198:
promising data to support real application of MSMAs in devices. Although high fatigue life has been demonstrated, this property has been found to be controlled by the internal twinning stress in the material, which is dependent on the crystal structure and twin boundaries. Additionally, inducing a fully strained (elongated or contracted) MSMA has been found to reduce fatigue life, so this must be taken into consideration when designing functional MSMA systems. In general, reducing defects such as surface roughness that cause stress concentration can increase the fatigue life and fracture resistance of MSMAs.
226:(Fe-Pd) alloys, Nickel-Iron-Gallium (Ni-Fe-Ga) alloys, and several derivates of the basic Ni-Mn-Ga alloy which further contain Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) or Copper (Cu). The main motivation behind the continuous development and testing of new alloys is to achieve improved thermo-magneto-mechanical properties, such as a lower internal friction, a higher transformation temperature and a higher Curie temperature, which would allow the use of MSM alloys in several applications. In fact, the actual temperature range of standard alloys is up to 50 °C. Recently, an 80 °C alloy has been presented.
123:
149:. The magnetization of the MSM element along a fixed direction differs if the element is in the contraction or in the elongation single variant state. The magnetic anisotropy is the difference between the energy required to magnetize the element in contraction single variant state and in elongation single variant state. The value of the anisotropy is related to the maximum work-output of the MSM alloy, and thus to the available strain and force that can be used for applications.
269:
242:
MSM actuator elements can be used where fast and precise motion is required. They are of interest due to the faster actuation using magnetic field as compared to the heating/cooling cycles required for conventional shape memory alloys, which also promises higher fatigue lifetime. Possible application
114:
when subjected to an external magnetic field, emerging from the alignment of elementary magnetizations along the field direction. However, differently from standard ferromagnetic materials, the alignment is obtained by the geometric rotation of the elementary cells composing the alloy, and not by
63:
The large magnetically induced strain, as well as the short response times make the MSM technology very attractive for the design of innovative actuators to be used in pneumatics, robotics, medical devices and mechatronics. MSM alloys change their magnetic properties depending on the deformation.
260:
of an MSMA is a function of strain. The most common MSM actuator design consists of an MSM element controlled by permanent magnets producing a rotating magnetic field and a spring restoring a mechanical force during the shape memory cycling. Limitations on the magnetic shape memory effect due to
197:
The fatigue life of MSMAs is of particular interest for actuation applications due to the high frequency cycling, so improving the microstructure of these alloys has been of particular interest. Researchers have improved the fatigue life up to 2x10 cycles with a maximum stress of 2MPa, providing
233:
has been demonstrated as a technique to produce porous polycrystalline MSMAs. As opposed to fully dense polycrystalline MSMAs, porous structures allow more freedom of motion, which reduces the internal stress required to activate martensitic twin boundary motion. Additionally, post-process heat
138:
of MSM alloys, and the high mobility of the internal regions. Simply speaking, an MSM element is composed by internal regions, each having a different orientation of the elementary cells (the regions are shown by the figure in green and blue colors). These regions are called twin-variants. The
130:
A similar phenomenon occurs when the alloy is subjected to an external force. Macroscopically, the force acts like the magnetic field, favoring the rotation of the elementary cells and achieving elongation or contraction depending on its application within the reference coordinate system. The
53:
of about 0.2% was presented in 1996 by Dr. Kari
Ullakko and co-workers at MIT. Since then, improvements on the production process and on the subsequent treatment of the alloys have led to deformations of up to 6% for commercially available
255:
The twinning stress, or internal frictional stress, of an MSMA determines the efficiency of actuation, so the operation design of MSM actuators is based on the mechanical and magnetic properties of a given alloy; for example, the magnetic
247:
devices) since they are capable of large force and stroke outputs in relatively small spatial regions. Also, due to the high fatigue life and their ability to produce electromotive forces from a magnetic flux, MSMAs are of interest in
261:
crystal defects determine the efficiency of MSMAs in applications. Since the MSM effect is also temperature dependent, these alloys can be tailored to shift the transition temperature by controlling microstructure and composition.
468:
Karaman, I.; Basaran, B.; Karaca, H. E.; Karsilayan, A. I.; Chumlyakov, Y. I. (2007-04-23). "Energy harvesting using martensite variant reorientation mechanism in a NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloy".
229:
Due to the twin boundary motion mechanism required for the magnetic shape memory effect to occur, the highest performing MSMAs in terms of maximum induced strain have been single crystals.
157:
The main properties of the MSM effect for commercially available elements are summarized in (where other aspects of the technology and of the related applications are described):
243:
fields are robotics, manufacturing, medical surgery, valves, dampers, sorting. MSMAs have been of particular interest in the application of actuators (i.e. microfluidic pumps for
46:
MSM alloys are ferromagnetic materials that can produce motion and forces under moderate magnetic fields. Typically, MSMAs are alloys of Nickel, Manganese and
Gallium (Ni-Mn-Ga).
358:
Wilson, Stephen A.; Jourdain, Renaud P. J.; Zhang, Qi; Dorey, Robert A.; Bowen, Chris R.; Willander, Magnus; Wahab, Qamar Ul; Willander, Magnus; Al-hilli, Safaa M. (2007-06-21).
126:
Magnetic shape memory working principle. Note that the deformation kink shown in the figure is only for illustration purposes, while in actual materials the kink is < 4 °.
145:, and thus favors one variant or the other. When the element is completely contracted or completely elongated, it is formed by only one variant and it is said to be in a
424:
Pagounis, E.; Szczerba, M. J.; Chulist, R.; Laufenberg, M. (2015-10-12). "Large magnetic field-induced work output in a NiMnGa seven-layered modulated martensite".
131:
elongation and contraction processes are shown in the figure where, for example, the elongation is achieved magnetically and the contraction mechanically.
682:
Pagounis, E.; Chulist, R.; Szczerba, M. J.; Laufenberg, M. (2014-07-15). "High-temperature magnetic shape memory actuation in a Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal".
234:
treatments such as sintering and annealing have been found to significantly increase the hardness and reduce the elastic moduli of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.
458:
T. Schiepp, A Simulation Method for Design and
Development of Magnetic Shape Memory Actuators, PhD Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2015.
218:(Ni-Mn-Ga) alloys, which are investigated since the first relevant MSM effect has been published in 1996. Other alloys under investigation are
64:
This companion effect, which co-exist with the actuation, can be useful for the design of displacement, speed or force sensors and mechanical
389:
Sozinov, A.; Lanska, N.; Soroka, A.; Zou, W. (2013-01-14). "12% magnetic field-induced strain in Ni-Mn-Ga-based non-modulated martensite".
90:
The transition from martensite to austenite produces force and deformation. Therefore, MSM alloys can be also activated thermally, like
711:"Grain Growth, Porosity, and Hardness Changes in Sintered and Annealed Binder-jet 3D Printed Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys"
709:
Acierno, Aaron; Toman, Jakub; Kimes, Katerina; Mostafaei, Amir; Boin, Mirko; Wimpory, Robert; Chmielus, Markus (August 2020).
17:
280:
257:
87:
where the elementary cells have cubic geometry. With such geometry the magnetic shape memory effect is lost.
643:"Fatigue life and fracture mechanics of unconstrained Ni–Mn–Ga single crystals in a rotating magnetic field"
504:
Faehler, Sebastian (2007-08-23). "An
Introduction to Actuation Mechanisms of Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys".
110:(MIR), and is sketched in the figure. Like other ferromagnetic materials, MSM alloys exhibit a macroscopic
139:
application of a magnetic field or of an external stress shifts the boundaries of the variants, called
759:
315:
Ullakko, K. (1996). "Magnetically controlled shape memory alloys: A new class of actuator materials".
76:
176:
Energetic efficiency (conversion between input magnetic energy and output mechanical work) about 90%
802:
359:
230:
60:
Ni-Mn-Ga MSM elements, as well as up to 10-12 % and 20% for new alloys in R&D stage.
8:
610:
593:
135:
758:
Rashidi, Saman; Ehsani, Mohammad
Hossein; Shakouri, Meisam; Karimi, Nader (2021-11-01).
740:
623:
529:
340:
91:
35:
779:
744:
732:
695:
664:
615:
594:"Review of properties of magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys and MSM actuator designs"
521:
486:
441:
406:
344:
332:
249:
65:
627:
533:
771:
722:
691:
654:
605:
548:
Magnetic and
Magneto-Mechanical Properties of Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys
513:
478:
433:
398:
371:
324:
116:
547:
95:
775:
659:
642:
375:
122:
56:
727:
710:
106:
The mechanism responsible for the large strain of MSM alloys is the so-called
30:(MSMAs), also called ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMA), are particular
796:
783:
736:
668:
619:
525:
490:
445:
410:
336:
244:
141:
111:
360:"New materials for micro-scale sensors and actuators: An engineering review"
188:
Change in magnetic permeability and electric resistivity during deformation
34:
which produce forces and deformations in response to a magnetic field. The
268:
328:
72:
517:
482:
437:
402:
223:
211:
84:
80:
641:
Lawrence, T.; Lindquist, P.; Ullakko, K.; MĂĽllner, P. (2016-01-27).
760:"Potentials of magnetic shape memory alloys for energy harvesting"
75:
of the alloy, where the elementary cells composing the alloy have
681:
423:
215:
115:
rotation of the magnetization vectors within the cells (like in
79:
geometry. If the temperature is increased beyond the martensite–
640:
207:
71:
The magnetic shape memory effect occurs in the low temperature
467:
757:
219:
708:
563:
357:
134:
The rotation of the cells is a consequence of the large
388:
167:
Minimum magnetic field for maximum strain: 500 kA/m
101:
83:transformation temperature, the alloy goes to the
185:Operating temperatures between -40 and 60 °C
794:
317:Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
173:Workoutput per unit volume of about 150 kJ/m^3
591:
364:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports
201:
764:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
38:has been obtained in these materials, too.
179:Internal friction stress of around 0.5 MPa
726:
658:
609:
121:
503:
314:
14:
795:
592:Gabdullin, N; Khan, S H (2015-02-16).
598:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
587:
585:
583:
550:, PhD Thesis, Aalto University, 2007.
192:
94:(see, for instance, Nickel-Titanium (
647:Materials Science and Engineering: A
558:
556:
310:
308:
263:
24:
580:
108:magnetically induced reorientation
25:
814:
553:
305:
170:Full strain (6%) up to 2 MPa load
164:Max. generated stress up to 3 MPa
696:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.04.001
267:
102:The magnetic shape memory effect
51:magnetically induced deformation
751:
702:
675:
634:
237:
182:Magnetic and thermal activation
41:
611:10.1088/1742-6596/588/1/012052
540:
497:
461:
452:
417:
382:
351:
13:
1:
299:
152:
715:Microscopy and Microanalysis
28:Magnetic shape memory alloys
7:
92:thermal shape memory alloys
36:thermal shape memory effect
10:
819:
776:10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.168112
660:10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.045
376:10.1016/j.mser.2007.03.001
728:10.1017/S1431927620023764
202:Development of the alloys
471:Applied Physics Letters
426:Applied Physics Letters
391:Applied Physics Letters
231:Additive manufacturing
127:
125:
18:Magnetic shape memory
206:Standard alloys are
147:single variant state
136:magnetic anisotropy
32:shape memory alloys
684:Scripta Materialia
329:10.1007/BF02649344
279:. You can help by
193:Fatigue Properties
128:
57:single crystalline
721:(S2): 3082–3085.
518:10.1149/1.2753250
483:10.1063/1.2721143
438:10.1063/1.4933303
403:10.1063/1.4775677
297:
296:
250:energy harvesting
66:energy harvesters
16:(Redirected from
810:
788:
787:
755:
749:
748:
730:
706:
700:
699:
679:
673:
672:
662:
638:
632:
631:
613:
589:
578:
577:
575:
574:
560:
551:
544:
538:
537:
506:ECS Transactions
501:
495:
494:
465:
459:
456:
450:
449:
421:
415:
414:
386:
380:
379:
355:
349:
348:
312:
292:
289:
271:
264:
117:magnetostriction
73:martensite phase
21:
818:
817:
813:
812:
811:
809:
808:
807:
803:Smart materials
793:
792:
791:
756:
752:
707:
703:
680:
676:
639:
635:
590:
581:
572:
570:
562:
561:
554:
545:
541:
512:(25): 155–163.
502:
498:
466:
462:
457:
453:
422:
418:
387:
383:
356:
352:
313:
306:
302:
293:
287:
284:
277:needs expansion
240:
204:
195:
161:Strain up to 6%
155:
142:twin boundaries
104:
85:austenite phase
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
816:
806:
805:
790:
789:
750:
701:
674:
633:
579:
552:
539:
496:
477:(17): 172505.
460:
451:
432:(15): 152407.
416:
381:
370:(1–6): 1–129.
350:
323:(3): 405–409.
303:
301:
298:
295:
294:
274:
272:
252:applications.
239:
236:
203:
200:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
154:
151:
103:
100:
43:
40:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
815:
804:
801:
800:
798:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
586:
584:
569:
565:
564:"The MSM net"
559:
557:
549:
543:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
455:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
420:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:(2): 021902.
396:
392:
385:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
311:
309:
304:
291:
282:
278:
275:This section
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
259:
253:
251:
246:
245:lab-on-a-chip
235:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
199:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
158:
150:
148:
144:
143:
137:
132:
124:
120:
118:
113:
112:magnetization
109:
99:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
61:
59:
58:
52:
47:
39:
37:
33:
29:
19:
767:
763:
753:
718:
714:
704:
687:
683:
677:
650:
646:
636:
601:
597:
571:. Retrieved
567:
542:
509:
505:
499:
474:
470:
463:
454:
429:
425:
419:
394:
390:
384:
367:
363:
353:
320:
316:
285:
281:adding to it
276:
258:permeability
254:
241:
238:Applications
228:
205:
196:
156:
146:
140:
133:
129:
107:
105:
89:
70:
62:
55:
50:
48:
45:
42:Introduction
31:
27:
26:
653:: 221–227.
568:The MSM net
546:L. Straka,
98:) alloys).
770:: 168112.
604:: 012052.
573:2016-11-16
300:References
153:Properties
77:tetragonal
784:0304-8853
745:225351376
737:1431-9276
690:: 29–32.
669:0921-5093
620:1742-6596
526:1938-6737
491:0003-6951
446:0003-6951
411:0003-6951
345:137352650
337:1059-9495
224:Palladium
212:Manganese
81:austenite
797:Category
628:56145183
534:62395907
288:May 2022
216:Gallium
782:
743:
735:
667:
626:
618:
532:
524:
489:
444:
409:
343:
335:
208:Nickel
741:S2CID
624:S2CID
530:S2CID
341:S2CID
96:Ni-Ti
780:ISSN
733:ISSN
665:ISSN
616:ISSN
522:ISSN
487:ISSN
442:ISSN
407:ISSN
333:ISSN
220:Iron
772:doi
768:537
723:doi
692:doi
655:doi
651:654
606:doi
602:588
514:doi
479:doi
434:doi
430:107
399:doi
395:102
372:doi
325:doi
283:.
119:).
799::
778:.
766:.
762:.
739:.
731:.
719:26
717:.
713:.
688:83
686:.
663:.
649:.
645:.
622:.
614:.
600:.
596:.
582:^
566:.
555:^
528:.
520:.
508:.
485:.
475:90
473:.
440:.
428:.
405:.
393:.
368:56
366:.
362:.
339:.
331:.
319:.
307:^
68:.
49:A
786:.
774::
747:.
725::
698:.
694::
671:.
657::
630:.
608::
576:.
536:.
516::
510:3
493:.
481::
448:.
436::
413:.
401::
378:.
374::
347:.
327::
321:5
290:)
286:(
222:-
214:-
210:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
