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Certification standards applicable to the airworthiness of an aircraft contain many requirements. Some of these requirements can only be met by specifying a maximum weight for the aircraft, and demonstrating that the aircraft can meet the requirement at all weights up to, and including, the specified
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It is possible to have an aircraft certified with a reduced MTOW, lower than the structural maximum, to take advantage of lower MTOW-based fees, such as insurance premiums, landing fees and air traffic control fees are MTOW based. This is considered a permanent modification.
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Alternatively, holders of an Air
Operator Certificate (AOC) may vary the Maximum Declared Take-Off Weight (MDTOW) for their aircraft. They can subscribe to a scheme, and then vary the weight for each aircraft without further charge.
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Condition of runway – The best runway for taking off is a dry, paved runway. An unpaved runway or one with traces of snow will provide more rolling friction which will cause the airplane to accelerate more slowly. See the
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Runway wind component – The best condition is a strong headwind straight along the runway. The worst condition is a tailwind. If there is a crosswind it is the wind component along the runway which must be taken into
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Length of runway – A short runway means the aircraft has less distance to accelerate to takeoff speed. The length for computation of maximum permitted takeoff weight may be adjusted if the runway has clearways and/or
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maximum. This limit is typically driven by structural requirements – to ensure the aircraft structure is capable of withstanding all the loads likely to be imposed on it during the takeoff, and occasionally by the
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or "regulated takeoff weight", varies according to flap setting, altitude, air temperature, length of runway and other factors. It is different from one takeoff to the next, but can never be higher than the MTOW.
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Synthesis of
Subsonic Airplane Design: An introduction to the preliminary design of subsonic general aviation and transport aircraft, with emphasis on layout, aerodynamic design, propulsion and performance
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The maximum weight at which a takeoff may be attempted, taking into account the above factors, is called the maximum permissible takeoff weight, maximum allowed takeoff weight or regulated takeoff weight.
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In many circumstances an aircraft may not be permitted to take off at its MTOW. In these circumstances the maximum weight permitted for takeoff will be determined taking account of the following:
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requirements applicable to it. MTOW of an aircraft is fixed and does not vary with altitude, air temperature, or the length of the runway to be used for takeoff or landing.
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Obstacles – An airplane must be able to take off and gain enough height to clear all obstacles and terrain beyond the end of the runway.
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Metal 3D Printing
Material Scalmalloy Could be the Aircraft Material of the Future. 3DPrint.com, Sarah Saunders. Jul 20, 2018.
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Airfield altitude (height above sea-level) – This affects air pressure which affects maximum engine power or thrust.
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An aircraft can have its MTOW increased by reinforcement due to additional or stronger materials. For example, the
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Air temperature – This affects air density which affects maximum engine power or thrust.
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MTOW is the heaviest weight at which the aircraft has been shown to meet all the
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Maximum permissible takeoff weight or maximum allowed takeoff weight
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is the maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt to
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80:. MTOW is usually specified in units of kilograms or pounds.
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FARNBOROUGH: Airbus outlines A330neo engineering demands
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Maximum weight of a craft at which takeoff is permitted
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378:Scalmalloy aluminum-magnesium-scandium alloy
208:List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight
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135:(scalmalloy) to avoid an
36:Takeoff weight components
223:Wake turbulence category
213:Maximum zero-fuel weight
98:Certification standards
383:15 August 2016 at the
242:Torenbeek, E. (2013).
218:Operating empty weight
42:maximum takeoff weight
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203:Aircraft gross weight
105:maximum flight weight
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58:maximum takeoff mass
178:Munich air disaster
156:Spanair Flight 5022
74:gross lift-off mass
133:Scandium–aluminium
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387:Airbus Technology
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192:See also
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70:take off
66:aircraft
64:) of an
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