Macintosh 128K - Knowledge

347: 503: 1256:

Apple's reputation, and that it "will delay IBM's domination of the personal computer market." Williams concluded that the Macintosh was "the most important development in computers in the last five years. brings us one step closer to the ideal of computer as appliance." In the May 1984 issue Williams added, "Initial reaction to the Macintosh has been strongly, but not overpoweringly, favorable. A few traditional computer users see the mouse, the windows, and the desktop metaphor as silly, useless frills, and others are outraged at the lack of color graphics, but most users are impressed by the machine and its capabilities. Still, some people have expressed concern about the relatively small 128K-byte RAM size, the lack of any computer language sent as part of the basic unit, and the inconvenience of the single disk drive."

47: 1216:, a graphic would appear in the upper left corner of the screen with "STOLEN FROM APPLE COMPUTER" and a low-resolution facsimile of the Apple logo. This was designed to prevent unauthorized cloning of the Macintosh after numerous Apple II clones appeared, many of which simply stole Apple's copyrighted system ROMs. Steve Jobs allegedly planned that if a Macintosh clone appeared on the market and a court case happened, he could access this Easter egg on the computer to prove that it was using pirated Macintosh ROMs. The Macintosh SE later augmented this Easter Egg with a slideshow of four photos of the Apple design team when 687: 1069:. There was no provision for adding internal storage, more RAM or any upgrade cards; however, some of the Macintosh engineers objected to Jobs's ideas and secretly developed workarounds for them. As an example, the Macintosh was supposed to have only 17 address lines on the motherboard, enough to support 128 KB of system RAM, but the design team added two address lines without Jobs's knowledge, making it possible to expand the computer to 512 KB, although the actual act of upgrading system RAM was difficult and required piggybacking additional RAM chips atop the onboard 4164 chips. 1076:). Although this had always been planned from the beginning, Steve Jobs maintained if the user desired more RAM than the Mac 128 provided, he should simply pay extra money for a Mac 512 rather than upgrade the computer himself. When the Mac 512 was released, Apple rebranded the original model as "Macintosh 128k" and modified the motherboard to allow easier RAM upgrades. Improving on the hard-wired RAM thus required a motherboard replacement (which was priced similarly to a new computer), or a third-party chip replacement upgrade, which was not only expensive but would void Apple's warranty. 683:. The 68000 and video controller take turns accessing DRAM every four CPU cycles during display of the frame buffer, while the 68000 has unrestricted access to DRAM during vertical and horizontal blanking intervals. Such an arrangement reduces the overall CPU performance as much as 35% for most code as the display logic often blocks the CPU's access to RAM. Despite the nominally high clock rate, this causes the computer to run slower than several of its competitors and results in an effective clock rate of 6 MHz. 494: 1130: 882: 529:, who eventually led the Apple account for the agency. Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan. The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products, including the "multiple exclusive," event marketing (credited to John Sculley, who brought the concept over from Pepsi), creating a mystique about a product and giving an inside look into a product's creation. 644:, and ran a "Test Drive a Macintosh" promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad condition that they could no longer be sold. The computer sold well, nonetheless, reportedly outselling the 855:'s 360 KB 5.25-inch drive. However, more sophisticated work environments of the time required separate disks for documents and the system installation. Due to the memory constraints (128 KB) of the original Macintosh, and the fact that the floppies could hold only 400 KB, users had to frequently swap disks in and out of the floppy drive, which caused external floppy drives to be utilized more frequently. The 1262:, also of BYTE, added that "The Macintosh is a bargain only if you can get it at the heavily discounted price offered to faculty and students of the favored 24 universities in the Macintosh consortium." He noted, however, that the Macintosh attracted people "who previously hated computers... There is, apparently, something about mice and pull-down menus and icons that appeal to people previously intimidated by 963: 955:, MacPascal and the Macintosh 68000 Development System. The Macintosh also came with a manual and a unique guided tour cassette tape which worked together with the guided tour diskette as a tutorial for both the Macintosh itself and the bundled applications, since most new Macintosh users had never used a mouse before, much less manipulated a 1031:

Jobs stated that because "customization really is mostly software now ... most of the options in other computers are in Mac", unlike the Apple II the Macintosh 128K did not need slots; he described expansion slots as costly and requiring larger size and more power. It was not officially upgradable by

999:

containing a completely redesigned logic board to easily accommodate both 128 KB and 512 KB RAM configurations during manufacturing. Though the RAM was still permanently soldered to the logic board, the new design allowed for easier (though unsanctioned) third-party upgrades to 512 KB.

839:

drive, with no option to add any further internal storage, like a hard drive or additional floppy disk drive. The system software (Mac OS) was disk-based from the beginning, as RAM had to be conserved, but this "Startup Disk" could still be temporarily ejected. (Ejecting the root filesystem remained

598:

desktop personal computer with a graphical user interface, built-in screen, and mouse. It was first demonstrated by Steve Jobs in the first of his famous Mac keynote speeches, and though the Mac garnered an immediate, enthusiastic following, some labelled it a mere "toy". Apple sold it alongside its

1234:

in January 1984 stated that Macintosh "presages a revolution in personal computing". Although preferring larger screens and calling the lack of color a "mistake", he praised the "refreshingly crisp and clear" display and lack of fan noise. While unsure whether it would become "a second standard to

1112:

extended keyboard. Any of the kits could be purchased alone or together at any time, for a partial or full upgrade for the Macintosh 128K. All upgrades were required to be performed by professional Apple technicians, who reportedly refused to work on any Macintosh upgraded to 512K without Apple's

927:

application, known to the public as "System 1.0" (formally known as System 0.97 and Finder 1.0). The original Macintosh saw three upgrades to both before it was discontinued. Apple recommends System 2.0 and Finder 4.2, with System 3.2 and Finder 5.3 as the maximum. System 4.0 officially dropped

1255:

in February found the hardware and software design (which it predicted would be "imitated but not copied") impressive, but criticized the lack of a standard second disk drive. He predicted that the computer would popularize the 3½ in floppy disk drive standard, that the Macintosh would improve

906:

in 1987. Jobs believed that computers equipped with fans tend to distract the user from completing work. Unfortunately, this was allegedly a source of many common, costly component failures in the first four Macintosh models. This was enough of a problem to prompt the introduction of several

465:

with the computing power of Lisa's Motorola 68k CPU, began to receive Jobs's attentions. Jobs took over the Macintosh project after deciding that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, which led former project leader Raskin to leave the team in 1981. Apple co-founder

1087:. A Mac 128K that has been upgraded with the newer 128 KB ROM (called a Macintosh 128Ke) can use internal and external 800 KB drives with HFS, as well as the HD20. Both can print on an AppleShare network, but neither can do file sharing because of their limited RAM. 470:, who had been leading the project with Raskin, was on temporary leave from the company at this time due to an airplane crash he had experienced earlier that year, making it easier for Jobs to take over the program. After development had completed, team member and engineer 738:

The keyboard used a simple proprietary protocol, allowing some third-party upgrades. The mouse used standard quadrature signals for X and Y, and the single mouse button used a single wire (all signals were compatible with TTL and referenced to ground). The original

1241:

wrote in February of "a euphoria that Macintosh will change how America computes. Anyone that tries the pint-size machine gets hooked by its features". The computer was indeed so compelling to buyers that one dealer in March described it as "the first $ 2,500

406:

better performance than existing designs and made a software GUI machine a practical possibility. The basic layout of the Lisa was largely complete by 1982, at which point Jobs's continual suggestions for improvements led to him being kicked off the project.

1032:

the user and only Apple service centers were permitted to open the case. There were third parties that did offer RAM upgrades and even memory and CPU upgrades, allowing the original 128 KB Macintosh to be expanded to a 4 MB 32-bit data path,

552:

on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a "watershed event" and a "masterpiece". McKenna called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself." "1984" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a

648:

which also began shipping early that year; one dealer reported a backlog of more than 600 orders. By April 1984 the company sold 50,000 Macintoshes, and hoped for 70,000 by early May and almost 250,000 by the end of the year.

1095:

By early 1985, much Macintosh software required 512K of memory. Apple sold an official memory upgrade for the Macintosh 128K, which included a motherboard replacement effectively making it a Macintosh 512K, for the price of

1763: 1018:

model, discouraged software vendors from supporting it. The Macintosh 128K was left with a relatively small software library, limited to a set of early and specially crafted programs. The later Macintosh 512K and

1000:

In addition, most of the newer models contained the 1984 revision B of the ROM to accommodate changes in the 400 KB floppy disk drive. System software contains support for an unreleased Macintosh 256K.

1708: 1137:

The original Macintosh was exceptional in that it included the signatures of the Macintosh Division as of early 1982 molded on the inside of the case. The names are Peggy Alexio, Colette Askeland,

3246: 2748: 751:. This was an intentional decision by Apple, as these keys were common on older platforms and it was thought that the addition of these keys would encourage software developers to simply 690:

Back case of an unaltered original Macintosh (sold January–November 1984). The majority of 128K machines made after November 1984 have the label "Macintosh 128K" on the back of the case.

3069: 382:. He arranged for Apple engineers to be allowed to visit PARC to see the systems in action. The Lisa was immediately redirected to use a GUI, which at that time was well beyond the 2050: 1600: 1922: 2657: 1627: 1299: 1759: 3028: 1827: 1054:

port (with a ribbon cable out the clock battery door, internal SCSI hard drive (20 MB Rodime) and a piezo-electric fan for cooling. This upgrade was featured on a

2073: 1543: 715:(pixels per inch), a standard that was quickly abandoned once higher resolution screens became available. Expansion and networking are achieved using two non-standard 2023: 767:

model included the numeric keypad and arrow keys, but still no function keys. Function keys eventually appeared in 1987 with the Extended Keyboard available for the

426:

to integrate the Apple Lisa's 68k microprocessor into the Macintosh so that it could run graphical programs. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a

2800: 1336: 1853: 1794: 1003:

The increased RAM of the 512K was vitally important for the Macintosh as it finally allowed for more powerful software applications, such as the then-popular

414:

began the Macintosh project. The design at that time was for a low-cost, easy-to-use machine for the average consumer. Instead of a GUI, it intended to use a

2770: 536:

discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K—manufactured at an Apple factory in

2310: 911:

System Saver. These units fitted inside the Macintosh's carrying-handle slot and produced a forced draft through the computer's existing ventilation holes.

3435: 4446: 1953: 1292: 2246: 540:—in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$ 1.5 million 4119: 1320: 3237: 2558: 2616: 1692: 1988: 442: – far more than most other computers which typically had around 4 to 8 KB of ROM; it had 128 kB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64- 4441: 2740: 525:

was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh. Later the Regis McKenna team grew to include Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan and

2494: 1736: 3296: 3052: 2593: 2528: 874:(as specified by Apple), although a few manufacturers chose to utilize the faster non-standard floppy port. The 128K can only use the original 1007:. However, Apple continued to market the Macintosh 128K for over a year as an entry-level computer, the mid-level Macintosh 512K and high-end 434:

than the Lisa, which made producing the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete

346: 2333: 1857: 1285: 2277: 603:

line until the others were discontinued in the 1990s. Because the operating system was designed largely for the GUI, existing text-mode and

1321: 1108:

by swapping the logic board as well as the case back (to accommodate the slightly different port configuration) and optionally adding the

2377: 2046: 1318: 2717: 2119: 1592: 672:

shared by the processor and the display controller. The boot procedure and some operating system routines are contained in a 64 KB

310:

monochrome monitor, and a floppy drive are in a beige case with integrated carrying handle; it has a keyboard and single-button mouse.

2460: 2400: 1566: 1317: 3174: 2647: 1914: 1421: 2929: 1623: 586:

Two days after "1984" aired, the Macintosh went on sale, and came bundled with two applications designed to show off its interface:

3428: 3382: 3325: 2961: 1510: 3354: 3213: 3151: 987:

and nicknamed the "thin Mac". The new 512K model was nicknamed the "fat Mac". While functionally the same, as closed systems, the

4144: 2427: 1473: 1324: 1072:

In September 1984, after months of complaints over the Mac's inadequate RAM, Apple released an official 512 KB machine (The

2145: 1946:"Regis McKenna: The P.R. Guru of Silicon Valley : Clout With High-Tech Firms and Press Is Great, but Some Are Disenchanted" 1314: 848:.) One floppy disk was sufficient to store the System Software, an application and the data files created with the application. 676:

chip. Apple did not offer RAM upgrades. Unlike the Apple II, no source code listings of the Macintosh system ROMs were offered.

4124: 3019: 502: 1817: 2213: 2085: 1897: 1664: 1532: 1359: 1313: 611:

chose not to undertake, and could be regarded as a reason for an initial lack of software for the new system. In April 1984,

2011: 1670: 1323: 928:

support for the Macintosh 128K because it was distributed on 800 KB floppy disks, which could not be used by the 128K.

3129: 3099: 2860: 2178: 1330: 1023:

are compatible with a wider range of software, with the Macintosh Plus maintaining compatibility with much later programs.

2913: 2830: 1014:

The difficulty of fitting software into the Macintosh 128K's limited free memory, coupled with the new user interface and

3421: 3398: 2679: 1333: 1327: 1325: 4412: 1331: 908: 580: 2796: 1334: 329: (equivalent to $ 7,300 in 2023), and reached 70,000 units on May 3, 1984. Upon the release of its successor, the 1393: 1316: 4436: 4396: 4369: 4053: 1786: 1328: 1080: 1079:

A stock Mac 128K with the original 64K ROM is incompatible with either Apple's external 800 KB drive with the

398:

in a case the size of a small refrigerator. Things had changed dramatically with the introduction of the 16/32-bit

2774: 1329: 1326: 1322: 561:) as a means of saving humanity from the "conformity" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad 4075: 2890: 2300: 859:(mechanically identical to the internal one, piggybacking on the same controller) was a popular add-on that cost 755:

their existing applications to the Mac, rather than design new ones around the GUI paradigm. Later, Apple made a

740: 790:

jack on the back of the computer. Apple also offered their 300 and 1200 baud modems originally released for the

760: 756: 4139: 1451: 983:

in September, which expanded the memory from 128 KB to 512 KB, the original Macintosh was re-branded

17: 4170: 4129: 856: 4134: 2550: 2238: 1315: 680: 1332: 3408: 1976: 1945: 1319: 422:

that accessed standardized commands in the programs. Bud Tribble, a member of the Macintosh team, asked

46: 4431: 2516: 907:

third-party, external cooling fan solutions such as the MacFan, the Mac N Frost, the Fanny Mac and the

895: 1399: 4451: 4305: 4231: 2490: 1732: 415: 2624: 2344: 4300: 4272: 4080: 3284: 2581: 1185:, Mary Ellen McCammon, Vicki Milledge, Mike Murray, Ron Nicholson Jr., Terry Oyama, Benjamin Pang, 1015: 956: 852: 638:

Apple spent $ 2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special, post-election issue of

632: 375: 295: 607:

had to be redesigned and the programming code rewritten. This was a time-consuming task that many

4320: 4226: 3893: 3669: 3659: 3568: 2269: 780: 522: 480:

in September 1981 reported on the existence of the secret Lisa and "McIntosh" projects at Apple.

351: 153: 686: 4287: 4236: 4200: 4058: 3730: 3712: 2367: 1047: 604: 1889: 1883: 902:

insisted that the Macintosh ship without a fan, which persisted until the introduction of the

4262: 4063: 2709: 2111: 875: 724: 427: 367: 3236: 3051: 3018: 1531: 4070: 3998: 3993: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3885: 3827: 3768: 3740: 3735: 3725: 3720: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3664: 3654: 3563: 2464: 2404: 1656: 1570: 1100:. Additionally, Apple offered an 800 KB floppy disk drive kit, including updated 128K 669: 571: 545: 431: 314: 1429: 8: 4389: 3631: 3578: 3475: 2989: 2173: 2081: 2019: 1984: 1040: 595: 537: 291: 90: 3318: 4037: 4026: 4005: 3760: 3205: 3155: 2652: 2437: 1686: 1538: 1340: 1230: 1209: 608: 403: 303: 2938:. Vol. 9, no. 2. Interviewed by Lemmons, Phil. February 1984. pp. 58–80 1818:"Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product" 1481: 4325: 4221: 4114: 4042: 3820: 3815: 3558: 3520: 3292: 3061: 2589: 2219: 2209: 2141: 1893: 1660: 1389: 1344: 1278: 1066: 924: 526: 419: 283: 80: 1011:(and claiming that it could be easily expanded should the user ever need more RAM). 4109: 3684: 3649: 1243: 1237: 704: 673: 628: 558: 549: 439: 383: 318: 307: 141: 2614: 4295: 4246: 4216: 3877: 3860: 3855: 3644: 3553: 3538: 3402: 3386: 3350: 3179: 2966: 2934: 2205: 1650: 1515: 1385: 1259: 1251: 1198: 712: 700: 635:; infamous for insulting its own potential customers, the ad was not successful. 182: 3121: 3091: 2168: 333:, it was rebranded as the Macintosh 128K. The computer's model number is M0001. 4185: 4165: 4101: 4047: 3850: 3845: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3543: 3533: 3510: 3495: 3453: 2852: 2822: 2107: 1849: 1728: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1142: 1109: 1105: 1073: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1020: 980: 948: 920: 841: 764: 661: 658: 624: 471: 399: 387: 379: 330: 299: 280: 249: 158: 51:

All-in-one computer, monitor, and floppy drive with external keyboard and mouse

31: 2771:"The Fanny Mac System Saver fan for 1984 Macintosh 128k 512k Plus M0001 Rare!" 1129: 493: 474:

said that the final Macintosh design is closer to Jobs's ideas than Raskin's.

4425: 4379: 4241: 4175: 3840: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3591: 3480: 3413: 3170: 3065: 2687: 2223: 1879: 1506: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1138: 1101: 566: 554: 467: 423: 395: 3392: 4384: 4340: 4180: 4032: 3865: 3674: 3639: 3586: 3548: 1182: 1084: 903: 772: 768: 748: 541: 322: 2741:"20 YEARS AGO, STEVE JOBS BUILT THE "COOLEST COMPUTER EVER"—AND IT BOMBED" 1709:

Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made

1652:

iCon : Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business

4330: 4315: 4310: 1885:

Relationship Marketing: Successful Strategies For The Age Of The Customer

1194: 1150: 944: 871: 836: 803: 795: 728: 533: 451: 201: 3399:

Original Review of the Macintosh by Lawrence J. Magid (January 29, 1984)

2615:

McCarroll, Thomas; Michael Moritz; Philip Elmer-DeWitt (April 2, 1984).

881: 306:

as a general office function. The motherboard, a 9 in (23 cm)

4348: 4021: 3500: 3444: 2557:. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. January 24, 1984. p. C6. 2432: 2372: 1186: 1174: 1170: 1146: 1062: 1008: 940: 899: 867: 776: 744: 512: 455: 411: 391: 371: 359: 287: 239: 70: 2882: 2239:"Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event" 454:. The final product's screen was a 9-inch (23 cm), 512x342 pixel 4353: 4267: 3752: 3505: 3490: 3485: 3238:"Personal Computers; Hardware Review: Apple Weighs in with Macintosh" 1822: 1004: 870:

were considerably more expensive and usually connected to the slower

807: 616: 612: 476: 435: 430:

that integrated an 8 MHz Motorola 68k. Smith's design used less

263: 259: 1443: 3462: 3268:

Rosenberg, Ronald (February 28, 1984). "Doubts Raised About PCjr".

2994: 2524: 2338: 952: 936: 932: 845: 791: 787: 645: 640: 600: 591: 587: 576: 562: 462: 461:

Smith's innovative design, combining the low production cost of an

410:

At the same time that the Lisa was becoming a GUI machine in 1979,

363: 362:

project, to build a next-generation machine similar to an advanced

325:. Sales were strong at its initial release on January 24, 1984, at 174: 146: 2334:"The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20" 1426:

Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources

4277: 4195: 4190: 4160: 3834: 3470: 1212:

in the OS ROM. If the user went to the system debugger and typed

799: 752: 443: 2797:"KENSINGTON SYSTEM SAVER MAC for Apple Macintosh 128K 512K PLUS" 962: 313:

The Macintosh was introduced by a television commercial titled "

4374: 2305: 720: 620: 447: 1312: 975:

The computer was released in January 1984 as simply the Apple

2047:"Steve Jobs' marketing maven on smashing the silicon ceiling" 995:

were technically two different computers, with the re-badged

939:

were bundled with the Mac. Other programs available included

798:, a dot matrix printer which was designed to produce 144 dpi 732: 708: 162: 3409:

The Original Macintosh, anecdotes and the people who made it

1593:"How do you know if its the original Macintosh M0001 model?" 1263: 1051: 833: 818:

The Macintosh contained a single 400 KB, single-sided

716: 418:

that allowed multitasking, and special command keys on the

1189:, Ed Riddle, Brian Robertson, Dave Roots, Patricia Sharp, 1058:

magazine cover titled "Faster than a Vax" in August 1986.

794:

line. Initially, the only printer available was the Apple

719:

serial ports named "Printer" and "Modem" that support the

2883:"400K Drive Problem/Cure: Fails to Read/Write or MacTest" 2301:"Apple's First Marketing Guru On Why '1984' Is Overrated" 1379: 806:

and other printers were capable of being connected using

731:

drive can be added using a proprietary connector (19-pin

966:

Back case label of a Macintosh made after November 1984

951:. Programming languages available at the time included 3010: 1649:

Simon, Jeffrey S. Young, William L. (April 14, 2006).

3016: 2998:. Vol. 3, no. 8. August 1986. p. Cover 2074:"Cunningham on the Influence of the Macintosh Launch" 802:

output from the Mac's 72 dpi screen. Eventually, the

594:. The Macintosh was the first successful mass-market 2648:"Apple is Banking on New Portable: The IIc Computer" 1149:, Bill Bull, Matt Carter, Berry Cash, Debi Coleman, 3383:

Full Macintosh 128K specifications (Apple Computer)

2922: 1501: 1499: 894:The unit did not include a fan, relying instead on 851:The 400 KB drive capacity was larger than the 679:The RAM in the Macintosh consists of sixteen 64k×1 2193: 438:picture language and interpreter in 64 KB of 3261: 2955: 2953: 2484: 2482: 2461:"Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers" 2401:"Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers" 1567:"Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers" 1371: 4423: 2645: 2573: 1496: 627:following in January 1985. Apple introduced the 30:For the Macintosh computer line as a whole, see 3343: 3276: 3234: 3049: 2106: 2012:"Andy Cunningham on the Macintosh Introduction" 3443: 3053:"Apple Might Learn a Thing or Two from I.B.M." 2950: 2488: 2479: 2100: 3429: 3163: 2710:"History of computer design: Apple Macintosh" 2639: 1842: 1293: 1104:. Finally, a Mac 128K could be upgraded to a 699:The built-in display is a one-bit per pixel, 3183:. Vol. 10, no. 9. pp. 401–407 3175:"West Coast Faire, Mac Stuff, and the Amiga" 3152:"Macintosh Plus: Description (Discontinued)" 3017:Sandberg-Diment, Erik (September 24, 1985). 2608: 1691:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1208:The Macintosh 128/512K models also included 557:-style picture of the computer on her white 211:9 in (23 cm) monochrome, 512 × 342 3361:. Vol. 9, no. 8. pp. 313–332 3228: 3043: 2261: 1061:All accessories were external, such as the 4447:Products and services discontinued in 1985 3436: 3422: 3235:Sandberg-Diment, Erik (January 24, 1984). 2702: 2392: 1444:"Macintosh 128K: Technical Specifications" 1414: 1300: 1286: 919:The Macintosh shipped with the very first 898:, which made it quiet while in operation. 786:Standard headphones can be connected to a 350:A Macintosh prototype from 1981 is at the 45: 3349: 3267: 2970:. Vol. 9, no. 2. pp. 30–54 2930:"An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team" 2905: 2199: 1784: 1705: 1422:"The Macintosh Product Introduction Plan" 1377: 1133:Signatures inside the Macintosh 128K case 341: 290:. It is the first successful mass-market 3050:Sandberg-Diment, Erik (March 19, 1985). 2959: 2543: 2458: 2169:"Fremont mayor Bob Wasserman dead at 77" 2078:Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley 2016:Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley 1981:Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley 1809: 1533:"The computer, the consumer and privacy" 1128: 961: 880: 685: 548:". It aired during the third quarter of 511:The original Macintosh 128k (left); and 394:has a custom processor spanning several 345: 3282: 3169: 2863:from the original on September 14, 2022 2579: 2398: 2331: 2325: 2298: 2267: 2122:from the original on September 14, 2022 1878: 1815: 1797:from the original on September 28, 2022 1655:(Newly updated ed.). Hoboken, NJ: 1564: 1529: 652: 14: 4442:Computer-related introductions in 1984 4424: 3319:"Update on Apple Macintosh and Lisa 2" 3216:from the original on February 12, 2019 3200: 3198: 3031:from the original on November 13, 2013 2425: 2166: 2071: 2009: 1974: 1943: 1699: 1519:. Vol. 9, no. 2. p. 32. 1454:from the original on February 17, 2015 863: (equivalent to $ 1,450 in 2023). 810:, Apple's built-in networking system. 759:available for the Macintosh 128K. The 723:standard, but do not support hardware 3417: 3331:from the original on January 19, 2017 3249:from the original on November 7, 2017 3084: 3072:from the original on November 7, 2017 2911: 2738: 2660:from the original on January 29, 2017 2561:from the original on November 2, 2020 2236: 2181:from the original on January 11, 2012 2160: 2044: 1977:"Macintosh Product Introduction Plan" 1912: 1848: 1757: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1648: 1603:from the original on October 26, 2016 1505: 1402:from the original on January 23, 2022 1360:Technical information on the Mac 128K 707:with a fixed resolution of 512 × 342 358:In 1978, Apple began to organize the 3285:"Macintosh Takes Lead In Sales Race" 2582:"Macintosh Takes Lead In Sales Race" 2365: 2112:"Meditating on the fruit-tree fable" 1956:from the original on August 23, 2016 1630:from the original on August 26, 2009 121: (equivalent to $ 7,300 in 2023) 3195: 2803:from the original on April 30, 2022 2646:Hayes, Thomas C. (April 24, 1984). 2531:from the original on April 30, 2020 2497:from the original on April 11, 2008 2426:Kahney, Leander (January 6, 2004). 2380:from the original on April 16, 2010 2313:from the original on April 19, 2015 2249:from the original on April 23, 2012 2148:from the original on April 24, 2006 2026:from the original on April 19, 2015 1991:from the original on April 19, 2015 1860:from the original on March 26, 2014 1830:from the original on March 12, 2016 1117:was much more expensive than about 24: 3405: (archived September 20, 2008) 3160:The Macintosh Plus Logic Board Kit 3132:from the original on July 14, 2011 3102:from the original on July 14, 2011 2893:from the original on April 8, 2014 2833:from the original on July 14, 2011 2751:from the original on March 3, 2021 2720:from the original on July 31, 2017 2491:"Apple's Worst Business Decisions" 2489:Hormby, Thomas (October 2, 2006). 2299:Creamer, Matthew (March 1, 2012). 2280:from the original on April 5, 2014 2268:Leopold, Todd (February 3, 2006). 2142:"Apple Macintosh 18 Page Brochure" 2053:from the original on June 26, 2015 1739:from the original on March 6, 2012 1716: 1546:from the original on April 3, 2015 25: 4463: 3376: 3299:from the original on June 7, 2019 2960:Williams, Gregg (February 1984). 2596:from the original on June 7, 2019 2237:Maney, Kevin (January 28, 2004). 2167:Dennis, Rob (December 30, 2011). 1944:Zonano, Victor (August 4, 1985). 1925:from the original on May 14, 2015 1766:from the original on May 15, 2013 1673:from the original on June 4, 2016 1205:, Pamela Wyman and Laszlo Zidek. 1193:, Bryan Stearns, Lynn Takahashi, 711:, using the Apple standard of 72 321:on January 22, 1984, directed by 302:. It was pivotal in establishing 294:desktop personal computer with a 219:Height: 13.6 in (35 cm) 4237:Mouse and other pointing devices 4054:Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card 3283:Richter, Paul (March 28, 1984). 2773:. Worthpoint.com. Archived from 2580:Richter, Paul (March 28, 1984). 2368:"Jan. 22, 1984: Dawn of the Mac" 2332:Cellini, Adelia (January 2004). 1816:Ziegler, Chris (June 27, 2013). 1785:Hertzfeld, Andy (October 1980). 1621: 1530:Burnham, David (March 4, 1984). 515:with the Macintosh, January 1984 501: 492: 374:learned of the advanced work on 223:Depth: 10.9 in (28 cm) 4076:Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh 3311: 3144: 3114: 2990:"Cover of Macworld August 1986" 2982: 2918:. Gadgets by Small. p. 75. 2875: 2845: 2815: 2789: 2763: 2732: 2672: 2509: 2452: 2419: 2366:Long, Tony (January 22, 2007). 2359: 2292: 2230: 2134: 2065: 2038: 2003: 1968: 1937: 1906: 1872: 1778: 1751: 1642: 1511:"Macintosh System Architecture" 1235:Big Blue", Ronald Rosenberg of 1090: 1050:(16 MHz) with an external 979:. Following the release of the 657:The heart of the computer is a 532:After the Lisa's announcement, 221:Width: 9.6 in (24 cm) 4125:AppleColor High-Resolution RGB 2962:"The Apple Macintosh Computer" 2399:Polsson, Ken (July 29, 2009). 2045:Ghosh, Shona (June 24, 2015). 1624:"On Xerox, Apple and Progress" 1615: 1585: 1565:Polsson, Ken (July 29, 2009). 1558: 1523: 1466: 1436: 878:released in 1984 for storage. 694: 483: 336: 13: 1: 1915:"Can We Keep The Skies Safe?" 1854:"The father of the Macintosh" 1365: 857:Macintosh External Disk Drive 631:suite the same year with the 579:future ruled by a televised " 3389: (archived May 14, 2008) 2680:"Macintosh / Macintosh 128K" 2270:"Why 2006 isn't like '1984'" 2144:. DigiBarn Computer Museum. 1733:"Five different Macintoshes" 1223: 1177:, Larry Kenyon, Patti King, 1026: 370:. In 1979, Apple co-founder 366:or the yet-to-be-introduced 7: 3020:"Linking Mac to the IBM PC" 2551:"Apple unveils a Macintosh" 1888:. Addison-Wesley. pp. 1378:Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). 1353: 1269: 1113:official upgrade, which at 914: 668:, connected to 128 KB 605:command-driven applications 10: 4468: 4370:Interactive Television Box 2617:"The Peanut Meets the Mac" 1787:"Folklore.org: Good Earth" 1338: 1181:, Angeline Lo, Ivan Mach, 1173:, Hap Horn, Brian Howard, 1124: 1121:for third-party versions. 889: 840:an unusual feature of the 813: 402:in 1979, with at least an 231:16.5 lb (7.5 kg) 29: 4413:Apple hardware since 1998 4409: 4362: 4339: 4286: 4255: 4209: 4153: 4100: 4093: 4014: 3876: 3751: 3683: 3630: 3577: 3519: 3461: 3452: 2428:"We're All Mac Users Now" 1712:. Oreilly. p. xxiii. 1681:– via Google Books. 970: 416:text-based user interface 376:graphical user interfaces 275:, later rebranded as the 255: 245: 235: 227: 215: 207: 181: 169: 152: 140: 129:October 1, 1985 125: 114: 96: 86: 76: 66: 56: 44: 4273:Apple Communication Slot 4120:AppleColor Composite IIe 2200:Linzmayer, Owen (2004). 1706:Hertzfeld, Andy (2005). 1474:"Official Apple Support" 1228:Erik Sandberg-Diment of 1081:Hierarchical File System 1016:event-driven programming 957:graphical user interface 896:convective heat transfer 544:television commercial, " 296:graphical user interface 165:(6 MHz effectively) 4437:68k Macintosh computers 3289:The Cincinnati Enquirer 2739:Bilal (July 27, 2020). 2586:The Cincinnati Enquirer 352:Computer History Museum 4059:Apple Workgroup Server 3393:Macintosh 128K profile 2202:Apple Confidential 2.0 1381:Apple Confidential 2.0 1134: 967: 886: 691: 378:(GUI) taking place at 355: 342:1978–1984: Development 298:, built-in screen and 102:; 40 years ago 4263:Apple II serial cards 3765:68k-based PowerBooks 3355:"Between Conventions" 3295:. pp. B-1, B-2. 2912:Small, David (1989). 2592:. pp. B-1, B-2. 1132: 965: 885:Macintosh motherboard 884: 876:Macintosh File System 783:has a single button. 689: 349: 100:January 24, 1984 4071:Apple Network Server 4027:Big Mac and Baby Mac 3447:hardware before 1998 2110:(February 7, 1983). 1484:on February 24, 2008 1155:Christopher Espinosa 1067:IBM PC compatibility 763:sold with the newer 747:, numeric keypad or 653:Processor and memory 572:Nineteen Eighty-Four 71:Apple Computer, Inc. 4411:See also template: 4306:Daisy Wheel Printer 4232:Adjustable Keyboard 3894:5200 LC and 5300 LC 3212:. August 20, 2012. 2777:on February 3, 2014 2174:The Argus (Fremont) 2082:Stanford University 2072:Marinaccio, Wendy. 2020:Stanford University 2010:Marinaccio, Wendy. 1985:Stanford University 1542:. Washington, D.C. 1161:, Martin Haeberli, 1036:CPU (16 MHz), 1005:Microsoft Multiplan 619:migrated over from 609:software developers 538:Fremont, California 147:System Software 1.0 41: 4301:Dot Matrix Printer 4038:Macintosh Performa 4006:Power Macintosh G3 3837:-based PowerBooks 3761:Macintosh Portable 3243:The New York Times 3173:(September 1985). 3058:The New York Times 3025:The New York Times 2653:The New York Times 2467:on August 21, 2009 2440:on January 4, 2014 2407:on August 21, 2009 2118:. pp. 34–35. 1975:Cunningham, Andy. 1599:. March 16, 2010. 1539:The New York Times 1341:List of Mac models 1249:Gregg Williams of 1231:The New York Times 1135: 968: 887: 703:, 9 in/23 cm 692: 575:which described a 404:order of magnitude 356: 304:desktop publishing 279:, is the original 115:Introductory price 39: 4432:Compact Macintosh 4419: 4418: 4405: 4404: 4326:Color LaserWriter 4321:410 Color Plotter 4227:Extended Keyboard 4089: 4088: 4081:Macintosh history 4043:Macintosh Centris 3521:Compact Macintosh 3293:Los Angeles Times 3210:AppleToTheCore.me 3158:on June 13, 2011. 2690:on March 14, 2017 2590:Los Angeles Times 2215:978-1-59327-010-0 2088:on April 19, 2015 1950:Los Angeles Times 1913:Hertzfeld, Andy. 1899:978-0-201-62240-9 1758:Hertzfeld, Andy. 1666:978-0-471-78784-6 1509:(February 1984). 1507:Smith, Burrell C. 1432:on July 21, 2010. 1351: 1350: 1345:Compact Macintosh 1279:Compact Macintosh 1195:Guy "Bud" Tribble 931:The applications 284:personal computer 269: 268: 183:Removable storage 81:Compact Macintosh 16:(Redirected from 4459: 4452:32-bit computers 4140:Multiple Scan 14 4098: 4097: 3685:Macintosh Quadra 3459: 3458: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3351:Pournelle, Jerry 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3270:The Boston Globe 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3240: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3154:. Archived from 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3022: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2686:. Archived from 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2623:. Archived from 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2555:Spokesman-Review 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2463:. Archived from 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2436:. Archived from 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2403:. Archived from 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2347:on June 28, 2009 2343:. Archived from 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2084:. Archived from 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1856:. Folklore.org. 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1791:www.folklore.org 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1762:. Folklore.org. 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1735:. Folklore.org. 1725: 1714: 1713: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1626:. Folklore.org. 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1597:MacRumors Forums 1589: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1573:on July 10, 2009 1569:. Archived from 1562: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1535: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1480:. Archived from 1470: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1428:. Archived from 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1375: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1274: 1273: 1238:The Boston Globe 1219: 1215: 1201:, Linda Wilkin, 1120: 1116: 1099: 862: 831: 830: 826: 823: 667: 629:Macintosh Office 550:Super Bowl XVIII 505: 496: 384:state of the art 328: 319:Super Bowl XVIII 199: 198: 194: 191: 142:Operating system 136: 134: 120: 110: 108: 103: 59: 49: 42: 38: 21: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4401: 4358: 4335: 4282: 4251: 4205: 4201:Tape Drive 40SC 4154:External drives 4149: 4130:Macintosh Color 4085: 4050:(Macintosh PDS) 4010: 3878:Power Macintosh 3872: 3747: 3679: 3626: 3573: 3515: 3448: 3442: 3403:Wayback Machine 3387:Wayback Machine 3379: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353:(August 1984). 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3281: 3277: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3206:"SE Easter Egg" 3204: 3203: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2627:on June 9, 2008 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2487: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2235: 2231: 2216: 2206:No Starch Press 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2108:Dvorak, John C. 2105: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2008: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1850:Hertzfeld, Andy 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1729:Hertzfeld, Andy 1726: 1717: 1704: 1700: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1667: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1528: 1524: 1504: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1457: 1455: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1396: 1388:. p. 113. 1386:No Starch Press 1376: 1372: 1368: 1356: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1306: 1272: 1266:and the like". 1260:Jerry Pournelle 1226: 1217: 1213: 1199:Randy Wigginton 1153:, Donn Denman, 1141:, Steve Balog, 1127: 1118: 1114: 1097: 1093: 1043:(16 MHz), 1029: 973: 917: 892: 860: 828: 824: 821: 819: 816: 779:before it, the 701:black-and-white 697: 665: 655: 527:Andy Cunningham 519: 518: 517: 516: 508: 507: 506: 498: 497: 486: 390:abilities; the 344: 339: 326: 262: 222: 220: 196: 192: 189: 187: 132: 130: 118: 106: 104: 101: 57: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4465: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4186:Hard Disk 20SC 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4135:AudioVision 14 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4051: 4048:Apple IIe Card 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3396: 3395:, Low End Mac. 3390: 3378: 3377:External links 3375: 3373: 3372: 3342: 3310: 3275: 3260: 3227: 3194: 3171:Webster, Bruce 3162: 3143: 3113: 3083: 3060:. p. C4. 3042: 3009: 2981: 2949: 2921: 2904: 2874: 2844: 2814: 2788: 2762: 2731: 2701: 2671: 2638: 2607: 2572: 2542: 2521:Macintosh ads" 2508: 2478: 2459:Polsson, Ken. 2451: 2418: 2391: 2358: 2324: 2291: 2260: 2229: 2214: 2192: 2159: 2133: 2099: 2064: 2037: 2002: 1967: 1936: 1905: 1898: 1880:McKenna, Regis 1871: 1841: 1808: 1777: 1750: 1715: 1698: 1665: 1641: 1614: 1584: 1557: 1522: 1495: 1465: 1435: 1413: 1394: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1282: 1271: 1268: 1225: 1222: 1183:Jerrold Manock 1167:Joanna Hoffman 1163:Andy Hertzfeld 1159:Bill Fernandez 1143:Bob Belleville 1126: 1123: 1110:Macintosh Plus 1106:Macintosh Plus 1092: 1089: 1074:Macintosh 512K 1028: 1025: 1021:Macintosh Plus 993:Macintosh 128K 985:Macintosh 128K 981:Macintosh 512K 972: 969: 949:Microsoft Word 916: 913: 891: 888: 842:classic Mac OS 815: 812: 775:. As with the 765:Macintosh Plus 757:numeric keypad 727:. An external 696: 693: 662:microprocessor 659:Motorola 68000 654: 651: 625:Microsoft Word 510: 509: 500: 499: 491: 490: 489: 488: 487: 485: 482: 472:Andy Hertzfeld 396:circuit boards 388:microprocessor 343: 340: 338: 335: 331:Macintosh 512K 277:Macintosh 128K 267: 266: 257: 253: 252: 250:Macintosh 512K 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 185: 179: 178: 171: 167: 166: 159:Motorola 68000 156: 150: 149: 144: 138: 137: 127: 123: 122: 116: 112: 111: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 77:Product family 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 60: 54: 53: 50: 40:Macintosh 128K 32:Mac (computer) 26: 18:Macintosh 128k 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4464: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4414: 4408: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210:Input devices 4208: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4145:ColorSync 750 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015:Miscellaneous 4013: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3949:7200 and 8200 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3924:6200 and 6300 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3886:4400 and 7220 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:LC 500 series 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3569:Color Classic 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3231: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3046: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3013: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2714:landsnail.com 2711: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2530: 2526: 2523:. GUIdebook, 2522: 2520: 2512: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2346: 2342: 2341:21.1, page 18 2340: 2335: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2052: 2049:. Marketing. 2048: 2041: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1901: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1812: 1801:September 28, 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1765: 1761: 1760:"Square Dots" 1754: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1694: 1688: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1629: 1625: 1622:Horn, Bruce. 1618: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1401: 1397: 1395:1-59327-010-0 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1346: 1342: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1221: 1220:was entered. 1211: 1206: 1204: 1203:Steve Wozniak 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:Burrell Smith 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:Daniel Kottke 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Bill Atkinson 1131: 1122: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1001: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 964: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 926: 922: 912: 910: 905: 901: 897: 883: 879: 877: 873: 869: 864: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 838: 835: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749:function keys 746: 742: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 688: 684: 682: 677: 675: 671: 663: 660: 650: 647: 643: 642: 636: 634: 633:"Lemmings" ad 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 573: 568: 567:George Orwell 564: 560: 556: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 523:Regis McKenna 514: 504: 495: 481: 479: 478: 473: 469: 468:Steve Wozniak 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 424:Burrell Smith 421: 417: 413: 408: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 353: 348: 334: 332: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 282: 278: 274: 265: 261: 258: 254: 251: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 155: 151: 148: 145: 143: 139: 128: 124: 117: 113: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 61: 58:Also known as 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 27:1984 computer 19: 4181:Hard Disk 20 4033:Macintosh XL 3990:9000 series 3970:8000 series 3940:7000 series 3915:6000 series 3890:5000 series 3675:Macintosh TV 3632:Macintosh LC 3579:Macintosh II 3528: 3365:February 24, 3363:. Retrieved 3358: 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3313: 3301:. Retrieved 3288: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3253:September 4, 3251:. Retrieved 3242: 3230: 3220:February 11, 3218:. Retrieved 3209: 3185:. Retrieved 3178: 3165: 3156:the original 3146: 3134:. Retrieved 3125: 3116: 3104:. Retrieved 3095: 3086: 3074:. Retrieved 3057: 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3024: 3012: 3000:. Retrieved 2993: 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2965: 2940:. Retrieved 2933: 2924: 2914: 2907: 2895:. Retrieved 2886: 2877: 2865:. Retrieved 2856: 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2826: 2817: 2805:. Retrieved 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2775:the original 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2744: 2734: 2722:. Retrieved 2713: 2704: 2694:December 20, 2692:. Retrieved 2688:the original 2683: 2674: 2662:. Retrieved 2651: 2641: 2631:February 23, 2629:. Retrieved 2625:the original 2620: 2610: 2598:. Retrieved 2585: 2575: 2563:. Retrieved 2554: 2545: 2533:. Retrieved 2518: 2511: 2501:December 24, 2499:. Retrieved 2471:November 18, 2469:. Retrieved 2465:the original 2454: 2442:. Retrieved 2438:the original 2431: 2421: 2409:. Retrieved 2405:the original 2394: 2382:. Retrieved 2371: 2361: 2349:. Retrieved 2345:the original 2337: 2327: 2315:. Retrieved 2304: 2294: 2282:. Retrieved 2273: 2263: 2251:. Retrieved 2242: 2232: 2201: 2195: 2183:. Retrieved 2172: 2162: 2150:. Retrieved 2136: 2124:. Retrieved 2115: 2102: 2090:. Retrieved 2086:the original 2077: 2067: 2055:. Retrieved 2040: 2028:. Retrieved 2015: 2005: 1993:. Retrieved 1980: 1970: 1960:February 21, 1958:. Retrieved 1949: 1939: 1927:. Retrieved 1919:folklore.org 1918: 1908: 1884: 1874: 1862:. Retrieved 1844: 1834:November 15, 1832:. Retrieved 1821: 1811: 1799:. Retrieved 1790: 1780: 1768:. Retrieved 1753: 1741:. Retrieved 1707: 1701: 1675:. Retrieved 1651: 1644: 1632:. Retrieved 1617: 1605:. Retrieved 1596: 1587: 1575:. Retrieved 1571:the original 1560: 1548:. Retrieved 1537: 1525: 1514: 1486:. Retrieved 1482:the original 1477: 1468: 1456:. Retrieved 1447: 1438: 1430:the original 1425: 1416: 1404:. Retrieved 1380: 1373: 1277:Timeline of 1258: 1250: 1248: 1244:impulse item 1236: 1229: 1227: 1207: 1169:, Rod Holt, 1136: 1094: 1091:OEM upgrades 1085:Hard Disk 20 1078: 1071: 1060: 1055: 1030: 1013: 1002: 996: 992: 988: 984: 976: 974: 930: 918: 904:Macintosh SE 893: 866:Third-party 865: 850: 817: 785: 773:Macintosh SE 769:Macintosh II 737: 698: 678: 656: 639: 637: 585: 570: 542:Ridley Scott 531: 520: 475: 460: 409: 400:Motorola 68k 357: 323:Ridley Scott 312: 276: 272: 270: 126:Discontinued 97:Release date 67:Manufacturer 36: 4331:StyleWriter 4316:LaserWriter 4311:ImageWriter 4222:Desktop Bus 4115:Monitor III 4094:Peripherals 4029:(cancelled) 3717:600 series 3335:November 6, 3136:January 21, 3106:January 21, 3035:October 27, 3002:October 21, 2974:October 22, 2915:Spectre GCR 2867:January 21, 2837:January 21, 2781:February 1, 2755:January 22, 2745:ipsnews.net 2724:December 2, 2684:The Mac 512 2565:October 27, 2493:. OS News. 2185:January 21, 1634:February 3, 1488:January 21, 1406:January 25, 1210:Easter eggs 1151:George Crow 1083:or Apple's 1065:that added 945:MacTerminal 872:serial port 868:hard drives 837:floppy disk 804:LaserWriter 796:ImageWriter 729:floppy disk 725:handshaking 695:Peripherals 664:running at 581:Big Brother 534:John Dvorak 484:1984: Debut 337:Development 236:Predecessor 202:floppy disk 4426:Categories 4349:MessagePad 4256:Networking 4110:Monitor II 4022:Apple Lisa 3828:500 series 3769:100 series 3564:Classic II 3126:macgui.com 3096:macgui.com 3027:(review). 2857:macgui.com 2827:macgui.com 2664:January 5, 2411:August 27, 1677:January 6, 1577:August 27, 1366:References 1339:See also: 1187:Jef Raskin 1175:Steve Jobs 1171:Bruce Horn 1147:Mike Boich 1063:MacCharlie 941:MacProject 909:Kensington 900:Steve Jobs 777:Apple Lisa 745:arrow keys 666:7.8336 MHz 596:all-in-one 513:Steve Jobs 456:monochrome 452:logicboard 412:Jef Raskin 392:Xerox Alto 380:Xerox PARC 372:Steve Jobs 292:all-in-one 216:Dimensions 133:1985-10-01 107:1984-01-24 91:All-in-one 4354:eMate 300 4296:Silentype 4268:LocalTalk 4247:QuickTake 4171:Macintosh 3753:PowerBook 3454:Computers 3187:March 20, 3122:"Mac GUI" 3092:"Mac GUI" 3066:0362-4331 2887:apple.com 2853:"Mac GUI" 2823:"Mac GUI" 2807:April 30, 2535:April 24, 2444:April 11, 2384:April 11, 2317:April 19, 2253:April 11, 2243:USA Today 2224:921280642 2152:April 24, 2116:InfoWorld 2092:April 19, 2030:April 19, 1995:April 19, 1929:April 19, 1864:April 24, 1823:The Verge 1743:April 24, 1687:cite book 1607:March 26, 1550:March 27, 1478:apple.com 1458:March 27, 1448:apple.com 1224:Reception 1027:Expansion 989:Macintosh 977:Macintosh 808:AppleTalk 617:Multiplan 613:Microsoft 577:dystopian 569:'s novel 521:In 1982, 477:InfoWorld 458:display. 446:(kb) RAM 436:QuickDraw 317:" during 281:Macintosh 273:Macintosh 264:Apple IIc 260:Apple IIe 246:Successor 161:@ 7.8336 119:US$ 2,495 62:Macintosh 4397:W.A.L.T. 4288:Printers 4217:Keyboard 4166:FileWare 4102:Displays 3511:III Plus 3496:IIc Plus 3463:Apple II 3326:Archived 3297:Archived 3247:Archived 3214:Archived 3130:Archived 3100:Archived 3070:Archived 3029:Archived 2995:Macworld 2897:April 8, 2891:Archived 2861:Archived 2831:Archived 2801:Archived 2749:Archived 2718:Archived 2658:Archived 2594:Archived 2559:Archived 2529:Archived 2525:Newsweek 2519:Newsweek 2495:Archived 2378:Archived 2339:MacWorld 2311:Archived 2278:Archived 2247:Archived 2179:Archived 2146:Archived 2126:June 29, 2120:Archived 2057:June 24, 2051:Archived 2024:Archived 1989:Archived 1954:Archived 1923:Archived 1882:(1991). 1858:Archived 1828:Archived 1795:Archived 1770:July 24, 1764:Archived 1737:Archived 1671:Archived 1628:Archived 1601:Archived 1544:Archived 1452:Archived 1400:Archived 1354:See also 1270:Timeline 1218:G 41D89A 1214:G 4188A4 1056:Macworld 953:MacBASIC 937:MacWrite 933:MacPaint 915:Software 846:System 7 792:Apple II 788:monaural 761:keyboard 741:keyboard 646:IBM PCjr 641:Newsweek 601:Apple II 599:popular 592:MacPaint 588:MacWrite 559:tank top 463:Apple II 448:soldered 420:keyboard 364:Apple II 4380:Paladin 4278:GeoPort 4242:Scanner 4196:PowerCD 4191:AppleCD 4176:ProFile 4161:Disk II 3835:PowerPC 3670:5200 LC 3559:Classic 3481:II Plus 3401:at the 3385:at the 3076:July 3, 2942:July 7, 2284:May 10, 1890:192–193 1281:models 1125:Credits 1119:US$ 300 1115:US$ 700 1098:US$ 995 890:Cooling 861:US$ 495 827:⁄ 814:Storage 800:WYSIWYG 743:had no 623:, with 563:alludes 555:Picasso 450:to the 444:kilobit 327:$ 2,495 256:Related 208:Display 195:⁄ 131: ( 105: ( 4390:Bandai 4385:Pippin 4375:Mac NC 4341:Newton 3665:LC 630 3655:LC 475 3650:LC III 3303:May 5, 3064: 2600:May 5, 2517:"1984 2351:May 9, 2306:Ad Age 2222: 2212: 1896: 1663: 1392: 971:Models 925:Finder 921:System 844:until 721:RS-422 709:pixels 621:MS-DOS 368:IBM PC 170:Memory 4363:Other 3861:2400c 3856:3400c 3841:2300c 3731:660AV 3713:840AV 3645:LC II 3554:SE/30 3539:512Ke 3445:Apple 3329:(PDF) 3322:(PDF) 2433:Wired 2373:Wired 1657:Wiley 1264:A> 1045:68851 1038:68881 1034:68020 853:PC XT 781:mouse 733:D-sub 681:DRAMs 428:board 300:mouse 288:Apple 286:from 200:inch 4064:9150 3999:9600 3994:9500 3984:8600 3979:8500 3974:8100 3964:7600 3959:7500 3954:7300 3944:7100 3934:6500 3929:6400 3919:6100 3909:5500 3904:5400 3899:5260 3851:1400 3846:5300 3622:IIvx 3617:IIvi 3612:IIsi 3607:IIfx 3602:IIci 3597:IIcx 3544:Plus 3534:512K 3529:128K 3501:IIGS 3367:2016 3359:BYTE 3337:2017 3305:2019 3255:2017 3222:2019 3189:2016 3180:BYTE 3138:2010 3108:2010 3078:2017 3062:ISSN 3037:2013 3004:2020 2976:2013 2967:BYTE 2944:2016 2935:BYTE 2899:2014 2869:2010 2839:2010 2809:2022 2783:2014 2757:2020 2726:2007 2696:2016 2666:2015 2633:2011 2621:Time 2602:2019 2567:2020 2537:2006 2503:2007 2473:2007 2446:2010 2413:2009 2386:2010 2353:2008 2319:2015 2286:2008 2255:2010 2220:OCLC 2210:ISBN 2187:2012 2154:2006 2128:2017 2094:2015 2059:2015 2032:2015 1997:2015 1962:2020 1931:2015 1894:ISBN 1866:2006 1836:2022 1803:2022 1772:2012 1745:2006 1693:link 1679:2014 1661:ISBN 1636:2007 1609:2021 1579:2009 1552:2015 1516:BYTE 1490:2008 1460:2015 1408:2022 1390:ISBN 1343:and 1252:BYTE 1102:ROMs 1052:SCSI 1009:Lisa 997:128K 991:and 947:and 935:and 923:and 834:inch 771:and 753:port 717:DE-9 590:and 546:1984 386:for 360:Lisa 315:1984 271:The 240:Lisa 228:Mass 173:128 87:Type 3821:230 3816:210 3811:Duo 3804:190 3799:150 3794:180 3789:160 3784:170 3779:140 3774:100 3741:630 3736:605 3726:650 3721:610 3708:800 3703:950 3698:900 3693:700 3592:IIx 3506:III 3491:IIc 3486:IIe 2274:CNN 1246:". 1048:MMU 1041:FPU 735:). 713:ppi 705:CRT 674:ROM 670:RAM 615:'s 583:." 565:to 440:ROM 432:RAM 308:CRT 177:RAM 163:MHz 154:CPU 4428:: 3866:G3 3640:LC 3587:II 3549:SE 3476:II 3357:. 3324:. 3291:. 3287:. 3245:. 3241:. 3208:. 3197:^ 3177:. 3128:. 3124:. 3098:. 3094:. 3068:. 3056:. 3023:. 2992:. 2964:. 2952:^ 2932:. 2889:. 2885:. 2859:. 2855:. 2829:. 2825:. 2799:. 2747:. 2743:. 2716:. 2712:. 2682:. 2656:. 2650:. 2619:. 2588:. 2584:. 2553:. 2527:. 2481:^ 2430:. 2376:. 2370:. 2336:. 2309:. 2303:. 2276:. 2272:. 2245:. 2241:. 2218:. 2208:. 2204:. 2177:. 2171:. 2114:. 2080:. 2076:. 2022:. 2018:. 2014:. 1987:. 1983:. 1979:. 1952:. 1948:. 1921:. 1917:. 1892:. 1852:. 1826:. 1820:. 1793:. 1789:. 1731:. 1718:^ 1689:}} 1685:{{ 1669:. 1659:. 1595:. 1536:. 1513:. 1498:^ 1476:. 1450:. 1446:. 1424:. 1398:. 1384:. 1197:, 1165:, 1157:, 1145:, 959:. 943:, 175:KB 3471:I 3437:e 3430:t 3423:v 3369:. 3339:. 3307:. 3272:. 3257:. 3224:. 3191:. 3140:. 3110:. 3080:. 3039:. 3006:. 2978:. 2946:. 2901:. 2871:. 2841:. 2811:. 2785:. 2759:. 2728:. 2698:. 2668:. 2635:. 2604:. 2569:. 2539:. 2505:. 2475:. 2448:. 2415:. 2388:. 2355:. 2321:. 2288:. 2257:. 2226:. 2189:. 2156:. 2130:. 2096:. 2061:. 2034:. 1999:. 1964:. 1933:. 1902:. 1868:. 1838:. 1805:. 1774:. 1747:. 1695:) 1638:. 1611:. 1581:. 1554:. 1492:. 1462:. 1410:. 1301:e 1294:t 1287:v 832:- 829:2 825:1 822:+ 820:3 354:. 197:2 193:1 190:+ 188:3 135:) 109:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index