1603:
180:, the earliest occurrence of it in print was in 1988. The phrase "we still tak'em and mak'em" was found in a sporting context in 1973 in reference to Sunderland Cricket & Rugby Football Club. While this lends support to the theory that this phrase was the origin of the term "Mak'em", there is nothing to suggest that "mak'em" had come to be applied to people from Sunderland generally at such a date. The name "Mak'em" may refer to the Wearside shipyard workers, who during
119:
320:
159:
Sunderland, "we make 'em an' they take 'em" ā however, this account is disputed (and, indeed, as an earlier form of the name was Mac n' Tac, it seems unlikely). Another explanation is that ships were both built and repaired (i.e. "taken in for repairs") on the Wear. The term could also be a reference to the volume of ships built during wartime on the
289:
found that locals of the region consider
Geordie and Mackem to be separate dialects and identify numerous lexical, grammatical, and phonetic differences between the two. In fact, Mackem is considered to be more closely related to Durham dialects than to those of Tyneside. There are even a small but
430:( and ) in the most conservative forms of the dialect. This variation is the supposed reason why Tyneside shipyard workers might have coined "Mak'em" as an insult. However, the pronunciation of the word is not confined to Sunderland and can be found in other areas of Northern England and Scotland.
617:
Unlike some
Northern English varieties the definite article is never reduced. As in Scots and other Northumbrian dialects the definite article is used in a wider range of contexts than in standard English, including kinship terms, names of institutions, temporal expressions, illnesses, and even
158:
them down the River Wear to the sea ā the shipyards and port authority being the most conspicuous employers in
Sunderland. A variant explanation is that the builders at Sunderland would build the ships, which would then go to Tyneside to be outfitted, hence from the standpoint of someone from
115:, the earliest occurrence of the word Mackem or Makāem in print was in 1988. However, as evidenced by the attached news articles, the word Makāem (or Mackem) has been much in evidence for a great many years prior to 1988. Indeed, one of the articles attached dates to 1929.
98:
and Mackem. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around
Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside."
537:
As well as this the use of oo <u:> in words with the BROWN vowel isn't as frequent as it is in the
Geordie accent (Sunderland=town v Newcastle=toon), however, this feature was traditionally found in all dialects north of the
107:
There is much debate about the origin of the word Mackem, although it has been argued that it may stem from the phrase "Mak āem and Takāem" - with Makāem being the local pronunciation of "make them" and Takāem from "take them".
170:
team
Sunderland AFC, and may have been coined in that context. Newcastle and Sunderland have a history of rivalry beyond the football pitch, the rivalry associated with industrial disputes of the 19th century.
600:
208:. Ellis regarded Sunderland as speaking a variant of the North Durham dialect. He placed considered Sunderland to be close to a dialectal boundary, and placed the nearby village of
478:, due to the inclusion of an extra and the contraction thereof, is often pronounced . While and some other cases of this extra vowel have been observed in the Geordie dialect,
285:
To people outside the region, the differences between Mackem and
Geordie dialects often seem marginal, but there are many notable differences. A perceptual dialect study by the
131:
1905:
166:
Whatever the exact origin of the term, Mackem has come to refer to someone from
Sunderland and its surrounding areas, in particular the supporters of the local
2982:
2922:
406:
1316:
75:
It has been used by (a proportion of) the people of
Sunderland to describe themselves since the 1980s, prior to which it was mainly used in
1545:
3017:
1990:
1677:
1227:
1212:
3138:
1712:
1360:
1682:
1009:
1157:. Oxford University Press. 11 January 2006. pp. "OED News: BBC Balderdash and Piffle (Series One)" section. Archived from
142:
It has been argued that the expressions date back to the height of
Sunderland's shipbuilding history, as the shipwrights would
290:
noticeable differences in pronunciation and grammar between the dialects of North and South Sunderland (for example, the word
3067:
2852:
1869:
3143:
3087:
2160:
2045:
1748:
1224:
On Early English Pronunciation, Part V. The existing phonology of English dialects compared with that of West Saxon speech
1209:
On Early English Pronunciation, Part V. The existing phonology of English dialects compared with that of West Saxon speech
488:
as in Northumberland and on Tyneside, however, there is a difference in vowel quality between Tyneside and Mackem , or .
3123:
2568:
1849:
1788:
2673:
3133:
1330:
1146:
367:
349:
220:
dialects. Ellis also noted the influence on Sunderland speech from migrants to the area from Ireland and Scotland.
2472:
1793:
1538:
3128:
2720:
2516:
1637:
388:
200:
There has been very little academic work done on the Sunderland dialect. It was a site in the early research by
1117:
3037:
2477:
1983:
1717:
1672:
1632:
345:
94:, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as
3077:
2770:
2732:
1854:
1065:
496:
3072:
2725:
2545:
2362:
2183:
1803:
1642:
1238:
596:
523:
507:
452:
402:
398:
3118:
2448:
2438:
2036:
2003:
1999:
1531:
3032:
2747:
2605:
2016:
263:
1968:
1518:
3148:
3012:
2538:
2496:
2467:
2399:
2367:
1976:
1808:
1783:
1662:
1577:
282:
tape because the police switched their investigation to Wearside after Ellis's analysis of the tape.
267:
176:
112:
60:
2737:
2691:
2590:
2563:
2528:
2423:
2294:
1707:
330:
286:
271:
474:
is . This feature has led to some words being very differently pronounced in Sunderland. The word
2949:
2782:
2600:
2575:
1957:
1895:
1763:
1617:
529:
The Mackem accent is different from Geordie in some instances. For example, the pronunciation of
341:
334:
212:
and a narrow coastal strip running south within the South Durham dialectal region, alongside the
31:
17:
2864:
2842:
2646:
2343:
2312:
2190:
384:
254:
2760:
1124:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 21 June 2005. pp. "Wear >, Voices 2005" section
3062:
2847:
2742:
2455:
2389:
2143:
2133:
2128:
1864:
1828:
1773:
1743:
1687:
1657:
553:
it has been said that the Sunderland accent has more of a diphthong instead of the standard
3055:
1095:
1043:
2484:
2377:
2317:
2195:
2168:
2085:
274:, later worked with police on analysing the speech in a tape sent to the police during the
201:
167:
8:
3082:
2912:
2904:
2802:
2765:
2651:
2636:
2511:
2501:
2428:
2267:
1798:
1622:
2972:
2939:
2874:
2857:
2712:
2533:
2080:
2070:
1697:
1592:
1582:
1554:
1483:
1450:
1310:
64:
1602:
1512:
1427:
1180:
83:. An alternative name for a Mackem (except in the sense of a football supporter) is a
2977:
2962:
2934:
2894:
2686:
2623:
2372:
2148:
2112:
1952:
1778:
1702:
1692:
1667:
1487:
1463:
1454:
72:
2668:
1523:
1072:. Oxford University Press. 10 June 2005. pp. "OED News" section. Archived from
3097:
3050:
3002:
2929:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2658:
2631:
2489:
2409:
2354:
2252:
2234:
2221:
2058:
2053:
1931:
1900:
1758:
1753:
1475:
1442:
556:
539:
275:
1021:
988:
2967:
2869:
2807:
2777:
2585:
2460:
2281:
2257:
2229:
2200:
2173:
2138:
2025:
1890:
1833:
1738:
1627:
91:
37:
For the American anatomic pathologist and physician-scientist born in 1954, see
3042:
2957:
2917:
2817:
2641:
2394:
2299:
2289:
2205:
2007:
1818:
1647:
1587:
147:
1479:
67:. It is also a name for the local dialect and accent (not to be confused with
3112:
3092:
3007:
2663:
2580:
2521:
2433:
2384:
2262:
2244:
1926:
1652:
1558:
1446:
955:
590:
279:
2595:
2443:
2322:
1768:
1255:
582:
470:
This "extra syllable" occurs in other words spoken in Mackem dialect, i.e.
181:
38:
1338:
1158:
526:. This is not found in most northern accents apart from in the North East.
1859:
1823:
1813:
1733:
184:
were brought into shipbuilding and regarded as taking work away from the
234:
For they dare not come to see their husbands when they come to the Quay;
27:
Nickname for residents of and people from Sunderland, North East England
2506:
1998:
1572:
1496:
1303:
Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English)
586:
578:
570:
160:
257:. The song includes features considered archaic in the modern dialect.
2063:
1874:
965:
447:, with a short in between, . This is also the case for words with a
319:
2090:
444:
394:
217:
213:
189:
95:
84:
76:
56:
1301:
Beal, Joan, C.; Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes; Llamas, Carmen (2012).
1073:
3027:
3022:
2832:
2178:
2105:
2100:
960:
232:
The poor auld wives oā the north side disnāt knaw what for te de,
185:
174:
Evidence suggests the term is a recent coinage. According to the
151:
118:
68:
2075:
1936:
209:
80:
559:
1921:
1403:
130:
514:
However, in the same way as the Geordie dialect, the words
495:
vowel pronounced as in Received Pronunciation, unlike the
242:
Where mony a ane wishes he may be weshed away wiā the tide,
1300:
248:
It will drive his heart out then where will his midred be?
455:, which are monosyllabic in some other dialects, such as
1464:"Folk accounts of dialect differences in Tyne and Wear"
236:
Theyāre feared oā their selās, and their infants, tee,
1553:
1379:
599:
is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the
393:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
298:
whereas a South Sunderland speaker may often prefer
744:
you (singular), you (plural), yourself, yours, your
244:
For if Floutterās flood come, as it usād for te de,
1391:
1273:
228:Belanging yon Spottee that lived on the Law Quay,
3110:
1494:
1428:"A Perceptual Dialect Map of North East England"
1409:
407:IPA Ā§ Brackets and transcription delimiters
1226:, A.J. Ellis, Truebner & Co, London, 1889
1211:, A.J. Ellis, Truebner & Co, London, 1889
755:they, them, themsels/theirsels, theirs, their
1984:
1539:
1498:Language variation and identity in Sunderland
302:and people from the surrounding areas prefer
2342:
1315:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
776:an arl - as well, also (compare Scots an aw)
1519:Wear Online ā Home of the Mackem Dictionary
1337:. Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from
593:, but not in other areas of the North East.
467:, in Mackem which are , and respectively.
348:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
270:was surveyed. The researcher of the site,
3018:Comparison of American and British English
1991:
1977:
1546:
1532:
1141:
1139:
831:is favoured in surrounding colliery towns)
238:For this roguish fellow they call Spottee.
1323:
368:Learn how and when to remove this message
278:investigation, which became known as the
240:But now heās gane away unto the sea-side,
224:Come all ye good people and listen to me,
71:); and for a fan, of whatever origin, of
2711:
1713:Venerable Bede Church of England Academy
1305:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1231:
1203:
1201:
1066:"BBC Wordhunt: Your Language Needs You!"
983:
981:
204:, who also recorded a local song called
129:
117:
1683:St Robert of Newminster Catholic School
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1136:
1058:
650:(do) have uncontracted negative forms.
226:And a comical tale I will tell unto ye,
14:
3111:
1461:
1425:
1397:
1385:
1279:
1010:Geordie: A regional dialect of English
230:That had nowther house nor harbour he.
163:, e.g. "We make'em and they sink'em".
111:According to the current entry in the
1972:
1527:
1198:
1151:: Mackem, n. (Draft Entry Jan. 2006)"
1110:
978:
752:they, them, themselves, theirs, their
621:
3088:Non-native pronunciations of English
1749:Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens
1678:St Anthony's Girls' Catholic Academy
1285:
747:ye, youse, yoursel/yersel, your/yer
626:The indefinite article is used with
397:. For the distinction between ,
346:adding citations to reliable sources
313:
253:An excerpt of the song Spottee from
1850:Doxford International Business Park
612:
24:
1495:Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes (2008).
567:vowel in most dialects of English.
506:vowel are pronounced with a short
195:
25:
3160:
1506:
1426:Pearce, Michael (31 March 2009).
1367:. BBC Lincolnshire. 5 August 2006
522:are often pronounced with a long
59:for residents of and people from
1794:Sunderland International Airshow
1789:St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth
1601:
555:
437:are pronounced (cf. Geordie: ).
318:
3139:Languages of the United Kingdom
1501:(PhD). University of Sheffield.
1468:Dialectologia et Geolinguistica
1419:
1353:
1248:
1216:
1098:. englandsnortheast.co.uk. 2016
1046:. englandsnortheast.co.uk. 2016
389:International Phonetic Alphabet
3038:English-based creole languages
1633:Castle View Enterprise Academy
1435:Journal of English Linguistics
1173:
1088:
1036:
1014:
1003:
930:wey - well (wey nar = well no)
633:
13:
1:
3078:List of English-based pidgins
1855:Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK
971:
779:an't - aren't (interrogative)
761:
294:in North Sunderland is often
3073:Linguistic purism in English
1804:Monkwearmouth Station Museum
1643:Farringdon Community Academy
858:marra - friend, acquaintance
800:clip - slap; in a poor state
736:we, us, ourselves, ours, our
499:Scots variant. Cf. Geordie .
309:
102:
7:
3144:English language in England
2174:London & Thames Estuary
1673:St Aidan's Catholic Academy
949:
716:
712:
577:is said to be a feature in
10:
3165:
3124:British regional nicknames
3033:English as a lingua franca
1096:"Sunderland Mackem Origin"
1044:"Sunderland Mackem Origin"
731:I, us/me, mesel, mine, me
654:
607:
264:Survey of English Dialects
36:
29:
3013:Broad and general accents
2995:
2948:
2923:regional and occupational
2903:
2890:
2883:
2795:
2756:
2704:
2682:
2622:
2554:
2419:
2408:
2353:
2335:
2308:
2280:
2243:
2220:
2159:
2121:
2044:
2035:
2024:
2015:
1945:
1914:
1883:
1842:
1809:Sunderland Aquatic Centre
1784:Sunderland Empire Theatre
1726:
1663:Oxclose Community Academy
1610:
1599:
1565:
1480:10.1515/dialect-2012-0001
661:
658:
655:
502:Most words that have the
177:Oxford English Dictionary
113:Oxford English Dictionary
3134:Culture in Tyne and Wear
1708:University of Sunderland
1462:Pearce, Michael (2012).
1447:10.1177/0075424209334026
1256:"Accents & dialects"
287:University of Sunderland
134:An article from 1953 in
122:An article from 1929 in
30:Not to be confused with
1958:Sunderland A.F.C. Women
1906:Sunderland Global Media
1764:Herrington Country Park
1410:Burbano-Elizondo (2008)
1361:"Where I Actually Live"
1239:Obituary: Stanley Ellis
728:I, me, myself, mine, my
705:contrasts with Geordie
512:after, laughter, pasta.
385:phonetic transcriptions
3129:People from Sunderland
2191:Received Pronunciation
1118:"The Mackem Wordhunt!"
382:This section contains
260:
255:The Bishoprick Garland
139:
127:
2385:Multicultural Toronto
1829:Northern Spire Bridge
1774:National Glass Centre
1688:Sandhill View Academy
1658:Monkwearmouth Academy
791:canny - good or a lot
739:we, us, oursels, our
630:in certain contexts.
433:Many words ending in
266:, the nearby town of
222:
133:
121:
2546:Western Pennsylvania
1237:Jack Windsor Lewis,
1024:. Seagull City. 2017
991:. Seagull City. 2017
945:yisterda - yesterday
912:the morra - tomorrow
864:ne - no (determiner)
646:as well as the verb
342:improve this section
202:Alexander John Ellis
146:the ships, then the
3083:Mid-Atlantic accent
2674:Trinidad and Tobago
1799:Washington Old Hall
1623:Argyle House School
601:velarised allophone
533:is often more like
3119:City of Sunderland
2606:Pennsylvania Dutch
1727:Places of interest
1718:Washington Academy
1698:Sunderland College
1593:Springwell Village
1583:Houghton-le-Spring
1555:City of Sunderland
1515:Virtual Sunderland
1341:on 24 October 2007
1245:, 13 November 2009
1185:Virtual Sunderland
1076:on 18 January 2006
921:waddent - wouldnāt
909:the neet - tonight
821:fyace, pyat - face
622:Indefinite Article
443:is split into two
140:
128:
65:North East England
3106:
3105:
2991:
2990:
2791:
2790:
2700:
2699:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2539:Pacific Northwest
2400:Standard Canadian
2331:
2330:
2276:
2275:
2216:
2215:
1966:
1965:
1953:Sunderland A.F.C.
1703:Thornhill Academy
1693:Southmoor Academy
1668:Red House Academy
759:
758:
699:
698:
573:in words such as
545:In words such as
378:
377:
370:
138:discussing Makem.
126:discussing Makem.
90:According to the
79:as a disparaging
73:Sunderland A.F.C.
16:(Redirected from
3156:
3149:City colloquials
3003:English language
2888:
2887:
2709:
2708:
2692:Falkland Islands
2591:General American
2564:African-American
2417:
2416:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2021:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1932:Washington, D.C.
1901:Spark Sunderland
1759:Penshaw Monument
1754:Stadium of Light
1638:Christ's College
1605:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1502:
1491:
1458:
1432:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1161:on 19 April 2009
1143:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
985:
897:spuggy - sparrow
894:spelk - splinter
815:dizn't - doesn't
803:clivver - clever
720:Standard English
717:
653:
652:
613:Definite Article
598:
566:
565:
562:
561:
540:Humber-Lune Line
525:
509:
505:
494:
454:
451:vowel preceding
450:
404:
400:
373:
366:
362:
359:
353:
322:
314:
276:Yorkshire Ripper
258:
21:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
2987:
2944:
2899:
2879:
2787:
2783:Solomon Islands
2752:
2696:
2678:
2610:
2601:New York Latino
2576:American Indian
2556:
2550:
2411:
2404:
2345:
2327:
2313:Channel Islands
2304:
2272:
2239:
2212:
2155:
2117:
2027:
2011:
1997:
1967:
1962:
1941:
1910:
1891:Sunderland Echo
1879:
1838:
1834:Beacon of Light
1739:Donnison School
1722:
1628:Biddick Academy
1606:
1597:
1561:
1552:
1509:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1331:"Mackem Accent"
1329:
1328:
1324:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1260:British Library
1254:
1253:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1147:"New Entry for
1145:
1144:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
987:
986:
979:
974:
952:
834:gie's - give me
764:
715:
636:
624:
615:
610:
558:
554:
503:
492:
448:
422:are pronounced
412:
411:
410:
374:
363:
357:
354:
339:
323:
312:
259:
252:
245:
243:
241:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
229:
227:
225:
198:
196:Characteristics
154:captains would
148:maritime pilots
136:Sunderland Echo
124:Sunderland Echo
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92:British Library
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2019:
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2012:
2008:Modern English
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1507:External links
1505:
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1870:The Galleries
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1398:Pearce (2009)
1394:
1388:, p. 12.
1387:
1386:Pearce (2012)
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1280:Pearce (2012)
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956:Monkey hanger
954:
953:
944:
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939:wrang - wrong
938:
936:whese - whose
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773:alarn - alone
772:
770:alang - along
769:
767:aight - eight
766:
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591:Middlesbrough
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327:This section
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305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
283:
281:
280:Wearside Jack
277:
273:
272:Stanley Ellis
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40:
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19:
2848:South Africa
2843:Sierra Leone
2596:Miami Latino
2485:Philadelphia
2473:Inland North
2378:Newfoundland
2196:West Country
2095:
2010:by continent
1769:Mowbray Park
1497:
1471:
1467:
1438:
1434:
1420:Bibliography
1405:
1393:
1381:
1371:21 September
1369:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1345:21 September
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1334:
1325:
1302:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1243:The Guardian
1242:
1233:
1223:
1222:page 640 of
1218:
1208:
1190:21 September
1188:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1154:
1148:
1126:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
1102:20 September
1100:. Retrieved
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1069:
1060:
1050:20 September
1048:. Retrieved
1038:
1028:20 September
1026:. Retrieved
1016:
1005:
995:20 September
993:. Retrieved
888:rund - round
885:reet - right
882:pund - pound
867:neet - night
849:leet - light
828:
818:fower - four
797:clarts - mud
706:
702:
700:
647:
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627:
625:
616:
583:Butterknowle
574:
550:
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534:
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519:
515:
511:
485:
484:rhymes with
481:
475:
471:
464:
460:
456:
440:
434:
427:
423:
419:
415:
401:and ⟨
383:
364:
355:
340:Please help
328:
303:
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284:
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247:
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