576:" ("Astronomical consideration of the extraordinary and prodigious new star that appeared near the ecliptic in the sign of Sagittarius one evening in early October in the preceding year 1604, and continues to shine in the same place with a tremulous light"). The work is just over 12 pages and unfinished, which has led scholars to believe that either Maestlin failed to finish writing it or the final pages were lost over the centuries. It is estimated he wrote the treatise in April 1605, as Maestlin describes the months of February or March, when the supernova showed signs of decreasing intensity and brightness. He estimated its expiration or disappearance in May of the same year. His reasoning for this estimation came from the fact that the Sun would be in opposition with the nova at this point in time. He discusses extensively the intensity and magnitude of the nova and how it differs from the patterns seen in previous novas, such as that of 1572, which was first seen at a certain magnitude and then like others before and after it, experienced a constant decreasing throughout its visibility. The 1604 Supernova however, maintained a large magnitude for some time, as a first-magnitude star like that of Venus and the other brightest stars.
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his fear that Kepler would publish their letters of correspondence, while another suggests that it was the result of a personal crisis on
Maestlin's behalf in reaction to rumors of his own suicide. Kepler, frustrated with his teacher's refusal to continue their written communication, complained to Maestlin in a letter dated 14 December 1604. He implored him to respond with his thoughts on the recently discovered and highly discussed 1604 Supernova. To not write about this event would make Maestlin guilty of the "crime of deserting astronomy," according to Kepler. Maestlin finally responded at the end of January 1605. He justified his silence by claiming that, concerning the questions Kepler had addressed to him, he had nothing more of use to add to the prior explanations. In regard to the nova, he deduced that it was in fact just a star that had previously not been discovered or noticed.
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the need for a new calendar was known for two hundred years, but nothing was done. He suggested that the reason that calendar was being adopted now was because the
Catholic Church lost power, and the Pope wanted "to further his dominion". This stems from Maestlin's dislike of the position of the Pope, which is shown by his statement, the Pope does not direct "the movements of the sun and moon". Maestlin believed that the Pope was trying to project power into countries that rather recently rid the Pope's powers. Then he suggested that only educated people would notice the problems with the calendar. He believed the judgment day in the year 2000, which with the Julian calendar is an inaccuracy of three days. So he does not believe the correction is worth it.
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539:. Maestlin added diagrams of his views on the order of the planets and the spacing between them. This was the first time such a thing had been done. These diagrams caused a misunderstanding that lasted centuries as Maestlin did not make it clear whether the planets were supposed to be moving along the lines of the circles that were supposed to represent his planetary system, or whether they were meant to be moving within the spaces drawn by him. This led to many people believing that the planetary system suggested by Copernicus included a smaller number of modifications (such as
490:. When that comet appeared, Maestlin, along with the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe were the first people who actively tried to calculate its path in a more complex way than simply tracking its path across the sky. Tycho Brahe and Maestlin deduced that the comet was not only travelling across the sky, but was traversing Aristotle's and Ptolemy's solid geocentric orbs, suggesting that the spheres of planets were not solid as previous astronomers believed. In 1589, he shared his conclusions about the appearance of the comet with his friend, the astrologer
273:, and was regarded as an elite institution of education. He obtained his Baccalaureate in 1569 and his master's degree in 1571. After receiving his master's degree, Maestlin remained at the university as a theology student and as a tutor in the theological seminary church located in Württemberg. In letters sent to Maestlin regarding his qualifications, it was revealed that he graduated summa cum laude and ranked third in his graduating class of twenty. During the time he spent earning his master's degree, Maestlin studied under
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occurred outside the planetary rings and in the ring of fixed stars. This contradicted the previous understandings of
Ptolemaic and Aristotelian models. Maestlin also concluded that the nova helped to prove the heliocentric Solar System as he said unless people concede that comets can be placed in the stellar orb, whose altitude is immense and whose extension we do not know, to which also the distance between the Sun and the Earth is incomparable, as witnessed by Copernicus.
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died at the age of 37, potentially due to complications from childbirth. This untimely death left several children under
Maestlin's care and could have influenced his decision to remarry the following year. In 1589, Maestlin married Margarete Burkhardt. Maestlin and Burkhardt had eight children together. In a 1589 letter to Johannes Kepler, Maestlin recounts how the death of his month-old son, August, deeply troubled him.
564:(Astronomical consideration of the extraordinary and prodigious new star that appeared near the ecliptic in the sign of Sagittarius one evening in early October in the preceding year 1604, and continues to shine in the same place with a tremulous light) with the intent to publish it in the coming years. He began seriously working on the treatise in 1606; however, it was never fully completed.
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458:. This tract was a short mathematical and astronomical appendix detailing the supernova, and it was published in Tübingen in March or April of 1573. Maestlin's treatise attracted the attention of Tycho Brahe, who reproduced it in its entirety, accompanied by his own criticisms, in one of the best-known publications on the subject, his posthumously printed
338:, then at the University of Tübingen, where he taught for 47 years beginning in 1583. In 1582, Maestlin wrote a popular introduction to astronomy. While teaching at the university, Maetslin taught traditional Ptolemaic astronomy in his courses. However, he did present Copernican's heliocentric astronomy to his advanced students.
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in Weil-der-Stadt, which was Kepler's hometown. Kepler's monument has four statues of those who deeply influenced his work in astronomy, and needless to say, one of them is of
Michael Maestlin. The third artwork of Maestlin is a plaque, which is also on Kepler's monument, that shows Maestlin teaching
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are calculated wrong. While his argument with mathematics mostly supports the replacement of the Julian calendar, his argument for political reasons differ. Maestlin was against the adoption of the
Gregorian calendar even though he believed there was a need for a new accurate calendar. He argues that
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The first known calculation of the golden ratio as a decimal was given in a letter written in 1597 by
Michael Maestlin, at the University of Tübingen, to his former student Kepler. He gives "about 0.6180340" for the length of the longer segment of a line of length 1 divided in the golden ratio. The
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church, and as such, he believed that studying the natural world and unraveling the laws that embody it will bring humanity closer to God. In
Maestlin's opinion, understanding God's creations will enable his children to be closer to him and his divine plan. He further believed that finding out more
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While frequently in communication with Kepler between 1594 and 1600, Maestlin stopped responding to Kepler between 1600 and 1605. Kepler, eager to keep the conversation alive, wrote many letters to which he would receive no response. One theory posits that
Maestlin's period of silence ensued due to
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In accordance with the
Copernican view of the heavens, Johannes Kepler calculated there to be empty spaces between the planetary orbs of the heavens, and Maestlin suggested that these empty spaces might be where comets frequently occur. This sort of revelation was only possible under the assumption
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family. Maestlin had an older sister named Elisabeth and a younger brother named Matthäus. His family's original surname was Leckher or Legecker, and they lived in the village of Boll, just a few kilometers south of Göppingen. In his autobiography, Maestlin recounts how the family name of Legecker
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Maestlin married Margarete Grüniger on 9 April 1577. There is little information on his children from this marriage. However, it is known that he had at least three sons, Ludwig, Michael, and Johann Georg, and at least three daughters, Margareta, Dorothea Ursula and Anna Maria. In 1588, Margarete
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to give a set of planetary distances. The appendix was entitled "On the Dimensions of the Heavenly Circles and Spheres, according to the Prutenic tables after the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus" and was intended to both address "the needs of a hypothetical educated reader" and answer some of the
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In accepting the Copernican view of the Solar System, Maestlin believed that the "movement of commutation" (or "parallactic motion") of the superior planets (those farther from the Sun compared to the Earth) and the lack of parallactic motion in the supernova meant that the supernova must have
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Kepler believed that he had discovered the distances between the Sun and the planets in 1595. He assumed equal velocity of each planet and observed that the planets did not revolve just according to the length of their radii. Kepler observed that the Sun exerted a force that was progressively
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became Mästlin. He claims that one of his ancestors was given this as a nickname when an old blind woman touched him and exclaimed "Wie bist du doch so mast und feist! Du bist ein rechter Mästlin!" This roughly translates to "How are you so large and plump? You rightly are a fatso!"
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In 1584, Maestlin was named Professor of Mathematics at Tübingen. He was elected Dean of the Arts Faculty for the following terms: 1588–89, 1594–95, 1600–01, 1607–09, 1610–11, 1615, 1623, and 1629. Maestlin taught trigonometry and astronomy. It was very likely that he used his book
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In addition to his appendix, Maestlin also added his own understanding of Nicolaus Copernicus' geometry to Kepler's book, and in their correspondence they discussed such topics such as the inaccuracy of the values that Copernicus used when calculating the spheres of the cosmos.
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During the days of Maestlin and Kepler, it could be considered dangerous to question God's responsibility for creating the world and all the creatures in it, because one might be accused of blasphemy. Maestlin saw things in a different light, however. He was a follower of the
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In 2000, a conference was held in Tubingen (where Maestlin was a professor at the university) on Maestlin and his life and works. From these, Gerhard Betsch produced a collective volume on their findings, and a breakdown of his works as well as a summary of Maestlin's
710:. His nachlass had been kept and preserved among different library archives in both Germany and Austria. Betsch discussed many things in his dissertation including a treatise composed by Maestlin on the Comet of 1618–1619 written completely in German.
519:, published in 1596. Maestlin and Kepler communicated through letters about the book, and some of those letters form the foundation of Maestlin's appendix to the publication, which focused on Copernican planetary theory, using the values given in
326:. Maestlin concluded that, in the Copernican system, the comet must lie in a region between the sphere of Venus and that of the Earth and Moon. Maestlin served as the Duke's chief scientific adviser from 1577 to 1580.
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In 1613, Maestlin obtained his first set of telescopes. In a letter to Kepler, Maestlin says he was unable to view the satellites of Saturn or the phases of Venus, however, he was able to see the moons of Jupiter.
477:. Both were published the same year, 1602, even though Maestlin's was thought to be written much earlier. In this treatise, Maestlin focused extensively on the mathematics behind the new star's exact location.
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Consideratio Astronomica inusitatae Novae et prodigiosae Stellae, superiori 1604 anno, sub initium Octobris, iuxta Eclipticam in signo Sagittarii vesperi exortae, et adhuc nunc eodem loco lumine corusco
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Consideratio Astronomica inusitatae Novae et prodigiosae Stellae, superiori 1604 anno, sub initium Octobris, iuxta Eclipticam in signo Sagittarii vesperi exortae, et adhuc nunc eodem loco lumine corusco
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in which he gives the daily motion of the Sun in hours and minutes with its positions in two-minute intervals. Other tables he published give equivalent information but in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
299:, and the proper use of geodetic instruments. Apian's teachings evidently influenced Maestlin's paper on sundials, as the contents of this essay involve elements of structured celestial globes and maps.
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was inaccurate and that it states a year to be 365 days and 6 hours long, but as Maestiling said, the year is "365 days, five hours, forty-nine minutes and 46 thirds long". Also, he discusses that the
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attenuated the farther away a planet was from the Sun. Maestlin provided the geometry to help visualize Kepler's theory of the Sun's force and its effects of the other planets, which was included in
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Michael Maestlin has more than one piece of art made in memoriam to him. The first is a woodcut portrait that was solely made for Maestlin. The second one is part of a monument that was made for
543:) than that of Ptolemy, when the very opposite was the case. Despite the confusion these diagrams caused, Maestlin is still credited with having greatly contributed greatly to Kepler's
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While Maestlin had many interests like calendar reform and mathematics, he was above all, an astronomer. He spent much time researching the Sun, Moon, and eclipses. His 1596 work,
454:, took place in the constellation of Cassiopeia and was the first galactic supernova to be observed in Europe. Maestlin attempted to explain this phenomenon in his tract entitled
404:). Maestlin reacted to the thought of distant stars spinning around a fixed Earth every 24 hours in his notes and taught everything that he could about Copernicus to Kepler.
559:) on 9 October 1604. He made his observations visually, without instruments, but did not immediately publish them. Instead, he began working on a treatise, entitled
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correct value is 0.61803398874989484821... The mystical feeling for the golden ratio was of course attractive to Kepler, as was its relation to the regular solids.
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the character of Joe, the manservant, is described as enjoying, "in common with Moestlin, Kepler's professor, the rare faculty of distinguishing the
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questions Kepler had raised in the book. Maestlin also discusses Kepler and the quality of his findings and knowledge on the subject of astronomy.
322:, both Tycho and Maestlin were able to determine that the comet must be above the Moon, contrary to the astronomical theories of both Aristotle and
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and was known as the teacher who most influenced Kepler. Maestlin was considered to be one of the most significant astronomers between the time of
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Maestlin's treatise on the nova of 1572 featured many aspects extremely similar to Tycho de Brahe's much longer treatise on the same nova titled
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Maestlin did begin writing a treatise on Kepler's supernova, though it was never finished. This work, written completely in Latin, was titled "
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Michael Maestlin used his notability to project his religious and political views. In 1582, Maestlin voiced his view in treaties on the new
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of a heliocentric universal organization. Maestlin is believed to have come to this heliocentric view after observing the path of the
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cluster on 24 December 1579. Eleven stars in the cluster were recorded by Maestlin, and possibly as many as fourteen were observed.
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about the natural world we live in will enrich the knowledge we have of God. Maestlin at one time had even been a Lutheran pastor.
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Methuen, Charlotte (March 2001). "Time Human or Time Divine? Theological Aspects in the Opposition to Gregorian Calendar Reform".
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In November 1572, Maestlin and many others around the world witnessed a strange light in the sky that we now know was a galactic
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view. Maestlin corresponded with Kepler frequently and played a sizable role in the latter's adoption of the Copernican system.
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McNutt, Jennifer Powell (September 2006). "Hesitant Steps: Acceptance of the Gregorian Calendar in Eighteenth-Century Geneva".
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with the naked eye, and of counting fourteen of the stars in the group of Pleiades, the remotest of them being only of the
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Methuen, Charlotte (1996). "Maestlin's Teaching of Copernicus: The Evidence of His University Textbook and Disputations".
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In 1589, Maestlin published a dissertation on the fundamental principles of astronomy and the first edition of his book
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Demonstratio astronomica loci stellae novae, tum respectu centri mundi, tum respectu signiferi & aequinoctialis
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as a decimal of "about 0.6180340" was written in 1597 by Maestlin on a letter he got from to Kepler about the
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Observed Kepler's Supernova on 9 October 1604 but did not begin to publicly record the observation until 1606
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and its creation. His arguments focused on mathematics perceptive and political perceptive. He agreed that
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Granada, Miguel A (February 2014). "Michael Maestlin and his Unpublished Treatise on the Nova of 1604".
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Barker, P., & Goldstein, B. R. (2001). Theological foundations of Keplers astronomy. Ithaca, NY.
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In 1604, Maestlin was one of the first astronomers able to observe the 1604 Supernova (later dubbed
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Grafton, Anthony (31 December 1973). "Michael Maestlin's Account of Copernican Planetary Theory".
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High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Michael Maestlin in .jpg and .tiff format.
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Grasshoff, G. (2012). Michael Maestlins mystery: Theory building with diagrams. Cambridge, Eng.
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Calinger, Ronald (2000). "Review of Kepler's Tübingen: Stimulus to a Theological Mathematics".
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Ptolemaic view of the Solar System, Maestlin was also one of the first to accept and teach the
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Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R. (2001). "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy".
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Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R (2001). "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy".
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is almost entirely about the Sun and the Moon and is often referenced in Kepler's 1604 work,
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In 1565, when Maestlin was around 15 years old, he was sent to the nearby Klosterschule in
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Maestlin also supervised and made many contributions to tables and diagrams in Kepler's
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Grafton, Anthony (1973). "Michael Maestlin's Account of Copernican Planetary Theory".
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was written by Maestlin. This preface was an introduction to the work of Copernicus.
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Grasshoff, Gerd (2012). "Michael Maestlin's Mystery: Theory Building with Diagrams".
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Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
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The life and scientific work of the Tübingen astronomer Michael Mästlin 1550–1631
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Albers, Steven C. (March 1979). "Mutual Occultations of Planets: 1557 to 2230".
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Kepler even acknowledged his co-authoring of the book in a letter to Maestlin.
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1790:(in German), vol. 20, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 575–580
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The University of Chicago Press on Behalf of the History of Science Society
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Granada, Miguel A. (2007). "Michael Maestlin and the New Star of 1572".
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Der Tuebingen Professor der Mathematik und Astronomie Michael Maestlin
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Tycho Brahe's depiction of the comet of 1577 traveling across the sky.
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In 1576, Maestlin was sent to be a deacon at the Lutheran church in
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In 1580, Maestlin became a professor of mathematics, first at the
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The preface in the 1596 republication of Georg Joachim Rheticus'
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in Denmark observed the same comet, and from observations of its
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First known decimal approximation of the (inverse) golden ratio
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Burke-Gaffney, W. (1937). "Kepler and the Star of Bethlehem".
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Smolka, Josef (2002). "Michael Mästlin und Galileo Galilei".
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of Mars by Venus on 13 October 1590, seen by Maestlin at
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J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, The Golden ratio, 2001,
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Barker, Peter (June 2002). "Constructing Copernicus".
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https://www.uni-online.de/personen/michael-maestlin/
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193:; 30 September 1550 – 26 October 1631) was a German
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Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
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1780:Siegmund Günther (1884), "
1653:Winnecke (December 1878).
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1158:Acta Historica Astronomiae
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990:Rössler, Hellmuth (1953).
808:10.1177/002182861404500106
297:Theoricae Novae Planetarus
29:
1632:10.1017/s0009640700098620
1124:The Copernican Revolution
676:Cinq semaines en ballon (
636:
329:
170:Mentor of Johannes Kepler
166:
156:
132:
110:
101:
94:
1900:17th-century astrologers
1895:16th-century astrologers
1857:13 November 2020 at the
1802:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1129:Harvard University Press
788:Universitat de Barcelona
761:Neue Deutsche Biographie
730:Copernican heliocentrism
537:Mysterium Cosmographicum
516:Mysterium Cosmographicum
508:Mysterium Cosmographicum
415:(Epitome of Astronomy).
347:Astronomiae pars optica.
343:Disputatio de Eclipsibus
336:University of Heidelberg
1841:Five Weeks in a Balloon
1833:German National Library
1710:1979S&T....57..220A
1544:Encyclopedia Britannica
1369:Hellman, C. D. (1971).
1028:Perspectives on Science
976:23 October 2020 at the
880:Decker, Martin (1939).
678:Five Weeks in a Balloon
357:Among his students was
1795:Volker Bialas (1987),
1682:10.1093/mnras/39.2.146
1232:– via e-rara.ch.
1224:. apud Ioh. Petreium.
994:. Munich. p. 457.
754:Volker Bialas (1987),
502:
256:University of Tübingen
205:. He was a student of
1822:23 April 2016 at the
1257:10.1353/cat.2000.0127
895:Steiff, Karl (1892).
500:
392:Copernican hypothesis
217:Early life and family
1782:Maestlin: Michael M.
1230:10.3931/e-rara-79844
913:. 1906. p. 487.
648:, discovered in 1973
351:Tabula Motus Horarii
146:Duchy of Württemberg
122:Duchy of Württemberg
1757:. 30 September 2015
1737:1937JRASC..31..417B
1673:1878MNRAS..39..146W
1597:10.1558/rrr.v3i1.36
1501:2012JHA....43...57G
1454:1973PAPhS.117..523G
1419:1973PAPhS.117..523G
1356:2001Osir...16...88B
1313:2007JHA....38...99G
1170:2002AcHA...17..122S
884:. pp. 102–104.
800:2014JHA....45...91G
488:Great Comet of 1577
481:Great comet of 1577
413:Epitome Astronomiae
305:Epitome Astronomiae
260:Duke of Württemberg
1890:German astrologers
1797:"Mästlin, Michael"
1755:Linda Hall Library
756:"Mästlin, Michael"
595:Gregorian calendar
557:Kepler's Supernova
551:Kepler's Supernova
521:Erasmus Reinhold's
503:
417:Epitome Astonomiae
60:You can assist by
1846:Project Gutenberg
1698:Sky and Telescope
1382:978-5-88224-384-4
1372:The Comet of 1577
1142:978-0-674-17103-9
1052:Project MUSE
899:. pp. 49–64.
506:Role in Kepler's
492:Helisaeus Roeslin
448:Type Ia supernova
438:SN 1572 supernova
307:in his lectures.
176:
175:
150:Holy Roman Empire
126:Holy Roman Empire
114:30 September 1550
90:
89:
82:
32:Maestlin (crater)
16:(Redirected from
1952:
1829:Michael Maestlin
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1915:Johannes Kepler
1865:
1864:
1859:Wayback Machine
1824:Wayback Machine
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1774:Further reading
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699:Johannes Kepler
692:ninth magnitude
639:
615:Catalogued the
612:
599:Julian calendar
582:
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524:Prutenic Tables
511:
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440:
385:Kepler triangle
374:Galileo Galilei
359:Johannes Kepler
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54:copy editing
52:may require
51:
1880:1631 deaths
1875:1550 births
1164:: 122–140.
672:Jules Verne
661:Lunar Rille
623:Occultation
450:, known as
316:Tycho Brahe
248:Königsbronn
1869:Categories
1761:8 December
1549:2 December
1350:: 88–113.
1131:. p.
1080:: 88–113.
741:References
684:satellites
627:Heidelberg
545:Mysterium;
370:Copernican
363:geocentric
279:Arithmetic
231:Protestant
211:Copernicus
195:astronomer
70:March 2024
62:editing it
1848:(English)
1835:catalogue
1663:. XXXIX.
1640:154764575
1605:159708565
1517:117056401
1329:117171271
1273:125186100
1121:(1985) .
1102:145170215
1000:cite book
957:144999540
864:(Thesis).
816:120423355
541:epicycles
464:Stuttgart
444:supernova
252:Herrenalb
242:Education
223:Göppingen
157:Education
138:(aged 81)
118:Göppingen
1855:Archived
1820:Archived
1265:25025682
1198:Caspar,
1048:57563317
974:Archived
714:See also
708:nachlass
656:Maestlin
643:Asteroid
617:Pleiades
587:Lutheran
574:lucentis
562:lucentis
320:parallax
312:Backnang
288:Elements
227:Tübingen
191:Moestlin
142:Tübingen
18:Maestlin
1831:in the
1733:Bibcode
1731:: 417.
1706:Bibcode
1704:: 220.
1669:Bibcode
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1309:Bibcode
1166:Bibcode
796:Bibcode
688:Jupiter
468:Marburg
466:and in
452:SN 1572
446:. This
421:Ptolemy
324:Ptolemy
187:Möstlin
183:Mästlin
1638:
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637:Legacy
330:Career
293:Sphera
283:Euclid
181:(also
1844:from
1636:S2CID
1601:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1458:JSTOR
1423:JSTOR
1325:S2CID
1269:S2CID
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1090:JSTOR
1056:39052
1044:S2CID
953:S2CID
945:JSTOR
812:S2CID
189:, or
1763:2021
1551:2019
1377:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1006:link
929:Isis
197:and
133:Died
111:Born
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