3330:
43:
1901:
1911:
The following table should be used with caution as the permeability of ferromagnetic materials varies greatly with field strength and specific composition and fabrication. For example, 4% electrical steel has an initial relative permeability (at or near 0 T) of 2,000 and a maximum of 38,000 at T
1720:
magnetization because only a small fraction of the spins will be oriented by the field. This fraction is proportional to the field strength and this explains the linear dependency. The attraction experienced by ferromagnets is non-linear and much stronger so that it is easily observed, for instance,
3367:
A useful tool for dealing with high frequency magnetic effects is the complex permeability. While at low frequencies in a linear material the magnetic field and the auxiliary magnetic field are simply proportional to each other through some scalar permeability, at high frequencies these quantities
3354:
Permeability varies with a magnetic field. Values shown above are approximate and valid only at the magnetic fields shown. They are given for a zero frequency; in practice, the permeability is generally a function of the frequency. When the frequency is considered, the permeability can be
3698:
1739:
3846:
4329:
3471:
1912:= 1 and different range of values at different percent of Si and manufacturing process, and, indeed, the relative permeability of any material at a sufficiently high field strength trends toward 1 (at magnetic saturation).
4294:
1365:
1637:
in opposition of an externally applied magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect. Specifically, an external magnetic field alters the orbital velocity of electrons around their atom's nuclei, thus changing the
3914:
3545:
1896:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {B} (\omega )&={\begin{vmatrix}\mu _{1}&-i\mu _{2}&0\\i\mu _{2}&\mu _{1}&0\\0&0&\mu _{z}\end{vmatrix}}\mathbf {H} (\omega )\end{aligned}}}
1468:
1242:
1744:
1685:
which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials are attracted to magnetic fields, hence have a relative magnetic permeability greater than
1118:
1562:
3716:
1406:
1501:
4305:
3494:
1733:) the magnetic permeability response to an alternating electromagnetic field in the microwave frequency domain is treated as a non-diagonal tensor expressed by:
3534:
3514:
932:
912:
892:
600:
4369:
3378:
573:
1660:
that a substance exhibits only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. It is generally a quite weak effect in most materials, although
984:
or the permeability of free space, is the proportionality between magnetic induction and magnetizing force when forming a magnetic field in a classical
1716:
without it. Thus the total magnetization will drop to zero when the applied field is removed. Even in the presence of the field, there is only a small
3539:
Understanding permeability as the ratio of the magnetic flux density to the magnetic field, the ratio of the phasors can be written and simplified as
585:
4049:
1296:
4739:
3693:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {B}{H}}={\frac {B_{0}e^{j\left(\omega t-\delta \right)}}{H_{0}e^{j\omega t}}}={\frac {B_{0}}{H_{0}}}e^{-j\delta },}
1274:
appears directly (in the SI Maxwell's equations) as a factor that relates total electric currents and time-varying electric fields to the
836:
605:
1421:
615:
1208:
440:
4592:
4198:
4130:
4030:
455:
450:
77:
3861:
2104:
3982:
The permeability of austenitic stainless steel strongly depends on the history of mechanical strain applied to it, e.g. by
465:
999:
proportionality factor that indicates the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field.
4467:
1008:
935:
67:
335:
1174:. The concept of permeability is then nonsensical or at least only applicable to special cases such as unsaturated
1090:
1076:
The concept of permeability arises since in many materials (and in vacuum), there is a simple relationship between
829:
595:
72:
1708:, paramagnets do not retain any magnetization in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field, because
4188:
610:
315:
3841:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {B_{0}}{H_{0}}}\cos(\delta )-j{\frac {B_{0}}{H_{0}}}\sin(\delta )=\mu '-j\mu ''.}
4744:
1521:
475:
215:
82:
4455:
205:
2780:
2315:
1382:
768:
643:
540:
515:
435:
1278:
field they generate. In order to represent the magnetic response of a linear material with permeability
268:
4006:
Magnetic
Permeability, and Analogues in Electro-static Induction, Conduction of Heat, and Fluid Motion
1476:
4636:
B. D. Cullity and C. D. Graham (2008), Introduction to
Magnetic Materials, 2nd edition, 568 pp., p.16
4564:
4045:
3963:
3338:
1057:
822:
783:
310:
300:
240:
235:
175:
4242:"Nickel Alloys-Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys"
4162:
4099:
G.W.C. Kaye & T.H. Laby, Table of
Physical and Chemical Constants, 14th ed, Longman, "Si Steel"
320:
753:
255:
4724:
2464:
2429:
2390:
2349:
1690:
1512:
992:
633:
160:
150:
145:
4214:
1178:. Not only do these materials have nonlinear magnetic behaviour, but often there is significant
758:
728:
4713:
4269:
1639:
1575:
1260:
1129:
996:
580:
350:
125:
4702:
4582:
4348:
4108:
4005:
3479:
1643:
1368:
678:
365:
355:
305:
295:
4503:
4708:
4071:
3369:
1046:
1027:
1020:
947:
803:
703:
668:
420:
285:
185:
170:
105:
4647:
4431:
3919:
which provides a measure of how much power is lost in material versus how much is stored.
1408:, is the ratio of the permeability of a specific medium to the permeability of free space
1084:
at any location or time, in that the two fields are precisely proportional to each other:
42:
8:
4419:
3948:
3348:
1508:
1179:
1031:
763:
743:
738:
545:
530:
415:
385:
280:
210:
4383:
4075:
3351:
a relative permeability below 1 is needed (corresponding to a negative susceptibility).
3329:
4718:
4616:
3928:
3707:
3519:
3499:
2814:
2281:
917:
897:
877:
638:
378:
180:
140:
4468:
https://www.micrometalsarnoldpowdercores.com/products/materials/sendust-high-frequency
3851:
The ratio of the imaginary to the real part of the complex permeability is called the
3333:
Magnetisation curve for ferromagnets (and ferrimagnets) and corresponding permeability
460:
19:
This article is about the magnetic constant. For the analogous electric constant, see
4588:
4194:
4026:
981:
698:
3466:{\displaystyle H=H_{0}e^{j\omega t}\qquad B=B_{0}e^{j\left(\omega t-\delta \right)}}
1704:. It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the effect. Unlike
4443:
4079:
3281:
2847:
2255:
1730:
1163:
943:
850:
798:
713:
673:
663:
550:
505:
488:
405:
340:
110:
34:
4407:
4395:
4138:
4241:
733:
658:
653:
520:
395:
360:
220:
120:
4648:"Determination of dielectric properties of insitu concrete at radar frequencies"
1367:. The magnetization in turn is a contribution to the total electric current—the
773:
4669:
3943:
3356:
3308:
1709:
1705:
1661:
1634:
1012:
872:
862:
693:
688:
510:
400:
325:
275:
225:
198:
155:
130:
100:
93:
1642:
in the direction opposing the external field. Diamagnets are materials with a
4733:
4580:
3953:
3938:
3710:, the complex permeability can be translated from polar to rectangular form,
1673:
1360:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\left(\mu _{0}^{-1}-\mu ^{-1}\right)\mathbf {B} }
1283:
1175:
1053:
966:
858:
808:
793:
778:
718:
430:
345:
330:
245:
230:
135:
3368:
will react to each other with some lag time. These fields can be written as
4539:
3983:
3958:
3933:
3852:
1625:
1144:
1132:(also known as permeability of free space) is a physical constant, denoted
1069:
958:
939:
788:
683:
648:
590:
525:
445:
410:
290:
165:
20:
865:. Permeability is typically represented by the (italicized) Greek letter
4515:
866:
708:
560:
390:
52:
4479:
4456:
https://www.micrometalsarnoldpowdercores.com/products/materials/sendust
1686:
1182:, so there is not even a single-valued functional relationship between
425:
4083:
2073:
1916:
Magnetic susceptibility and permeability data for selected materials
1682:
1657:
748:
723:
535:
57:
1374:
1198:
and slightly changing the fields, it is still possible to define an
4562:
3109:
3042:
3023:
2905:
2872:
2166:
2136:
500:
495:
115:
4062:
Kales, M. L. (1953). "Modes in Wave Guides
Containing Ferrites".
3241:
2006:
470:
4367:
4382:
According to
Ferroxcube (formerly Philips) Soft Ferrites data.
3152:
3082:
2746:
1974:
1156:
1039:
985:
970:
555:
62:
4466:
According to
Micrometals-Arnold High Frequency Sendust data.
3201:
2718:
1463:{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {r} }={\frac {\mu }{\mu _{0}}},}
962:
1162:
However, inside strong magnetic materials (such as iron, or
4349:
https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000066142/4047647
4109:
https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000066142/4047647
3359:, corresponding to the in-phase and out of phase response.
2945:
2227:
2042:
1237:{\displaystyle \Delta \mathbf {B} =\mu \Delta \mathbf {H} }
1065:
4581:
Juha Pyrhönen; Tapani
Jokinen; Valéria Hrabovcová (2009).
4504:
https://www.mag-inc.com/Products/Powder-Cores/XFlux-Cores
2984:
1633:
is the property of an object which causes it to create a
1128:
is the permeability, which depends on the material. The
4432:
https://www.mag-inc.com/Products/Powder-Cores/MPP-Cores
954:
4430:
According to
Magnetics MPP-molypermalloy powder data.
4420:
http://www.ferronics.com/catalog/ferronics_catalog.pdf
3909:{\displaystyle \tan(\delta )={\frac {\mu ''}{\mu '}},}
1773:
4384:
https://www.ferroxcube.com/zh-CN/download/download/21
3864:
3719:
3548:
3522:
3502:
3482:
3381:
1742:
1524:
1479:
1424:
1385:
1299:
1211:
1166:), there is typically no simple relationship between
1093:
920:
900:
880:
4670:"Magnetics Design 2 – Magnetic Core Characteristics"
1696:
The magnetic moment induced by the applied field is
1190:. However, considering starting at a given value of
1151:
would be a scalar, but for an anisotropic material,
4163:""Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials",
4020:
3703:so that the permeability becomes a complex number.
1906:
3908:
3840:
3692:
3528:
3508:
3488:
3465:
1895:
1556:
1495:
1462:
1400:
1375:Relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility
1359:
1236:
1112:
926:
906:
886:
861:produced in a material in response to an applied
4731:
4617:"Magnetic properties of materials, surrey.ac.uk"
4444:http://www.mmgca.com/catalogue/MMG-Sailcrest.pdf
4190:Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
1026:which is generated around electric currents and
4408:https://www.doe.cz/wp-content/uploads/fonox.pdf
4396:https://www.thierry-lequeu.fr/data/SIFERRIT.pdf
4394:According to Siemens Matsushita SIFERRIT data.
4287:
4454:According to Micrometals-Arnold Sendust data.
4025:(3nd ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 193.
4614:
4442:According to MMG IOM Limited High Flux data.
1379:Relative permeability, denoted by the symbol
1113:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =\mu \mathbf {H} }
1052:which acts back on the electrical domain, by
830:
4725:Conductor Bulk Resistivity & Skin Depths
4563:British Stainless Steel Association (2000).
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4215:""Typical material properties of NANOPERM",
1143:are volt-seconds/ampere-meter, equivalently
4630:
4095:
4093:
1261:microscopic formulation of electromagnetism
1009:macroscopic formulation of electromagnetism
991:A closely related property of materials is
946:in 1885. The reciprocal of permeability is
4667:
4418:According to Ferronics Incorporated data.
837:
823:
41:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4370:"Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steels"
4368:Carpenter Technology Corporation (2013).
4354:
4330:""Permeability of Some Common Materials""
4322:
4304:. www.vacuumschmeltze.com. Archived from
4016:
4014:
1511:. In terms of relative permeability, the
973:squared (N/A). The permeability constant
4679:
4565:"Magnetic Properties of Stainless Steel"
4406:According to PRAMET Šumperk fonox data.
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4207:
4090:
3328:
1700:in the field strength, and it is rather
1656:Consequently, diamagnetism is a form of
934:in a material. The term was coined by
3362:
1653:(a relative permeability less than 1).
1586:susceptibility, to distinguish it from
586:Electromagnetism and special relativity
4740:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
4732:
4601:
4584:Design of Rotating Electrical Machines
4234:
4157:
4155:
4123:
4011:
1011:, there appear two different kinds of
4295:""Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron Alloys",
4255:
4186:
4180:
4061:
2710:
2674:
2639:
2603:
2568:
2532:
2495:
2421:
2381:
2380:
1934:
1557:{\displaystyle \chi _{m}=\mu _{r}-1.}
606:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
4587:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 232.
4556:
4705:- a chapter from an online textbook
4645:
4570:. Stainless Steel Advisory Service.
4540:"Micrometals Powder Core Solutions"
4516:"Micrometals Powder Core Solutions"
4502:According to Magnetics XFlux data.
4480:"Micrometals Powder Core Solutions"
4372:. Carpenter Technology Corporation.
4169:. C.R Nave Georgia State University
4152:
2576:Al-Si-Fe powder compound (Sendust)
2199:(high permeability strip material)
1509:magnetic permeability of free space
1401:{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {r} }}
957:units, permeability is measured in
13:
1721:in magnets on one's refrigerator.
1431:
1392:
1263:, where there is no concept of an
1226:
1212:
1032:emanates from the poles of magnets
14:
4756:
4696:
4131:""Metglas Magnetic Alloy 2714A",
4046:The International System of Units
1124:where the proportionality factor
936:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
4719:Magnetic Properties of Materials
4689:, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2008.
4351:for 38000 at 1 T figure 5.2
1907:Values for some common materials
1876:
1748:
1724:
1667:
1507: × 10 H/m is the
1496:{\displaystyle \mu _{0}\approx }
1353:
1301:
1230:
1216:
1106:
1095:
4661:
4639:
4574:
4532:
4508:
4496:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4376:
4342:
4276:. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
3976:
3414:
2045:(99.95% pure Fe annealed in H)
1967:
1937:
1619:
1289:that arises in response to the
1267:field, the vacuum permeability
4114:
4102:
4055:
4039:
3999:
3877:
3871:
3807:
3801:
3762:
3756:
2682:Carbonyl iron powder compound
1886:
1880:
1758:
1752:
1689:(or, equivalently, a positive
1002:
1:
4137:. Metglas.com. Archived from
3992:
3341:must have high permeability.
2647:Silicon iron powder compound
1729:For gyromagnetic media (see
1054:curving the motion of charges
611:Relativistic electromagnetism
4021:Jackson, John David (1998).
2540:Nickel iron powder compound
2505:(molypermalloy powder, MPP)
1282:, this instead appears as a
938:in 1872, and used alongside
7:
3922:
2781:Martensitic stainless steel
2713:20 kHz – 500 MHz
2432:(magnesium manganese zinc)
2316:Martensitic stainless steel
1712:causes the spins to become
914:as a function of the field
10:
4761:
4270:""Relative Permeability",
4193:. CRC Press. p. 354.
4064:Journal of Applied Physics
2815:Austenitic stainless steel
2642:50 Hz – 220 MHz
2498:2 MHz – 150 MHz
2424:1 kHz – 400 MHz
1671:
1623:
965:(H/m), or equivalently in
871:. It is the ratio of the
336:Liénard–Wiechert potential
18:
4687:Fundamentals of magnetism
4111:for the 38,000 figure 5.2
4023:Classical Electrodynamics
3964:SI electromagnetism units
2677:50 Hz – 40 MHz
2503:Mo-Fe-Ni powder compound
2385:100 Hz – 4 MHz
1664:exhibit a strong effect.
1058:electromagnetic induction
894:to the magnetizing field
601:Mathematical descriptions
311:Electromagnetic radiation
301:Electromagnetic induction
241:Magnetic vector potential
236:Magnetic scalar potential
4048:, page 132, The ampere.
3969:
2606:50 Hz – 5 MHz
2571:50 Hz – 2 MHz
2535:50 Hz – 3 MHz
2282:Ferritic stainless steel
1200:incremental permeability
16:Ability of magnetization
4709:Permeability calculator
3489:{\displaystyle \delta }
1935:Relative permeability,
1691:magnetic susceptibility
1513:magnetic susceptibility
1155:could be a second rank
1068:-seconds/square meter (
993:magnetic susceptibility
151:Electrostatic induction
146:Electrostatic discharge
3910:
3842:
3694:
3530:
3510:
3496:is the phase delay of
3490:
3467:
3339:magnetic core material
3334:
1897:
1640:magnetic dipole moment
1576:dimensionless quantity
1558:
1497:
1464:
1402:
1361:
1238:
1130:permeability of vacuum
1114:
928:
908:
888:
581:Electromagnetic tensor
4714:Relative Permeability
4187:Jiles, David (1998).
3911:
3843:
3695:
3531:
3511:
3491:
3468:
3332:
2611:Iron powder compound
2467:(cobalt nickel zinc)
1898:
1644:magnetic permeability
1559:
1498:
1465:
1403:
1369:magnetization current
1362:
1239:
1115:
1047:magnetic flux density
1028:displacement currents
929:
909:
889:
574:Covariant formulation
366:Synchrotron radiation
306:Electromagnetic pulse
296:Electromagnetic field
4675:. Texas Instruments.
3862:
3717:
3546:
3520:
3500:
3480:
3379:
3363:Complex permeability
1740:
1601:susceptibility) and
1522:
1477:
1422:
1383:
1297:
1209:
1091:
980:, also known as the
948:magnetic reluctivity
918:
898:
878:
616:Stress–energy tensor
541:Reluctance (complex)
286:Displacement current
4745:Physical quantities
4668:Dixon, L H (2001).
4615:Richard A. Clarke.
4544:www.micrometals.com
4244:. Nickel-alloys.net
4076:1953JAP....24..604K
3949:Magnetic reluctance
3349:magnetic levitation
1917:
1578:, sometimes called
1330:
1180:magnetic hysteresis
1147:/meter. Typically
1034:. The SI units of
531:Magnetomotive force
416:Electromotive force
386:Alternating current
321:Jefimenko equations
281:Cyclotron radiation
3929:Antiferromagnetism
3906:
3838:
3690:
3526:
3506:
3486:
3463:
3335:
1915:
1893:
1891:
1869:
1554:
1493:
1460:
1398:
1357:
1313:
1234:
1139:. The SI units of
1110:
1060:. The SI units of
924:
904:
884:
873:magnetic induction
857:is the measure of
379:Electrical network
216:Gauss magnetic law
181:Static electricity
141:Electric potential
4619:. Ee.surrey.ac.uk
4594:978-0-470-69516-6
4200:978-0-412-79860-3
4084:10.1063/1.1721335
4032:978-0-471-30932-1
3901:
3793:
3748:
3669:
3642:
3563:
3529:{\displaystyle H}
3509:{\displaystyle B}
3327:
3326:
2352:(manganese zinc)
2009:2714A (annealed)
1714:randomly oriented
1616:susceptibility).
1455:
1164:permanent magnets
1021:magnetizing field
982:magnetic constant
927:{\displaystyle H}
907:{\displaystyle H}
887:{\displaystyle B}
847:
846:
546:Reluctance (real)
516:Gyrator–capacitor
461:Resonant cavities
351:Maxwell equations
4752:
4703:Electromagnetism
4690:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4612:
4599:
4598:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4059:
4053:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4018:
4009:
4003:
3986:
3980:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3820:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3772:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3556:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3430:
3429:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3396:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3282:Pyrolytic carbon
3272:
3270:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2863:
2861:
2848:Neodymium magnet
2838:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2641:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2570:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2274:At 0.002 T, 1 T
2271:
2269:
2256:Electrical steel
2246:
2244:
2237:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2187:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2018:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1969:
1939:
1926:volumetric, SI,
1918:
1914:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1803:
1802:
1785:
1784:
1751:
1731:Faraday rotation
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1329:
1321:
1304:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1098:
944:Oliver Heaviside
933:
931:
930:
925:
913:
911:
910:
905:
893:
891:
890:
885:
851:electromagnetism
839:
832:
825:
506:Electric machine
489:Magnetic circuit
451:Parallel circuit
441:Network analysis
406:Electric current
341:London equations
186:Triboelectricity
176:Potential energy
45:
35:Electromagnetism
26:
25:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4730:
4729:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4622:
4620:
4613:
4602:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4548:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4520:micrometals.com
4514:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4486:
4484:micrometals.com
4478:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4366:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4297:Vacuumschmeltze
4293:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4185:
4181:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4060:
4056:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3925:
3893:
3885:
3883:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3827:
3813:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3708:Euler's formula
3675:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3555:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3365:
3309:Superconductors
3295:
3293:
3288:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3114:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2859:
2857:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2267:
2265:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1924:Susceptibility,
1909:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1676:
1670:
1662:superconductors
1652:
1628:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1573:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1504:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1352:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1273:
1229:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1138:
1105:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1005:
979:
919:
916:
915:
899:
896:
895:
879:
876:
875:
843:
814:
813:
629:
621:
620:
576:
566:
565:
521:Induction motor
491:
481:
480:
396:Current density
381:
371:
370:
361:Poynting vector
271:
269:Electrodynamics
261:
260:
256:Right-hand rule
221:Magnetic dipole
211:Biot–Savart law
201:
191:
190:
126:Electric dipole
121:Electric charge
96:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4698:
4697:External links
4695:
4692:
4691:
4678:
4660:
4638:
4629:
4600:
4593:
4573:
4555:
4531:
4507:
4495:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4353:
4341:
4321:
4286:
4254:
4233:
4206:
4199:
4179:
4151:
4122:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4070:(5): 604–608.
4054:
4038:
4031:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:Ferromagnetism
3941:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3849:
3848:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3701:
3700:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3525:
3505:
3485:
3474:
3473:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3364:
3361:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3261:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3221:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3181:
3173:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3132:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3062:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3000:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:(nickel zinc)
2387:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2012:
2010:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1953:Permeability,
1951:
1948:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1726:
1723:
1710:thermal motion
1672:Main article:
1669:
1666:
1650:
1635:magnetic field
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1590:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1428:
1412:
1394:
1389:
1376:
1373:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1271:
1256:are parallel.
1246:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1176:magnetic cores
1136:
1122:
1121:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1074:
1073:
1043:
1013:magnetic field
1004:
1001:
977:
923:
903:
883:
863:magnetic field
845:
844:
842:
841:
834:
827:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Four-potential
593:
588:
583:
577:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
511:Electric motor
508:
503:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
466:Series circuit
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Kirchhoff laws
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
401:Direct current
398:
393:
388:
382:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
356:Maxwell tensor
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Larmor formula
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Bremsstrahlung
272:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
226:Magnetic field
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
199:Magnetostatics
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
131:Electric field
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:Charge density
97:
94:Electrostatics
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
31:
30:
29:Articles about
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4726:
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4720:
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4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4688:
4685:M. Getzlaff,
4682:
4671:
4664:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4590:
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4585:
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4559:
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4541:
4535:
4521:
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4427:
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4409:
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4391:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4331:
4325:
4311:on 2016-05-23
4307:
4300:
4298:
4290:
4275:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4243:
4237:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4156:
4141:on 2012-02-06
4140:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4120:by definition
4117:
4110:
4105:
4096:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4008:, March 1872.
4007:
4002:
3998:
3985:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Paramagnetism
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Electromagnet
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3903:
3897:
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3889:
3886:
3880:
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3804:
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3750:
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3723:
3720:
3713:
3712:
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3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3262:
3254:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3222:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3182:
3174:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3133:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3063:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2926:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2823:
2821:1.003 – 1.05
2820:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2689:
2686:
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2649:
2646:
2645:
2638:
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2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
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2600:
2583:
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2531:
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2512:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2474:
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2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2418:At ≤ 0.25 mT
2417:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2359:
2357:350 – 20 000
2356:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2264:
2262:2000 - 38000
2261:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2230:(99.8% pure)
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:100 kHz
2036:
2033:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1883:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1725:Gyromagnetism
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:is a form of
1680:
1679:Paramagnetism
1675:
1674:Paramagnetism
1668:Paramagnetism
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:magnetic mass
1589:
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1581:
1577:
1570:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
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1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:magnetization
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1223:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
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1173:
1169:
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1142:
1135:
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1127:
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1099:
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1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
997:dimensionless
995:, which is a
994:
989:
987:
983:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
921:
901:
881:
874:
870:
869:
864:
860:
859:magnetization
856:
852:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
820:
818:
817:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
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780:
777:
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772:
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750:
747:
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742:
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617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
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602:
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597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
570:
569:
562:
559:
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554:
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539:
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497:
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490:
485:
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477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Joule heating
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Lorentz force
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Magnetization
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Magnetic flux
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
195:
194:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
136:Electric flux
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
73:Computational
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
28:
27:
22:
4686:
4681:
4663:
4652:. Retrieved
4641:
4632:
4621:. Retrieved
4583:
4576:
4558:
4547:. Retrieved
4543:
4534:
4523:. Retrieved
4519:
4510:
4498:
4487:. Retrieved
4483:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4344:
4333:. Retrieved
4324:
4313:. Retrieved
4306:the original
4296:
4289:
4278:. Retrieved
4272:Hyperphysics
4271:
4246:. Retrieved
4236:
4225:. Retrieved
4216:
4209:
4189:
4182:
4171:. Retrieved
4164:
4143:. Retrieved
4139:the original
4132:
4125:
4116:
4104:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4041:
4022:
4001:
3984:cold working
3978:
3959:Permittivity
3934:Diamagnetism
3918:
3853:loss tangent
3850:
3705:
3702:
3538:
3475:
3372:, such that
3366:
3353:
3345:
3343:
3336:
2719:Carbon steel
2289:1000 – 1800
2197:Cobalt-iron
2131:10 kHz
1955:
1945:
1941:
1927:
1910:
1728:
1717:
1713:
1706:ferromagnets
1701:
1697:
1695:
1678:
1677:
1655:
1647:
1631:Diamagnetism
1630:
1629:
1626:Diamagnetism
1620:Diamagnetism
1613:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1568:
1566:
1472:
1409:
1378:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1061:
1056:and causing
1049:
1035:
1023:
1006:
990:
974:
952:
940:permittivity
867:
855:permeability
854:
848:
591:Four-current
526:Linear motor
411:Electrolysis
291:Eddy current
251:Permeability
250:
171:Polarization
166:Permittivity
21:permittivity
2783:(hardened)
2773:At 0.002 T
2739:At 0.002 T
2707:At 0.001 T
2636:At 0.001 T
2565:At 0.001 T
2492:At 0.001 T
2457:At 0.25 mT
2377:At 0.25 mT
2318:(annealed)
2284:(annealed)
2190:At 0.002 T
2097:At 0.002 T
1982:1, exactly
1966:Frequency,
1567:The number
1030:, and also
1003:Explanation
561:Transformer
391:Capacitance
316:Faraday law
111:Coulomb law
53:Electricity
4734:Categories
4723:RF Cafe's
4654:2011-11-08
4623:2011-11-08
4549:2019-08-17
4525:2019-08-18
4489:2019-08-17
4335:2022-12-09
4315:2013-08-03
4280:2011-11-08
4248:2011-11-08
4227:2011-11-08
4173:2013-12-01
4145:2011-11-08
3993:References
2753:100 – 600
2437:350 – 500
2398:10 – 2300
2323:750 – 950
1646:less than
1614:molar mass
1580:volumetric
628:Scientists
476:Waveguides
456:Resistance
426:Inductance
206:Ampère law
4650:. Ndt.net
4646:NDT.net.
3895:μ
3887:μ
3875:δ
3869:
3829:μ
3822:−
3815:μ
3805:δ
3799:
3766:−
3760:δ
3754:
3721:μ
3683:δ
3677:−
3634:ω
3604:δ
3601:−
3595:ω
3550:μ
3484:δ
3454:δ
3451:−
3445:ω
3407:ω
2616:14 – 100
2581:14 – 160
2545:14 – 160
2510:14 – 550
2472:40 – 125
2128:At 0.5 T
2105:NANOPERM®
2074:Permalloy
2034:At 0.5 T
1961:Magnetic
1884:ω
1859:μ
1830:μ
1818:μ
1796:μ
1789:−
1778:μ
1756:ω
1683:magnetism
1658:magnetism
1549:−
1540:μ
1527:χ
1491:≈
1482:μ
1447:μ
1443:μ
1427:μ
1388:μ
1340:−
1336:μ
1332:−
1324:−
1315:μ
1248:assuming
1227:Δ
1224:μ
1213:Δ
1103:μ
784:Steinmetz
714:Kirchhoff
699:Jefimenko
694:Hopkinson
679:Helmholtz
674:Heaviside
536:Permeance
421:Impedance
161:Insulator
156:Gauss law
106:Conductor
83:Phenomena
78:Textbooks
58:Magnetism
4217:Magnetec
3923:See also
3898:′
3890:″
3832:″
3818:′
3110:Sapphire
3043:Hydrogen
3024:Concrete
2906:Aluminum
2873:Platinum
2788:40 – 95
2652:19 – 90
2167:Mu-metal
2137:Mu-metal
1599:specific
809:Wiechert
764:Poynting
654:Einstein
501:DC motor
496:AC motor
331:Lenz law
116:Electret
4133:Metglas
4072:Bibcode
3370:phasors
3357:complex
3346:passive
3337:A good
3242:Bismuth
2711:approx.
2687:4 – 35
2675:approx.
2640:approx.
2604:approx.
2569:approx.
2533:approx.
2496:approx.
2465:Ferrite
2430:Ferrite
2422:approx.
2391:Ferrite
2382:approx.
2350:Ferrite
2007:Metglas
1921:Medium
1718:induced
1293:field:
1259:In the
1042:/meter.
1040:amperes
1007:In the
967:newtons
959:henries
794:Thomson
769:Ritchie
759:Poisson
744:Neumann
739:Maxwell
734:Lorentz
729:Liénard
659:Faraday
644:Coulomb
471:Voltage
446:Ohm law
68:History
4591:
4197:
4029:
3476:where
3289:0.9996
3153:Copper
3095:1.2567
3090:1.0000
3083:Teflon
3026:(dry)
2747:Nickel
1975:Vacuum
1963:field
1958:(H/m)
1698:linear
1473:where
1157:tensor
1070:teslas
986:vacuum
971:ampere
779:Singer
774:Savart
754:Ørsted
719:Larmor
709:Kelvin
664:Fizeau
634:Ampère
556:Stator
63:Optics
4673:(PDF)
4568:(PDF)
4309:(PDF)
4302:(PDF)
4222:(PDF)
3970:Notes
3516:from
3294:1.256
3264:1.256
3256:0.999
3247:−1.66
3224:1.256
3216:0.999
3202:Water
3184:1.256
3176:0.999
3135:1.256
3124:0.999
3065:1.256
3057:1.000
3003:1.256
2992:1.000
2964:1.256
2953:1.000
2928:1.256
2920:1.000
2888:1.256
2880:1.000
2854:1.05
2825:1.260
1986:1.256
1610:molar
1574:is a
1145:henry
963:meter
804:Weber
799:Volta
789:Tesla
704:Joule
689:Hertz
684:Henry
669:Gauss
551:Rotor
4589:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4165:Iron
4050:BIPM
4027:ISBN
3344:For
3207:−8.0
3167:−9.2
3158:−6.4
3137:6368
3115:−2.1
3067:6371
3059:0000
3048:−2.2
2946:Wood
2911:2.22
2858:1.32
2765:7.54
2757:1.26
2731:1.26
2691:5.03
2664:1.13
2656:2.39
2628:1.26
2620:1.76
2593:2.01
2585:1.76
2557:2.01
2549:1.76
2522:6.91
2514:1.76
2484:1.57
2476:5.03
2449:6.28
2410:2.89
2402:1.26
2369:2.51
2335:1.19
2327:9.42
2301:2.26
2293:1.26
2236:5000
2228:Iron
2089:1.25
2043:Iron
2026:1.26
1968:max.
1938:max.
1702:weak
1584:bulk
1252:and
1202:as:
1194:and
1186:and
1170:and
1080:and
1066:volt
1064:are
1045:the
1038:are
1019:the
969:per
961:per
724:Lenz
649:Davy
639:Biot
4080:doi
3866:tan
3796:sin
3751:cos
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3313:−1
3258:834
3226:627
3218:992
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3178:994
3164:or
3126:999
3005:637
2994:000
2985:Air
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2955:000
2930:665
2922:022
2890:970
2882:265
2833:8.8
2800:1.2
2792:5.0
2726:100
2699:4.4
2441:4.4
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2266:5.0
2241:6.3
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2207:000
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2176:000
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2146:000
2120:1.0
2114:000
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2059:2.5
2053:000
2051:200
2020:000
2017:000
1991:061
1988:637
1693:).
1687:one
1612:or
1597:or
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