1681:—the programmer—or the assembler, e.g., Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program (SOAP)—positioned code on the drum in such a way as to reduce the amount of time needed for the next instruction to rotate into place under the head. They did this by timing how long it would take after loading an instruction for the computer to be ready to read the next one, then placing that instruction on the drum so that it would arrive under a head just in time. This method of timing-compensation, called the "skip factor" or "
1525:
1544:
1672:
The performance of a drum with one head per track is comparable to that of a disk with one head per track and is determined almost entirely by the rotational latency, whereas in an HDD with moving heads its performance includes a rotational latency delay plus the time to position the head over the
1643:
in an experimental sheet metal drum. A US patent filed in
January 1954 by Baumeister of IBM disclosed a "spring loaded and air supported shoe for poising a magnetic head above a rapidly rotating magnetic drum." Flying heads became standard in drums and
1873:, "Elektromagnetischer Speicher fĂĽr Zahlen und andere Angaben, besonders fĂĽr BuchfĂĽhrungseinrichtungen" (Electromagnetic memory for numbers and other information, especially for accounting institutions)
1651:
Magnetic drum units used as primary memory were addressed by word. Drum units used as secondary storage were addressed by block. Several modes of block addressing were possible, depending on the device.
1915:
Datamation, September 1967, p.25, "For Bendix and Ramo-Wooldridge, the G-20 and RW-400 were parallel core machines rather than serial drum machines of the type already in their product lines."
1624:
ran along the long axis of the drum, one for each track. The drum's controller simply selected the proper head and waited for the data to appear under it as the drum turned (
1731:(ERA) in 1946 and 1947. An experimental ERA study was completed and reported to the Navy on June 19, 1947. Other early drum storage device development occurred at
622:
2084:
1751:. An ERA drum was the internal memory for the ATLAS-I computer delivered to the U.S. Navy in October 1950 and later sold commercially as the ERA 1101 and
1577:
Many early computers, called drum computers or drum machines, used drum memory as the main working memory of the computer. Some drums were also used as
2160:
1809:
1596:, which offered a better balance of size, speed, cost, reliability and potential for further improvements. Drums were then replaced by
1847:
1529:
617:
1887:
637:
2066:
Gray, George T.; Smith, Ronald Q. (October 2004). "Sperry Rand's First-Generation
Computers, 1955–1960: Hardware and Software".
1511:
2253:
1052:
1866:
1636:
had multiple heads moving a short distance on the drum in contrast to modern HDDs, which have one head per platter surface.
2153:
1870:
2217:
1261:
213:
2133:
258:
2286:
2015:
1000:
943:
263:
1958:
1669:
Some devices were divided into logical cylinders, and addressing by track was actually logical cylinder and track.
111:
2146:
1728:
1326:
986:
930:
1620:(HDD), but in the form of a drum (cylinder) rather than a flat disk. In most designs, one or more rows of fixed
2291:
1782:
1732:
1012:
681:
493:
89:
1941:
1604:, which were both less expensive and offered denser storage. The manufacturing of drums ceased in the 1970s.
1361:
17:
2301:
2296:
1705:
712:
607:
508:
2031:
Campbell-Kelly, Martin (April 1982). "The
Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)".
1612:
A drum memory or drum storage unit contained a large metal cylinder, coated on the outside surface with a
1682:
669:
1716:
to store the information. The outer surface of the drum was lined with electrical contacts leading to
1504:
1301:
1200:
1072:
702:
691:
800:
563:
498:
393:
2281:
1756:
1748:
1640:
1373:
1356:
845:
131:
2072:
There was a 1,070-word drum memory for data, stored as twelve 6-bit digits or characters per word
1368:
1185:
908:
313:
148:
126:
106:
59:
1794:
1629:
1241:
458:
328:
268:
2005:
590:
1793:(swap) device, deriving from the use of drum secondary-storage devices as backup storage for
1497:
744:
662:
448:
253:
233:
223:
79:
44:
2211:
2199:
1842:
1736:
1628:). Not all drum units were designed with each track having its own head. Some, such as the
1440:
1308:
1087:
1047:
970:
583:
488:
378:
273:
136:
116:
99:
94:
8:
1678:
1559:
1346:
1037:
975:
960:
827:
779:
632:
443:
141:
1982:
2127:
2048:
1895:
1740:
1625:
1446:
1411:
1057:
483:
468:
413:
408:
398:
373:
298:
1659:
Tracks were divided into fixed length sectors and addressing was by track and sectors.
2121:
2117:
2011:
1837:
1778:, of drum memory (later doubled to 4,000 words, about 35 kilobytes, in the Model 4).
1601:
1123:
1118:
1042:
1007:
861:
839:
738:
697:
600:
438:
163:
2052:
2259:
2223:
2169:
2040:
1805:
1582:
1578:
1458:
1452:
1378:
1341:
1331:
1296:
1108:
1062:
1030:
805:
788:
473:
433:
193:
178:
74:
64:
1984:
SOAP II - Symbolic
Optimal Assembly Program for the IBM 650 Data Processing System
1767:
File
Computer in 1956; each drum stored 180,000 6-bit characters (135 kilobytes).
1662:
Blocks were variable length, and blocks were addressed by track and record number.
2205:
1826:
1677:). In the era when drums were used as main working memory, programmers often did
1645:
1621:
1617:
1597:
1586:
1571:
1563:
1351:
1178:
1165:
856:
851:
707:
574:
553:
528:
388:
308:
238:
208:
183:
69:
40:
2235:
2181:
1798:
1790:
1470:
1388:
1231:
888:
750:
686:
558:
543:
523:
518:
463:
428:
383:
333:
323:
318:
303:
198:
188:
121:
2275:
2247:
2187:
2120:: The drum memory computer referenced in the above story, also referenced on
1832:
1771:
1665:
Blocks were variable length with a key, and could be searched by key content.
1613:
1476:
1103:
1098:
1067:
822:
732:
548:
538:
533:
513:
348:
338:
218:
203:
2110:: the classic story about one programmer's drum machine hand-coding antics:
2044:
1423:
1417:
1383:
1251:
1206:
1190:
1082:
878:
873:
833:
795:
478:
453:
353:
288:
243:
228:
31:
30:"Drum storage" redirects here. For the electronic musical instrument, see
2241:
2138:
1752:
1709:
1593:
1482:
868:
403:
343:
248:
1704:
One of the earliest functioning computers to employ drum memory was the
2003:
1808:
launch control centers from the beginning in the early 1960s until the
1693:
Tauschek's original drum memory (1932) had a capacity of about 500,000
1077:
903:
657:
423:
418:
293:
158:
84:
2107:
1639:
In
November 1953 Hagen published a paper disclosing "air floating" of
1551:
computer, Sweden's first binary computer, which made its debut in 1953
1724:
1717:
1713:
1674:
1534:
1464:
1429:
1266:
1195:
1093:
964:
955:
652:
595:
363:
283:
1869:
Gustav
Tauschek, Priority date August 2, 1932, subsequent filed as
2229:
2111:
1775:
1698:
1633:
1524:
1393:
1336:
1271:
1226:
1211:
981:
950:
923:
898:
756:
642:
368:
278:
173:
168:
1821:
1567:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1236:
1138:
1133:
1113:
918:
893:
883:
674:
1616:
recording material. It could be considered the precursor to the
1764:
1760:
1543:
1286:
1246:
1128:
1017:
815:
358:
1774:(1954), initially had up to 2,000 10-digit words, about 17.5
1570:. Drums were widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s as
1221:
1158:
1153:
1148:
810:
767:
761:
647:
627:
612:
2130:: Another drum memory computer referenced in the above story
1592:
Drums were displaced as primary computer memory by magnetic
1656:
Blocks took up an entire track and were addressed by track.
1548:
1216:
503:
153:
1946:. Internet Archive. Berkeley Enterprises. pp. 23, 25.
1685:", was used for many years in storage memory controllers.
1744:
1694:
1256:
1143:
913:
2004:
Eric D. Daniel; C. Denis Mee; Mark H. Clark (1998).
1708:(1942). It stored 3,000 bits; however, it employed
1885:
2273:
1959:"US Patent 2,862,781 RECORDING SUPPORT DEVICES"
1763:shipping the Series 1100 drum as a part of the
2030:
2154:
1943:Computers and Automation 1953-11: Vol 2 Iss 8
1505:
1804:Magnetic drum memory units were used in the
2168:
2161:
2147:
1956:
1881:
1879:
1848:Wisconsin Integrally Synchronized Computer
1512:
1498:
2065:
1927:Computer Storage Systems & Technology
2134:Oral history interview with Dean Babcock
1999:
1997:
1542:
1523:
2077:
2068:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2033:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2024:
2007:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
1876:
14:
2274:
1924:
1770:The first mass-produced computer, the
1723:Magnetic drums were developed for the
2142:
1994:
1939:
1053:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
1607:
24:
1957:Baumeister, H (December 2, 1958).
1892:Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics
214:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
2313:
2101:
2010:. Wiley-IEEE. pp. 238, 241.
264:Distributed file system for cloud
112:Areal density (computer storage)
2059:
1729:Engineering Research Associates
931:Programmable metallization cell
1975:
1950:
1940:Hagen, Glenn E. (1953-11-01).
1933:
1918:
1909:
1886:Universität Klagenfurt (ed.).
1860:
494:Persistence (computer science)
13:
1:
1853:
1362:Electronic quantum holography
1789:was the name of the default
713:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
509:Non-RAID drive architectures
27:Magnetic data storage device
7:
1815:
1812:upgrades in the mid-1990s.
1759:, ERA became a division of
10:
2318:
1688:
1302:Holographic Versatile Disc
1201:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1073:Magnetic-tape data storage
692:Content-addressable memory
29:
2177:
2085:"FreeBSD drum(4) manpage"
499:Persistent data structure
394:Digital rights management
2287:Computer storage devices
1925:Matick, Richard (1977).
1749:University of Manchester
1706:Atanasoff–Berry computer
1528:Drum memory of a Polish
1374:DNA digital data storage
1357:Holographic data storage
846:Solid-state hybrid drive
132:Network-attached storage
2045:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016
1583:IBM drum storage drives
1581:as for example various
1369:5D optical data storage
1186:3D optical data storage
909:Universal Flash Storage
314:Replication (computing)
259:Distributed file system
149:Single-instance storage
127:Direct-attached storage
107:Continuous availability
1871:German Patent DE643803
1630:English Electric DEUCE
1552:
1540:
1242:Nintendo optical discs
459:Storage virtualization
329:Information repository
269:Distributed data store
2292:Magnetic data storage
1785:and its descendants,
1547:Drum memory from the
1546:
1527:
745:Mellon optical memory
733:Williams–Kilburn tube
449:Locality of reference
254:Clustered file system
80:Memory access pattern
45:computer data storage
1929:. Wiley. p. 15.
1843:Random-access memory
1737:University of London
1632:drum and the UNIVAC
1441:Magnetic-core memory
1088:Digital Data Storage
1048:Quadruplex videotape
489:In-memory processing
379:Information transfer
274:Distributed database
137:Storage area network
117:Block (data storage)
2302:Austrian inventions
2297:Non-volatile memory
2128:Librascope RPC-4000
1867:US Patent 2,080,100
1679:optimum programming
1560:data storage device
1038:Phonograph cylinder
976:Electrochemical RAM
828:Solid-state storage
444:Memory segmentation
142:Block-level storage
1741:Harvard University
1720:contained within.
1626:rotational latency
1553:
1541:
1447:Plated-wire memory
1412:Paper data storage
1058:Magnetic recording
484:In-memory database
469:Memory-mapped file
414:Volume boot record
409:Master boot record
399:Volume (computing)
374:Data communication
299:Data deduplication
2269:
2268:
2122:Librascope LGP-30
2118:Librascope LGP-30
1838:Manchester Mark 1
1602:secondary storage
1589:series of drums.
1579:secondary storage
1522:
1521:
1119:8 mm video format
1043:Phonograph record
862:Flash Core Module
840:Solid-state drive
739:Delay-line memory
698:Computational RAM
601:Scratchpad memory
439:Disk partitioning
164:Unstructured data
90:Secondary storage
16:(Redirected from
2309:
2170:Magnetic storage
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2108:The Story of Mel
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1990:, IBM, 24-4000-0
1989:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:on 14 April 2022
1894:. Archived from
1883:
1874:
1864:
1829:(magnetic rolls)
1788:
1733:Birkbeck College
1646:hard disk drives
1622:read-write heads
1608:Technical design
1598:hard disk drives
1538:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1459:Thin-film memory
1453:Core rope memory
1379:Universal memory
1342:Millipede memory
1332:Racetrack memory
1297:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1109:Linear Tape-Open
1063:Magnetic storage
1031:Analog recording
474:Software entropy
434:Disk aggregation
194:Data degradation
179:Data compression
75:Memory hierarchy
65:Memory coherence
37:
36:
21:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2282:Computer memory
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2173:
2167:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1888:"Magnetic drum"
1884:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1827:Carousel memory
1818:
1786:
1691:
1673:desired track (
1618:hard disk drive
1610:
1587:UNIVAC FASTRAND
1572:computer memory
1564:Gustav Tauschek
1558:was a magnetic
1532:
1518:
1489:
1488:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1352:Patterned media
1322:
1314:
1313:
1181:
1171:
1170:
1166:Hard disk drive
1033:
1023:
1022:
1003:
992:
991:
946:
936:
935:
857:IBM FlashSystem
852:USB flash drive
791:
774:
773:
728:
720:
719:
708:Dual-ported RAM
586:
569:
568:
529:Cloud computing
389:Copy protection
309:Data redundancy
239:Shared resource
209:Data validation
184:Data corruption
159:Structured data
70:Cache coherence
55:
41:Computer memory
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2103:
2102:External links
2100:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2058:
2039:(2): 121–139.
2023:
2016:
1993:
1974:
1949:
1932:
1917:
1908:
1875:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1806:Minuteman ICBM
1799:virtual memory
1791:virtual memory
1690:
1687:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1641:magnetic heads
1609:
1606:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1471:Twistor memory
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:Quantum memory
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:In development
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Super Video CD
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
984:
979:
973:
968:
958:
953:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
889:MultiMediaCard
886:
881:
876:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
843:
837:
825:
820:
819:
818:
813:
803:
798:
792:
787:
786:
783:
782:
776:
775:
772:
771:
765:
759:
754:
751:Selectron tube
748:
742:
736:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
716:
715:
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
679:
678:
677:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
605:
604:
603:
598:
591:Hardware cache
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
571:
570:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
544:Edge computing
541:
536:
531:
526:
524:Grid computing
521:
519:Bank switching
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
464:Virtual memory
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
429:Disk mirroring
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
384:Temporary file
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
334:Knowledge base
331:
326:
324:Storage record
321:
319:Memory refresh
316:
311:
306:
304:Data structure
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:Data integrity
196:
191:
189:Data cleansing
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
145:
144:
139:
129:
124:
122:Object storage
119:
114:
109:
104:
103:
102:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2017:0-7803-4709-9
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Karlqvist gap
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:ferromagnetic
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:Bubble memory
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Cassette tape
1102:
1100:
1099:Videocassette
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Magnetic tape
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
985:
983:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
940:
939:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
867:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
829:
826:
824:
823:ROM cartridge
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
785:
784:
781:
778:
777:
769:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:
724:
723:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
580:
579:
576:
573:
572:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Dew computing
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Fog computing
537:
535:
534:Cloud storage
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Memory paging
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:File deletion
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Computer file
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Data recovery
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
204:Data security
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
101:
100:floating-gate
98:
97:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Magnetic drum
2200:Ferrite core
2193:
2088:. Retrieved
2079:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2006:
1983:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1952:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1891:
1862:
1803:
1780:
1769:
1722:
1712:rather than
1703:
1692:
1683:interleaving
1671:
1668:
1650:
1638:
1611:
1591:
1576:
1562:invented by
1555:
1554:
1434:
1424:Punched tape
1418:Punched card
1384:Time crystal
1252:Hyper CD-ROM
1191:Optical disc
1083:Tape library
1018:FeFET memory
999:Early-stage
879:CompactFlash
874:Memory Stick
834:Flash memory
796:Diode matrix
780:Non-volatile
564:Kryder's law
554:Amdahl's law
479:Software rot
454:Logical disk
354:File copying
289:Data storage
244:File sharing
229:Data cluster
32:drum machine
2242:Floppy disk
2212:Stripe card
1753:UNIVAC 1101
1710:capacitance
1594:core memory
1566:in 1932 in
1556:Drum memory
1533: [
1483:Floppy disk
1435:Drum memory
869:Memory card
836:is used in:
770:(2002–2010)
735:(1946–1947)
559:Moore's law
404:Boot sector
344:Object file
249:File system
60:Memory cell
2276:Categories
2090:2013-01-27
1902:2011-08-21
1854:References
1755:. Through
1718:capacitors
1406:Historical
1078:Tape drive
904:SmartMedia
727:Historical
424:Disk image
419:Disk array
294:Data store
95:MOS memory
85:Memory map
2260:Racetrack
2224:Thin film
2206:Hard disk
1787:/dev/drum
1776:kilobytes
1725:U.S. Navy
1714:magnetism
1699:kilobytes
1675:seek time
1465:Disk pack
1430:Plugboard
1267:DVD-Video
1196:LaserDisc
1094:Videotape
965:3D XPoint
956:Memristor
596:CPU cache
364:Core dump
284:Data bank
234:Directory
2112:Mel Kaye
2053:14861159
1816:See also
1783:BSD Unix
1747:and the
1634:FASTRAND
1585:and the
1539:computer
1394:UltraRAM
1272:DVD card
1227:Video CD
1212:CD Video
982:Nano-RAM
951:Memistor
924:XQD card
899:SIM card
757:Dekatron
643:XDR DRAM
638:EDO DRAM
575:Volatile
369:Hex dump
279:Database
174:Metadata
169:Big data
2250:(~1970)
2238:(~1968)
2236:Twistor
1967:July 1,
1822:CAB 500
1772:IBM 650
1757:mergers
1689:History
1568:Austria
1479:(~1970)
1473:(~1968)
1455:(1960s)
1292:Blu-ray
1282:MiniDVD
1277:DVD-RAM
1237:Mini CD
1179:Optical
1139:U-matic
1134:MicroMV
1114:Betamax
978:(ECRAM)
919:MicroP2
894:SD card
884:PC Card
675:1T-SRAM
633:QDRSRAM
224:Storage
54:General
2262:(2008)
2256:(1995)
2248:Bubble
2244:(1969)
2232:(1962)
2226:(1962)
2220:(1956)
2214:(1956)
2208:(1956)
2202:(1949)
2196:(1932)
2190:(1928)
2184:(1898)
2070:: 23.
2051:
2014:
1765:UNIVAC
1761:UNIVAC
1697:(62.5
1530:ZAM-41
1485:(1971)
1467:(1962)
1461:(1962)
1449:(1957)
1443:(1949)
1437:(1932)
1426:(1725)
1420:(1725)
1414:(1725)
1287:HD DVD
1247:CD-ROM
1203:(CDDA)
1129:MiniDV
848:(SSHD)
830:(SSS)
816:EEPROM
764:(2009)
753:(1952)
747:(1951)
741:(1947)
359:Backup
2172:media
2049:S2CID
1988:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1810:REACT
1795:pages
1537:]
1347:ECRAM
1327:CBRAM
1262:DVD+R
1222:CD-RW
1159:D-VHS
1154:VHS-C
1149:S-VHS
1090:(DDS)
1013:ReRAM
1008:FeRAM
1001:NVRAM
987:CBRAM
944:NVRAM
842:(SSD)
811:EPROM
768:Z-RAM
762:T-RAM
694:(CAM)
682:ReRAM
648:RDRAM
628:LPDDR
623:SGRAM
618:SDRAM
613:eDRAM
47:types
2254:MRAM
2230:CRAM
2218:MICR
2194:Drum
2188:Tape
2182:Wire
2012:ISBN
1969:2023
1695:bits
1600:for
1549:BESK
1337:NRAM
1309:WORM
1217:CD-R
971:MRAM
806:PROM
801:MROM
703:VRAM
687:QRAM
670:SRAM
658:GDDR
608:DRAM
504:RAID
154:Data
43:and
2041:doi
1797:in
1781:In
1745:IBM
1739:),
1727:by
1701:).
1257:DVD
1144:VHS
961:PCM
914:SxS
789:ROM
663:HBM
653:DDR
584:RAM
2278::
2047:.
2035:.
1996:^
1890:.
1878:^
1801:.
1743:,
1648:.
1574:.
1535:pl
1207:CD
1124:DV
2162:e
2155:t
2148:v
2124:.
2114:.
2093:.
2055:.
2043::
2037:4
2020:.
1971:.
1905:.
1735:(
1513:e
1506:t
1499:v
967:)
963:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.