251:
377:
314:, so in order to combat illegal usage of their operating system software, they continue to use methods to prevent Mac OS X (now macOS) from being installed on unofficial non-Apple hardware, with mixed success. At present, with proper knowledge and instruction, macOS installation is more or less straightforward. Several online communities have sprung up to support end-users who wish to install macOS on non-Apple hardware. Some representative examples of these are Dortania and InsanelyMac.
243:. Through the 1980s and into the 1990s, much of the system software was included in the Macintosh's physical ROM chips. Therefore, any competitor attempting to create a Macintosh clone without infringing copyright would have to reverse-engineer the ROMs, which would have been an enormous and costly process without certainty of success. Only one company, Nutek, managed to produce "semi-Mac-compatible" computers in the early 1990s by partially re-implementing
397:
27:
279:
Macintosh clone with specifications similar to the Mac 512K, and proposed to put it on sale. Although
Unitron claimed to have legitimately reverse-engineered the ROMs and hardware, and Apple did not hold patents covering the computer in Brazil, Apple claimed the ROMs had simply been copied. Ultimately, under pressure from the US government and local manufacturers of
278:
In the early 1980s, Brazil's military dictatorship instituted trade restrictions that prohibited the importation of computers from overseas manufacturers, and these restrictions were not lifted until 1993. A Brazilian company called
Unitron (which had previously produced Apple II clones) developed a
234:
Wary of repeating history and wanting to retain tight control of its product, Apple's
Macintosh strategy included technical and legal measures that rendered production of Mac clones problematic. The original Macintosh system software contained a very large amount of complex code, which embodied the
779:
or discontinued them altogether. Some of the clone manufacturers even went out of business. Reportedly, a heated telephone conversation between Jobs and
Motorola CEO Christopher Galvin resulted in the contentious termination of Motorola's clone contract, and the long-favored Apple being demoted to
763:
returned to Apple in 1997, he personally tried to renegotiate licensing deals more favorable to Apple five times over the course of three weeks and in his words each time was "basically told to pound sand". This response caused him to halt negotiations of upcoming licensing deals with OS licensees
890:
While Mac clones traditionally aim to compete directly with Apple's solutions through lower prices, Mac conversions target market segments that lack dedicated solutions from Apple, and where the need for a Mac solution is high enough to justify the combined cost of the full price of the Mac donor
772: (equivalent to $ 189,800,995 in 2023) and gave their users free Mac OS 8 upgrade disks, ending the clone era. Only UMAX ever obtained a license to ship Mac OS 8 and get Mac OS 8 upgrade disks, which expired in July 1998 (Power Computing also got Mac OS 8 disks by their acquisition by Apple).
202:
also released another 68k emulator for Macs, replacing the original, called Speed
Doubler, supposedly reported to be even faster than Apple's. As the years went by, the emulator wasn't updated to work with later versions of the original Mac OS, however, supposedly because Apple's own 68k emulator
791:
at the time, for the world's then-largest Wintel PC manufacturer to license Mac OS, which would have been a coup for Apple. However no agreement was reached, as Apple had second thoughts about licensing its "crown jewel", while Compaq did not want to offend
Microsoft, which it had partnered with
767:
Because the clone makers' licenses were valid only for Apple's System 7 operating system, Apple's release of Mac OS 8 left the clone manufacturers without the ability to ship a current Mac OS version and effectively ended the cloning program. Apple bought Power
Computing's Mac clone business for
196:. This means even a 68060-upgraded Atari ST clone or Amiga, which avoid CPU emulation, were always slower, on top of causing some programs not to work thanks to imperfect virtualization of the Mac system and remaining machine components.
297:
When Apple migrated to the PC-Intel platform in the mid 2000s, Apple hardware was more or less the same as generic PC hardware from a platform perspective. This theoretically allowed for installation of Mac OS X on non-Apple hardware.
258:
This strategy, making the development of competitive Mac clones prohibitively expensive, successfully shut out manufacturers looking to create computers that would directly compete with Apple's product lines. However, companies like
109:
in the computers' ROM chips and subsequently legally produced computers that could run the same software. These clones were seen by Apple as a threat, as Apple II sales had presumably suffered from the competition provided by
222:, from ARDI. ARDI reverse-engineered the Mac ROM and built a 68000 CPU emulator, enabling Executor to run most (but not all) Macintosh software, from System 5 to System 7, with good speed. The migration from 68000 to
58:. During Apple's short lived Mac OS 7 licensing program, authorized Mac clone makers were able to either purchase 100% compatible motherboards or build their own hardware using licensed Mac reference designs.
153:
software suite: the Tiger
Learning Computer (TLC). The TLC lacked a built-in display. Its lid acted as a holster for the cartridges that stored the bundled software, as it had no floppy drive.
411:
By 1995, Apple
Macintosh computers accounted for around 7% of the worldwide desktop computer market. Apple executives decided to launch an official clone program in order to expand Macintosh
834:
said the company does not plan to let people run Mac OS X (macOS) on other computer makers' hardware. "We will not allow running Mac OS X on anything other than an Apple Mac," he said.
393:
published an editorial stating that Apple clones were coming, and that the company should license its technology to others so it would benefit as the overall
Macintosh market grew.
169:, and Aladin emulators. The first three of those emulators required that the user purchase a set of Mac ROMs sold as system upgrades to Macintosh users. Later, multiple
446:. However, by 1996 Apple executives were worried that high-end clones were cannibalizing sales of their own high-end computers, where profit margins were highest.
192:
processors were available, PowerPC Macs became so powerful that they ran 68000 applications faster than any 68000-based computer, including any Amiga, Atari ST or
302:
is the term appropriated by hobbyist programmers, who have collaborated on the Internet to install versions of Mac OS X v10.4 onwards – dubbed
271:, were able to sidestep the Mac cloning process by targeting high-end, high-profit market segments without suitable product offerings from Apple and offering
1335:
114:
and other clone manufacturers, both legal and illegal. At IBM, the threat proved to be real: most of the market eventually went to clone-makers, including
364:
immediately sued in July 2008 and a protracted legal battle followed, ending in November 2009 with a summary judgement against Psystar. In May 2012, the
1164:"Taking your Mac on the road: Outbound Laptop System - Hardware Review - alternative to Apple Macintosh Portable from Outbound Systems Inc - evaluation"
431: (equivalent to $ 99.98 in 2023)) for each clone computer they sold. This generated quick revenues for Apple during a time of financial crisis.
1368:
1240:
1672:
1709:
1582:
818:
in 2006, and subsequent to a major increase in visibility and a gain in computer market share for Apple with the success of the
423:
of the Macintosh ROMs and system software to other manufacturers, each of which agreed to pay a flat fee for a license, and a
203:
eventually surpassed it in performance, and the OS itself relied further on native PowerPC code with each new Mac OS update.
226:, and the added difficulties of emulating a PowerPC on x86 platforms, made targeting the later Mac OS versions impractical.
1603:
944:
962:
1559:
775:
All other manufacturers had their Macintosh clone contract terminated by late 1997 and either continued their brands as
1280:
811:
365:
62:
1248:
Proceedings of the 5th Brazilian Congress of Economic History and the 6th International Conference on Business History
1008:
1755:
1480:
1445:
998:
1345:
1218:
926:
170:
119:
799:
In 2001, Jobs reportedly had a meeting with Sony executives, saying he was "willing to make an exception" for
165:
could emulate a Mac by adding the third-party Magic Sac emulator, released in 1985, and, later, the Spectre,
111:
1627:
916:
145:
Apple eventually licensed the Apple II ROMs to other companies, primarily to educational toy manufacturer
1771:
1694:
826:
have expressed renewed interest in creating Macintosh clones. While various industry executives, notably
654:
449:
A total of 75 distinct Macintosh clone models are known to have been introduced during the licensee era.
381:
77:
using a varying combination of community-developed patches and hacks. Such a Wintel/PC computer running
1723:
1057:
988:
254:
Mac ROM was used in the Outbound Notebook. The Mac ROM stick is shown removed, revealing the RAM slots.
1411:
1201:"Colby to Sell SE Model of Walk-Mac- Plans for Authorized Apple Dealers to Install Spare Motherboards"
519:
B-Machine, Boston, Cannes, Harvard, Hollywood, Manhattan, Nashville, New York, Paris, Rome, Stanford
1798:
856:
680:
250:
871:, in order to become a functional computer system. This business model is most commonly used in the
1749:
1163:
872:
1251:
1393:
1472:
1462:
1435:
830:, have stated publicly that they would like to sell Macintosh-compatible computers, Apple VP
1200:
1181:
843:
244:
8:
884:
859:
enclosure kit that requires the core components of a previously purchased, genuine Apple
620:
219:
102:
73:
computers are technologically so similar to Mac computers that they are able to boot the
310:
hardware rather than on Apple's own hardware. Apple contends this is illegal under the
1779:
1476:
1441:
1033:
852:
724:
443:
405:
376:
349:
307:
211:
146:
123:
70:
1551:
1303:
1437:
Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company
1141:
864:
613:
353:
283:
the Brazilian Computer and Automation Council did not allow production to proceed.
185:
55:
31:
1313:
793:
524:
439:
260:
181:
1648:
1120:
138:
in Europe, and dozens of smaller companies, and in short order IBM found it had
876:
714:
189:
569:
Twister, Typhoon, XB, XB-Pro, PowerJolt Upgrade, PowerJolt OverDrive Upgrade
1792:
1765:
831:
729:
401:
268:
1761:
880:
827:
412:
193:
139:
131:
732:
series: C500, C600, J700, J710, S900, S910, Aegis, Apus, Centauri, Pulsar
659:
Power, PowerBase, PowerCenter/Pro, PowerCurve, PowerTower/Pro, PowerWave
1744:
1740:
1061:
868:
792:
since its founding in 1982. By 2007, five years after Compaq merged with
240:
166:
149:
in order to produce an inexpensive laptop with educational games and the
1535:
Beale, Steven (November 1997). "Apple Eliminates the Top Clone Vendor".
1267:
1182:"Apple Backs Portable Mac By Dynamac- First Mac Laptop To Gain Approval"
1085:
760:
361:
357:
341:
292:
150:
20:
1520:
Beale, Steven (October 1997). "Mac OS 8 Ships with No License Deal".
1468:
1340:
1308:
860:
849:
800:
784:
776:
764:
that Apple executives complained were still financially unfavorable.
424:
396:
199:
47:
26:
1372:
1250:(in Portuguese), Brazilian Economic History Society, archived from
608:
603:
MaxxBoxx 730/200, 790/Tanzania, 860/nitro, 930/mocca, 960/tsunami
598:
416:
389:
280:
162:
106:
94:
1106:
435:
420:
337:
329:
323:
264:
223:
135:
788:
482:
345:
127:
115:
98:
74:
66:
43:
1241:"O caso Unitron e condições de inovação tecnológica no Brasil"
1724:"Makers Proceed Despite Apple's Refusal to Sell Motherboards"
1710:"Makers Proceed Despite Apple's Refusal to Sell Motherboards"
804:
633:
Keenya, Magna, Maxxtrem, Magna Card Upgrade, Joecard Upgrade
333:
215:
206:
There was also a software emulator for x86 platforms running
174:
78:
1505:
Gruman, Galen (November 1997). "Why Apple Pulled the Plug".
101:
computer lines were "cloned" by other manufacturers who had
1587:
1552:"Jobs Makes Headway at Apple, But Not Without Much Turmoil"
891:
computer plus the price of the conversion kit & labor.
823:
819:
311:
815:
438:-based clone computers running Mac OS, most notably from
434:
From early 1995 through mid-1997, it was possible to buy
380:
A PowerCenter Pro 210, a Macintosh clone manufactured by
236:
207:
1369:"Apple Wins Court Victory Over Mac Clone Maker Psystar"
796:, Rosen told Jobs he had switched to being a Mac user.
452:
The following companies produced licensed Mac clones:
34:
3000/160MT, a Macintosh clone manufactured by Motorola
848:
Unlike Mac clones that contain little or no original
1333:
1219:"Unitron Mac 512: A Contraband Mac 512K from Brazil"
887:
and similar legal concepts in most other countries.
368:
denied Psystar's appeal, closing the case for good.
1707:
1543:
894:The following companies produced Mac conversions:
1601:
1583:"Jobs reportedly wanted Compaq to license Mac OS"
1281:"OSx86 Project not too happy with Psystar either"
875:, with one of the most famous examples being the
780:"just another customer" mainly for PowerPC CPUs.
754:
1790:
1238:
807:, although the negotiations later fell through.
1778:"Dynamac (Macintosh clone), 360 degree model",
1673:"Copyright Infringement -- First Sale Doctrine"
356:pre-installed partially with software from the
949:Dynamac, Dynamac EL, Dynamac SE, Dynamac IIsf
822:, large computer system manufacturers such as
1695:"Apple Squeezes Mac Clones Out of the Market"
1580:
1403:
709:Challenger, Mercury, Surge, G3 Upgrade-Cards
340:, announced the first commercially available
16:Computer running Mac OS not produced by Apple
1649:"Apple throws the switch, aligns with Intel"
1539:. Vol. 14, no. 11. pp. 30–31.
1524:. Vol. 14, no. 10. pp. 34–36.
1509:. Vol. 14, no. 11. pp. 31–36.
1366:
1278:
1179:
161:Long before true clones were available, the
1772:Apple Squeezes Mac Clones Out of the Market
1460:
1604:"Steve Jobs wanted Sony VAIOs to run OS X"
1301:
46:operating system that was not produced by
1433:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1161:
1051:
1049:
748:PowerExpress, PowerExtreme, PowerMax Pro
542:Gravis Computervertriebsgesellschaft mbH
272:
1675:. Offices of the United States Attorneys
1055:
404:S900, a Macintosh clone manufactured by
395:
375:
249:
50:. The earliest Mac clones were based on
25:
1549:
1409:
837:
188:was built into the Mac OS. By the time
1791:
1504:
1422:
1180:O'Connor, Rory J. (24 November 1986),
1079:
1077:
1046:
883:, and is protected in the U.S. by the
317:
186:CPU emulator to run 68000 applications
1534:
1519:
1461:Pogue, David; Schorr, Joseph (1999).
1198:
1107:"The Official ShapeShifter Home Page"
931:Classmate, WalkMac SE, WalkMac SE-30
529:Genesis, MP-Card "nPower", Millenium
1083:
879:, a high performance variant of the
229:
1562:from the original on April 26, 2015
1394:"CERTIORARI -- SUMMARY DISPOSITION"
1334:Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (2009-11-14).
1074:
783:In 1999, Jobs had discussions with
239:, including the use of the GUI and
13:
1708:Spiegelman, Lisa L. (2008-04-16).
371:
306: – to be used on
140:lost control over its own platform
81:is more commonly referred to as a
14:
1810:
1734:
1464:MacWorld Mac Secrets, 5th Edition
1434:Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004-01-01).
1199:Flynn, Laurie (31 October 1988),
1142:"MacOS-Compatible Systems: NuTek"
54:and reverse-engineered Macintosh
1602:Souppouris, Aaron (2014-02-05).
1304:"Apple sues clone maker Psystar"
1716:
1701:
1687:
1665:
1641:
1628:"Dell: We Would License Mac OS"
1620:
1595:
1574:
1550:Carlton, Jim (April 14, 1998).
1528:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1454:
1386:
1360:
1327:
1295:
1272:
1261:
1239:da Costa Marques, Ivan (2003),
1232:
1056:Coventry, Joshua (2006-12-05).
545:MT, TT, TT Pro, Gravision Four
419:licensing program entailed the
82:
1211:
1192:
1173:
1155:
1134:
1113:
1099:
787:, Chairman and interim CEO of
755:Jobs ends the official program
487:Atmark, @World (Apple Pippin)
51:
1:
1781:Russian Vintage Laptop Museum
1039:
286:
112:Franklin Computer Corporation
88:
1762:Infos on all macs and clones
1581:Musil, Steven (2011-10-23).
1495:October 1997 Seybold Seminar
1058:"Apples From Other Orchards"
675:Infinity, X-Factor, X-Force
534:DynaTec Memory Systems GmbH
156:
63:switch to the Intel platform
7:
1712:. INFOWORLD:Macintosh News.
1410:Borrell, Jerry (May 1992).
1367:Keizer, Greg (2009-11-15).
1279:Patel, Nilay (2008-04-16).
1027:
1018:Uchishiba Seisakusho, Inc.
993:Modbook Pro, Modbook Pro X
908:Assistive Technology, Inc.
655:Power Computing Corporation
649:Alternate 4200, 4233, 4250
382:Power Computing Corporation
180:Starting with the sales of
10:
1815:
1750:Mac Clones by Manufacturer
1726:. Low End Mac. 2016-07-05.
1268:Psystar Releases Mac Clone
1009:Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc.
841:
685:System 100, System 81/110
321:
290:
42:is a computer running the
18:
1302:Fried, Ina (2008-07-15).
1086:"Tiger Learning Computer"
921:Modbook 100, Modbook 150
855:, a Mac conversion is an
740:QuickTower, ImediaEngine
1084:Owad, Tom (2004-01-19).
972:Marathon Computer, Inc.
954:Hardware Research, Inc.
863:, such as the Macintosh
701:Shaye 200, Shaye 200/II
614:StarMax 3000, 4000, 5000
590:Marathon Computer, Inc.
585:Millenium, Millenium G3
561:KMP 2000 (Apple Pippin)
19:Not to be confused with
1764:(incl. details on some
1412:"Opening Pandora's Box"
1336:"Apple wins clone suit"
963:Intelitec Systems Corp.
609:Motorola Computer Group
550:International Computer
1741:Mac Clones and New O/S
537:Junior, 5/300, 10/300
408:
384:
255:
173:were released for the
105:the minimal amount of
35:
1168:Home Office Computing
1121:"The PowerPC Triumph"
399:
379:
253:
29:
1440:. pp. 254–256.
1013:Dash 30fx, Dash 40Q
844:Macintosh conversion
838:Macintosh conversion
814:the Macintosh to an
599:Maxxboxx Datasystems
235:Mac's entire set of
75:Mac operating system
1556:Wall Street Journal
885:First-sale doctrine
625:MPC-GX1, MPC-LX200
621:Pioneer Corporation
516:Computer Warehouse
492:Centralen Norrland
360:community project.
330:Psystar Corporation
318:Psystar Corporation
1774:(at LowEndMac.com)
1758:(at LowEndMac.com)
1162:Eric Taub (1991),
641:PotzBits 975, 985
413:market penetration
409:
385:
366:U.S. Supreme Court
256:
103:reverse-engineered
36:
1752:(at EveryMac.com)
1418:. pp. 21–22.
1348:on March 30, 2010
1034:IBM PC compatible
1025:
1024:
1003:Laptop, Notebook
975:iRack, PowerRack
957:Rack Mounted Mac
752:
751:
725:UMAX Technologies
630:PIOS Computer AG
406:UMAX Technologies
230:Unlicensed clones
147:Tiger Electronics
65:, many non-Apple
1806:
1799:Macintosh clones
1785:
1768:/ at MacInfo.de)
1756:Macintosh clones
1728:
1727:
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1344:. Archived from
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693:Expression 604e
469:MicroBook Power
455:
454:
430:
354:Mac OS X Leopard
261:Outbound Systems
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1318:
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1314:CBS Corporation
1300:
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846:
840:
770:US$ 100,000,000
769:
757:
525:DayStar Digital
474:APS Technology
440:Power Computing
428:
374:
372:Licensed clones
328:In April 2008,
326:
320:
295:
289:
273:Mac conversions
232:
159:
91:
40:Macintosh clone
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1769:
1766:mainboard PCBs
1759:
1753:
1747:
1736:
1735:External links
1733:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1700:
1697:. Low End Mac.
1686:
1664:
1640:
1630:. betanews.com
1619:
1594:
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1512:
1497:
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1172:
1154:
1144:. EveryMac.com
1133:
1112:
1098:
1088:. Applefritter
1073:
1044:
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917:Axiotron, Inc.
913:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
877:Shelby Mustang
842:Main article:
839:
836:
816:Intel platform
756:
753:
750:
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1677:. Retrieved
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1622:
1611:. Retrieved
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1564:. Retrieved
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1378:November 15,
1376:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:November 15,
1350:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1339:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1307:
1297:
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1274:
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1234:
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1146:. Retrieved
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
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1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1065:. Retrieved
989:Modbook Inc.
893:
889:
881:Ford Mustang
873:car industry
861:Mac computer
847:
828:Michael Dell
812:transitioned
810:Since Apple
809:
798:
782:
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766:
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745:VisionPower
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194:Sharp X68000
182:PowerPC Macs
179:
160:
144:
132:Packard Bell
120:Leading Edge
92:
60:
39:
37:
1745:archive.org
1743:movie from
1319:19 November
1207:, p. 8
1188:, p. 5
1062:Low End Mac
939:Quatro 850
869:motherboard
857:aftermarket
759:Soon after
672:PowerTools
646:Power Dome
558:Katz Media
553:IC 3, IC 4
427:(initially
415:. Apple's
241:file system
167:Spectre GCR
1658:2005-06-06
1634:2010-11-16
1613:2014-07-08
1471:. p.
1283:. Engadget
1225:2011-05-22
1148:2006-05-25
1092:2007-03-04
1067:2007-03-04
1040:References
911:Freestyle
761:Steve Jobs
511:PowerCity
500:Centro HL
308:generic PC
300:Hackintosh
293:Hackintosh
287:Hackintosh
151:AppleWorks
89:Background
83:Hackintosh
21:Hackintosh
1608:The Verge
1566:March 16,
1469:IDG Books
1341:CNN Money
1309:CNET News
1205:InfoWorld
1186:InfoWorld
1021:BookcaSE
983:McMobile
980:McMobile
903:Products
801:Sony VAIO
785:Ben Rosen
777:PC clones
737:Vertegri
638:PotzBits
593:Rack Mac
582:MacWorks
461:Products
421:licensing
387:In 1992,
332:based in
304:Mac OSx86
281:PC clones
275:instead.
200:Connectix
171:emulators
157:Emulators
52:emulators
48:Apple Inc
1793:Category
1784:(museum)
1560:Archived
1537:Macworld
1522:Macworld
1507:Macworld
1416:Macworld
1373:Pc World
1028:See also
999:Outbound
967:MX Plus
900:Company
853:hardware
805:Mac OS X
730:SuperMac
667:StepMAC
664:PowerEx
577:Starway
566:Mactell
477:M*Power
458:Company
417:Mac OS 7
390:Macworld
245:System 7
220:Executor
163:Atari ST
107:firmware
95:Apple II
1679:Sep 28,
1287:Sep 17,
945:Dynamac
867:or the
803:to run
690:RedBox
574:MacWay
508:ComJet
436:PowerPC
425:royalty
338:Florida
324:Psystar
265:Dynamac
224:PowerPC
218:called
212:Windows
136:Amstrad
32:StarMax
1479:
1444:
1126:1 July
789:Compaq
706:Storm
698:Shaye
681:Radius
483:Bandai
429:US$ 50
346:Wintel
247:ROMs.
128:Kaypro
116:Compaq
99:IBM PC
67:Wintel
44:Mac OS
1397:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
850:Apple
495:Reid
466:Akia
362:Apple
358:OSx86
342:OSx86
334:Miami
216:Linux
190:68060
175:Amiga
124:Tandy
79:macOS
1681:2017
1653:CNET
1588:CNET
1568:2019
1477:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1380:2009
1354:2009
1321:2008
1289:2008
1128:2011
824:Dell
820:iPod
719:TPC
444:UMAX
442:and
344:, a
312:DMCA
267:and
237:APIs
214:and
184:, a
97:and
93:The
56:ROMs
30:The
1473:453
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208:DOS
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