:
4780:Qais al-Khazali
4710:Muqtada al-Sadr
4695:Osama bin Laden
4570:Anwar al-Awlaki
4529:
4423:
4369:Liwa Fatemiyoun
4329:Saraya al-Jihad
4294:Tawhid al-Jihad
4274:Peace Companies
4041:
4015:
3987:Salafi jihadism
3970:
3960:
3930:
3921:
3825:
3821:Mohammad's Army
3810:Mujahideen Army
3780:
3765:Sinjar Alliance
3741:
3737:Babylon Brigade
3718:
3681:Assyrian/Syriac
3675:
3671:Bashir Regiment
3626:
3592:
3538:
3482:Saraya al-Jihad
3379:
3375:Free Iraqi Army
3370:Al-Abud Network
3360:Patriotic Front
3335:Fedayeen Saddam
3316:
3303:National Police
3279:Iraqi Air Force
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3182:
3177:
3161:
3130:
3121:Iraqi Civil War
3105:
3072:
3042:
3011:Other personals
3002:
2971:
2952:Saraya al-Jihad
2910:Babylon Brigade
2905:Peace Companies
2867:
2844:
2833:Muqtada al-Sadr
2815:
2807:
2798:Falih Alfayyadh
2786:
2782:Nouri al-Maliki
2765:
2755:
2750:
2717:Wayback Machine
2706:
2698:Wayback Machine
2671:Washington Post
2658:Washington Post
2645:Washington Post
2633:The Sunni Mahdi
2619:
2617:Further reading
2614:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
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2499:
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2475:
2471:
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2429:
2419:
2415:
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2396:
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2328:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2012:
2008:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1892:
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1880:
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1598:
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1537:
1535:
1528:The Independent
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1467:The Independent
1461:
1460:
1456:
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1430:
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1416:
1407:
1406:
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1265:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1125:needs expansion
1110:
1097:
1078:Nouri al-Maliki
1061:
1034:
995:
987:Main articles:
985:
973:Muqtada al-Sadr
965:
915:
909:
871:
865:
862:
855:needs expansion
840:
827:
825:Iraqi reactions
783:AC-130 gunships
778:Imam Ali shrine
771:Adnan al-Zurufi
754:
748:
708:
647:
634:
632:Uprising begins
629:
623:
615:Qasem Soleimani
587:fall of Baghdad
571:Muqtada al-Sadr
567:
562:
520:
500:Saraya al-Salam
442:Muqtada al-Sadr
412:
411:
403:
401:
400:
321:
319:
318:
310:
308:
307:
299:
297:
296:
285:
283:
282:
266:
264:
263:
255:
253:
252:
247:Salafi Jihadist
241:
239:
206:Iraqi Ba'athist
200:
198:
193:
191:
177:
175:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
122:
115:
111:
109:Sadrist Thought
107:
61:
55:Muqtada al-Sadr
32:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5047:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4931:Southeast Asia
4928:
4920:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4864:(2012–present)
4859:
4854:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4740:Khalid Batarfi
4737:
4735:Qasim al-Raymi
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:Shukri Mustafa
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4665:Saeed al-Masri
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Massoud Rajavi
4632:
4627:
4625:Tariq al-Dahab
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:Ahmed al-Assir
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4531:
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4528:
4527:
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4507:
4502:
4497:
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4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Ansar ul Islam
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
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4366:
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4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Tahrir al-Sham
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Khorasan group
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Jaysh al-Islam
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4172:Quwat al-Ridha
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4090:Al-Nusra Front
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
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4013:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3990:
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3792:
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3743:
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3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3691:Nineveh Plains
3684:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
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3427:
3422:
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3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:Iraqi conflict
3211:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Fatah Alliance
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3061:Team Media War
3057:
3055:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:Ahmed Al Asadi
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Liwa al-Shabak
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2856:Akram al-Kaabi
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2777:Ali al-Sistani
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2705:
2704:External links
2702:
2701:
2700:
2688:
2684:New York Times
2675:
2662:
2649:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2593:
2567:
2545:
2534:. 22 June 2014
2532:Deutsche Welle
2519:
2507:
2481:
2469:
2465:New York Times
2453:
2449:Jerusalem Post
2439:
2413:
2390:
2368:
2338:
2316:
2304:New York Times
2290:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2214:
2192:
2149:
2124:
2098:
2076:
2054:
2032:
2020:New York Times
2006:
1982:
1956:
1934:
1912:
1890:
1868:
1846:
1816:
1786:
1756:
1730:
1713:Democracy Now!
1700:
1679:
1657:
1631:
1609:
1591:
1572:
1545:
1534:on 9 July 2008
1514:
1484:
1454:
1443:. 22 June 2022
1428:
1414:
1400:
1397:. 23 May 2008.
1386:
1372:
1365:
1345:
1319:
1293:
1266:
1264:
1261:
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1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1237:Ismail al-Lami
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1190:
1176:
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1157:
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1120:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1060:
1057:
1033:
1030:
984:
981:
964:
961:
911:Main article:
908:
905:
881:banner in the
873:
872:
852:
850:
839:
836:
826:
823:
750:Main article:
747:
744:
707:
704:
646:
643:
633:
630:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
593:from looters.
566:
563:
561:
558:
544:in occultation
519:
516:
414:
413:
396:
395:
392:
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390:
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364:
359:
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237:
233:
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231:
230:
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220:
218:Jeish Muhammad
215:
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167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
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102:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
23:Muhammad Ahmad
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5046:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
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5022:
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4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Iran–Iraq War
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Hadi al-Amiri
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
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4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:Hassan Hattab
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Maryam Rajavi
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Mohammed Atef
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
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4410:
4409:Hamas of Iraq
4407:
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4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Islamic State
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Hamas of Iraq
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Baqir Brigade
4150:
4148:
4147:Army of Islam
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Ansar al-Sham
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Ajnad al-Sham
4073:
4071:
4070:Ahrar al-Sham
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:Organisations
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3880:Islamic State
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Hamas of Iraq
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:Sunni Islamic
3541:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
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3442:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
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2955:
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2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
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2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Liwa al-Tafuf
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:Hadi al-Amiri
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2555:
2549:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2515:The Economist
2511:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2401:
2394:
2379:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2262:9780892065530
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2235:9781851099481
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2183:|author=
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2058:
2042:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1938:
1922:
1916:
1900:
1894:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1667:
1661:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1366:9781604560763
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1123:This section
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:United States
1012:
1007:
1005:
999:
994:
990:
980:
978:
974:
970:
960:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
924:
920:
914:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
869:
860:
856:
853:This section
851:
848:
844:
843:
835:
833:
822:
820:
814:
811:
806:
802:
797:
796:
791:
790:James Brandon
786:
784:
779:
774:
772:
766:
764:
760:
753:
743:
741:
735:
731:
729:
725:
722:in charge of
721:
717:
716:Mark Hertling
714:
703:
699:
696:
690:
688:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
639:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:Early history
557:
555:
554:Imām al-Zamān
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:light weapons
473:
471:
467:
463:
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
436:
433:
425:
421:
410:
399:
393:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
339:
335:
331:
328:
317:
306:
292:
279:
274:
262:
251:
248:
238:
234:
229:
228:Badr Brigades
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
207:
190:
185:
174:
173:
172:
168:
165:60,000 (2008)
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
29:
24:
16:
4750:Ahmed Yassin
4715:Saif al-Adel
4428:North Africa
4319:Mukhtar Army
4254:Levant Front
3994:Pan-Islamism
3714:Dwekh Nawsha
3656:92nd Brigade
3651:52nd Brigade
3502:Mukhtar Army
3395:Shia Islamic
3353:Popular Army
3296:Iraqi Police
3215:Armed groups
3167:
3067:Alghadeer TV
2862:Qais Khazali
2808:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2606:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2581:The Guardian
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2531:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:
2484:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2378:"Mahdi Army"
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2329:. Retrieved
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2271:
2251:
2244:
2224:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2195:
2167:the original
2163:alertnet.org
2162:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2112:The Guardian
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:
2001:the original
1994:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1968:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1828:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1799:The Scotsman
1798:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1768:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1744:The Guardian
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1712:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1612:
1604:the original
1594:
1585:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:The Guardian
1558:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1527:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1496:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1417:
1403:
1389:
1375:
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1333:The Guardian
1332:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1305:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1257:Al Salam 313
1153:
1146:
1133:
1129:adding to it
1124:
1098:
1082:
1062:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1023:
1008:
1000:
996:
966:
950:
931:
927:
916:
898:
891:
876:
863:
859:adding to it
854:
828:
815:
793:
787:
775:
767:
755:
736:
732:
709:
700:
691:
683:
679:
648:
637:
635:
595:
581:district of
568:
553:
547:
539:
532:Twelfth Imam
521:
518:Nomenclature
508:Jurf Al Nasr
497:
479:, including
474:
470:death squads
458:
451:against the
446:
419:
417:
397:
336:
280:, 2003–2008)
187:(Quds force)
148:Anti-Sunnism
144:Anti-Zionism
71:Headquarters
15:
4853:(2003–2011)
4053:Middle East
3917:White Flags
3799:Nationalist
3100:Aletejah TV
3094:Alnujaba TV
1201:Asia portal
1187:Iraq portal
901:Iyad Allawi
740:Ghazi Yawer
718:, a top US
569:Created by
440:created by
294:(2003–2008)
4979:Mahdi Army
4953:Categories
4926:South Asia
4004:Khomeinism
3790:Insurgents
3409:Mahdi Army
3387:and others
3357:New Return
3322:Ba'athists
3284:Iraqi Navy
3274:Iraqi Army
3018:Abu Azrael
2586:21 January
2560:21 January
2556:. BBC News
2500:21 January
2402:. NBC News
2361:19 October
2331:19 October
2309:19 October
2283:19 October
2207:21 January
2142:21 January
2117:21 January
2091:21 January
2069:21 January
2047:21 January
2025:20 October
1975:21 January
1949:21 January
1905:21 January
1901:. BBC News
1883:21 January
1879:. BBC News
1861:21 January
1857:. BBC News
1839:21 January
1809:2 February
1779:21 January
1749:21 January
1723:21 January
1693:21 January
1672:21 January
1668:. BBC News
1650:21 January
1624:21 January
1620:. BBC News
1312:5 November
1286:5 November
1136:March 2008
1095:Activities
1074:Dawa Party
1026:Green Zone
944:sent from
942:Iraqi Army
866:March 2008
805:al-Arabiya
801:occupation
706:June truce
613:commander
611:Quds Force
607:guerrillas
528:Shia Islam
526:school of
428:جيش المهدي
420:Mahdi Army
250:Insurgents
35:جيش المهدي
31:Mahdi Army
4675:Haji Bakr
4167:Hezbollah
4020:Phenomena
4011:Wahhabism
3854:Abu Theeb
3646:16Brigade
3607:Peshmerga
3507:Hezbollah
3414:Abu Deraa
3088:Alahad TV
3063:(general)
3038:Um Hanadi
2137:USA Today
1829:Telegraph
1769:Telegraph
1447:8 January
1149:Diwaniyah
1108:Structure
1102:civil war
1091:in 2011.
720:commander
687:Diwaniyah
667:Nasiriyah
579:Sadr City
485:Coalition
430:) was an
236:Opponents
157:Dissolved
140:Anti-LGBT
132:Coalition
83:Sadr City
66:2003–2008
4918:Islamism
4916:Part of
4851:Iraq War
4095:Al-Qaeda
3982:Jihadism
3975:Ideology
3856:'s group
3749:militias
3683:militias
3634:militias
3600:militias
3546:militias
3397:militias
3385:Militias
3174:Category
3096:(Nujaba)
2876:Factions
2713:Archived
2694:Archived
2538:10 April
2406:1 August
2383:10 April
2175:cite web
1561:. London
1507:10 April
1477:10 April
1159:See also
969:fighting
832:Fallujah
763:holy war
638:al-Hawza
575:seminary
510:and the
338:Iraq War
120:Islamism
100:Ideology
5029:Mahdism
4882:Related
4538:Leaders
4184:Houthis
3999:Qutbism
3965:in the
3802:Salafis
3632:Turkmen
3598:Kurdish
3345:Al-Awda
3217:in the
3135:Related
3054:Current
2883:Current
2809:†
2432:6 April
934:Baghdad
819:Sistani
663:Karbala
583:Baghdad
560:History
524:Twelver
522:In the
438:militia
113:Qutbism
51:Leaders
4809:Events
3969:region
3747:Yazidi
3081:Former
3069:(Badr)
2976:Former
2829:(Badr)
2805:
2770:People
2259:
2232:
1927:13 May
1825:"News"
1765:"News"
1565:12 May
1538:12 May
1363:
1338:9 July
923:Amarah
810:Kuwait
671:Amarah
424:Arabic
270:
181:
170:Allies
154:Status
4157:Hamas
3090:(AAH)
3047:Media
2864:(AAH)
2203:. CNN
2087:. CNN
1089:Najaf
946:Basra
759:Basra
724:Najaf
675:Basra
651:Najaf
603:Sunni
591:slums
549:Ummah
432:Iraqi
210:Sunni
130:Anti-
127:Jihad
75:Najaf
3102:(KH)
2763:Iraq
2588:2015
2562:2015
2540:2015
2502:2015
2434:2021
2408:2015
2385:2015
2363:2013
2333:2013
2311:2013
2285:2013
2257:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2209:2015
2187:help
2144:2015
2119:2015
2093:2015
2071:2015
2049:2015
2027:2006
1977:2015
1951:2015
1929:2012
1907:2015
1885:2015
1863:2015
1841:2015
1811:2013
1781:2015
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