682:
136:
110:
123:
62:
2319:
33:
898:
634:
149:
69:
538:
660:. Including the passengers who landed in England, of the original 936 refugees (one man died during the voyage), roughly 709 survived the war and 227 died. Later research tracing each passenger has determined that 254 (29.2%) of those who returned to continental Europe were murdered during the Holocaust.
509:
Captain Schröder was a German who went to great lengths to ensure dignified treatment for his passengers. Food served included items subject to rationing in
Germany, and childcare was available while parents dined. Dances and concerts were put on, and on Friday evenings, religious services were held
807:
and 14 survivors of the incident. The survivors presented a proclamation of gratitude to various
European countries for accepting some of the ship's passengers. A signed copy of Senate Resolution 111, recognizing June 6, 2009, as the 70th anniversary of the incident, was delivered to the Department
529:
to Cuba, as laws related to these had been recently changed. On May 5, 1939, four months before World War II began, Havana had abandoned its pragmatic immigration policy, by virtue of decree 937, which "restricted entry of all foreigners except U.S. citizens, unless authorized by Cuban secretaries
668:
passengers who returned to continental Europe, we determined that eighty-seven were able to emigrate before
Germany invaded western Europe on May 10, 1940. Two hundred fifty-four passengers in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands after that date died during the Holocaust. Most of these people were
605:
As
Captain Schröder negotiated and schemed to find passengers a haven, conditions on the ship declined. At one point he made plans to wreck the ship on the British coast to force the government to take in the passengers as refugees. He refused to return the ship to Germany until all the passengers
533:
After the ship had been in the harbor for five days, only 28 passengers were allowed to disembark in Cuba. Twenty-two were Jews who had valid United States visas; four were
Spanish citizens and two were Cuban nationals, all with valid entry documents. The last admitted was a medical evacuee, a
617:
agreed to take 288 (32 percent) of the passengers, who disembarked and travelled to the UK via other steamers. After much negotiation by Schröder, the remaining 619 passengers were also allowed to disembark at
Antwerp. 224 (25 percent) were accepted by France, 214 (23.59 percent) by
444:. She was 174.90 m long and 22.10 m wide and was measured with 16,732 GRT. Four double-acting six-cylinder two-stroke diesel engines (MAN type, built under license from Bremer Vulkan) each with an output of 3150 hp enabled a speed of 16.5 knots. Her sister ship was
677:; the rest died in internment camps, in hiding or attempting to evade the Nazis. Three hundred sixty-five of the 620 passengers who returned to continental Europe survived the war. Of the 288 passengers sent to Britain, the vast majority were alive at war's end.
457:
left
Hamburg on March 28, 1929, for her maiden voyage to New York City, and was then mainly used in the North Atlantic service from Hamburg to Halifax, and then to New York. In addition, however, she also undertook cruises of 16-17 days each to the
2189:
Matthias Loeber, “Swept back into the unseen vastness of the sea” - Fritz Buff's account of his voyage aboard the ST. LOUIS, May and June 1939, in: Key
Documents of German-Jewish History, March 15, 2021,
514:
was covered by a tablecloth. Swimming lessons took place in the pool. Lothar Molton, a boy traveling with his parents, said that the passengers thought of it as "a vacation cruise to freedom".
1870:
606:
had been given entry to some other country. US officials worked with
Britain and European nations to find refuge for the Jews in Europe. The ship returned to Europe, docking at the
630:, and the Nazi occupations of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands in May 1940, all the Jews in those countries were subject to high risk, including the recent refugees.
416:
roundups of Jews in the occupied countries of
Belgium, France and the Netherlands, and some historians have estimated that approximately a quarter of them were killed in
2218:
1642:
2009:
1681:
1098:
2171:
1663:
2338:
1033:
1093:
2801:
2680:
2675:
2211:
1723:
1222:
32:
2670:
2826:
2806:
560:
1148:
530:
of state subject a bond of US $ 500." None of the passengers knew that their landing permits had been invalidated a few weeks earlier.
470:, especially in autumn and spring. From 1934 she was also chartered in the summer by the Office for Travel, Hiking and Holidays (RWU) of
1774:
2821:
2204:
796:. After a display period, the sculpture was shipped to its fabricators, Soheil Mosun Limited, in Toronto for repair and refurbishment.
2796:
1064:
789:
652:
Based on the survival rates for Jews in various countries during the war and deportations, historians have estimated that 180 of the
999:
1823:"A German‐Jewish refugee in Vichy France 1939–1941. Arno Motulsky's memoir of life in the internment camps at St. Cyprien and Gurs"
2454:
718:
553:
681:
2715:
2072:
1955:
1928:
1635:
2700:
768:
wheel. Symbolizing the policies that turned away more than 900 Jewish refugees, the wheel incorporates four inter-meshing
2529:
2740:
2791:
2665:
2115:
877:
2227:
1984:
1907:
1620:
1584:
1125:
1077:
1054:
1041:
945:
800:
2358:
1685:
1179:, a schooner chartered to carry Jewish refugees that was torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on 5 February 1942
927:
563:, which pleaded with the government. After most passengers were refused landing in Cuba, Captain Schröder directed
2745:
2363:
1106:
590:
was turned away from the United States, a group of academics and clergy in Canada tried to persuade Prime Minister
377:
20:
2604:
2353:
2127:
1658:
761:
734:
2504:
2404:
1320:
923:
1472:"What was the Coast Guard's role in the SS St. Louis affair, often referred to as "The Voyage of the Damned"?"
2378:
2368:
2333:
2308:
2177:
919:
793:
738:
707:
2459:
2655:
2484:
2343:
1288:
745:, explored the Canadian connection to the tragic voyage. The display is now a traveling exhibit in Canada.
2549:
2816:
2373:
804:
703:
695:
591:
392:, trying to find a nation to take the Jews in, but both nations refused. He finally returned the ship to
2629:
2146:
1188:, a schooner carrying Jewish refugees that was torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine on 5 August 1944
2660:
881:
819:
788:. The back of the memorial is inscribed with the passenger list. It was first exhibited in 2011 at the
674:
2489:
2464:
1731:
1550:
1417:
1049:
by Kathy Kacer (2011) is a young adult nonfiction account of two children's experience on the voyage.
2735:
2394:
2264:
1753:
602:, was hostile to Jewish immigration and persuaded the head of government on June 9 not to intervene.
580:
571:, hoping for permission from authorities to enter the United States. Neither Hull nor U.S. President
2584:
2399:
1226:
2786:
2624:
2348:
2269:
2254:
2015:
908:
812:
753:
2776:
2720:
2274:
912:
166:
135:
2424:
559:
had made efforts to persuade Cuba to accept the refugees, quite like the failed attempts by the
502:
on May 13, 1939, carrying 937 passengers, most of them Jewish refugees seeking asylum from Nazi
2730:
2695:
2690:
2544:
2429:
2259:
2241:
2060:
1192:
1010:
973:
839:
822:
for its role in the fate of the ship's passengers. The apology was issued on November 7, 2018.
503:
326:
227:
2594:
2534:
2419:
1610:
522:
2811:
2781:
2554:
1112:
733:
in its exhibits about the history of shipping in the city. In 2009, a special exhibit at the
572:
2156:
1389:
1267:
656:
refugees in France, 152 of those in Belgium and 60 of those in the Netherlands survived the
579:
aground along the coast to allow the refugees to escape but, acting on Hull's instructions,
2634:
2559:
2439:
2295:
2165:
2032:
1471:
1248:
1205:, which carried over 300 refugees including at least 100 Jews to America and Mexico in 1940
983:
699:
595:
556:
521:
but was denied entry to the usual docking areas. The Cuban government, headed by President
425:
334:
306:
95:
2569:
2287:
2067:(2nd, revised (first in 1974) ed.). Stillwater, Minnesota: Motorbooks International.
1871:"Obituary: Frederick Reif / Educator, author and researcher at Carnegie Mellon University"
8:
2771:
2710:
2619:
2479:
2469:
2449:
1754:"Trudeau to offer formal apology in Commons for fate of Jewish refugee ship MS St. Louis"
614:
445:
310:
2599:
2589:
1918:
1847:
1822:
1497:
835:
471:
417:
567:
and the remaining 907 refugees towards the United States. He circled off the coast of
534:
desperate passenger who attempted suicide, and was allowed hospitalization in Havana.
487:
381:
376:
intending to escape antisemitic persecution. The refugees first tried to disembark in
2414:
2300:
2111:
2078:
2068:
1980:
1974:
1961:
1951:
1934:
1924:
1903:
1852:
1616:
1580:
1170:, designed for 28 passengers, which carried 1,120 Jewish refugees to New York in 1941
1149:
The St. Louis Refugee Ship Blues, Art Spiegelman recounts a sad story 70 years later.
1121:
1102:
1073:
1050:
1037:
626:. The ship returned to Hamburg without any passengers. The following year, after the
517:
Upon reaching Cuba, the ship dropped anchor at 04:00 on May 27 at the far end of the
2639:
2444:
2196:
2191:
2037:
1796:
2564:
2514:
2434:
2409:
2141:
2056:
1842:
1834:
1573:
988:
977:
757:
627:
2539:
2685:
2614:
2574:
2524:
2509:
1667:
1646:
1196:, a merchant ship carrying Asian migrants that was denied entry to Canada in 1914
1173:
1134:
1059:
1019:
818:
announced the Government of Canada would offer a formal apology in the country's
765:
645:
607:
599:
542:
441:
109:
2474:
2183:
1450:
1152:
873:
815:
726:
459:
397:
338:
2519:
2033:
The St. Louis Crisis in the Canadian Press: New Data on the June 1939 Incident
575:
chose to intervene to admit the refugees. Captain Schröder considered running
2765:
2609:
2499:
2098:
No Reply: A Jewish Child Aboard the MS St. Louis and the Ordeal That Followed
2028:
2004:
2000:
1395:
994:
959:
867:
851:
518:
385:
298:
294:
290:
170:
2494:
2082:
1965:
1938:
1182:
685:
The Dutch applied a special marking inside passports of those they accepted.
321:, was also a diesel powered motor vessel owned by the Hamburg America Line.
2318:
1856:
1143:
773:
640:
Captain Gustav Schröder negotiates landing permits for the passengers with
549:
525:, refused to accept the foreign refugees, although they held legal tourist
511:
373:
361:
148:
122:
2579:
1838:
855:
623:
526:
405:
354:
314:
266:
424:. These events, also known as the "Voyage of the Damned", have inspired
2750:
1164:
1117:
847:
777:
2279:
1775:"Trudeau apologizes for Canada's 1939 refusal of Jewish refugee ship"
1199:
1082:
670:
657:
421:
42:
2157:
Robert Rosen, "Carter Center Library Speech" on "The S.S. St. Louis"
1599:
Rosen, pp. 447, 567 citing Morgan-Witts and Thomas (1994) pp. 8, 238
1089:(2014), explores the tragedy of the ship's passengers in the present
897:
633:
594:
to provide sanctuary to the passengers. The ship could have reached
1706:
1670:, daniel-libeskind.com, 19 January 2011; retrieved 21 January 2011.
641:
619:
568:
537:
467:
463:
401:
346:
342:
330:
153:
140:
127:
114:
74:
46:
2725:
2705:
2025:: L'errance des Juifs du paquebot St-Louis (L’Harmattan, 2005).
803:
formally apologized in a ceremony attended by Deputy Secretary
785:
781:
711:
495:
475:
413:
409:
393:
389:
254:
1608:
966:(1942), translated in English as "Skipper next to God" (1945)
769:
721:
in Washington, D.C., tells the story of the voyage of the MS
380:
but were denied permission to land. After Cuba, the captain,
2052:, Nashville, TN: Westview Publishing, 2005. (See Chapter 10)
1030:
Denied Entry: A Survivor's Story of Fate, Faith, and Freedom
843:
499:
369:
1498:"Maritime Museum Exhibit on Tragic Voyage of MS St. Louis"
598:
in two days. The director of Canada's Immigration Branch,
2105:
The Saddest Ship Afloat: The Tragedy of the MS St. Louis,
2091:
Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust
2055:
2010:
None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1933-1948
1920:
Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust
1902:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 103.
1612:
Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust
772:, each showing a word to represent factors of exclusion:
702:. In 1993, Schröder was posthumously named as one of the
2184:"SS St Louis: The ship of Jewish refugees nobody wanted"
2161:
Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust
1948:
Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust
1707:"Exhibitions", Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21
1223:"Photo Archives United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
846:
on August 30, 1944. The ship was repaired and used as a
440:
was launched on August 2, 1928, at the Bremer Vulkan in
1570:
1518:
George Axelsson, "907 Refugees End Voyage in Antwerp",
481:
353:
was built for both transatlantic liner service and for
1916:
2226:
2180:
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives
610:(Belgium) on June 17, 1939, with the 908 passengers.
412:, accepted some refugees. Many were later caught in
2093:, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.
2038:
Canadian Jewish Studies / Études Juives Canadiennes
1717:
1715:
1321:"The Righteous Among The Nations: Gustav Schroeder"
548:Records show American officials Secretary of State
19:"SS St. Louis" redirects here. For other uses, see
1615:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 174–75.
1572:
838:from 1940 to 1944. She was heavily damaged by the
277:973 passengers (270 cabin, 287 tourist, 416 third)
2192:https://dx.doi.org/10.23691/jgo:article-266.en.v1
2172:"American Responses to the Holocaust - St. Louis"
2050:Jewish Community of Cuba: Golden Years, 1906–1958
2763:
1900:Tropical Diaspora: The Jewish Experience in Cuba
1724:"State Department apologizes to Jewish refugees"
1712:
1451:"Holocaust Memorial Day Trust | The SS St Louis"
764:and Trevor Johnston. The memorial is a polished
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
583:vessels shadowed the ship and prevented this.
561:American Jewish "Joint" Distribution Committee
2212:
1500:. Government of Nova Scotia. November 5, 2010
431:
337:, and New York City, and made cruises to the
1827:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
1429:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
1374:
1979:. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association.
1315:
1313:
1311:
1032:(2011), an autobiography and commentary by
926:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2219:
2205:
1923:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
1295:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1007:Jews in the chapter "Three Simple Stories"
792:, Canada's national immigration museum in
16:German ocean liner; "Voyage of the damned"
1846:
1268:"Remembering the Voyage of the St. Louis"
991:adapted from the Thomas/Morgan-Witts book
946:Learn how and when to remove this message
790:Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21
396:, where various countries, including the
2178:"The Story of the S.S. St. Louis (1939)"
1972:
1917:Miller, Scott; Sarah A. Ogilvie (2006).
1820:
1722:Eppinger, Kamerel (September 26, 2012).
1721:
1709:, pier21.ca; accessed 12 September 2014.
1308:
1299:
1265:
748:In 2011, a memorial monument called the
680:
632:
536:
309:. The ship was named after the city of
2802:International response to the Holocaust
1609:Scott Miller and Sarah Ogilvie (2010).
1283:
1281:
719:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2764:
1897:
1679:
1000:A History of the World in 10½ Chapters
2455:Manuel de Jesús Troncoso de la Concha
2200:
1945:
1797:"M/S St. Louis, Hamburg America Line"
1680:Taplin, Jennifer (January 21, 2011).
1387:
1003:(1989) recounts the trials of the MS
861:
850:in Hamburg in 1946. She was sold and
729:features a display and a video about
293:-powered passenger ship built by the
257:diesels, twin triple-blade propellers
58:
2701:National Socialist Movement of Chile
1684:. Metro News Halifax. Archived from
1464:
1278:
1241:
924:adding citations to reliable sources
891:
698:awarded Captain Gustav Schröder the
2827:The Holocaust and the United States
2807:Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany
1950:. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.
1551:"The Tragedy of the S.S. St. Louis"
669:murdered in the killing centers of
13:
1994:
1266:Madokoro, Laura (August 9, 2021).
887:
878:University of California, Berkeley
478:with 900 holidaymakers at a time.
14:
2838:
2822:Ships of the Hamburg America Line
2716:Presidential Republic (1925–1973)
2676:History of the Dominican Republic
2228:Latin America during World War II
2121:
1649:, Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
1476:United States Coast Guard History
1249:"MS St. Louis German ocean liner"
801:United States Department of State
451:, launched on February 20, 1929.
305:, better known in English as the
2797:International maritime incidents
2317:
2174:, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
1571:Thomas and Morgan-Witts (1974).
972:(1974), a nonfiction account by
896:
360:In 1939, during the build-up to
147:
134:
121:
108:
67:
60:
31:
21:List of ships named SS St. Louis
2168:, US Coast Guard's official FAQ
1863:
1821:Motulsky, Arno G. (June 2018).
1814:
1789:
1767:
1746:
1700:
1673:
1652:
1629:
1602:
1593:
1564:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1512:
1490:
1443:
1410:
1388:Rosen, Robert (July 17, 2006).
1365:
1116:(2017), a young adult novel by
870:(1923–2018), medical geneticist
825:
735:Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
436:Under construction number 670,
2666:History of Ecuador (1925–1944)
2530:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
2089:Ogilvie, Sarah; Scott Miller.
1682:"Perpetual Memorial of Regret"
1356:
1347:
1338:
1259:
1215:
834:was adapted as a German naval
622:, and 181 (20 percent) by the
510:in the dining room. A bust of
1:
2605:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
2309:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
708:Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial
486:Under the command of Captain
2147:Resources in other libraries
7:
1976:Canadian Immigration Policy
1973:Whitaker, Reginald (1991).
1579:. New York, Stein and Day.
1158:
987:(1976), a film directed by
704:Righteous Among the Nations
696:Federal Republic of Germany
613:The British Prime Minister
592:William Lyon Mackenzie King
269:(30 km/h; 18 mph)
10:
2843:
2661:Falangism in Latin America
2460:José Castellanos Contreras
1898:Levine, Robert M. (1993).
1891:
882:Carnegie Mellon University
876:(1927–2019), physicist at
482:The "Voyage of the Damned"
432:Background and early years
18:
2792:1939 in the United States
2736:Spain during World War II
2648:
2550:Juan Antonio Ríos Morales
2505:José María Velasco Ibarra
2405:Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia
2387:
2326:
2315:
2265:Battle of the River Plate
2234:
2142:Resources in your library
2016:Lester & Orpen Dennys
1289:"Voyage of the St. Louis"
689:
581:United States Coast Guard
554:Secretary of the Treasury
494:set sail from Hamburg to
209:
53:
30:
2681:History of Mar del Plata
2630:Getúlio Dornelles Vargas
2625:Manuel Prado y Ugarteche
1209:
1131:Die Reise der Verlorenen
754:Canadian Jewish Congress
238:574 ft (175 m)
2721:Ratlines (World War II)
2490:Edelmiro Julián Farrell
2485:José Félix Estigarribia
2465:Eleazar López Contreras
2275:Battle of the Caribbean
1875:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1660:Studio Daniel Libeskind
1636:"Traveling Exhibit: MS
1253:Encyclopædia Britannica
1140:The Good Ship St. Louis
760:with graphic design by
210:General characteristics
167:Bremer-Vulkan Shipyards
2731:Southeast Pacific Area
2696:Latin American Section
2691:Inter-American Highway
2585:Alfonso López Pumarejo
2545:Eduardo Santos Montejo
2430:Alberto Lleras Camargo
2400:Isaías Medina Angarita
2260:Battle of the Atlantic
2242:Seguro Obrero massacre
1946:Rosen, Robert (2006).
1801:www.norwayheritage.com
1645:June 30, 2018, at the
1293:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1068:(2013) centers on the
1011:Bodie and Brock Thoene
686:
679:
649:
545:
504:persecution in Germany
428:, opera, and fiction.
368:carried more than 900
246:72 ft (22 m)
2540:María Edwards McClure
2031:; Alexandre Comeau. "
1734:on September 26, 2017
1666:July 8, 2011, at the
684:
662:
636:
573:Franklin D. Roosevelt
540:
325:regularly sailed the
2635:Gualberto Villarroel
2560:Julio Enrique Moreno
2425:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2395:Juan José de Amézaga
2065:Voyage of the Damned
1839:10.1002/ajmg.a.38701
1575:Voyage of the Damned
1540:Rosen, pp. 103, 567.
1099:Armando Lucas Correa
984:Voyage of the Damned
970:Voyage of the Damned
920:improve this section
752:was produced by the
739:Halifax, Nova Scotia
596:Halifax, Nova Scotia
472:Strength Through Joy
335:Halifax, Nova Scotia
327:trans-Atlantic route
307:Hamburg America Line
96:Hamburg-America Line
2711:Panama Sea Frontier
2620:Rexford Guy Tugwell
2595:Pedro Pablo Ramírez
2535:José Toribio Merino
2480:Glen Edgar Edgerton
2450:Pedro Aguirre Cerda
2420:Federico Laredo Brú
2107:Nimbus Publishing,
2100:, Atlanta, GA, 2017
1478:. December 21, 2016
1418:"The Voyage of the
1353:Levine, pp. 110–11.
1097:(2016), a novel by
1022:composed an opera,
808:of State Archives.
750:Wheel of Conscience
694:After the war, the
615:Neville Chamberlain
523:Federico Laredo Brú
474:(KDF) to travel to
311:St. Louis, Missouri
228:gross register tons
2817:Refugees in Canada
2600:Clarence S. Ridley
2590:Carlos Quintanilla
2166:"St. Louis affair"
1777:. November 7, 2018
1398:(Atlanta, Georgia)
964:Schipper naast God
862:Notable passengers
836:accommodation ship
687:
650:
546:
2759:
2758:
2570:Enrique Peñaranda
2415:Fulgencio Batista
2296:Revolution of '43
2270:Havana Conference
2255:Panama Conference
2159:, July 17, 2006,
2128:Library resources
2103:Lawlor, Allison.
2096:Sampson, Pamela.
2074:978-0-87938-909-3
2057:Morgan-Witts, Max
2021:Afoumado, Diane.
1957:978-1-56025-778-3
1930:978-0-299-21980-2
1688:on March 10, 2016
956:
955:
948:
717:A display at the
644:officials in the
281:
280:
2834:
2656:American Theater
2565:Aurelio Mosquera
2555:Higinio Moríñigo
2515:William D. Leahy
2435:Samuel del Campo
2410:Alfredo Baldomir
2321:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2086:
2048:Levinson, Jay.
1990:
1969:
1942:
1913:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1833:(6): 1289–1295.
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1730:. Archived from
1719:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1385:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1317:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1229:on June 29, 2016
1225:. Archived from
1219:
1047:To Hope and Back
1034:Philip S. Freund
1015:Munich Signature
989:Stuart Rosenberg
978:Max Morgan-Witts
951:
944:
940:
937:
931:
900:
892:
820:House of Commons
805:William J. Burns
758:Daniel Libeskind
628:Battle of France
557:Henry Morgenthau
205:Scrapped in 1952
152:
151:
139:
138:
126:
125:
113:
112:
102:Port of registry
77:
72:
71:
70:
65:
64:
63:
35:
28:
27:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2787:1939 in Judaism
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2686:Infamous Decade
2671:History of Peru
2644:
2615:Rafael Trujillo
2575:Jacinto Peynado
2525:George Mantello
2510:Hans Langsdorff
2440:Lázaro Cárdenas
2383:
2322:
2313:
2280:Sinking of the
2230:
2225:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2075:
2023:Exil impossible
1997:
1995:Further reading
1987:
1958:
1931:
1910:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1668:Wayback Machine
1657:
1653:
1647:Wayback Machine
1634:
1630:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:Levine, p. 118.
1530:
1526:
1520:New York Times,
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1431:. June 15, 1939
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1391:Saving the Jews
1386:
1375:
1371:Levine, p. 114.
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:Levine, p. 105.
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1264:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1161:
1142:, 2022 play by
1135:Daniel Kehlmann
1133:, 2018 play by
1094:The German Girl
1060:Leonardo Padura
1024:St. Louis Blues
1020:Chiel Meijering
952:
941:
935:
932:
917:
901:
890:
888:Representations
864:
828:
766:stainless steel
692:
646:Port of Antwerp
608:Port of Antwerp
600:Frederick Blair
488:Gustav Schröder
484:
442:Bremen-Vegesack
434:
382:Gustav Schröder
355:leisure cruises
218:Passenger Liner
146:
133:
120:
107:
73:
68:
66:
61:
59:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:1939 in Canada
2774:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2640:Sténio Vincent
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Margot Duhalde
2472:
2470:Andrés Córdova
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Ramón Castillo
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:External links
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:978-1771083997
2101:
2094:
2087:
2073:
2053:
2046:
2029:Anctil, Pierre
2026:
2019:
2001:Abella, Irving
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1970:
1956:
1943:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1862:
1813:
1788:
1766:
1745:
1711:
1699:
1672:
1651:
1628:
1621:
1601:
1592:
1585:
1563:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1511:
1489:
1463:
1442:
1409:
1373:
1364:
1362:Levine, p. 103
1355:
1346:
1337:
1307:
1305:Rosen, p. 563.
1298:
1277:
1272:Active History
1258:
1240:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:Art Spiegelman
1146:
1137:
1128:
1109:
1090:
1080:
1057:
1044:
1027:
1017:
1013:'s 1991 novel
1008:
992:
980:
967:
954:
953:
904:
902:
895:
889:
886:
885:
884:
874:Frederick Reif
871:
863:
860:
827:
824:
816:Justin Trudeau
813:Prime Minister
756:, designed by
731:St. Louis ship
727:Hamburg Museum
700:Order of Merit
691:
688:
543:Hamburg Harbor
483:
480:
460:Canary Islands
433:
430:
398:United Kingdom
384:, went to the
372:refugees from
339:Canary Islands
279:
278:
275:
271:
270:
263:
259:
258:
252:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
197:March 28, 1929
195:
191:
190:
189:August 2, 1928
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
144:
131:
118:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
56:
55:
51:
50:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2839:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Arturo Rawson
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Henry Harwood
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Puerto Ricans
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:Gordon Thomas
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:Toronto, ON:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:Harold Troper
2002:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1986:0-88798-120-8
1982:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1909:9781558765214
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1776:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1738:September 26,
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:Ship of Fate"
1639:
1632:
1624:
1622:9780299219833
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1586:9780812816945
1582:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1504:September 12,
1499:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1397:
1396:Carter Center
1393:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:Komagata Maru
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:0-54-588087-4
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:8-48-383755-2
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:1-92-692040-6
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:1-45-635148-6
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:Julian Barnes
993:
990:
986:
985:
981:
979:
975:
974:Gordon Thomas
971:
968:
965:
961:
960:Jan de Hartog
958:
957:
950:
947:
939:
929:
925:
921:
915:
914:
910:
905:This section
903:
899:
894:
893:
883:
879:
875:
872:
869:
868:Arno Motulsky
866:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
814:
811:In May 2017,
809:
806:
802:
799:In 2012, the
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
683:
678:
676:
672:
667:
661:
659:
655:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
611:
609:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
544:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
519:Havana Harbor
515:
513:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
452:
450:
449:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:United States
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
345:, Spain; and
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:shipyards in
296:
295:Bremer Vulkan
292:
288:
287:
276:
273:
272:
268:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
250:
249:
245:
242:
241:
237:
234:
233:
229:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
213:
208:
204:
201:
200:
196:
194:Maiden voyage
193:
192:
188:
185:
184:
181:June 16, 1925
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
161:
155:
150:
145:
142:
137:
132:
129:
124:
119:
116:
111:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
76:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2812:Ocean liners
2782:1939 in Cuba
2302:
2289:
2281:
2247:
2246:
2160:
2133:MS St. Louis
2132:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2064:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2022:
2008:
1975:
1947:
1919:
1899:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1727:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1675:
1659:
1654:
1637:
1631:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1574:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1527:
1522:18 June 1939
1519:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1492:
1482:December 22,
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1390:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1301:
1292:
1271:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1217:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1144:Philip Boehm
1139:
1130:
1111:
1107:1-50-1121146
1092:
1086:
1069:
1063:
1046:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1004:
998:
982:
969:
963:
942:
933:
918:Please help
906:
842:bombings at
831:
829:
826:Later career
810:
798:
774:antisemitism
762:David Berman
749:
747:
743:Ship of Fate
742:
730:
722:
716:
693:
665:
663:
653:
651:
637:
612:
604:
587:
585:
576:
564:
550:Cordell Hull
547:
541:Boarding at
532:
516:
508:
491:
485:
454:
453:
447:
437:
435:
374:Nazi Germany
365:
362:World War II
359:
350:
322:
318:
302:
285:
283:
282:
226:16,732
85:
38:
25:
2580:Dusko Popov
2520:Élie Lescot
2354:El Salvador
1806:January 27,
1781:November 7,
1728:shfwire.com
1435:January 29,
1330:January 29,
856:Bremerhaven
741:, entitled
664:Of the 620
624:Netherlands
420:during the
418:death camps
406:Netherlands
315:sister ship
230: (GRT)
156:(1949–1952)
143:(1945–1949)
130:(1933–1945)
117:(1928–1933)
2772:1928 ships
2766:Categories
2751:Vargas Era
2495:Ramón Grau
2301:Operation
2288:Operation
1394:(Speech).
1325:Yad Vashem
1118:Alan Gratz
1087:Sotto Voce
1072:incident.
848:hotel ship
778:xenophobia
251:Propulsion
2379:Venezuela
2334:Argentina
2327:Histories
2248:St. Louis
1692:March 22,
1638:St. Louis
1420:St. Louis
1233:April 24,
1083:Nilo Cruz
1070:St. Louis
1062:'s novel
1005:St. Louis
997:'s novel
907:does not
858:in 1952.
832:St. Louis
723:St. Louis
671:Auschwitz
666:St. Louis
658:Holocaust
654:St. Louis
638:St. Louis
588:St. Louis
577:St. Louis
565:St. Louis
492:St. Louis
455:St. Louis
448:Milwaukee
438:St. Louis
422:Holocaust
366:St. Louis
351:St. Louis
323:St. Louis
319:Milwaukee
286:St. Louis
178:Laid down
173:, Germany
86:St. Louis
43:home port
39:St. Louis
2649:See also
2364:Paraguay
2344:Colombia
2186:BBC News
2083:31373409
2063:(1994).
2045:, 13–40.
1966:64664326
1939:64592065
1880:June 18,
1857:29697901
1664:Archived
1643:Archived
1556:July 17,
1402:July 17,
1200:SS
1183:MV
1165:SS
1159:See also
1085:'s play
962:'s play
936:May 2018
852:scrapped
274:Capacity
186:Launched
2374:Uruguay
2339:Bolivia
2303:Pelikan
2290:Bolivar
2018:, 1983.
1892:Sources
1848:6001526
1759:May 11,
1185:Mefküre
1167:Navemar
1113:Refugee
1065:Herejes
928:removed
913:sources
794:Halifax
706:at the
675:Sobibór
642:Belgian
620:Belgium
569:Florida
468:Morocco
464:Madeira
402:Belgium
347:Morocco
343:Madeira
331:Hamburg
313:. Her
223:Tonnage
163:Builder
154:Hamburg
141:Hamburg
128:Hamburg
115:Hamburg
75:Germany
54:History
47:Hamburg
41:in its
2726:SCADTA
2706:ODESSA
2388:People
2359:Mexico
2282:Toltén
2250:Affair
2235:Events
2130:about
2114:
2081:
2071:
1983:
1964:
1954:
1937:
1927:
1906:
1855:
1845:
1619:
1583:
1456:May 2,
1202:Quanza
1176:Struma
1124:
1105:
1076:
1053:
1040:
1026:(1994)
840:Allied
786:hatred
784:, and
782:racism
725:. The
712:Israel
690:Legacy
586:After
512:Hitler
496:Havana
476:Norway
410:France
404:, the
394:Europe
390:Canada
370:Jewish
364:, the
299:Bremen
291:diesel
289:was a
235:Length
171:Bremen
2746:U-977
2741:U-530
2109:2016.
1425:(PDF)
1210:Notes
770:gears
527:visas
329:from
317:, MS
303:HAPAG
267:knots
262:Speed
92:Owner
2349:Cuba
2112:ISBN
2079:OCLC
2069:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1962:OCLC
1952:ISBN
1935:OCLC
1925:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1882:2022
1853:PMID
1808:2021
1783:2018
1761:2018
1740:2017
1694:2017
1617:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1558:2007
1506:2014
1484:2022
1458:2024
1437:2017
1404:2007
1332:2017
1235:2014
1122:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1038:ISBN
976:and
911:any
909:cite
880:and
844:Kiel
673:and
552:and
500:Cuba
466:and
426:film
414:Nazi
408:and
388:and
378:Cuba
301:for
243:Beam
215:Type
202:Fate
82:Name
2035:."
2007:,
1843:PMC
1835:doi
1831:176
1174:MV
1151:by
922:by
854:at
830:MS
737:in
710:in
446:MS
333:to
284:MS
265:16
255:MAN
169:in
45:of
37:MS
2768::
2077:.
2059:;
2043:31
2041:,
2003:;
1960:.
1933:.
1873:.
1851:.
1841:.
1829:.
1825:.
1799:.
1726:.
1714:^
1474:.
1427:.
1376:^
1323:.
1310:^
1291:.
1280:^
1270:.
1251:.
1120:.
1101:.
1036:.
780:,
776:,
714:.
506:.
498:,
490:,
462:,
400:,
357:.
349:.
341:,
2220:e
2213:t
2206:v
2085:.
2012:,
1989:.
1968:.
1941:.
1912:.
1884:.
1859:.
1837::
1810:.
1785:.
1763:.
1742:.
1696:.
1625:.
1589:.
1560:.
1508:.
1486:.
1460:.
1439:.
1422:"
1406:.
1334:.
1274:.
1255:.
1237:.
949:)
943:(
938:)
934:(
930:.
916:.
648:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
