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status of U.S. fisheries. It reported that of the 192 stocks monitored for overfishing 38 stocks (20%) still have fish "mortality rates that exceed the overfishing threshold … and 42 stocks (22%) are overfished". This is down from 38% and 48% respectively in 2000. A 2003 NMFS report reviewed achievements of the act since 1996. Highlighting the inconsistent effects of the legislation, it revealed that overfishing was eliminated in 15 major fish stocks while overfishing was initiated in 12 major fish stocks. To improve their overfishing prevention programs, the NMFS has implemented the Fish Stock
Sustainability Index (FSSI), which measures key stocks according to their overfishing status and biomass levels. Since the FSSI began the index has increased every year.
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the
Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, the largest active trade association of commercial fishermen on the west coast, "Most of the U.S. fisheries stocks are facing a disaster due to over capitalization of the fishing industry and the mismanagement practices of U.S. Department of Commerce's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and their appointed regional fishery management councils". Chris Kellogg, chief technical officer for the New England Fishery Management Council, emphasizes the tenuous position of many fishers, "On average, my guess is the fishing harvesting industry here in New England is basically covering costs and just on the border of solvency and insolvency".
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catches of target species, and to hold accountable regional councils that don't enforce or implement fisheries management plans. Additionally, some of the regional councils' policies, such as restarting the timeline for rebuilding overfished stocks, appear to critics to have shielded commercial fishermen from the consequences of their poor business decisions and thereby inadequately protected the marine ecosystems they depend upon. Additionally, the critics have contended that the management plans lack transparency requirements for fishery related data.
363:), is the legislation providing for the management of marine fisheries in U.S. waters. Originally enacted in 1976 to assert control of foreign fisheries that were operating within 200 nautical miles off the U.S. coast, the legislation has since been amended, in 1996 and 2007, to better address the twin problems of overfishing and overcapacity (i.e., too much fishing power). These ecological and economic problems arose in the domestic fishing industry as it grew to fill the vacuum left by departing foreign fishing fleets.
485:"To achieve the goal of ending overfishing … Congress strengthened the role of science in the fishery management process and required fishery managers to establish science based annual catch limits (ACLs) and accountability measures (AMs) for all US fisheries with a deadline of 2010 for all stocks subject to overfishing… The new fisheries law requires the councils' science advisors, the scientific and statistical committees to make recommendations for 'acceptable biological catch' (ABC) which managers may not exceed…"
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548:(NGOs) focusing on fish conservation and environmentalism were key forces behind the incremental improvements in the law's regulatory mechanisms. The Pew Oceans Commission and the US commission on Oceans Policy prompted many of the amendments found within the 2006 reauthorization. Many advocacy groups speak through coalitions. The Marine Fish Conservation Network, for example, represents over 90 member organizations from across the United States.
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National
Standards. These standards require that management measures actually prevent overfishing, are based on the best scientific information available, and are fair and equitable. If allocations of allowable catches are necessary to prevent overfishing or rebuild overfished stocks, such allocation schemes do not allow sectors of the industry to obtain an excessive share.
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Service (NMFS) implemented a new management system for ground fish in New
England. It established 17 fishermen-run collectives, called sectors. Sectors were pioneered by fishermen as voluntary, cooperative and community-based, and were designed to protect fleet diversity and coastal communities. The new management system operates on three simple premises:
410:, H.R. 200, was introduced by Representative Gerry Studds (D-Mass), who obtained bipartisan support for the bill from Rep. Don Young (R-Alaska) through common concern over the fishing power of the foreign fleets operating off their respective coasts. Their goal was to extend the exclusive fisheries zone of the U.S. from 12 to 200
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Each sector receives its own share of the annual catch. While respecting catch limits, the co-ops provide fishermen with the flexibility to set their own fishing guidelines so they can run their businesses more efficiently and profitably. Those who develop more innovative fishing gear can target more
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In response to these criticisms, NOAA adopted a
National Catch Share Policy, and encouraged regional management councils to allocate catch quotas to individual fishermen, groups of fishing companies operating through cooperatives, or fishing communities. "On May 1, 2010, the National Marine Fisheries
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is worth $ 4 billion annually, as of 2010. Fish harvesting and processing corporations are invested in the political process to maximize their profits, to protect against foreign competition and to prevent regulations from making their proprietary information available to the public. Candice May, of
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advocate measures that encourage regulatory processes to be scaled to the local level and which ensure fishing privileges aren't concentrated into small groups. They are also aware that if too much competition for finite resources prevails, their livelihood will suffer. Despite this, some fishermen
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The act also has impacts on financial matters. While taxpayers have paid over $ 3 billion on NMFS programs since the acts inception, ultimately the fishing industry is most affected by the act's design flaws and incomplete implementation. According to Zeke Grader, Jr., the executive director of
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A FMP must specify the criteria which determine when a stock is overfished and the measures needed to rebuild it. Regional councils regulate fishers with mechanisms, including annual catch limits, individual catch limits, community development quotas, and others. The Marine Fish
Conservation Network
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Gerald Ford on April 13, 1976. The final version of the law, Public Law 94-265, extended fisheries jurisdiction to 200 miles. It also created eight regional fishery management councils to assist the
Secretary of Commerce in managing the fisheries of the United States. The role included advising the
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Data
Collection Issues in Relation to the Reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act: Oversight Hearing before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans, and Insular Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred
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The ACL is the centerpiece of the report which is supplemented by other mechanisms regulating the types of gear used, licensing vessels, and using of observers on fishing boats. In section 303 b, the Act enumerates the types of actions authorized for use by councils to achieve optimal catch goals.
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The MSFCMA was enacted to promote the U.S. fishing industry's optimal exploitation of coastal fisheries by "consolidating control over territorial waters" and establishing eight regional councils to manage fish stocks. The act has been amended several times in response to continued overfishing of
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The major criticisms of the act have been its failure to stem overfishing. This includes the failure of the
Secretary of Commerce, acting through NOAA, to require regulations that minimize catches of non-target species (referred to as "bycatch") or to ban discarding at sea undersized or unwanted
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The act's results vary for different regions and different fish stocks. It did not prevent the overfishing of many species throughout its first 20 years of existence. This prompted major amendments in 1996 and 2006. The
National Marine Fisheries Service issued a report to Congress in 2010 on the
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abundance and to meet the goals of the MSA as they are revised by the Congress. Acting on behalf of the Secretary of Commerce, who is responsible for implementing the MSA's mandates, the NOAA administrator must determine whether a council's proposed plan amendment or adjustment meets the MSA's
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Limited federal enforcement and high levels of non-compliance with management regulations have contributed to stock depletion. Fishermen have accused each other of cheating on landings and chastised regulators for concentrating the quota allocations into too few hands. Other critics claim the
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A New Course For America's Fish and Fishermen: A Review of the Magnuson Stevens Reauthorization Act of 2006 and the Challenges Ahead." Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN) Website. MFCN. September 2007. Web. Pg. 3. November 2, 2010" Sustainable Development 16, Dec. 2008: 391
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Colorado State University, argues that federal legislators can't forge these relationships largely because they haven't properly identified what a "fishing community" is. She highlights the successes of the Community Development Quota system employed in some Alaska fisheries.
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Establishing Regional Fishery Management Councils to steward fishery resources through the preparation, monitoring, and revising of plans which (A) enable stake holders to participate in the administration of fisheries and (B) consider social and economic needs of
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Reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act: Oversight Hearing Before the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Wednesday, September 11,
478:(NMFS) aids the Secretary of Commerce, who evaluates, approves, and implements the Councils' FMPs. Regional Fishery Management Council members are nominated by the governors of their respective states, and appointed by the Secretary of Commerce.
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Fishermen earning more money for less fishing under the new system. In 2010, landings are down compared to 2009. Only 85.8 percent of total landings last year were landed this year (for the same period of time). Meanwhile, revenues are up 112.4
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Wormser, Julie. "NMFS, NOAA & NE Fishery Management Council Work Together to Address Initial Hurdles of Groundfish Sectors." What Can You Do> Blogs> Ed Fish. Environmental Defense Fund. 10,October 2010. Web. 4, November
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A New Course For America's Fish and Fishermen: A Review of the Magnuson Stevens Reauthorization Act of 2006 and the Challenges Ahead." Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN) Website. MFCN. September 2007. Web. Pg. 5. November 2,
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Many interest groups are concerned with the forming of fisheries conservation legislation. Fishers, corporations, activist groups and the public all share interest in protecting fishing eco-systems and economies via the MSFCMA.
374:(NMFS), which is an agency within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a part of the Department of Commerce. The plans are amended frequently to adjust management policies and measures to changes in
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from the coastline. Opposed by national security and foreign relations officials in the White House, the 94th United States Congress nevertheless enacted the bill, and it was signed into law by the
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Landings of Gulf of Maine winter flounder, a stock at very low abundance, are being effectively avoided under sectors. In 2009, 66 metric tons were landed. In 2010, 32 metric tons were landed."
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Sector fishermen are avoiding weak stocks and targeting robust stocks. The ratio of Georges Bank cod to Georges Bank haddock (in metric tons) in 2009 was 1121:1532. In 2010, it was 743:2768.
430:. In short, the goal of these amendments was to require the regional councils and the Secretary of Commerce to identify overfished stocks and to rebuild them in as short a time as possible.
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790:"Implementing Annual Catch Limits: A Blueprint for Ending Overfishing in U.S. Fisheries." Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN) Website. MFCN. April 2009. Web. Pg. 3. November 2, 2010
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is represented as a stake holder by elected representatives, who ostensibly take them into consideration when drafting ways to protect public resources such as fish stocks.
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Regional Fishery Management Councils are charged with developing and recommending fishery management plans, both to restore depleted stocks and manage healthy stocks. The
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It incorporates monitoring so fishermen and regulators know exactly how much fish is being caught, and as a result, fishing stops once catch limits have been reached.
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regulatory framework is too "top-down" and alienates local fishers, thereby reducing the likelihood to achieve the cooperation needed to enforce many provisions.
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May, Candice. "Achieving Sustainability in US Fisheries: Community Engagement in Co-Management." Sustainable Development 16, Dec. 2008: 391 Print.
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Secretary of State whether foreign fishing fleets could have access to fish stocks that U.S. fishermen did not have the capacity to harvest.
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The United States fishery management law has been amended many times over the years. Two major recent sets of amendments to the law were the
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Eight regional fishery management councils, composed of representatives of the fishing industry and state fishery officials, prepare
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Crestin, David S. "Federal Regulation of New England Fisheries: A Different Point of View." Northeastern Naturalist 2000: 342 Print.
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Crestin, David S. "Federal Regulation of New England Fisheries: A Different Point of View." Northeastern Naturalist 2000: 345 Print.
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Crestin, David S. "Federal Regulation of New England Fisheries: A Different Point of View." Northeastern Naturalist 2000: 347 Print.
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Sutherland, Donald. "U.S. Fish Harvesters Up on Financial Rocks." Environmental News Service. 25 April 2000. Web. 29 October 2010.
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Supreme Court ruling, it was found that the law not authorize officials to create industry-funded monitoring requirements.
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820:""Implementing the Sustainable Fisheries Act: Achievements from 1996 to Present." National Marine Fisheries Service. 2001
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As reported at the Council meeting, the first three months of sector operations resulted in (May 1 – August 15):
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PDF version of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, as amended through January 12, 2007
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NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service website on the most recent reauthorization of the Magnusion-Stevens Act
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693:"Gerald R. Ford: "Statement on Signing the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976.," April 13, 1976"
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Additionally, the law calls for reducing bycatch and establishing fishery information monitoring systems.
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811:"Status of Fisheries of the United States: A Report to Congress." National Marine Fisheries Service. 2001
802:"Status of Fisheries of the United States: A Report to Congress." National Marine Fisheries Service. 2009
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Hennessey, T. and M. Healey, 2000. Ludwig's Ratchet and the Collapse of New England Groundfish Stocks.
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prefer minimal government intervention in their market, defiantly demanding "the right to go broke".
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965:"What it means for the Supreme Court to throw out Chevron decision, undercutting federal regulators"
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Campaign to End Overfishing in New England." Our Work. Pew Charitable Trusts. Web. 23, October 2010.
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The Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act is the primary law governing marine
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Providing for the implementation of fishery management plans (FMPs) which achieve optimal yield
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An Act to provide for the conservation and management of the fisheries, and for other purposes.
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It implements science-based catch limits to rebuild fish populations and prevent overfishing.
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NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service website on the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996
880:"Kingpins of the Gulf make millions off red snapper harvest without ever going fishing"
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highlighted the most significant changes in the mechanisms utilized in a 2010 report:
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major stocks. The most recent version, authorized in 2007, includes seven purposes:
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of the healthy fish populations and avoid those populations that are struggling."
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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fish Stock Rebuilding Plans in the United States
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Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006
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of Alaska, who sponsored the Senate bill, S. 200, that eventually was enacted.
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Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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Pew Environment Group: Rebuilding America's Fisheries with One Single Act
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in United States federal waters. The law is named after U.S. Senators
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Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
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Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
50:
1007:
2037:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2021:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
1013:
Short overview of the Act by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2155:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
2107:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
2029:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1945:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
859:
Fishing. IBISWorld. 29 September 2010. Web. November 3, 2010
2123:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
2091:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
2083:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
690:
446:
Supporting enforcement of international fishing agreements
2771:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
1305:
Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 and 1976
1075:
1003:
Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Tuesday, May 21, 2013
772:
Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation Act. Section 303-10
727:
2903:
1803:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
349:
Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
20:
Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
402:
The Magnuson–Stevens Act was originally enacted as the
2045:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
1889:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
1765:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
781:
Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation Act. Section 302
763:
Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation Act. Section 303
496:
Designating Zones and periods where fishing is limited
449:
Promoting fishing in line with conservation principles
662:. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 70–72.
2561:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1266:
Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States
659:
Gerry Studds: America's First Openly Gay Congressman
2401:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
1704:
37:
Interim Fisheries Zone Extension and Management Act
2531:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
499:Limiting sale, catch or transport of certain fish.
2585:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
1548:Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products
1335:Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act
3821:
2643:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2407:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
1773:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
1028:
294:Japan Whaling Ass'n v. American Cetacean Society
3845:United States federal environmental legislation
3717:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
3343:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
404:Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976
78:Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976
2653:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1897:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1819:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1518:Energy Research and Development Administration
2875:
2663:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2313:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
1690:
1061:
370:plans for approval and implementation by the
1873:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
3493:List of commercially important fish species
3338:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
2519:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1835:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1827:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
1376:National Mass Transportation Assistance Act
509:
243:on March 29, 1976 (Agreed) and by the
2889:
2882:
2868:
2513:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
1921:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
1913:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
1865:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1697:
1683:
1298:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
1238:Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control
1068:
1054:
699:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
237:Reported by the joint conference committee
2271:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2240:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
1881:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
655:
16:US law for management of marine fisheries
3465:Regional fishery management organisation
2234:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
1039:) is being considered for deletion. See
629:North Pacific Fishery Management Council
469:
336:
2668:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1637:Water Resources Development Act of 1976
3822:
2761:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2604:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
2501:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
2489:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
2163:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1600:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1593:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
1360:Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974
1252:National Security Study Memorandum 200
3295:
2902:
2863:
2849:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
2370:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
2147:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
1757:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
1678:
1461:Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board
1102:VP confirmation of Nelson Rockefeller
1049:
903:
901:
837:
835:
798:
796:
502:Regulating types of fishing equipment
3348:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
2578:Energy Independence and Security Act
2549:National Environmental Education Act
1630:Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
1413:Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
1390:Commodity Futures Trading Commission
962:
759:
757:
747:
745:
743:
606:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
443:Acting to conserve fishery resources
406:. The U.S. House of Representatives
313:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
275:Magnuson-Stevens Reauthorization Act
3523:Future of Marine Animal Populations
3400:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
3390:Monitoring control and surveillance
2821:Significant New Alternatives Policy
2673:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1983:Southern Union Co. v. United States
1929:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
1843:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
1367:Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula
505:Requiring observers onboard vessels
416:38th President of the United States
204:House Merchant Marine and Fisheries
13:
2598:America's Water Infrastructure Act
2588:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
2307:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
2067:United States v. Riverside Bayview
2005:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
1975:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1534:Energy Policy and Conservation Act
1454:Securities Acts Amendments of 1975
898:
832:
823:
793:
728:National Research Council (2014).
691:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
462:Protecting essential fish habitats
459:Developing underutilized fisheries
14:
3866:
3722:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
3455:National Marine Fisheries Service
3450:European Fisheries Control Agency
2614:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
2376:National Environmental Policy Act
2354:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
2115:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
2075:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
1511:Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
1043:to help reach a consensus. ›
985:
754:
740:
476:National Marine Fisheries Service
424:Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996
372:National Marine Fisheries Service
3368:
3114:
2931:Population dynamics of fisheries
2801:Presidential Climate Action Plan
2781:New Source Performance Standards
2648:Council on Environmental Quality
2537:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
1579:Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974
25:
3652:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
3508:Environmental impact of fishing
2437:Water Resources Development Act
2394:Coastal Zone Management Program
1706:United States environmental law
963:Daly, Matthew (June 28, 2024).
956:
946:
937:
928:
918:
872:
862:
853:
844:
814:
805:
784:
775:
697:The American Presidency Project
656:Schneider, Mark Robert (2017).
522:
493:Permitting vessels or operators
355:), commonly referred to as the
3626:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2986:Otolith microchemical analysis
2728:Environmental impact statement
2708:Corporate average fuel economy
2592:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
2013:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
766:
721:
712:
703:
684:
649:
640:
546:Non-governmental organizations
426:, and then 10 years later the
1:
3621:European Environmental Agency
3611:Grey nurse shark conservation
3518:Destructive fishing practices
3016:Pop-up satellite archival tag
1525:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
634:
382:
3601:Marine conservation activism
3051:Climate change and fisheries
2507:Toxic Substances Control Act
1399:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
1291:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
559:
7:
2766:National Climate Assessment
2713:Discharge Monitoring Report
2566:Food Quality Protection Act
2388:Coastal Zone Management Act
1555:Strategic Petroleum Reserve
1312:Federal Election Commission
612:
282:United States Supreme Court
88:94th United States Congress
10:
3871:
3647:Marine Stewardship Council
3440:EU Common Fisheries Policy
2543:Global Change Research Act
2193:United States v. Bestfoods
1586:Forestry Incentive Program
1188:Presidential Proclamations
433:
225:on January 28, 1976 (
3801:Glossary of fishery terms
3796:Index of fishing articles
3786:
3735:
3634:
3578:
3513:Fishing down the food web
3488:Maximum sustainable yield
3475:
3377:
3366:
3320:
3316:
3291:
3123:
3112:
3046:Match/mismatch hypothesis
2919:
2915:
2898:
2816:Section 608 Certification
2756:Maximum contaminant level
2693:Best available technology
2681:
2633:
2339:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
2319:Air Pollution Control Act
2283:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
2215:
2181:
2055:
1993:
1963:
1853:
1783:
1712:
1646:
1614:Maximum contaminant level
1566:
1500:
1477:Tax Reduction Act of 1975
1344:
1275:
1220:
1084:
1077:Presidency of Gerald Ford
1036:Presidency of Gerald Ford
342:Overfished US stocks 2022
288:
280:
273:
268:
215:on October 9, 1975 (
173:
168:
150:
140:
135:
116:
106:
101:
93:
82:
74:
49:
41:
33:
24:
3687:Save Our Seas Foundation
3420:Individual fishing quota
3395:Vessel monitoring system
3041:Hydrographic containment
2844:Toxicity category rating
2839:Total maximum daily load
2776:National Priorities List
2658:Office of Surface Mining
2483:Federal Noxious Weed Act
2384:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
2358:Solid Waste Disposal Act
2099:Rapanos v. United States
1165:Supreme Court candidates
1041:templates for discussion
510:Regulatory effectiveness
395:of Washington state and
247:on March 30, 1976 (
3835:1976 in the environment
3333:Exclusive economic zone
3011:GIS and aquatic science
2966:Standard weight in fish
2806:Renewable Fuel Standard
2624:Inflation Reduction Act
2431:Safe Drinking Water Act
1662:Carter administration →
1607:Safe Drinking Water Act
1353:Fair Credit Billing Act
1115:Assassination attempts
718:U.S. Public Law 109-479
709:U.S. Public Law 104-297
241:agreed to by the Senate
200:Committee consideration
145:16 U.S.C.: Conservation
3562:Turtle excluder device
3235:Shoaling and schooling
2419:Endangered Species Act
2364:Endangered Species Act
2246:Rivers and Harbors Act
1795:United States v. SCRAP
1741:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
1653:← Nixon administration
1484:Tax Reform Act of 1976
1468:National Market System
1321:Rockefeller Commission
734:National Academy Press
646:U.S. Public Law 94-265
344:
3586:Marine protected area
3460:Regional fishery body
3086:Census of Marine Life
2981:Catch per unit effort
2744:Executive Order 13990
2738:Executive Order 13432
2733:Environmental justice
2618:CHIPS and Science Act
2325:Fish and Wildlife Act
2201:Guam v. United States
1733:Sierra Club v. Morton
1259:Executive Order 11905
1158:Judicial appointments
969:Associated Press News
624:Sustainable fisheries
470:Regulatory mechanisms
340:
196:) on January 14, 1975
3830:1976 in American law
3425:Minimum landing size
3385:Fisheries management
3360:Magnuson–Stevens Act
3355:Fisheries Convention
3106:Fisheries scientists
2827:State of the Climate
2495:Magnuson–Stevens Act
2301:McSweeney-McNary Act
1953:West Virginia v. EPA
1905:Massachusetts v. EPA
1623:Magnuson–Stevens Act
1445:Fast track authority
732:. Washington, D.C.:
619:Fisheries management
539:The fishing industry
389:fisheries management
357:Magnuson–Stevens Act
3702:Defying Ocean's End
3606:Salmon conservation
3596:Marine conservation
3536:The End of the Line
3529:The Sunken Billions
3498:Sustainable seafood
3483:Sustainable fishery
3096:Fisheries databases
3026:Age class structure
2996:Fisheries acoustics
2791:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
2723:Environmental crime
2718:Effluent guidelines
2479:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
2219:federal legislation
1725:Missouri v. Holland
1328:1975 VRA Amendments
1231:International trips
239:on March 24, 1976;
169:Legislative history
21:
3791:Outline of fishing
3410:Fisheries observer
3061:Aquatic ecosystems
2611:Louisiana v. Biden
2525:CERCLA (Superfund)
2433:(1974, 1986, 1996)
1749:Hughes v. Oklahoma
1491:Whip Inflation Now
1204:Halloween Massacre
909:Coastal Management
393:Warren G. Magnuson
368:fishery management
345:
34:Other short titles
19:
3840:Fish conservation
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3773:Threatened sharks
3672:Ocean Conservancy
3657:Friend of the Sea
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3195:Lobster fisheries
3140:Diversity of fish
2936:Shifting baseline
2905:Fisheries science
2857:
2856:
2786:New Source Review
2572:Energy Policy Act
2555:Oil Pollution Act
2425:Oil Pollution Act
2413:Noise Control Act
2343:Acid Rain Program
2331:Oil Pollution Act
2295:Oil Pollution Act
2289:Clarke–McNary Act
2211:
2210:
2171:Sackett v. EPA II
1672:
1671:
1438:Trade Act of 1974
1211:Carter transition
1151:1977 SOTU Address
1144:1976 SOTU Address
1137:1975 SOTU Address
886:. 24 January 2016
736:. pp. 15–28.
669:978-1-62534-284-3
603:In the June 2024
335:
334:
261:on April 13, 1976
223:Passed the Senate
119:Statutes at Large
3862:
3753:Marine pollution
3557:Cetacean bycatch
3552:Incidental catch
3372:
3318:
3317:
3293:
3292:
3260:Humboldt current
3118:
3036:Trophic cascades
2976:Data storage tag
2961:Fish measurement
2956:Stock assessment
2917:
2916:
2900:
2899:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2703:Clean Power Plan
2635:Federal agencies
2277:Weeks–McLean Act
2131:Sackett v. EPA I
1781:
1780:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1656:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1422:Net capital rule
1415:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1385:
1383:CFTC Act of 1974
1378:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1245:Helsinki Accords
1240:
1233:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1181:Executive Orders
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1046:
980:
979:
977:
975:
960:
954:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
926:
922:
916:
915:(3), pp.187-213.
905:
896:
895:
893:
891:
876:
870:
866:
860:
857:
851:
848:
842:
839:
830:
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
803:
800:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
761:
752:
749:
738:
737:
725:
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
700:
688:
682:
681:
653:
647:
644:
269:Major amendments
213:Passed the House
180:in the House as
154:sections created
120:
55:
29:
22:
18:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3805:
3782:
3778:Threatened rays
3758:Mercury in fish
3731:
3630:
3616:Shark sanctuary
3574:
3471:
3405:Catch reporting
3373:
3364:
3312:
3279:
3185:Krill fisheries
3150:Coral reef fish
3135:Ocean fisheries
3126:
3119:
3110:
2951:Condition index
2922:
2911:
2894:
2888:
2858:
2853:
2685:
2677:
2629:
2382:Clean Water Act
2226:
2225:and lower court
2224:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2177:
2051:
1989:
1959:
1937:Michigan v. EPA
1849:
1779:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1673:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1345:Economic policy
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1284:Cannabis policy
1282:
1276:Domestic policy
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1080:
1074:
1044:
988:
983:
973:
971:
961:
957:
951:
947:
942:
938:
933:
929:
923:
919:
906:
899:
889:
887:
878:
877:
873:
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
833:
828:
824:
819:
815:
810:
806:
801:
794:
789:
785:
780:
776:
771:
767:
762:
755:
750:
741:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
689:
685:
670:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
615:
562:
525:
512:
472:
436:
385:
343:
331:
264:
255:Signed into law
208:Senate Commerce
118:
83:Enacted by
70:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Fish slaughter
3745:
3739:
3737:
3736:Related issues
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Ocean Outcomes
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Marine reserve
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3476:Sustainability
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3306:sustainability
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Marine habitat
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Shrimp fishery
3197:
3192:
3190:Kelp fisheries
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:Crab fisheries
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Marine biology
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Coded wire tag
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Fish mortality
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2909:wild fisheries
2896:
2895:
2893:science topics
2887:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2833:Tailoring Rule
2830:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:PACE financing
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
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1790:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
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1701:
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1687:
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1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
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1596:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1541:CAFE standards
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
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1480:
1473:
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1434:
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1416:
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1317:
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1294:
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1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:Foreign policy
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1088:
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1081:
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1027:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
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994:
987:
986:External links
984:
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955:
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927:
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412:nautical miles
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164:§ 1801 et seq.
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147:
142:
141:Titles amended
138:
137:
133:
132:
122:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
97:April 13, 1976
95:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
69:
68:
65:
62:
58:
56:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3867:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Fisheries law
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Shark finning
3766:
3764:
3763:Shark culling
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Sea Around Us
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Seafood Watch
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3568:Shrimp-Turtle
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Pulse fishing
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Fisheries law
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:Fisheries law
3294:
3290:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Eel fisheries
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Cod fisheries
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Demersal fish
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Trophic level
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Right to know
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:Clean Air Act
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
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1791:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:Supreme Court
1711:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1658:
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1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
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1615:
1611:
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1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1568:Environmental
1565:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1502:Energy policy
1499:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:controversies
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:San Francisco
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
970:
966:
959:
949:
940:
931:
921:
914:
910:
904:
902:
885:
881:
875:
865:
856:
847:
838:
836:
826:
817:
808:
799:
797:
787:
778:
769:
760:
758:
748:
746:
744:
735:
731:
724:
715:
706:
698:
694:
687:
679:
675:
671:
665:
661:
660:
652:
643:
639:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
610:
608:
607:
598:
595:
591:
590:
589:
582:
579:
576:
575:
574:
570:
566:
557:
555:
553:
549:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
520:
516:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
490:
486:
483:
479:
477:
467:
461:
458:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
440:
431:
429:
425:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
380:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
339:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
295:
291:
290:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
267:
260:
257:by President
256:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
229:, in lieu of
228:
224:
221:
218:
214:
211:
209:
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:H.R. 200
179:
176:
175:
172:
167:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
121:
115:
112:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
66:
63:
60:
59:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3579:Conservation
3567:
3534:
3527:
3359:
3310:conservation
3265:Algal blooms
3250:Water column
3165:Pelagic fish
3145:Coastal fish
3091:OSTM/Jason-2
3066:Bioeconomics
3001:Acoustic tag
2971:Fish counter
2825:
2698:Citizen suit
2686:and concepts
2609:
2583:
2494:
2349:
2199:
2191:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1981:
1973:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1660:
1651:
1622:
1195:Nixon pardon
1095:Inauguration
1034:
972:. Retrieved
968:
958:
948:
939:
930:
920:
912:
908:
888:. Retrieved
883:
874:
864:
855:
846:
825:
816:
807:
786:
777:
768:
729:
723:
714:
705:
696:
686:
658:
651:
642:
604:
602:
587:
571:
567:
563:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
538:
537:
531:
530:
526:
523:Stakeholders
517:
513:
487:
484:
480:
473:
465:
437:
427:
421:
403:
401:
386:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
311:
292:
254:
244:
240:
236:
222:
212:
199:
186:Gerry Studds
177:
136:Codification
54:(colloquial)
3855:Ted Stevens
3503:Overfishing
3415:Catch share
3245:Marine snow
3230:Sardine run
3215:Fish screen
3210:Fish ladder
3160:Forage fish
2683:Regulations
1109:Wilson desk
1079:(1974–1977)
1029:‹ The
678:j.ctv346vd8
489:Including
397:Ted Stevens
308: (1986)
259:Gerald Ford
231:S. 961
3824:Categories
3727:Greenpeace
3435:Slot limit
3378:Management
3302:management
3270:Dead zones
3225:Salmon run
3205:Eel ladder
3101:Institutes
2941:Fish stock
2252:Refuse Act
1121:Sacramento
635:References
552:The public
383:Background
376:fish stock
178:Introduced
107:Public law
42:Long title
3697:WorldFish
3662:SeaChoice
3275:Fish kill
3255:Upwelling
3220:Migration
3127:fisheries
2921:Fisheries
2265:Weeks Act
2259:Lacey Act
2227:decisions
2223:treaties,
1717:decisions
560:Critiques
158:16 U.S.C.
102:Citations
94:Effective
75:Nicknames
3707:HERMIONE
3635:Advocacy
3547:Discards
3081:FishBase
3071:EconMult
3021:EcoSCOPE
2750:LDV Rule
1086:Timeline
1031:template
974:June 28,
613:See also
593:percent.
124:90
51:Acronyms
3743:CalCOFI
3712:PROFISH
3642:FishAct
3542:Bycatch
3076:Ecopath
2991:Biomass
2923:science
2891:Fishery
2390:(1972)
2248:(1899)
1033:below (
890:20 July
532:Fishers
456:states.
434:Purpose
217:208-101
3682:Oceana
3445:EU MLS
2835:(2010)
2752:(2010)
2746:(2022)
2740:(2007)
2626:(2022)
2620:(2022)
2606:(2021)
2600:(2018)
2594:(2016)
2580:(2007)
2574:(2005)
2568:(1996)
2557:(1990)
2551:(1990)
2545:(1990)
2539:(1986)
2533:(1986)
2527:(1980)
2521:(1978)
2515:(1977)
2509:(1976)
2503:(1976)
2497:(1976)
2491:(1975)
2485:(1975)
2427:(1973)
2421:(1973)
2415:(1972)
2409:(1972)
2403:(1972)
2378:(1970)
2372:(1970)
2366:(1969)
2360:(1965)
2333:(1961)
2327:(1956)
2321:(1955)
2315:(1954)
2309:(1934)
2303:(1928)
2297:(1924)
2291:(1924)
2285:(1918)
2279:(1913)
2273:(1911)
2267:(1911)
2261:(1900)
2242:(1897)
2236:(1872)
2204:(2021)
2196:(1998)
2183:CERCLA
2174:(2023)
2166:(2020)
2158:(2018)
2150:(2016)
2142:(2013)
2134:(2012)
2126:(2009)
2118:(2009)
2110:(2007)
2102:(2006)
2094:(2006)
2086:(2004)
2078:(2001)
2070:(1985)
2048:(2021)
2040:(2018)
2032:(2007)
2024:(1995)
2016:(1992)
2008:(1978)
1986:(2012)
1978:(1978)
1956:(2022)
1948:(2021)
1940:(2015)
1932:(2014)
1924:(2011)
1916:(2007)
1908:(2007)
1900:(2004)
1892:(2004)
1884:(2001)
1876:(1984)
1868:(1975)
1846:(2010)
1838:(2008)
1830:(2004)
1822:(2004)
1814:(1983)
1806:(1983)
1798:(1973)
1776:(2021)
1768:(2000)
1760:(1990)
1752:(1979)
1744:(1978)
1736:(1972)
1728:(1920)
1570:policy
1429:NRSROs
884:al.com
869:Print.
676:
666:
353:MSFCMA
320:,
318:22-451
316:, No.
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