Magnavox Odyssey - Knowledge

491:, who had seen it during a visit. After a few months of talks, cash-flow problems forced TelePrompTer to back out in April 1968. The same economic downturn that caused TelePrompTer's problems caused financial difficulties at Sanders as well, which put the project on hold after the fifth prototype was developed while simultaneously undergoing large-scale layoffs. It was picked up again in September, this time without Rusch, and went through two more iterations resulting in January 1969 in the seventh prototype, known as the "Brown Box" due to the wood-grain stickers on the casing. With the system now largely complete, as the team began filing for patents they were unsure whom to approach to sell it until a Sanders patent attorney recommended contacting television manufacturers. Baer demonstrated the system to several companies, who all expressed enthusiasm; only 476:

for the console, to the project. Though the pair found Rusch difficult to work with, he soon proved his value to the team by coming up with a way to display a third, console-controlled spot on the screen in addition to the previous two player-controlled ones, and proposing the development of a ping-pong game. By November, the team, now on their fourth prototype machine, had a ping-pong game, a chasing game, a light gun game, and three types of controllers: joysticks for the chase game, a rifle for the light gun game, and a three dial controller for the ping-pong game. Campman felt that the system was advanced enough to begin trying to find a manufacturer to buy it; they had decided to sell the rights to produce the console, as Sanders was not in the business of making and selling commercial electronics.

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surveys, convinced it to continue stocking the console. Magnavox published two catalogs each year, one before the Christmas season and another for its annual sale in January. The Odyssey did not appear in the pre-Christmas 1972 catalog, but the January 1973 catalog depicted the console in a two-page spread with pictures of bundled and optional games and the light gun. Fritsche's team proposed the creation of alternate versions of the Odyssey, a "lite" version with five games and a version with four controllers and a dozen new or updated games. Baer proposed an add-on that would add sound to games, and a putting controller and associated golf game. Magnavox rejected the proposals, instead releasing four games for sale in 1973, designed wholly or in part by Emry.

593:. Commercials during the special and advertisements for it showed the Odyssey and other Magnavox products. Continuing demand led Magnavox to manufacture an additional 27,000 units for the 1973 holiday season, selling 20,000 of them according to Baer. It was released in 1974 in limited quantities in 11 other countries: Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Soviet Union, Spain, Switzerland, and Venezuela. It was additionally released at some point in other countries, such as Mexico, where it was named the Magnavox Odisea, and clone versions were released by other manufacturers such as the Overkal in Spain, which may have been the first console produced in Europe. In 1974, Odyssey appeared in the 534: 452: 305: 792:, and others. Baer later stated that the lawsuits were not filed right away because Magnavox and Sanders needed to wait until they could expect to be awarded more money than it would cost to pursue the suits. The root of the conflict was a set of patents by Baer and the development team—particularly a pair which described how the Odyssey showed player-controlled objects, or dots, on a video monitor and described a number of games that could be played with the system, with one patent by Baer and one by Rusch. 45: 542: 480: 718: 673:, the Odyssey is not generally considered a major commercial success. Magnavox produced no more games for the console after 1973 and rejected proposals for different versions of the console or accessories. While a few clone systems were produced in limited quantities, and multiple dedicated systems—generally focused on ping-pong game variants—were created by several companies, no other home video consoles capable of playing separately-produced games were released until the 1976 463:

engineer Bill Rusch on ideas for games for the console, resulting in a proposal for the basis of many games later created for the system. Harrison began developing some early games in May, beginning with a two-player game where the players repeatedly press a button in competition to fill or empty a bucket of water, and by June multiple games were completed for what was then a second prototype box. These included a game where players controlled dots chasing each other and a

36: 316:. The console connects to the television set through an included switch box, which allows the player to switch the television input between the Odyssey and the regular television input cable, and presents itself like a television channel on channel three or four, which thereafter became the standard for game consoles. The controllers, designed to sit on a flat surface, contain one button marked Reset on the top of the controller and three 572:

implied that the device only worked with Magnavox televisions. Other sources have stated that dealers may have misled customers to sell more televisions, though advertisements and in-store promotional videos explicitly stated that the Odyssey worked with "any brand TV, black and white or color". Customers unfamiliar with the new device, seeing it was only sold at Magnavox dealerships, may have misunderstood its interoperability.

2807: 367: 2841: 606: 520: (equivalent to about $ 730 in 2023). Baer was upset with the board game additions, which he felt were pointless add-ons that would go unused by players. Magnavox performed market surveys and playtests in Los Angeles and Grand Rapids, Michigan, and demonstrated it to dealers in Las Vegas in May 1972. The console was publicly unveiled at a press event at the 509:

Ron Bradford of Bradford/Cout Design and adman Steve Lehner, based largely on the ones developed by Baer, Harrison, and Rusch. The product planning for the console was initially overseen by Bob Wiles of the color television division, but was turned over to product manager Bob Fritsche as its own category of product in September 1971.

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larger inventory, as market testing found an enthusiastic response to the console. The Odyssey was sold only through Magnavox dealers, who handled their own advertising in their local markets; the company hoped that as the video game console was the first such product, consumers would visit its stores specifically for it.

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testing and regulations. The internal circuitry had been designed with discrete components rather than integrated circuits due to cost concerns, and although integrated circuits were becoming common by 1972 Magnavox did not redesign the circuitry to use them. The games for the system were designed by

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and convinced them to look at the console again. The creators of the Brown Box again demonstrated the device to Magnavox in July 1969; they received a tepid reaction from most of the executives, but Vice President of Magnavox Console Products Planning Gerry Martin was in favor, and Magnavox agreed to

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the console would require so much to be excluded that the resulting product would not be very enjoyable. Baer additionally felt that he was not proving successful at designing fun games for the system; to make up for this he formally added Bill Rusch, who had helped him come up with the initial games

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black and white, with differing behavior for the dots depending on the game played. Players place plastic overlays on the screen to display additional visual elements for each game, and one or two players for each game control their dots with the knobs and buttons on the controller by the rules given

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The judge, John Grady, ruled in early 1977 that Baer's patent for the Odyssey constituted "the pioneering patent of the video game art", held the defendants' games as infringing, and set a precedent that any video game where a machine-controlled visual element hit and bounced off a player-controlled

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changed the system of selecting games from a dial to separate game cards that modified the console's circuitry when plugged into the console. At the time, color televisions were still seen as a luxury item, and the ability to show color would have added additional expense and time spent dealing with

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Baer spent the next few months designing further prototypes, and in February 1967, assigned technician Bill Harrison to begin building the project. Harrison spent the next few months in between other projects building out successive modifications to the prototype. Baer, meanwhile, brainstormed with

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The Odyssey is capable of displaying three square dots and a vertical line on the screen. Two of the dots are controlled by the two players, and the third by the system itself. The main console has two dials, one of which moves the vertical line across the screen, and one which adjusts the speed of

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The idea for a video game console was conceived by Baer in August 1966. Over the next three years he, along with Bill Harrison and Bill Rusch, created seven successive prototype consoles. The seventh, known as the Brown Box, was shown to several manufacturers before Magnavox agreed to produce it in

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A team from Magnavox led by George Kent turned the prototype console into a final product. They designed the exterior of the machine and re-engineered some of the internals with consultation from Baer and Harrison; they removed the ability to display color, used only the three dial controller, and

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game with a plastic rifle. Baer demonstrated the new prototype to Campman, who enjoyed the shooting game, increased funding, and recommended Baer demonstrate the project to senior management. Baer demonstrated the console to the board, who were largely uninterested, though a couple of members were

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Magnavox assistant product planner Don Emry said that the sales were in line with the original projections, if not the production run. After the initial holiday season Magnavox considered discontinuing the console, but the modest continuing demand, along with high customer satisfaction reports in

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There are conflicting reports between Baer and Magnavox employees as to whether Magnavox produced 120,000 or 140,000 consoles in 1972. Magnavox only sold 69,000 units. Baer believed that the low initial sales were due to the high price, and because Magnavox restricted sales to its dealerships and

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arcade game, in turn driving sales of the Odyssey. Patents by Baer and the other developers for the system and the games, including what was termed by a judge as "the pioneering patent of the video game art", formed the basis of a series of lawsuits spanning 20 years, earning Sanders and Magnavox

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A total of 28 games distributed on 11 different game cards were released for the Magnavox Odyssey. 13 games were included with the console—a set of 12 in America and a different set of 10 in other countries—with six others available for purchase either individually or in a bundle; the additional

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on October 16, 1972. As the term "video game" was not yet in use, the company described the console as "the new electronic game of the future" and "closed-circuit electronic playground". Magnavox initially ordered 50,000 units, but before release increased its production capabilities and built a

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was assigned to build a television set; Baer later claimed that, while doing so, he had the idea to build something into a television set that the owner could control in addition to its normal function of receiving signals from a remote television station. Loral did not pursue the idea, but it

805: million (equivalent to $ 10.3 million) and access granted to Magnavox to all technology produced by Atari from June 1976 to June 1977; other defendants paid higher penalties. Over the next twenty years, Sanders and Magnavox sued several other companies over the issue, focusing on " 439:

As a "game box" had little to do with the typical military contracts Sanders worked on, Baer picked an empty room and assigned one of his technicians, Bob Tremblay, to work on it with him rather than bring the idea to his bosses. By December 1966, they had completed an initial prototype later

428: (equivalent to about $ 230 in 2023). The proposed device would transmit a signal that the television set could tune into like a television channel, which Baer referred to as Channel LP, short for "let's play", and he described several games that could be played on it. While 829:; Sanders and Magnavox won or settled every lawsuit. Many of the defendants unsuccessfully attempted to claim that the patents only applied to the specific hardware implementations that Baer had used, or that they were invalidated by prior computer or electronic games. In 1985, 383:

game. The games include plastic overlays that stick to the television via static cling to create visuals. Games that use the same game card can have different overlays, which can change a game with the same controls from, for example, a mountain ski path to a movement-based

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in 2013. MoMA's Paul Galloway described the console as "a masterpiece of engineering and industrial design" and stated that it was "hard to overstate the importance of place in the birth of the industry". The Brown Box prototype and the TV Game #1 prototype are located in

597:. Magnavox sold 89,000 consoles in total in 1973, 129,000 Odyssey units in 1974, and 80,000 units in 1975. According to Baer the company sold 350,000 Odysseys in total worldwide, though Fritsche stated it reached 367,000. The light gun peripheral sold 20,000 units. 654:; the Odyssey 100 was only capable of playing the ping-pong and hockey games from the original Odyssey, while the 200 also had the handball game and a rudimentary on-screen scoring system. The 100 and 200 were released in November 1975 to replace the Odyssey for 320:: one on the right side of the controller, and two on the left with one extending from the other. The reset button resets individual elements depending on the game, such as making a player's dot visible after it is turned off. The system can be powered by six 2386: 583: (equivalent to about $ 340 in 2023) if purchased with a television. The console was released that year with different games in the United Kingdom. In late 1973, Magnavox ran a large advertising campaign for its 1974 products, including sponsoring 399:. Named the Shooting Gallery, the rifle-shaped device registered a hit when pointed at a light source such as a dot on the television screen. Four shooting-based games were included with the light gun. The light guns were designed and manufactured by 868:, was available for purchase, and included four games on two cards that used the rifle. A final four games were released for sale in 1973. The console does not enforce game rules or keep track of scores for the games; that is left up to the players. 516:, and Magnavox added paper money, playing cards, and poker chips to the console, to go along with the plastic overlays for the games designed by Bradford that enhanced the primitive visuals. The new additions helped raise the price of the console to 524:

in New York City on May 22, 1972. Magnavox announced the system's launch date of September 1972, with availability restricted to dealers in 18 metropolitan areas, and demonstrated it for the next few months to Magnavox dealerships and media.

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and Chicago Dynamic Industries—though bankrupt—remained out of the defendants of the initial three lawsuits, with all other companies having settled out of court. Atari's settlement, made in June 1976, granted it a license in exchange for

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christened "TV Game #1", which could display and move a vertical line on a television screen. Baer demonstrated the prototype to the Sanders director of research and development, Herbert Campman, who hesitantly agreed to fund it for

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for "his groundbreaking and pioneering creation, development and commercialization of interactive video games, which spawned related uses, applications, and mega-industries in both the entertainment and education realms". The

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Although there was continued customer demand for the console, Magnavox discontinued production of the Odyssey in the fall of 1975. Rising inflation had raised the manufacturing cost of the system to Magnavox from roughly

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completed development and released it in the United States in September 1972 and overseas the following year. The Odyssey consists of a white, black, and brown box that connects to a television set, and two rectangular

2378: 1602: 363:, causing the Odyssey to display different components and react to inputs differently. Multiple games use the same cards, with different instructions given to the player to change the style of the game. 2569: 1525: 2795: 1246:

Two players use paddles to knock a ball back and forth on a screen; it uses an overlay of a handball court, and players are both on the same side of the screen with a wall on the other side

424:, came up with the concept of using a television to play games, and the next morning wrote up a four-page proposal for a "game box" that would plug into a television screen, costing around 980:

A math game where players can move to either square depicted on the overlay based on if the number on the square is even or odd and is the sum of the other player's move and another number

780:, and joked that they may as well have stopped designing games after that game card. In April 1974, however, Magnavox sued Atari along with several competitors, including Allied Leisure, 2356: 1018:

Two players use a combination of on-screen movement, dice, and play cards to simulate a game of football; kickoff, passing, and punting plays use Card #3 while running plays use Card #4

626: (equivalent to about $ 270 in 2023), and Magnavox was unable to raise the retail price to match. Instead, it sought a cheaper alternative; in May 1974 it signed a contract with 1227:

Two players use paddles to knock a ball back and forth on a screen; uses an overlay of a soccer court and players score only if the ball reaches the opponent's goal on the overlay

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A three-player game where two players must race to touch the body part of their chosen character's picture when the third player tells them to, based on a deck of Simon Says cards

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Two players use paddles to knock a ball back and forth on a screen; uses an overlay of a hockey rink and players score only if the puck reaches the opponent's goal on the overlay

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A racing game in which the overlay has squares containing patterns and symbols on them; players race to the correct square when the corresponding card is drawn from a deck

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Two players use paddles to knock a ball back and forth on a screen; uses an overlay of a volleyball court, and players must knock the ball over the net for scores to count

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Magnavox named the console first as the Skill-O-Vision while testing, and then released it as the Odyssey. The rifle game was turned into a separately sold add-on game,

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By August 1967, Baer and Harrison completed a more focused prototype machine with fewer components, but found that to even come near to Baer's initial price target of

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to create a cheap ping-pong arcade game as a training exercise, though he did not tell Alcorn that it was for training nor that the idea was based on the Odyssey

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enthusiastic; nevertheless, CEO Royden Sanders authorized the project to be continued with the aim of selling or licensing the console as a commercial product.

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had been developed since the start of the 1950s, they were typically only found in large academic or research institutions, and in 1966 no commercial games or

2524: 847:-based game did not use video signals and therefore did not qualify as a video game, and ruled again in favor of Magnavox and Sanders. Magnavox won more than 662: (equivalent to about $ 620 in 2023), respectively. Eleven dedicated Odyssey consoles were produced before a follow-up non-dedicated console in 1978, the 1265:

One player sets their dot on overlays of prehistoric animals, while the other player attempts to shoot the dot with the light gun in as few shots as possible

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to replace the transistors and diodes of the original system, and designed a limited version of the console around them. The result was the first of several

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The overlay contains rows of shooting gallery targets, and the player attempts to shoot the computer-controlled dot with the light gun as it moves over them

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A racing game using both a track overlay and a game board; the game board keeps track of laps and the second player's dot along with the ball dot keeps time

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Two players use paddles to knock a ball back and forth on a screen; uses an overlay of a tennis court and players are intended to follow the rules of tennis

784:, and arcade distributor Empire, for infringing on its patents for video games played on a television screen. Two more lawsuits joined it by 1975, against 4093: 3202: 1056:

A two-player chase game played on a haunted house overlay, with the detective trying to collect all of the clue cards without being caught by the ghost

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One player moves a dot representing a skier back and forth as they go down a mountain path; players must keep track of their own time and penalties

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A combination of strategic moves made on a separate game board and tactical combat resolved on the screen; different assaults use different cards

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the computer-controlled dot. Different games direct the player to adjust the dials to different positions, such as changing the center line of a

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One player is a bandit in an Old West town, and moves along a path, stopping at windows for the other player to try to shoot with the light gun

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wanted to purchase the device, however, and an agreement could not be reached. Soon afterwards, though, RCA executive Bill Enders left RCA for

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Players move their dot to symbols on the overlay to fill out their "Win card", while their dot is invisible until the reset button is pressed

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Although still only available at Magnavox dealers, national marketing for Odyssey began in late 1973. The company lowered the price to

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The player guides their dot, which has momentum, to planets to complete missions given by cards with a maximum number of moves allowed

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returned to Baer in August 1966 while waiting for a bus. Baer, then the head of the Equipment Design Division at military contractor

851: million in the various lawsuits and settlements involving the Odyssey related patents before they expired in the early 1990s. 3138: 3014: 2994: 2984: 2138:, p. 45 "the Odyssey was imported into the United Kingdom in 1973, and into 12 European countries in 1974 in very limited numbers." 1094:

A game of chance where players bet with chips, and randomly spin their controller dial to launch a spot at a roulette wheel overlay

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A target shooting game, with one player moving a submarine along shipping lanes and the other player using their spot as a torpedo

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An educational game played with an overlay of the United States and a deck of fifty trivia cards with questions about each state

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One player moves their dot along a flight path on the overlay, while the other player attempts to shoot it with the light gun

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was very successful, and in turn helped drive sales of the Odyssey; Baer noted that customers bought the console because of

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Due to his work on the Odyssey, Baer has been referred to as the "Father of Video Games". In 2004, Baer was awarded the

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produce the console. After a long period of negotiations the two companies finally signed an agreement in January 1971.

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A two-player chase game played on a grid, with the mouse attempting to return to its house before the cat catches it

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In addition to the overlays, the Odyssey came with dice, poker chips, score sheets, play money, and card decks. One

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attached by wires. It is capable of displaying three square dots and one line of varying height on the screen in

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that more clearly violated the patent; the final lawsuits ended in the mid-1990s. Defendants included Coleco,

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Internally, the Odyssey architecture is composed of digital computing parts. The circuitry is implemented in

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January 1971. After releasing the console through their dealerships, Magnavox sold 69,000 units in its first

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A racing game using an overlay of a zoo, with a third player drawing animal cards for the players to race to

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Two players use paddles to knock a ball back and forth on a screen; uses an overlay of a basketball court

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While it showed the potential of video game consoles and was an early part of the rise of the commercial

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Two players use a combination of on-screen movement, dice, and play cards to simulate a game of baseball

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games primarily used the same game cards with different screen overlays and instructions. Another game,

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This article is about the original Magnavox Odyssey console. For the series of video game consoles, see

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Magnavox began advertising the Odyssey in mid-September 1972, including an appearance on the game show

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The team first approached the cable television industry, and the prototype attracted the attention of

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The Odyssey consists of a black, white, and brown oblong box connected by wires to two rectangular

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that plug into the console. These cards modify the internal circuitry like a set of switches or

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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry

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Two players use paddles to knock a ball back and forth on a screen; does not use an overlay

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and 350,000 by the time the console was discontinued in 1975. The console spawned the

3960: 3868: 3060: 2937: 2759: 2736: 2713: 2690: 2671: 2648: 2627: 2604: 2454:, Rusch, William T., "Television gaming apparatus", issued August 5, 1975 2347: 2218: 2186: 1856: 635: 627: 464: 412: 262: 3714: 2260: 2214: 2182: 698: 3823: 3562: 3397: 3252: 2204: 594: 313: 304: 225: 50: 3939: 3909: 3894: 3785: 3476: 3374: 2147: 1972: 1710: 835: 789: 742: 733: 721: 639: 258: 124: 81: 44: 20: 2379:"The Father of the Video Game: The Ralph Baer Prototypes and Electronic Games" 2015: 4052: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3664: 3636: 3509: 3448: 3122: 3107: 3097: 3082: 2596: 2415: 2222: 2190: 1969: 1860: 1707: 584: 541: 479: 416: 352: 254: 212: 115: 2159: 1612: 366: 3899: 3858: 3669: 3351: 3300: 3290: 3262: 3247: 3180: 3149: 2925: 2418:, "Television Gaming and Training Apparatus", issued April 17, 1973 1931:"Pixels in Print (Part 2): Advertising Odyssey – The First Home Video Game" 844: 781: 755: 329: 317: 270: 234: 717: 370:

Table Tennis game for the Odyssey on a CRT television, without any overlay

4022: 3924: 3733: 3686: 3585: 3542: 3328: 2689:(in French) (Nouvelle éd. améliorée et augmentée ed.). Omaké Books. 1516: 833:

sued and tried to invalidate the patents, claiming as prior art the 1958

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was created from a revision of this article dated 13 May 2024

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The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to PlayStation and Beyond

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The Video Game Explosion: A History from PONG to PlayStation and Beyond

826: 747: 392: 385: 344: 333: 242: 238: 229: 288: million. The release of the Odyssey marked the beginning of the 237:. The Odyssey console came packaged with dice, paper money, and other 3970: 3691: 3572: 3463: 3453: 3389: 3305: 2709: 2352: 1852: 396: 321: 246: 181: 2343:"MoMA adds Magnavox Odyssey and six classics to game design exhibit" 2102:"The "Odyssey" of Ralph Baer: Interview w/ the Father of Videogames" 4017: 3955: 3914: 3547: 3524: 3486: 3481: 3420: 2021: 1472: 830: 496: 400: 380: 220: 71: 1603:"A history of videogames: the defining moments from Nimrod to now" 638:—consoles that could only play games built into the system—in the 436:

existed, or any form of video games for consumer television sets.

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element violated Rusch's patent. At the time of judgement, only

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clip from Tomorrow's World, original broadcast 20 December 1973

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like later consoles, but instead, use "game cards" composed of

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controller was released for the Odyssey, the first video game

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for the game. The console cannot generate audio or track

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High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games

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The Magnavox Odyssey at the 2010 Festival du Jeu Vidéo

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and was an early part of the rise of the commercial

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BBC Archive 1973: Christmas Gaming Magnavox Odyssey

1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 211:. The hardware was designed by a small team led by 2663: 2008: 1711:"Genesis: How the Home Video Games Industry Began" 2450: 4050: 1905: 1867: 1360:A complicated strategy game using cards and dice 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 411:In 1951, while working for military contractor 2410: 2276:"GDC 2008: Ralph Baer Receiving Pioneer Award" 1883:"In Search of the First Video Game Commercial" 241:paraphernalia to accompany the games, while a 3533:Family Computer/Nintendo Entertainment System 3196: 2867: 658: (equivalent to about $ 400 in 2023) and 269:. One of the 28 games made for the system, a 3210: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2148:National Videogame Museum - Magnavox Odyssey 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2017:1972 Magnavox Odyssey in-store advertisement 1998: 1996: 1994: 1953: 1813: 1811: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 2463: 2197: 2165: 1823: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 4094:Products and services discontinued in 1975 3203: 3189: 2874: 2860: 2752:Before the Crash: Early Video Game History 2618:DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (2003). 2406: 2404: 2045: 2043: 43: 34: 2539: 2427: 2316:United States Patent and Trademark Office 2055: 1991: 1973:"How Video Games Invaded The Home TV Set" 1840: 1838: 1808: 1785: 1764: 1741: 1729: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1565: 1563: 692:(MoMA) added the Magnavox Odyssey to its 2823:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 2806: 2340: 2273: 1928: 1880: 1666: 1631: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1509: 1436: 716: 604: 540: 532: 478: 450: 365: 303: 152: (equivalent to about $ 730 in 2023) 16:First commercial home video game console 3838:1292 Advanced Programmable Video System 2661: 2469: 2444: 2401: 2248: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2040: 1829: 1600: 1465: 652:first generation of video game consoles 328:was sold separately. The Odyssey lacks 290:first generation of video game consoles 4069:Computer-related introductions in 1972 4051: 2662:Goldberg, Marty; Vendel, Curt (2012). 2640: 2617: 2595: 2557: 2274:Hatfield, Daemon (December 20, 2007). 2267: 2235: 2229: 2141: 2126: 2002: 1835: 1817: 1802: 1735: 1691: 1685: 1654: 1570:Smith, Alexander (November 16, 2015). 1459: 336:white shapes on a blank black screen. 49:A Magnavox Odyssey and one of its two 3184: 2855: 2703: 2684: 2438: 2371: 2292:from the original on December 9, 2019 2080: 1893:from the original on January 12, 2018 1779: 1758: 1717:from the original on October 16, 2015 1660: 1648: 1582:from the original on February 2, 2016 1569: 1540: 1453: 890: 887: 884: 878: 843:. The court, however, ruled that the 4074:First-generation video game consoles 2749: 2726: 2545: 2507: 2475: 2334: 2304: 2135: 2086: 2049: 1510:Langshaw, Mark (December 13, 2014). 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1484:from the original on October 4, 2018 881: 403:, based on their 1970 Beam Gun toy. 2641:Donovan, Tristan (April 20, 2010). 2572:from the original on March 22, 2016 2551: 2527:from the original on March 13, 2016 2383:National Museum of American History 2359:from the original on March 22, 2016 1979:from the original on April 24, 2016 1881:Willaert, Kate (January 10, 2018). 736:, designer of the first commercial 707:National Museum of American History 694:permanent collection of video games 324:, which were included; an optional 13: 2793: 2644:Replay: The History of Video Games 2558:Mullis, Steve (December 8, 2014). 2515:"Magnavox Settles Its Mattel Suit" 2495:from the original on March 4, 2016 2236:Cuevas, Daniel (October 1, 2015). 2217:. September 29, 1973. p. 44. 2100:Jackson, Bebito (March 19, 2009). 351:. The games themselves do not use 14: 4115: 2774: 2341:Campbell, Colin (June 28, 2013). 2185:. December 22, 1973. p. 47. 1941:from the original on May 11, 2020 1929:Willaert, Kate (March 20, 2020). 1855:. November 1996. pp. 67–68. 1601:Knowles, Kitty (March 25, 2015). 1594: 1496: 4104:Discontinued video game consoles 4099:Lists of video games by platform 2839: 2805: 2389:from the original on May 4, 2016 2114:from the original on May 2, 2016 1968: 1845:"The Great Videogame Swindle?". 1706: 1528:from the original on May 4, 2016 1422: 1403: 1384: 1365: 1346: 1251: 1229: 1175: 1156: 1137: 1118: 1023: 245:controller—the first video game 2205:"Maganvox Sinatra $ 9 Mil Push" 587:'s November television special 483:Magnavox Odyssey Cartridge No 6 4089:Monochrome video game consoles 3879:View-Master Interactive Vision 1466:Edwards, Benj (May 27, 2012). 406: 1: 1975:. Ralph H. Baer Consultants. 1935:Video Game History Foundation 1887:Video Game History Foundation 1713:. Ralph H. Baer Consultants. 1429: 379:game into the side wall of a 273:game, was an inspiration for 3864:Gakken Compact Vision TV Boy 2756:Wayne State University Press 2601:Videogames: In the Beginning 1572:"1TL200: A Magnavox Odyssey" 762:game. Alcorn soon developed 685:National Medal of Technology 611:National Medal of Technology 545:The Magnavox Odyssey at the 528: 7: 3934:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 3919:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 3581:3DO Interactive Multiplayer 2666:Atari Inc.: Business Is Fun 2259:(in Spanish). No. 14. 712: 609:Ralph Baer being given the 10: 4120: 2733:Greenwood Publishing Group 2708:. Vol. 1: 1971–1982. 2588: 18: 4035: 4010: 3989: 3948: 3887: 3846: 3811: 3804: 3771: 3728: 3700: 3650: 3627: 3594: 3571: 3523: 3500: 3462: 3439: 3411: 3388: 3370:Commodore 64 Games System 3360: 3337: 3314: 3271: 3218: 3139:Second generation → 3135: 3053: 3037: 3028: 2970: 2894: 2750:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012). 2727:Wolf, Mark J. P. (2007). 2704:Smith, Alexander (2019). 1408: 1389: 1370: 1351: 1332: 1313: 1294: 1275: 1256: 1237: 1218: 1199: 1180: 1161: 1142: 1123: 1104: 1085: 1066: 1047: 1028: 1009: 990: 971: 952: 933: 914: 895: 600: 457:National Videogame Museum 430:electronic computer games 299: 187: 172: 164: 156: 145: 107: 97: 87: 77: 67: 57: 42: 33: 4079:Home video game consoles 3212:Home video game consoles 2685:Gorges, Florent (2018). 1478:International Data Group 854: 724:for the Magnavox Odyssey 489:TelePrompTer Corporation 207:is the first commercial 3538:Super Famicom/Super NES 3510:PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 3113:TV Tennis Electrotennis 3093:Magnavox Odyssey series 2902:Home video game console 703:Smithsonian Institution 675:Fairchild Semiconductor 640:Magnavox Odyssey series 547:Finnish Museum of Games 209:home video game console 92:Home video game console 2801: 2781:Listen to this article 2687:L'histoire de Nintendo 2452:US patent RE28507E 2318:. 2004. Archived from 2215:Nielsen Business Media 2183:Nielsen Business Media 1420:Sold separately (1973) 1401:Sold separately (1973) 1382:Sold separately (1973) 1363:Sold separately (1973) 1233:Included with console 1214:Included with console 1195:Included with console 1081:Included with console 1005:Included with console 986:Included with console 967:Included with console 948:Included with console 929:Included with console 910:Included with console 891:International version 750:quit Nutting to found 725: 614: 558: 538: 484: 459: 371: 357:printed circuit boards 341:diode–transistor logic 309: 249:—was sold separately. 3403:Super Cassette Vision 3347:Coleco Telstar Arcade 3066:Coleco Telstar series 3015:Eighth (2012–present) 2914:Handheld game console 2800: 2565:National Public Radio 2523:. February 16, 1983. 2412:US patent 3728480 1619:on September 28, 2015 1522:Hearst Communications 1410:Interplanetary Voyage 1116:Included with console 1097:Included with console 1078:Included with console 1059:Included with console 1040:Included with console 1021:Included with console 1002:Included with console 983:Included with console 964:Included with console 945:Included with console 926:Included with console 907:Included with console 776:, in turn because of 720: 608: 590:Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back 544: 536: 482: 454: 369: 332:and can only display 308:An Odyssey controller 307: 4064:1972 in video gaming 3020:Ninth (2020–present) 2848:at Wikimedia Commons 2832:More spoken articles 2244:on January 24, 2016. 2020:(promotional film). 1328:Sold with light gun 1309:Sold with light gun 1290:Sold with light gun 1271:Sold with light gun 790:Williams Electronics 690:Museum of Modern Art 648:Magnavox Odyssey 200 644:Magnavox Odyssey 100 265:as well as the 1978 192:Magnavox Odyssey 100 3829:Fairchild Channel F 3010:Seventh (2005–2017) 2883:Video game consoles 2624:McGraw Hill/Osborne 2491:. October 8, 1982. 1325:Sold with light gun 1306:Sold with light gun 1287:Sold with light gun 1268:Sold with light gun 875: 841:William Higinbotham 798:Seeburg Corporation 671:video game industry 632:integrated circuits 522:Tavern on the Green 434:video game industry 294:video game industry 277:'s successful 1972 30: 3670:Mega Drive/Genesis 3088:Gameroom Tele-Pong 2995:Fourth (1987–2004) 2985:Second (1976–1992) 2802: 2520:The New York Times 2488:The New York Times 1576:They Create Worlds 1258:Prehistoric Safari 871: 809:" type games like 730:Nutting Associates 726: 664:Magnavox Odyssey 2 636:dedicated consoles 615: 559: 539: 485: 460: 422:Sanders Associates 372: 310: 267:Magnavox Odyssey 2 263:dedicated consoles 217:Sanders Associates 196:Magnavox Odyssey 2 146:Introductory price 62:Sanders Associates 28: 4084:Magnavox consoles 4044: 4043: 4031: 4030: 3961:EVO Smart Console 3281:Super Vision 8000 3178: 3177: 3131: 3130: 3061:APF TV Fun series 3005:Sixth (1998–2013) 3000:Fifth (1993–2006) 2990:Third (1983–2003) 2980:First (1972–1980) 2938:Dedicated console 2844:Media related to 2798: 2765:978-0-8143-3450-8 2742:978-0-313-33868-7 2719:978-1-138-38990-8 2696:978-2-919603-43-5 2677:978-0-9855974-0-5 2654:978-0-9565072-0-4 2633:978-0-07-223172-4 2610:978-0-9643848-1-1 2603:. Rolenta Press. 2483:"Magnavox Patent" 2322:on April 16, 2016 2263:. pp. 58–65. 1427: 1426: 738:arcade video game 650:, as part of the 628:Texas Instruments 465:light gun shooter 413:Loral Electronics 201: 200: 4111: 3834:Interton VC 4000 3809: 3808: 3604:Magnavox Odyssey 3205: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3045:Magnavox Odyssey 3035: 3034: 2887:first generation 2876: 2869: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2846:Magnavox Odyssey 2843: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2808: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2769: 2746: 2723: 2700: 2681: 2670:. Syzygy Press. 2669: 2658: 2637: 2622:(2nd ed.). 2614: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2479: 2473: 2470:Goldberg; Vendel 2467: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2261:Axel Springer SE 2252: 2246: 2245: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2173:"Magnavox Surge" 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2097: 2084: 2078: 2053: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1966: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1926: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1878: 1865: 1864: 1842: 1833: 1830:Goldberg; Vendel 1827: 1821: 1815: 1806: 1800: 1783: 1777: 1762: 1756: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1704: 1689: 1683: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1615:. Archived from 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1567: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1507: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1344:Free with survey 1315:Shooting Gallery 1100:Sold separately 1062:Sold separately 1043:Sold separately 876: 874: 870: 866:Shooting Gallery 850: 804: 699:Washington, D.C. 661: 657: 625: 621: 613:in February 2006 582: 519: 514:Shooting Gallery 474: 447: 443: 427: 330:sound capability 287: 205:Magnavox Odyssey 173:Controller input 151: 137: 128: 119: 47: 38: 31: 29:Magnavox Odyssey 27: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4027: 4006: 3985: 3944: 3883: 3842: 3824:Bally Astrocade 3800: 3767: 3724: 3696: 3646: 3623: 3614:Videopac+ G7400 3590: 3567: 3519: 3496: 3492:Xbox Series X/S 3458: 3435: 3407: 3398:Cassette Vision 3384: 3356: 3333: 3310: 3267: 3214: 3209: 3179: 3174: 3141: 3127: 3118:Unisonic series 3049: 3030: 3024: 2966: 2890: 2880: 2836: 2835: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2813:This audio file 2810: 2803: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2743: 2720: 2697: 2678: 2655: 2634: 2611: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2428: 2421: 2409: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2272: 2268: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2234: 2230: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2107:Diehard GameFan 2098: 2087: 2079: 2056: 2048: 2041: 2027: 2025: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1967: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1927: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1879: 1868: 1851:. No. 23. 1848:Next Generation 1844: 1843: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1809: 1801: 1786: 1778: 1765: 1757: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1705: 1692: 1684: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1568: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1508: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1437: 1432: 1249:Sold separately 1211:Sold separately 1192:Sold separately 1173:Sold separately 1154:Sold separately 1135:Sold separately 872: 857: 848: 807:paddle-and-ball 802: 732:chief engineer 715: 659: 655: 623: 619: 603: 595:Sears Wish Book 580: 564:What's My Line? 531: 517: 472: 445: 441: 425: 409: 343:using discrete 326:AC power supply 302: 285: 149: 141: 132: 123: 114: 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4117: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3910:FM Towns Marty 3907: 3902: 3897: 3895:Amstrad GX4000 3891: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2950:Hybrid console 2947: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2825: 2811: 2804: 2792: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775:External links 2773: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2747: 2741: 2724: 2718: 2701: 2695: 2682: 2676: 2659: 2653: 2647:. Yellow Ant. 2638: 2632: 2615: 2609: 2597:Baer, Ralph H. 2592: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2550: 2538: 2506: 2474: 2462: 2443: 2426: 2416:Baer, Ralph H. 2400: 2370: 2333: 2303: 2266: 2247: 2228: 2196: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2125: 2085: 2054: 2039: 2007: 1990: 1970:Baer, Ralph H. 1952: 1904: 1866: 1834: 1822: 1807: 1784: 1763: 1740: 1728: 1708:Baer, Ralph H. 1690: 1665: 1653: 1630: 1593: 1539: 1495: 1458: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 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1841: 1839: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1782:, pp. 147–151 1781: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1761:, pp. 144–147 1760: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1732: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1651:, pp. 151–153 1650: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1456:, pp. 142–144 1455: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 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1277:Dogfight! 1068:Submarine 678:Channel F 656:US$ 69.95 529:Reception 518:US$ 99.95 442:US$ 2,000 397:light gun 271:ping-pong 247:light gun 188:Successor 182:light gun 150:US$ 99.95 58:Developer 4018:Polymega 3956:DISCover 3915:Goldstar 3786:Socrates 3642:RCA Nuon 3548:GameCube 3525:Nintendo 3487:Xbox One 3482:Xbox 360 3413:LeapFrog 3155:Services 3145:Emulator 3076:Marksman 2830: · 2599:(2005). 2570:Archived 2525:Archived 2493:Archived 2472:, p. 204 2387:Archived 2357:Archived 2290:Archived 2112:Archived 2028:June 11, 2022:Magnavox 1977:Archived 1939:Archived 1891:Archived 1832:, p. 147 1715:Archived 1580:Archived 1526:Archived 1482:Archived 1473:PC World 1334:Percepts 1239:Handball 1163:Invasion 1144:Baseball 1087:Roulette 1011:Football 973:Analogic 862:Percepts 831:Nintendo 713:Lawsuits 497:Magnavox 401:Nintendo 381:handball 221:Magnavox 219:, while 72:Magnavox 3874:Vectrex 3796:V.Flash 3791:V.Smile 3715:Neo Geo 3706:Neo Geo 3675:Sega CD 3660:SG-1000 3596:Philips 3324:PV-1000 3296:Playdia 3286:Arcadia 3160:History 2817: ( 2788:minutes 2589:Sources 2348:Polygon 2118:May 14, 2034:YouTube 1820:, p. 18 1818:DeMaria 1803:Donovan 1736:Donovan 1686:Donovan 1663:, p. 13 1182:Wipeout 1167:4, 5, 6 1125:Fun Zoo 849:US$ 100 823:Seeburg 803:US$ 1.5 701:at the 557:in 2017 555:Finland 551:Tampere 446:US$ 500 361:jumpers 286:US$ 100 178:paddles 168:350,000 3805:Others 3687:Saturn 3563:Switch 3441:Mattel 3431:LeapTV 3339:Coleco 3273:Bandai 3248:Jaguar 3071:Arcade 2762: 2739: 2716: 2693: 2674: 2651: 2630: 2607: 2576:May 3, 2458: 2422: 2414:, 2393:May 4, 2363:May 4, 2326:May 3, 2221: 2189: 2024:. 1972 1859: 1661:Gorges 1532:May 4, 1372:W.I.N. 1220:Soccer 1106:States 992:Hockey 954:Tennis 879:Title 825:, and 819:Mattel 642:, the 624:US$ 47 620:US$ 37 601:Legacy 581:US$ 50 473:US$ 25 426:US$ 25 388:game. 377:tennis 349:diodes 300:Design 235:scores 4011:2020s 3997:CT510 3990:2010s 3981:Zeebo 3976:Xavix 3949:2000s 3930:Sanyo 3888:1990s 3847:1980s 3812:1970s 3773:VTech 3558:Wii U 3515:PC-FX 3390:Epoch 3316:Casio 3291:RX-78 3263:2600+ 3220:Atari 3029:First 2895:Types 2439:Smith 2081:Smith 1780:Smith 1759:Smith 1649:Smith 1454:Smith 873:Games 855:Games 786:Sears 752:Atari 318:knobs 284:over 275:Atari 102:First 4038:List 3730:Sony 3652:Sega 3619:CD-i 3477:Xbox 3468:Xbox 3375:CDTV 3243:XEGS 3165:List 3150:Game 3103:Pong 3038:Home 2960:list 2943:list 2931:list 2919:list 2907:list 2760:ISBN 2737:ISBN 2714:ISBN 2691:ISBN 2672:ISBN 2649:ISBN 2628:ISBN 2605:ISBN 2578:2016 2533:2007 2501:2007 2395:2016 2365:2016 2328:2016 2298:2014 2219:ISSN 2187:ISSN 2120:2010 2030:2022 2003:Baer 1985:2014 1947:2020 1899:2018 1857:ISSN 1723:2015 1625:2016 1588:2016 1534:2016 1490:2020 1015:3, 4 813:and 811:Pong 778:Pong 770:Pong 765:Pong 646:and 630:for 347:and 280:Pong 203:The 176:Two 160:1975 138:1974 129:1973 88:Type 3702:SNK 3680:32X 3629:RCA 3553:Wii 3502:NEC 2281:IGN 916:Ski 705:'s 622:to 549:in 506:FCC 493:RCA 261:of 215:at 4055:: 2786:28 2758:. 2754:. 2735:. 2731:. 2712:. 2626:. 2568:. 2562:. 2517:. 2485:. 2429:^ 2403:^ 2385:. 2381:. 2355:. 2351:. 2345:. 2314:. 2288:. 2284:. 2278:. 2213:. 2207:. 2181:. 2175:. 2110:. 2104:. 2088:^ 2057:^ 2042:^ 1993:^ 1955:^ 1937:. 1933:. 1907:^ 1889:. 1885:. 1869:^ 1837:^ 1810:^ 1787:^ 1766:^ 1743:^ 1693:^ 1668:^ 1633:^ 1611:. 1605:. 1578:. 1574:. 1542:^ 1524:. 1520:. 1514:. 1498:^ 1480:. 1476:. 1470:. 1438:^ 1423:— 1414:12 1404:— 1385:— 1366:— 1347:— 1319:10 1252:— 1176:— 1157:— 1138:— 1119:— 1024:— 821:, 740:, 709:. 680:. 666:. 553:, 296:. 180:, 134:EU 125:UK 116:NA 3936:) 3932:( 3921:) 3917:( 3836:/ 3736:) 3732:( 3708:) 3704:( 3470:) 3466:( 3204:e 3197:t 3190:v 2889:) 2885:( 2875:e 2868:t 2861:v 2834:) 2826:( 2821:) 2790:) 2783:( 2768:. 2745:. 2722:. 2699:. 2680:. 2657:. 2636:. 2613:. 2580:. 2535:. 2503:. 2397:. 2367:. 2330:. 2300:. 2225:. 2193:. 2122:. 2036:. 1987:. 1949:. 1901:. 1863:. 1725:. 1627:. 1590:. 1536:. 1492:. 1395:8 1376:4 1357:3 1338:2 1300:9 1281:9 1262:9 1243:8 1230:— 1224:8 1205:7 1186:5 1148:3 1129:2 1110:6 1091:6 1072:5 1053:4 1034:4 996:3 977:3 958:3 939:2 920:2 901:1 194:/ 136:: 127:: 118:: 23:.

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