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674:. In deep water the effect is small but in shallow water it is greater, because as the water that passes underneath it moves faster and causes the draught to increase. This reduced the clearance between the bow doors and water line to between 1.5 and 1.9 metres (4 ft 11 in and 6 ft 3 in). After extensive tests, the investigators found that when the ship travelled at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h), the wave was enough to engulf the bow doors. This caused a "step change": if the ship had been sailing at less than 18 knots and not in shallow water, people on the car deck would probably have had time to notice the bow doors were open and close them.
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identified a "disease of sloppiness" and negligence at every level of the corporation's hierarchy. Issues relating to the breaking of waves high on the bow doors while under way and requests to have an indicator installed on the bridge showing the position of the doors were dismissed; the former because of the attitude that ships' masters would come and "bang on the desk" if an issue was truly important, and the latter because it was thought frivolous to spend money on equipment to indicate if employees had failed to do their job correctly.
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Leslie Sabel, was required to stay on deck to make sure the doors were closed. Sabel said he thought he saw
Stanley approaching. He was seriously injured in the disaster and the court concluded that his evidence was inaccurate. It is believed that, under pressure to get to his harbour station on the bridge, he had left G deck with the bow doors open in the expectation that Stanley would arrive shortly.
539:. The entire event took place within 90 seconds. The water quickly reached the ship's electrical systems, destroying both main and emergency power and leaving the ship in darkness. The ship ended up on her side half-submerged in shallow water 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi; 0.6 mi) from the shore. Only a fortuitous turn to starboard in her last moments, and then capsizing on a
504:
317:, who was asleep in his cabin when he should have been closing the bow door. However, the official inquiry placed more blame on his supervisors and a general culture of poor communication in Townsend Thoresen. The vessel was salvaged, put up for sale, and sold to Naviera SA Kingstown on 30 September 1987, renamed
698:
directed the jury to acquit the company and the five most senior individual defendants. This was because the various acts of negligence could not be attributed to any individual who was a so-called "controlling mind". It did, however, set a precedent that corporate manslaughter is an offence known to
658:
had sailed from Dover to
Zeebrugge with the bow doors open, after her assistant boatswain fell asleep. It was therefore believed that leaving the bow doors open alone should not have caused the ship to capsize. Tests by the Danish Maritime Institute after the accident, however, found that once water
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was positioned at the forward end, and the ship had clam shell doors rather than raising a visor door, making it difficult to see the bow doors. Loading of vehicles onto E deck and D deck was through a weathertight door at the bow and an open portal at the stern. Vehicles could be loaded and unloaded
623:
The fact that
Stanley was asleep at the time of departure led Sheen to examine the working practices of Townsend Thoresen, from which he concluded that the poor workplace communication and stand-off relationship between ship operators and shore-based managers was the root cause of the capsizing, and
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in 1987. It found the capsizing was caused by three main factors—Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, Sabel's failure to make sure the bow doors were closed, and Lewry leaving port without knowing whether the bow doors were closed. While the court determined the immediate cause of the capsizing
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was also found to be a contributory cause of the capsizing. Unlike other ships, which are subdivided into watertight compartments, the vehicle decks of RORO vessels are normally contiguous: any flooding on these decks would allow the water to flow the entire length of the ship. This issue had been
487:
to close the doors before moorings were dropped. The assistant boatswain, Mark
Stanley, however, had returned to his cabin for a short break after cleaning the car deck upon arrival, and was still asleep when the harbour-stations call sounded and the ship dropped her moorings. The first officer,
476:-class vessels: it used a single deck, preventing the simultaneous loading of both E and G decks, and the ramp could not be raised high enough to reach E deck. To compensate for this, the vessel's bow ballast tanks were filled. The ship's natural trim was not restored after loading. Had
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The court also described the attitude of boatswain
Terence Ayling, believed to have been the last person on G deck. Asked why he did not close the doors given there was no one else there to do it, he said it was not his duty. The court nevertheless praised his work in the rescue.
843:(in the case of RORO vessels, defined as the height between the vehicle deck and the water line) for all new ROROs, instead of the previous 76 centimetres (30 in). Some vessels omit the bow door configuration altogether and vehicles enter and exit from rear doors only. New
902:, a government minister at the time, was criticised for alluding to the accident (while speaking on another subject) on 10 March 1987. He was quoted as saying that "although he is the pilot of the Bill, he has not got his bow doors open". He apologised for the remark.
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divers limited the death toll. Recoverable bodies were removed in the days following the accident. During the rescue the tide started to rise and the rescue team was forced to stop all efforts until morning. The last of the people left on board died of hypothermia.
371:
To remain competitive with other ferry operators on the route, Townsend
Thoresen required ships designed to permit fast loading and unloading and quick acceleration. The ships comprised eight decks numbered A to H from top to bottom, which contained the following:
830:
Since the accident, several improvements to the design of this type of vessel have been made. These include indicators on the bridge that display the state of the bow doors, watertight ramps being fitted to the bow sections of the front of the ship, and
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s lights disappear, and notified the port authorities. They also reported that the bow doors appeared to be wide open. The alarm was raised at 18:37 (GMT). Rescue helicopters were quickly dispatched, shortly followed by assistance from the
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Disaster some years back, when he and his ship saved a large number of the passengers. For his heroic actions, he received a letter of commendation from the Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (Margaret Thatcher) and a medal from the
1195:
313:. The ship left harbour with her bow door open, and the sea immediately flooded the decks; within minutes, she was lying on her side in shallow water. The immediate cause of the capsizing was found to be negligence by the assistant
795:
The
Townsend Thoresen brand name had inevitably been seen on television and in newspapers around the world. P&O, who had only just taken over TT before the disaster, quickly decided to re-brand the company as
432:, Germany. Propulsive power was by means of three 6,000 kW (8,000 bhp) 12-cylinder Sulzer medium-speed diesel engines driving variable-pitch propellers. The vehicle deck bow doors were constructed by
1992:
744:(Flushing, Netherlands), where her fate was decided. It had originally been assumed that she could be repaired and continue sailing. However, no buyer was found; she was sold to Compania Naviera SA of
644:
in June and
November 1977 respectively. The need to adjust the ship's bow trim to use the port facilities at Zeebrugge and failure to readjust before departure was another factor in the capsizing.
620:
was
Stanley's failure to close the bow doors, it was very critical of Sabel for not being in a position to prevent the disaster, calling his actions "the most immediate" cause of the capsizing.
1553:
324:
Since the disaster, improvements have been made to the design of RORO vessels, with watertight ramps, indicators showing the position of the bow doors, and the banning of undivided decks.
563:
788:
was cast adrift after its tow rope parted, resuming on 19 October 1987. The hull began to disintegrate while off the coast of South Africa on 27 December 1987, and had to be towed into
495:
Captain David Lewry assumed that the doors had been closed since he could not see them from the wheelhouse owing to the ship's design, and had no indicator lights in the wheelhouse.
847:(IMO) regulations are in place that prohibit an open (undivided) deck of this length on a passenger RORO vessel. The capsizing of the ship is used as a standard example of the
690:. Seven people involved at the company were charged with gross negligence manslaughter, and the operating company, P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd, was charged with
511:
The ship left her berth in Zeebrugge inner harbour at 18:05 (GMT) with a crew of 80 and carrying 459 passengers, 81 cars, three buses and 47 trucks. She passed the outer
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and was successfully concluded in late April 1987, allowing the remaining bodies trapped underwater to be removed. The ship was towed to Zeebrugge, and then across the
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2670:- Denotes order in which different vessels carried the name - Requisitioned by MoD for Falklands War - Capsized/sunk
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937:), telling the story of the disaster and its aftermath. A second edition, updated to reflect the thirtieth anniversary, was released on 1 March 2018 (
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began to enter the vehicle deck of a RORO, it was likely that the vessel would capsize within 30 minutes, while other tests showed that the lack of
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967:, there is a stained-glass window dedicated to Bob Crone, Bryan Eades and Graham Evans, three of the crewmen who died during the disaster.
519:(35.0 km/h; 21.7 mph) 90 seconds after leaving the harbour, water began to enter the car deck in large quantities. The resulting
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364:. The name "Free Enterprise" dates from Townsend Car Ferries' pioneering private sector roll-on/roll-off ferries, introduced in 1962.
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1911:
1791:
Baily, Michael (20 January 1981). "Roll on, roll off freight ships with open garage decks potential death traps, naval men believe".
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on 2 January 1988 to undergo temporary repairs to allow her to continue her voyage. She finally arrived in Taiwan on 22 March 1988.
948:
1806:
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2300:
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1976:
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670:". When a vessel is under way, the movement under it creates low pressure, which has the effect of increasing the vessel's
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663:(which was common on other vessels) allowed the weight of water to flow freely and increase the likelihood of capsizing.
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newspaper offering cheap trips to the continent. Most of the victims were trapped inside the ship and succumbed to
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caused the highest death count of any peacetime maritime disaster involving a British ship since the sinking of
588:
The disaster resulted in the deaths of 193 people. Many of those on board had taken advantage of a promotion in
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2069:"Jim Diamond obituary: Singer-songwriter whose top five hits in the 1980s included I Should Have Known Better"
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the law of England and Wales. The disaster was one of a number that influenced thinking leading to the
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and the Townsend Thoresen branding painted over before her final sailing to a scrapyard at
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301:, designed for rapid loading and unloading on the competitive cross-channel route between
8:
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Andrew Clifford Parker, Assistant Bank Manager, Nippon Credit International, George Medal
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was extended to increase her cargo capacity during her time under the P&O flag in a
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1993:"A BBC drama-documentary will delve into one of the biggest disasters in Dover history"
729:
2170:
1930:"UK weather: A look back at the devastating Great Storm of 1987 that nobody predicted"
800:, repaint the fleet's red hulls in navy blue and remove the TT logo from the funnels.
2629:
2615:
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2097:"March 6, 1987: Zeebrugge disaster claims 193 lives as ferry capsizes mile from port"
2027:
1972:
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Business Continuity: Best Practices : World-class Business Continuity Management
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A salvage operation, conducted by Dutch company Smit-Tak Towage and Salvage (part of
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528:
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1969:
Emergency Evacuation Planning for Your Workplace: From Chaos to Life-Saving Solution
732:), was embarked upon almost immediately to refloat the ship. The operation included
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houses a permanent memorial to the disaster. In the village church of St Margaret,
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at 18:24 (GMT) and capsized about four minutes later. When the ferry reached 18.9
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535:. The ship briefly righted herself before listing to port once more, this time
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1862:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives"
1692:(4). The Council of American Master Mariners, Inc. Winter 2006. Archived from
1607:
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survived, she would have been modified to remove the need for this procedure.
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commissioned the design and construction of three new identical ships for its
2996:
1211:
1197:
1090:
Chief Petty Officer Peter Frank Still, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
1041:
824:
211:
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regulations were changed in 1990 to require 125 centimetres (49 in) of
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H-deck: engine rooms, stores and passenger accommodation at the forward end.
25:
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mv Herald of Free Enterprise: Report of Court No. 8074 Formal Investigation
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Lieutenant-Ter-Zee 1ste Klas Alfons M. A. C. Daems, Queen's Gallantry Medal
1060:
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to allow water to escape from a vehicle deck in the event of flooding. The
671:
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559:
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Lieutenant-Ter-Zee 1ste Klas Guido A. Couwenbergh, Queen's Gallantry Medal
776:. The voyage was interrupted for four days when the ships encountered the
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because of the frigid water. The rescue efforts of the Belgian Navy and
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2372:
2272:
Whittingham, Robert B. (2004). "Organizational and management errors".
1807:"The "Squat" effect and the sinking of the "Herald of Free Enterprise""
1157:
1073:
741:
599:
405:
159:
1081:
Able Seaman Eamon Christopher McKinley Fullen, Queen's Gallantry Medal
861:
s two sister ships have since been withdrawn from service. The former
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Loading of vehicles onto G deck was through watertight doors at the
2811:
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2779:
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832:
764:. She began her final voyage on 5 October 1987, together with MV
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639:
547:
543:, prevented the ship from sinking entirely in much deeper water.
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437:
2293:
Ninety Seconds at Zeebrugge: The Herald of Free Enterprise Story
927:
Ninety Seconds at Zeebrugge: The Herald of Free Enterprise Story
1031:
979:, who lost his daughter and son-in-law in the tragedy, founded
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341:
306:
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on the night of 6 March 1987, killing 193 passengers and crew.
290:(RORO) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian
2843:
2707:
458:
409:
337:
302:
181:
905:
The disaster was the subject of an episode from Series 2 of
724:
towed into the harbour at Vlissingen after salvage, May 1987
686:'s inquest jury into the capsizing returned 187 verdicts of
2171:"Zeebrugge disaster marked by memorial service 25 years on"
199:
1735:
1632:
666:
Another factor that contributed to the capsizing was the "
321:. It was taken to Taiwan on 22 March 1988 to be scrapped.
2039:
1875:
1525:"Zeebrugge Herald of Free Enterprise disaster remembered"
925:
On 1 July 2014, The History Press released a book called
344:
route for delivery from 1980. The ships were branded the
1747:
1078:
Lieutenant Simon Nicholas Bound, Queen's Gallantry Medal
877:
remained more or less as built, being scrapped in 2015.
472:
at Zeebrugge had not been designed specifically for the
1608:"Seconds from Disaster S02E05 Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster"
1499:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1620:
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1471:
1469:
837:
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
382:
B-deck: passenger areas, crew accommodation and galley
2122:"House of Commons PQs – Margaret Thatcher Foundation"
1723:
1456:
1454:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
632:
identified as early as 1980, following the losses of
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onto E and G decks simultaneously, using double-deck
379:
Half deck (between A and B decks) wheelhouse (bridge)
1358:
1346:
1309:
1282:
1258:
1223:
Capsize location of the MS Herald of Free Enterprise
1184:, an automobile cargo ship which sank nearby in 2002
1111:
1037:
William Sean Walker, Seaman, Queen's Gallantry Medal
297:
The eight-deck car and passenger ferry was owned by
2374:
Ships of Townsend Thoresen (European Ferries Group)
2274:
The Blame Machine: why human error causes accidents
2067:Sweeting, Adam; MacAskill, Ewen (11 October 2015).
2042:
Coastal skipper/Yachtmaster offshore theory course.
1772:
1488:
1486:
1466:
1270:
1451:
1432:
309:. As was common at the time, it was built with no
2318:DOT Report Of Court No. 8074 Formal Investigation
2144:"Seconds from Disaster: Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster"
2066:
2057:, The ferry site, www page, accessed 22 June 2007
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1421:
1419:
1417:
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987:which assists people affected by similar events.
851:in manuals of seamanship dealing with stability.
562:, which was undertaking an exercise in the area.
2994:
1551:
1483:
914:The disaster was also featured in an episode of
827:, when at least 205 perished of the 280 aboard.
1101:Dirk van Mullem, Diver, Queen's Gallantry Medal
585:for his heroic efforts in rescuing passengers.
394:F-deck: crew accommodation (port and starboard)
1759:
1571:
1547:
1545:
1414:
1370:
1174:List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
1160:, a ferry lost in 1994 due to bow door failure
2693:
2358:
1829:"Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in 1987"
1522:
1395:
1393:
606:
573:, the German captain of a nearby ferry (M/V
527:. In a matter of seconds, the ship began to
388:D-deck: suspended vehicle deck within E deck
2226:(Supplement). 30 December 1987. p. 61.
2026:. Adlard Coles Nautical. pp. 132–133.
1881:
1795:. No. 61529. London. col A, p. 2.
1784:
1542:
1098:Piet Lagast, Diver, Queen's Gallantry Medal
443:
2700:
2686:
2365:
2351:
2276:. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
327:
2708:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1987
1390:
952:Memorial window at St Margaret's Church,
615:into the incident was held under British
483:It was normal practice for the assistant
376:A-deck: crew accommodation and radio room
2216:
1650:
1644:
1332:. Rothstein Associates Inc. p. 20.
947:
715:
502:
468:. This was not her normal route and the
16:Ferry sunk at Zeebrugge, Belgium in 1987
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3023:Connections across the English Channel
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2323:Hundreds trapped as car ferry capsizes
1859:
1709:Captain Schröder was a hero of the MV
1554:"Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster 30 Years On"
1518:
1516:
1514:
1086:Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
1084:Chief Petty Officer Edward Gene Kerr,
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1505:
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1095:Tijdelijke Vereniging Bergingswerken
368:began active service on 29 May 1980.
222:131.91 m (432 ft 9 in)
43:
1947:
1653:"Tragic death of Wolfgang Schroeder"
266:22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph)
2142:Hooks, Barbara (28 November 2005).
1971:. Rothstein Publishing. p. 2.
1511:
1030:Stephen Robert Homewood, Assistant
1003:on 30 December 1987, alongside the
999:on the night of the capsizing were
990:
880:In the UK, an ensemble group named
845:International Maritime Organization
701:Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
577:), was commended by Prime Minister
507:The ship on her side half-submerged
230:23.19 m (76 ft 1 in)
13:
2333:Zeebrugge disaster was no accident
1999:. 14 February 2017. Archived from
1401:The evolution of the British ferry
1017:Michael Ian Skippen, Head Waiter,
970:
385:C-deck: passenger areas and galley
238:5.72 m (18 ft 9 in)
14:
3069:
2311:
2251:, Crown Department of Transport,
1651:Maitland, Clay (26 August 2010).
1552:Holmes, Geoffrey (4 March 2017).
995:The following British awards for
752:, for scrapping. She was renamed
88:Compania Naviera S.A. (1987–1988)
3018:Belgium–United Kingdom relations
2978:
2973:
1928:Gripper, Ann (25 October 2013).
1142:
1128:
1114:
871:operation and scrapped in 2012.
750:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
246:23,967 bhp (17,872 kW)
44:
24:
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2051:Koefoed-Hansen, Michael (2007)
2045:
2015:
1985:
1960:
1921:
1901:
1884:"M/S Herald of Free Enterprise"
1853:
1847:
1821:
1799:
1667:
1591:
694:, but the case collapsed after
581:and received a medal from King
453:On the day the ferry capsized,
1321:
457:was working the route between
424:The ships were constructed by
33:in Dover's Eastern Docks, 1984
1:
3043:Ships built in Bremen (state)
3028:Ferries of the United Kingdom
2024:Yachmaster for sail and power
1860:Foundation, Internet Memory.
1523:Bell, Bethan (6 March 2017).
1234:
1169:List of RORO vessel accidents
918:(Season 1, Episode 5) on the
740:to the yard of De Schelde in
448:
98:Townsend Thoresen (1980–1987)
2095:Early, Chas (4 March 2019).
1239:
803:
711:
706:
498:
7:
3048:Shipwrecks in the North Sea
3033:March 1987 events in Europe
1107:
10:
3074:
3038:Maritime incidents in 1987
2242:Sheen, Mr Justice (1987),
2234:
1164:List of maritime disasters
677:
391:E-deck: upper vehicle deck
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2748:Herald of Free Enterprise
2713:
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2561:Spirit of Free Enterprise
2526:Herald of Free Enterprise
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1957:, visited 6 November 2011
1955:Herald of Free Enterprise
1918:, visited 5 November 2011
1711:Herald of Free Enterprise
1403:, Kilgetty : Ferry,
1050:Herald of Free Enterprise
1044:, Queen's Gallantry Medal
1034:, Queen's Gallantry Medal
1024:Leigh Cornelius, Seaman,
1012:Herald of Free Enterprise
869:stretch and total rebuild
864:Spirit of Free Enterprise
856:Herald of Free Enterprise
810:Herald of Free Enterprise
786:Herald of Free Enterprise
722:Herald of Free Enterprise
649:Herald of Free Enterprise
629:Herald of Free Enterprise
607:Investigation and inquiry
552:Herald of Free Enterprise
478:Herald of Free Enterprise
455:Herald of Free Enterprise
397:G-deck: main vehicle deck
366:Herald of Free Enterprise
356:Herald of Free Enterprise
351:Spirit of Free Enterprise
283:Herald of Free Enterprise
190:
62:Herald of Free Enterprise
38:
31:Herald of Free Enterprise
23:
3008:1987 disasters in Europe
2554:Pride of Free Enterprise
874:Pride of Free Enterprise
798:P&O European Ferries
656:Pride of Free Enterprise
444:Accident of 6 March 1987
361:Pride of Free Enterprise
348:-class, and were named:
258:12ZV 40/48 diesel engine
1679:accident in Mobile, AL"
1026:Queen's Gallantry Medal
975:Australian businessman
965:St Margaret's at Cliffe
961:St Mary's Church, Dover
954:St Margaret's at Cliffe
819:on 1 January 1919 near
328:Design and construction
311:watertight compartments
202:car and passenger ferry
191:General characteristics
2291:Yardley, Iain (2014).
2022:Noice, Alison (2015).
1907:History and photos of
1328:Hiles, Andrew (2004).
957:
725:
692:corporate manslaughter
661:watertight subdivision
508:
426:Schichau-Unterweser AG
127:, Bremerhaven, Germany
3053:Shipwrecks of Belgium
2798:July (unknown date):
2295:. The History Press.
2149:Sydney Morning Herald
1967:Burtles, Jim (2014).
1212:51.374583°N 3.19056°E
1136:United Kingdom portal
1005:1988 New Year Honours
951:
908:Seconds From Disaster
719:
546:Crew aboard a nearby
506:
421:at Dover and Calais.
214:; 3439.05 net tonnage
175:Capsized 6 March 1987
2512:Free Enterprise VIII
1399:Robins, Nick (1995)
1188:Why–because analysis
1040:Thomas Hume Wilson,
178:Raised 24 April 1987
2505:Free Enterprise VII
2477:Free Enterprise III
2435:European Enterprise
2003:on 14 February 2017
1914:12 May 2012 at the
1744:, pp. 86, 100.
1207: /
849:free surface effect
778:Great Storm of 1987
682:In October 1987, a
583:Baudouin of Belgium
521:free surface effect
332:In the late 1970s,
125:Schichau Unterweser
2498:Free Enterprise VI
2484:Free Enterprise IV
2470:Free Enterprise II
2223:The London Gazette
2038:Text book for the
1699:on 28 October 2016
1655:. ClayMaitland.com
1641:, p. 114-116.
1217:51.374583; 3.19056
958:
916:Deadly Engineering
730:Smit International
726:
509:
2990:
2989:
2675:
2674:
2491:Free Enterprise V
2428:European Clearway
2302:978-0-7509-5736-6
2197:"Disaster Action"
2033:978-1-4729-2549-7
1978:978-1-931332-56-9
1882:Micke Asklander.
1767:The Blame Machine
1756:, pp. 137–8.
1586:The Blame Machine
1508:, p. 68, 71.
1494:The Blame Machine
1427:The Blame Machine
1385:The Blame Machine
1339:978-1-931332-22-4
1306:, pp. 11–12.
808:The capsizing of
696:Mr Justice Turner
647:In October 1983,
579:Margaret Thatcher
564:Wolfgang Schröder
466:port of Zeebrugge
334:Townsend Thoresen
299:Townsend Thoresen
292:port of Zeebrugge
278:
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83:Townsend Thoresen
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991:Gallantry awards
977:Maurice de Rohan
860:
688:unlawful killing
653:
617:Mr Justice Sheen
613:Court of Inquiry
572:
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288:roll-on/roll-off
135:21 December 1979
103:Port of registry
51:
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2624:Viking Venturer
2463:Free Enterprise
2449:European Trader
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1953:History of the
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1916:Wayback Machine
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1888:Fakta om Fartyg
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981:Disaster Action
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920:Science Channel
900:Nicholas Ridley
858:
833:"freeing flaps"
806:
782:Cape Finisterre
768:, towed by the
738:Western Scheldt
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2177:. 6 March 2012
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886:charity record
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790:Port Elizabeth
754:Flushing Range
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654:s sister ship
627:The design of
608:
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1366:
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1354:
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1317:
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888:of the song "
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635:Seaspeed Dora
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575:Gabriele Wehr
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362:
357:
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295:
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273:
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206:
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198:
195:
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189:
184:22 March 1988
183:
180:
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174:
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155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
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134:
131:
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126:
123:
120:
119:
114:
113:Saint Vincent
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
93:
87:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
69:
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63:
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58:
55:
54:
47:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2957:
2947:
2937:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2902:Daniel Boone
2901:
2891:Nordic Ferry
2890:
2869:
2858:
2853:
2842:
2833:
2822:
2810:
2801:
2790:
2778:
2769:
2758:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2726:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2547:Nordic Ferry
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2393:Cerdic Ferry
2392:
2386:Baltic Ferry
2385:
2292:
2273:
2262:, retrieved
2244:
2221:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:The Guardian
2072:
2062:
2054:M/F Oleander
2053:
2047:
2023:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1996:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1934:Daily Mirror
1933:
1923:
1909:Gaelic Ferry
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1832:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1786:
1774:
1766:
1765:Wittingham,
1761:
1754:Yardley 2014
1749:
1742:Yardley 2014
1737:
1730:Yardley 2014
1725:
1710:
1708:
1701:. Retrieved
1694:the original
1689:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1646:
1639:Yardley 2014
1634:
1627:Yardley 2014
1622:
1611:
1599:Ghostarchive
1597:Archived at
1593:
1585:
1584:Wittingham,
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1501:
1493:
1492:Wittingham,
1463:, p. 9.
1448:, p. 8.
1426:
1425:Wittingham,
1400:
1384:
1383:Wittingham,
1365:Yardley 2014
1360:
1353:Yardley 2014
1348:
1329:
1323:
1316:Yardley 2014
1311:
1304:Yardley 2014
1299:
1292:Yardley 2014
1279:, p. 6.
1277:Yardley 2014
1272:
1265:Yardley 2014
1260:
1255:, p. 1.
1248:
1199:51°22′28.5″N
1192:
1180:
1061:Belgian Navy
1049:
1021:(posthumous)
1019:George Medal
1011:
994:
974:
959:
926:
924:
915:
913:
907:
904:
898:
879:
872:
862:
855:
853:
829:
815:
809:
807:
794:
785:
773:
765:
753:
727:
721:
681:
668:squat effect
665:
655:
648:
646:
640:
634:
628:
626:
622:
610:
589:
587:
574:
560:Belgian Navy
551:
545:
510:
494:
490:
482:
477:
473:
454:
452:
440:, Scotland.
423:
403:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
331:
323:
318:
296:
282:
280:
279:
67:
61:
30:
18:
2832:USCGC
2821:USCGC
2759:Comodoro Py
2533:Ionic Ferry
2414:Doric Ferry
2407:Doric Ferry
2218:"No. 51183"
1893:23 February
1833:Kent Online
1215: /
894:the Beatles
884:released a
734:parbuckling
596:hypothermia
567: [
430:Bremerhaven
111:Kingstown,
85:(1980–1987)
70:(1987–1988)
64:(1980–1987)
3003:1979 ships
2997:Categories
2912:Saint Eloi
2736:HMAS
2715:Shipwrecks
2603:Viking III
2106:13 January
2080:13 January
1779:Sheen 1987
1703:28 October
1686:Sidelights
1659:4 February
1506:Sheen 1987
1496:, p. 120–1
1478:Sheen 1987
1461:Sheen 1987
1446:Sheen 1987
1253:Sheen 1987
1235:References
1221: (
1158:MS Estonia
1074:Royal Navy
1052:passenger
774:Markusturm
742:Vlissingen
600:Royal Navy
449:Background
434:Cargospeed
414:wheelhouse
251:Propulsion
160:IMO number
140:In service
3058:Zeebrugge
2922:Bridgeton
2900:USS
2800:USS
2789:USS
2768:HMS
2725:USS
2659:Vortigern
2610:Viking IV
2596:Viking II
2400:Chantilly
2181:9 October
1997:Kent Live
1809:. ExpoNav
1793:The Times
1240:Citations
1202:3°11′26″E
997:gallantry
890:Let It Be
882:Ferry Aid
841:freeboard
821:Stornoway
804:Long-term
758:Kaohsiung
746:Kingstown
712:Immediate
707:Aftermath
611:A public
537:capsizing
525:stability
499:Capsizing
485:boatswain
419:linkspans
315:boatswain
108:Dover, UK
2955:20 Dec:
2948:Bowbelle
2929:16 Oct:
2919:24 Jul:
2870:Doña Paz
2867:20 Dec:
2851:12 Dec:
2830:28 Nov:
2819:27 Nov:
2812:Iran Ajr
2809:26 Sep:
2787:17 Jul:
2777:16 Jul:
2770:Yarmouth
2766:16 Jun:
2755:15 Jun:
2727:Accokeek
2723:20 Feb:
2589:Viking I
2337:BBC News
2327:BBC News
2175:BBC News
1912:Archived
1769:, p. 119
1601:and the
1588:, p. 122
1529:BBC News
1429:, p. 120
1387:, p. 121
1181:Tricolor
1179:MV
1108:See also
1001:gazetted
854:Both of
784:, where
550:noticed
470:linkspan
461:and the
271:Capacity
210:7951.44
182:Scrapped
132:Launched
95:Operator
2945:5 Nov:
2932:Hengist
2909:1 May:
2898:7 Apr:
2888:4 Feb:
2841:5 Dec:
2791:Bausell
2745:6 Mar:
2734:4 Mar:
2540:Leopard
2264:31 July
2235:Sources
2202:7 March
2155:5 March
2127:7 March
2007:6 March
1867:7 March
1839:4 April
1813:6 March
1613:YouTube
1563:6 March
1534:6 March
1411:, p. 89
985:charity
816:Iolaire
684:coroner
678:Inquest
672:draught
591:The Sun
548:dredger
541:sandbar
463:Belgian
438:Glasgow
235:Draught
207:Tonnage
164:7820485
162::
121:Builder
39:History
2958:Vector
2860:Samson
2802:McKean
2519:Hellas
2421:Dragon
2299:
2280:
2255:
2030:
1975:
1939:30 May
1407:
1336:
1032:Purser
956:, Kent
941:
933:
766:Gaelic
762:Taiwan
474:Spirit
412:. The
358:, and
346:Spirit
342:Calais
307:Calais
286:was a
256:Sulzer
219:Length
2844:Cason
2823:Duane
2780:Havel
2738:Colac
2582:Tiger
2575:Syria
2249:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1682:(PDF)
1014:crew
892:" by
859:'
770:Dutch
652:'
571:]
555:'
517:knots
459:Dover
410:stern
338:Dover
303:Dover
274:1,400
263:Speed
77:Owner
2984:1988
2971:1986
2834:Bibb
2757:ARA
2297:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2266:2018
2253:ISBN
2204:2017
2183:2015
2157:2019
2129:2017
2108:2020
2082:2020
2028:ISBN
2009:2017
1973:ISBN
1941:2015
1895:2008
1869:2017
1841:2023
1815:2017
1705:2016
1661:2016
1565:2017
1536:2017
1405:ISBN
1334:ISBN
983:, a
939:ISBN
931:ISBN
814:HMY
780:off
772:tug
641:Hero
638:and
533:port
529:list
513:mole
408:and
305:and
254:3 x
227:Beam
200:RORO
170:Fate
151:1987
143:1980
56:Name
2040:RYA
945:).
720:MS
428:in
406:bow
281:MS
2999::
2935:,
2857:,
2220:.
2173:.
2146:.
2099:.
2071:.
1995:.
1932:.
1886:.
1831:.
1707:.
1690:36
1688:.
1684:.
1610:.
1605::
1573:^
1556:.
1544:^
1527:.
1513:^
1485:^
1468:^
1453:^
1434:^
1416:^
1392:^
1372:^
1284:^
1007::
922:.
911:.
896:.
823:,
760:,
748:,
703:.
569:de
436:,
354:,
212:gt
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2366:e
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2352:v
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2335:(
2329:)
2325:(
2305:.
2286:.
2206:.
2185:.
2159:.
2131:.
2110:.
2084:.
2036:.
2011:.
1981:.
1943:.
1897:.
1871:.
1843:.
1817:.
1718:.
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1663:.
1616:.
1567:.
1538:.
1342:.
1225:)
929:(
340:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
