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848:. The Sambirano region, also known as the Sambirano Domain, is a coastal region of northwestern Madagascar, lying west of the Tsaratanana and Manongarivo massifs. The region has higher rainfall than the rest of the west coast, and is home to distinctive forests. The Sambirano forests are predominantly evergreen, with some deciduous species characteristic of the
451:
have been introduced. Moist evergreen forests are less susceptible to fire than the sclerophyll forests and ericoid thickets. Frequent human-set fires have transformed some of the ecoregion's former forests into savannas and grasslands. Grassland now covers much of the highlands, but the extent to
315:
and adjacent uplands in the southern part of the island. It is separated from the
Central Highlands by the Menaharaka Window, another gap below 800 meters elevation, at approximately 23°S latitude. The highest peak in the Southern Highlands is Pic d'Andohahela at 1,959 meters.
273:
The
Madagascar subhumid forests ecoregion covers Madagascar's highlands, which extend north and south along the length of the island, above approximately 800 metres (2,600 ft) elevation on the east and above 600 metres (2,000 ft) meters elevation on the west.
423:
The ecoregion is home to several distinct plant communities, which differ with elevation, rainfall, and soils. These include moist montane forest, sclerophyllous montane forest, tapia forest, rupicolous shrubland, and grassland.
468:
occurs between 600–800 and 1300 meters elevation, and occasionally as high as 1800 m in sheltered locales. The mature tree canopy is generally closed, and 20 to 25 meters high. Trees are typically evergreen, and species of
346:. Most of that area is now covered by secondary grasslands and agriculture, with forest reduced to fragmented patches. The Sambirano region, also known as the Sambirano Domain, is a particular centre of endemism.
852:
to the north and south, which form a mature canopy 25 to 30 meters high. The
Sambirano forests are home to several endemic species of plants and animals. Lowland primary forest has been reduced to small patches.
1337:
Everson, Kathryn M.; Jansa, Sharon A.; Goodman, Steven M.; Olson, Link E.. "Montane regions shape patterns of diversification in small mammals and reptiles from
Madagascar’s moist evergreen forest".
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is predominant, interspersed with small patches of remnant forest. Low grasslands have also replaced most of the former tapia forests on the western slopes, between 800 and 1,600 meters elevation.
1067:). Both have disappeared from the lake. The Alaotra grebe is thought extinct, and the Madagascar pochard was thought extinct until a small population was sighted at Lake Matsaborimena.
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is the characteristic species. 'Tampoketsa' grasslands cover the plateaus north and northeast of
Antananarivo, between 1,600 and 1,900 meters elevation. The Madagascar endemic grass
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from 1300 to 2000 meters elevation, dominated by small-leaved trees. The canopy is generally no higher than 10 to 13 meters, and can resemble a thicket. Common canopy trees include
661:. The trees have gnarled branches and small leaves, forming a mostly closed canopy 10 to 12 meters high which provides light shade on the forest floor. Other trees include
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cover broad areas of the highlands. They are typically species–poor. 'Tanety' grasslands are low, sparse grasslands between 1,200 and 1,500 meters elevation, where
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to the northwest. It is separated from the
Central Highlands by the Mandritsara Window, an east–west-running gap in the mountains with elevations below 800 meters.
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are largely confined to moist montane forest and some higher-elevation plant communities. There is a plentiful understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants.
763:. Vegetation grows in crevices and on thin mats of coarse soil, and is often sparse and rarely more than two meters high. Common plants include the sedge
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near the northern tip of the island, contains a significant pocket of subhumid forest, surrounded at lower elevations by dry deciduous forest, as do
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to the southwest and south. In four areas above 1,800–2,000 metres (5,900–6,600 ft) elevation, the subhumid forests transition to the montane
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353:, and the eastern slopes generally receive more rainfall. The ecoregion includes the headwaters of most of Madagascar's rivers, and wetlands like
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The ecoregion has an area of approximately 199,600 square kilometers (77,100 sq mi). The highlands catch the wet northeast
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activity by native peoples in the central highlands, eliminating most forest. Other impacts include land clearing for agriculture,
753:. Tapia is fire-resistant, and where fires have been frequently set they form open woodlands or savannas with a grassy understory.
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The central highlands are the most densely populated region of
Madagascar, and includes the country's capital and largest city,
1220:
1366:
Crowley, H. (2004). "30 – Madagascar
Subhumid Forests". In Burgess, N.; D'Amico Hales, J.; Underwood, E.; et al. (eds.).
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is the largest highland region on the island, extending from approximately 16º to 23º south. The
Central Highlands include
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grow in large numbers on the canopy trees, including mosses, lichens, ferns, orchids (particularly species of
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The original flora of the ecoregion has been much altered by human use; extensive areas have been cleared for
1375:. World Wildlife Fund Ecoregion Assessments (2nd ed.). Washington D.C.: Island Press. pp. 271–273.
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209:
1411:
The vegetation of Africa: A descriptive memoir to accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa
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803:. Revivescent plants, which periodically dry out and then revive when rains return, include the moss-like
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Madagascar's high plateau forests have been altered by humans in most places. There has been extensive
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Endemic species include a number of birds, reptiles and mammals including the
Alaotra gentle lemur (
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list of outstanding ecoregions. Most of the original habitats have been lost due to human pressure.
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1488:"Deforestation-neutral mining? Madagascar study shows it can be done, but it's complicated"
1457:
Wilme, Lucien (1996). "Composition and Characteristics of Bird Communities in Madagascar".
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1005:) are native to the subhumid forests and to the higher-elevation ericoid thickets. The
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which the grasslands are the result of human intervention is still subject to debate.
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of the highlands. The subhumid forests are bounded at lower elevations by the humid
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Collins, N. Mark; Harcourt, Caroline S., Sayer, Jeffrey, Whitmore, T. C. (1992).
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The ecoregion is home to several endemic and limited-range species of birds. The
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massifs to the southwest, surrounded by succulent forests at lower elevations.
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Above 2000 meters the sclerophyll forests transition to the high-elevation
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Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
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Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
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of the central uplands, between 600 and 1,600 meters elevation. Tapia (
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7.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include:
1037:) live in both the subhumid forests and the lowland moist forests. The
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Madagascar lost 44% of its original forest between 1953 and 2014.
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and its wetlands were once home to two endemic water birds, the
919:, some of them larger than modern gorillas, the elephant birds (
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area. The subhumid forests ecoregion also includes the disjunct
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Burgess, Neil, Jennifer D’Amico Hales, Emma Underwood (2004).
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spp. The understory is typically shrubs, including species of
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781:. The shrublands are home to many endemic species including
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The ecoregion includes some smaller outlying peaks, notably
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The subhumid forests extend to the northwest coast in the
300:(2,876 m) Madagascar's highest peak, and the massifs of
1475:
Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: East Malagasy wet forests
882:, which are considered a distinct subalpine ecoregion.
635:
is found on the drier western slopes, which are in the
357:. Areas to the south, west, and north lie in the drier
1433:The Conservation Atlas of tropical forests: Africa
759:grows on rock outcrops and sandstone and granite
645:) is a characteristic canopy tree, together with
1538:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1524:
1086:) also inhabit the humid forests of Sambirano.
1343:, Oct 2020, Vol. 47 Issue 10, p2059-2072, 14p.
1435:. Macmillan, London, 1992. ISBN 0-333-57757-4
981:) are largely endemic to the ecoregion. The
365:along the coastal strip to the east, by the
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369:to the north and west, and by the sub-arid
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1292:. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas
1257:. DOPA Explorer. Accessed 28 August 2022.
1112:. The highlands' population is growing.
323:near the northern tip of Madagascar, the
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1099:
889:
830:
623:
587:(hard-leaved) forests and open-canopied
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335:massifs in the southwest of the island.
127:199,600 km (77,100 sq mi)
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954:) are endemic to the Sambirano region.
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1221:Tampoketsa Analamaitso Special Reserve
143:600–1,800 metres (2,000–5,900 ft)
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1123:, introduced species, and pollution.
327:in west-central Madasgascar, and the
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1245:
541:is also present. Trees of the genus
292:The Northern Highlands includes the
1282:
311:The Southern Highlands include the
13:
1413:. UNESCO, 1983. ISBN 92-3-101955-4
1304:
14:
1614:
1504:
1171:Tsaratanana Strict Nature Reserve
628:Tapia forest in the Itremo Massif
1196:Anjanaharibe sud Special Reserve
367:Madagascar dry deciduous forests
342:region, including the island of
99:Madagascar dry deciduous forests
41:
27:
1480:
1451:
244:tropical moist broadleaf forest
73:Tropical moist broadleaf forest
16:Ecoregion in Central Madagascar
1473:BirdLife International (2022)
1448:. Island Press, Washington DC.
1181:Ambohijanahary Special Reserve
1166:Befotaka Midongy National Park
1161:Montagne d'Ambre National Park
1003:Cryptosylvicola randrianasoloi
95:Madagascar succulent woodlands
1:
1512:"Madagascar subhumid forests"
1312:"Madagascar subhumid forests"
1290:"Madagascar subhumid forests"
1238:
1186:Ambohitantely Special Reserve
581:Sclerophyllous montane forest
535:are most common. The conifer
1477:. Accessed 3 September 2022.
1211:Kalambatrika Special Reserve
983:yellow-bellied sunbird-asity
371:Madagascar succulent forests
268:
7:
1533:Madagascar subhumid forests
1459:Biogéographie de Madagascar
1314:. The Encyclopedia of Earth
1255:Madagascar subhumid forests
1226:
1216:Manongarivo Special Reserve
1191:Analamerana Special Reserve
1096:Deforestation in Madagascar
959:rufous-headed ground roller
948:Sambirano fork-marked lemur
897:at Ranomafana National Park
538:Podocarpus madagascariensis
379:Madagascar ericoid thickets
257:. They are included in the
240:Madagascar subhumid forests
83:Madagascar ericoid thickets
22:Madagascar subhumid forests
10:
1619:
1176:Ambatovaky Special Reserve
1093:
1019:Brachypteracias leptosomus
1015:short-legged ground roller
907:) and a number of shrews,
363:Madagascar lowland forests
87:Madagascar lowland forests
1151:Andringitra National Park
678:Dodonaea madagascariensis
602:Razafimandimbisonia minor
460:Andringitra National Park
375:Madagascar spiny thickets
228:
218:
208:
203:
197:humid subtropical climate
184:
147:
139:
131:
123:
118:
104:
78:
66:
54:
49:
40:
26:
21:
1543:Ecoregions of Madagascar
1409:White, Frank F. (1983).
1268:"Map of Ecoregions 2017"
1233:Ecoregions of Madagascar
1201:Ankarana Special Reserve
1146:Andohahela National Park
1141:Ranomafana National Park
1090:Threats and conservation
1070:Two dry forest species,
1007:Madagascar serpent eagle
936:Microcebus sambiranensis
885:
418:
249:that covers most of the
193:tropical savanna climate
189:Tropical monsoon climate
109:Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur
91:Madagascar spiny forests
1340:Journal of Biogeography
1206:Ivohibe Special Reserve
1065:Tachybaptus rufolavatus
971:Xanthomixis cinereiceps
686:Brachylaena microphylla
658:Sarcolaena oblongifolia
615:, including species of
1518:. World Wildlife Fund.
1516:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1131:Marojejy National Park
1105:
995:Crossleyia xanthophrys
987:Neodrepanis hypoxantha
940:Sambirano woolly lemur
898:
842:
629:
462:
435:cultivation, and some
296:in the north, home to
1103:
1035:Xenopirostris polleni
991:Madagascar yellowbrow
932:Sambirano mouse lemur
904:Hapalemur alaotrensis
893:
834:
682:Faurea forficuliflora
664:Asteropeia densiflora
648:Leptolaena pauciflora
627:
458:
401:Ambohitantely Reserve
304:to the northeast and
1156:Lokobe National Park
1084:Philepitta schlegeli
1043:Bradypterus brunneus
967:grey-crowned tetraka
857:Secondary grasslands
806:Selaginella echinata
772:Myrothamnus moschata
757:Rupicolous shrubland
692:, Baronia taratana,
668:Agarista salicifolia
594:Dicoryphe viticoides
466:Moist montane forest
1136:Isalo National Park
963:Atelornis crossleyi
766:Coleochloa setifera
694:Abrahamia buxifolia
313:Anosyenne Mountains
214:Critical/endangered
210:Conservation status
165: /
34:Isalo National Park
1106:
1053:Madagascar pochard
1023:Madagascar red owl
975:forest rock thrush
899:
862:Aristida rufescens
843:
698:Neocussonia bojeri
630:
557:), and species of
463:
397:Andringitra Massif
294:Tsaratanana Massif
287:Andringitra Massif
1011:Eutriorchis astur
979:Monticola sharpei
895:Brown mouse lemur
846:Sambirano forests
775:, and species of
279:Central Highlands
253:of the island of
251:Central Highlands
236:
235:
169:18.933°S 47.517°E
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1385:. Archived from
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1121:overexploitation
1080:Schlegel's asity
880:ericoid thickets
868:Loudetia simplex
836:Ankarana Plateau
608:Baronia taratana
385:Montagne d'Ambre
321:Montagne d'Ambre
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1057:Aythya innotata
999:cryptic warbler
952:Phaner parienti
925:giant tortoises
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431:, grazing, and
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1496:. 11 May 2022.
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1568:Itasy Region
1548:Sofia Region
1515:
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1387:the original
1368:
1338:
1316:. Retrieved
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1262:
1125:
1114:
1110:Antananarivo
1107:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1049:Lake Alaotra
1047:
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986:
978:
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917:giant lemurs
915:, including
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764:
756:
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740:
730:, Vernonia,
726:
712:
706:
676:
662:
656:
646:
640:
633:Tapia forest
632:
631:
616:
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592:
580:
579:
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558:
554:Bulbophyllum
552:
544:Ephippiandra
542:
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446:
440:
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422:
383:
355:Lake Alaotra
348:
337:
325:Makay Massif
318:
310:
291:
276:
272:
239:
237:
204:Conservation
185:Climate type
61:Afrotropical
850:dry forests
800:Pachypodium
751:Leguminosae
742:Helichrysum
672:Pterophylla
652:L. bojerana
637:rain shadow
613:Gymnosperms
518:Brachylaena
476:Pterophylla
472:Tambourissa
429:agriculture
409:Analavelona
393:Tsaratanana
359:rain shadow
351:trade winds
333:Analavelona
306:Manongarivo
298:Maromokotro
172: /
148:Coordinates
1553:Analamanga
1527:Categories
1318:August 20,
1296:August 20,
1274:August 20,
1239:References
1094:See also:
838:, showing
825:Notholaena
783:succulents
761:inselbergs
723:Asteraceae
705:spp., and
618:Podocarpus
522:Astropanax
448:Eucalyptus
403:, and the
263:Global 200
255:Madagascar
220:Global 200
135:Madagascar
113:chameleons
1573:Bongolava
1558:Betsiboka
1270:. Resolve
913:megafauna
872:stipoides
794:Kalanchoe
778:Euphorbia
747:Rubiaceae
718:Vaccinium
589:woodlands
574:Peperomia
568:Rhipsalis
564:Kalanchoe
560:Medinilla
549:Epiphytes
526:Polyscias
510:Protorhus
502:Diospyros
494:Dalbergia
482:Symphonia
389:Ankaratra
340:Sambirano
283:Ankaratra
269:Geography
247:ecoregion
229:Protected
140:Elevation
119:Geography
1593:Ihorombe
1493:Mongabay
1227:See also
809:and the
583:is low
532:Vernonia
498:Canarium
490:Dilobeia
439:such as
302:Marojejy
285:and the
224:included
1029:), and
997:), and
946:), and
923:), and
909:tenrecs
870:subsp.
815:Pellaea
732:Psiadia
728:Senecio
702:Alberta
506:Eugenia
486:Dombeya
344:Nosy Be
160:47°31′E
157:18°56′S
132:Country
105:Animals
79:Borders
50:Ecology
1379:
1078:) and
1059:) and
973:) and
840:tsingy
822:, and
797:, and
749:, and
739:, and
736:Conyza
675:spp.,
655:, and
605:, and
571:, and
529:, and
514:Grewia
442:Acacia
242:are a
232:7.679%
195:(Aw),
191:(Am),
1598:Anosy
1390:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
886:Fauna
811:ferns
714:Erica
419:Flora
413:Isalo
329:Isalo
199:(Cwa)
68:Biome
56:Realm
1377:ISBN
1320:2021
1298:2021
1276:2021
930:The
788:Aloe
445:and
433:rice
411:and
373:and
331:and
277:The
238:The
124:Area
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1013:),
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259:WWF
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