1994:
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1752:, M23 leader met with him and agreed to let him mediate, which resulted in M23 agreeing to withdrawing their forces from Goma and Sake in principle, although a timeframe did not appear to have been agreed upon. However, a DRC military spokesman claimed that M23 had refused to abandon Goma and said: "They have refused to leave the city of Goma. This is a declaration of war, and we intend to resume combat." Nevertheless, the next day the situation appeared to ease, with M23 agreeing to a withdrawal from captured territory, with the intention of eventually leaving Goma and returning to their original positions before they took the city.
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134:
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rebels resumed their offensive the next day and in larger numbers; their advance put them within 18 miles of Goma. The army retreated under heavy fire to the southern outskirts of
Kibumba after being forced back by the rebels, according to the provincial governor. The government army began to regroup around the nearby town of Kilimanyoka after the retreat. Later rebels claimed to have seized control of Kibumba but said they had no plans on attacking Goma. A UN spokesman told that the M23 appeared to be well equipped with night vision equipment and 120mm mortars.
48:
1903:
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368:
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1466:, a North Kivu provincial capital with a population of one million people. By the end of November that year, the conflict had forced more than 140,000 people to flee their homes, according to the U.N. refugee agency, in addition to the refugees already forced from their homes by previous rounds of fighting in the region. After repelling an ill-organized government counterattack and making some further gains, M23 agreed to withdraw from Goma on their own and left the city in early December.
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1786:, consists of two principal parts. First, it calls on the DRC to implement security reforms, work to strengthen its government, and increase cooperation with its neighbors. Second, it calls on neighboring countries to help structurally reform certain DRC organizations, but to otherwise refrain from interfering with DRC internal affairs. It also opens the possibility of a UN intervention brigade being established in the region.
1634:
1607:
2047:, Uganda, the Congolese government delegation left the talks after a failure to agree to a wording of a document intended to officially end the insurgency. Government spokesman Lambert Mende said: "Uganda seems now to be acting as part of the conflict. It has interests in M23." At the same time, no dates for talks to resume were set.
1566:. Some 600 DRC troops fled across the border and took refuge in Uganda. The rebels issued a statement that they would cease their offensive if the government agreed to holding peace talks with them. The United Nations condemned rebel attacks in the region after an Indian peacekeeper was killed in the fighting.
2112:
stated that
Rwandan authorities could be charged for "aiding and abetting" war crimes: "There is a line that one can cross under international law where you can be held responsible for aiding a group in a way that makes possible their commission of atrocities." The United States cited Rwandan support
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Fighting broke out again in
November 2012, with reports of heavy gunfire and explosions near Goma. Both sides blamed the other for the outbreak of hostilities. Government forces claimed M23 rebels suffered 110 dead, a claim the rebels denied. Government forces reportedly used tanks and helicopters in
2001:
The next day, following the two-week UN-backed offensive the government claimed to have defeated the rebels, as the group said it is ending its rebellion and would disarm and demobilise its forces in order to pursue a political solution. The announcement came hours after its fighters were driven out
1973:
Following Uganda's calls for a ceasefire on 1 November and government shelling the next day, as well as a new offensive on 3 November in the hills around the border with Uganda and Rwanda, M23 leader
Bertrand Bisimwa called to "immediately end hostilities" and that "we call on the facilitator of the
1671:
DR Congo president Joseph Kabila urged the city's people to "resist" the group's takeover. UN spokesman
Eduardo del Buey said peacekeepers "cannot substitute" for the national army, adding that the 1,500 UN troops in Goma held their fire because they did not want to risk civilian lives. UN Secretary
1667:
reports on the scene confirmed that heavily armed M23 soldiers were present and walking through the city unchallenged, and that the UN peacekeepers present were not resisting the M23 advance through the city. Some residents came onto the streets to greet the rebel takeover. After guards of the local
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On 24 February 2013, eleven
African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the region. In October 2013, Congo told the UN that the M23 movement was virtually finished after being pushed back to a small area near Rwanda. On 7 November 2013, following significant defeats to a UN-backed
2104:
A UN report stated that the rebels were getting support from Rwanda. According to the DR Congo government, 25 Rwandan members of M23 have surrendered as part of a total of over 370 M23 soldiers that have allegedly surrendered by 25 June. On 19 November, Rwanda claimed that the DRC government forces
1927:, against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade is based in North Kivu and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and make space for stabilization activities.
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Several
African countries have discussed contributing troops to an intervention force, which, if formed, would supplement the 17,000 UN military personnel already working in the area. The M23 rebels were not represented in the deal's negotiations or at the signing. M23 spokesperson Bertrand Bisimwa
1694:
Almost 3,000 members of the
Congolese army and police forces switched sides in Goma on 20 November and joined the rebellion as M23 continued its advance, seizing control of the town of Sake and stating that it intends to overthrow the national government. M23 forces began advancing towards the town
2062:
said: "He started that rebellion. He gave them arms, he gave them financial support, he gave them equipment, and he gave them uniforms. So, it's not like I'm talking out of the blue. But, then, the chameleon he is, he turns around and then he postures as if he's the one who wants to bring peace."
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On 30 July, the group were given a 48-hour ultimatum by the U.N. to leave the Goma area or face "use of force." Between 21 and 29 August, heavy fighting outside Goma left 57 rebels, 10–23 government soldiers, 14 civilians and one
Tanzanian U.N. peacekeeper dead. 720 government soldiers and 10 U.N.
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Clashes once again broke out in July 2013, as M23 fought back against what it said was an army assault involving aircraft and artillery. Government forces used heavy weapons against the rebels in the town of Muja, just north of Goma. A government spokesman claimed that 120 M23 members were killed,
1809:
said he hopes the accord will usher in "an era of peace and stability" for Africa's Great Lakes region, but cautioned that the agreement "only the beginning of a comprehensive approach that will require sustained engagement." He also said that a special envoy would be deployed in Congo in the near
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The "UN condemned the atrocity as "horrifying" in its scale and systematic nature." The
American Bar Association's office in Goma has identified 1,014 victims, but the UN had a final list of about 126. The DRC Army prosecuted officers in 2014 in what was called the Minova Trial, the largest rape
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On 18 November, it was reported that Congolese troops and the administration were leaving Goma in a hurry as M23 was at the gates of the city. The North Kivu governor left on a boat en route to South Kivu. The United Nations troops did not react when the rebels bypassed their camp on the road to
1977:
Despite the calls, the army accused the rebels of bombing Bunagana. Army spokesman Olivier Hamuli said: "This is not fighting, it is bombs launched by M23 targeting the population of Bunagana. They are targeting civilians." Conversely, the rebels said that they were attacked with heavy weapons.
1930:
In May 2013, fighting continued for the first time in six months as M23 attacked the government's forces north of Goma. At least 15 rebels and four government soldiers were killed in the fighting on 20 May as both sides traded artillery fire in the town of Mutaho near Goma after rebels tried to
1593:
On 15 November, MONUSCO helicopter gunships were deployed to support government forces as they fought to hold off a rebel attack south of Kibumba, flying 17 sorties and firing more than 500 rockets and missiles. The combined army and UN assault killed approximately 64 M23 fighters. However, the
1617:
M23 forces began an assault against army positions in Goma on 19 November, sending mortar shells and machine gun fire into the city which was still being defended by the government army. M23 spokesman Lt. Col. Vianney Kazarma said "Fighting is already taking place on the streets of Goma this
1652:
By late morning, Congolese government troops had been forced back to the west of the city, with many abandoning their positions and withdrawing westwards from Goma entirely. Rebels marched into the centre without a shot being fired as the government army fled and UN peacekeepers stood down.
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prison fled Goma, along with the national army, more than a thousand criminal prisoners escaped through a hole in the prison wall. The rebels ordered civil servants back to work, warning they will not tolerate corruption, and allowed the UN troops to continue to patrol the streets.
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reported that four civilians were killed and 10 others were wounded in Bunagana on 4 November. UN, EU and AU envoys urged both sides not to undo the progress made in peace talks and that M23 should renounce its rebellion and the army should hold off from further military action.
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in 2003. The conflict reignited in late 2021 after rebel "general" Sultani Makenga and 100 rebel fighters attacked the border town of Bunagana but failed. A few months later, with a much larger force, the rebels of the M23 movement renewed their attack and captured Bunagana.
1618:
morning." The DRC government spokesman confirmed the claim saying, "We have yet to stop this attack; they have not taken Goma yet." Congolese army units were reported to be holding defensive positions in the city centre and the airport armed with tanks and machine guns.
1573:
province. By 10 July, they were 40 kilometers from the city of Goma. Witnesses said rebels appeared to be taking towns and villages with ease, with government troops usually melting away. The towns of Rubare and Ntamugenga had also reportedly fallen to the rebels.
1426:
and government forces between 4 April 2012 and 7 November 2013. It ended when a peace agreement was made among eleven African nations, and the M23 troops surrendered in Uganda. The rebellion was part of continued fighting in the region after the formal end of the
1935:
and 10 army soldiers were killed. The claim could not be independently verified. During the same fighting government's forces were accused by the UN of mistreatment of M23 detainees and desecration of corpses of M23 combatants. On 24 July 2013 the government's
1728:, which described them as "angry and paranoid", and contrasted their appearance to the apparent discipline in the rebel ranks. The troops continued raping local civilian women and girls in a systematic way for three days, resulting in international outrage.
3471:
2077:
Despite the agreement, there were difficulties in pacifying the region. Over the 14–15 December weekend, at least 21 people were discovered to have been hacked to death in the area, although the perpetrators were not known. There were also concerns about
2010:
at about 3:00. Bisimiwa issued a statement that read: "The chief of general staff and the commanders of all major units are requested to prepare troops for disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration on terms to be agreed with the government of Congo."
5829:
3501:
1868:, the media speculated it would be forced to turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its War Crimes Rewards Programme. On 22 March, he was detained by the ICC. Four days later, he made his first appearance in front of the Court.
3335:
2018:
region said from Pretoria: "In a region that has suffered so much, this is obviously a significant positive step in the right direction." On 6 November 2013, the 23 March rebels fled the country. The next day, the rebels surrendered at
1621:
M23 forces entered the city proper on 20 November, advancing on foot up the main road towards the city centre. Heavy bursts of small arms fire could be heard in the city and near the airport. M23 was reported to have captured the
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Government forces, despite having withdrawn from Sake, launched a counterattack to retake the city on 22 November leading to heavy clashes with M23 forces there. The surprise counterattack was badly beaten by the rebels.
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had joined the M23. Stearns commented that this "is a significant development, since Makenga was the second highest ranking CNDP officer behind Ntaganda in the Amani Leo structure as the deputy commander of South Kivu."
1656:
Local police surrendered their posts and weapons without resistance. M23 made a statement later on announcing: "The town of Goma fell at 11:33 local time, despite the attack helicopters, despite the heavy weapons, the
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fired tank and mortar shells across the border into its territory. The DRC government confirmed the incident, but claimed that Rwanda shelled its own territory to justify a wider-scale intervention in the DRC.
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1993:
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trial in DRC history. Only a few junior officers were convicted. There has been insufficient financial support for the women who were victimized, and insufficient protection for them in the years since.
1844:
said the discussions had been productive thus far. Joseph Kabila said negotiations would continue, but added that time was running out to reach an agreement, citing the 15 March deadline for the talks.
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1884:, he was accused of treason because of "financial embezzlement, divisions, ethnic hatred, deceit and political immaturity". Makenga declared himself interim leader and clashes between those loyal to
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criticized M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including destruction of property, "intimidation of journalists", and the abduction of women and children. Noting that the
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said the agreement was not a long-term solution. "You're not going to be able to impose peace from above or the outside on people who don't want peace", he remarked. On his blog about Congo,
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1860:. Though the reasons for his surrender are unknown it was speculated that he was either pressured to do so by Rwanda or feared infighting within the M23 movement and its military leader
5814:
4962:"US blocks military aid to Rwanda over alleged backing of M23 child soldiers Rwandan government condemns sanctions, which also apply to Burma, Central African Republic, Sudan and Syria"
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In late October, the Congolese army captured two towns from M23 rebels: Kiwanja and Buhumba, both of which are in the Rutshuru area of North Kivu province, near the Rwandan border.
4519:
4321:
1829:
called the agreement and appointment of a UN envoy "important steps" in the peace process and commended the spirit of "good neighborliness" demonstrated. However, regional analyst
1451:(M23), also known as the Congolese Revolutionary Army. It was composed of former members of the rebel CNDP, and allegedly sponsored by the government of the neighbouring states of
6360:
4373:
3358:
2214:
2035:. M23's surrender has sparked many questions of legal accountability for military leaders, such as Makenga, but also for lower level combatants and other parties to the conflict.
1837:
agrees writing "So are we back in a peace process? Not really. Or more precisely: We don't know yet. The agreement is more a statement of principles than a concrete action plan."
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and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, who is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized. M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent.
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On 24 February 2013, leaders of 11 African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Among the signers were
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declared that the UK government decided to withhold a multimillion-dollar aid payment to Rwanda over allegations that it is backing M23 rebels. Rwandan Foreign Minister
4540:"Surrendering to the Big Picture: Historical and Legal Perspectives on Accountability in the Democratic Republic of Congo Following the Defeat of the 23 March Movement"
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and discovered mass graves. On 30 October, the first town seized by the rebels in 2012 was stormed by UN-backed Congolese troops as the rebels abandoned Bunagana.
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2014:
Government spokesman Laurent Mende said that many rebel fighters were surrendering and that Congo was ready to pursue peace talks. The U.S. special envoy for the
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1722:, around 50 km from Goma. They got drunk and reportedly began raping, looting and threatening civilians; the allegations were confirmed by an UN source for
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1511:(CNDP) rebels signed a peace treaty with the government, in which it agreed to become a political party in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members.
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1581:. UN helicopter gunships were seen headed towards the front line. The security situation in eastern Congo was described as rapidly becoming worse.
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On 20 July, M23 and government forces exchanged heavy weapons fire around Kibumba and Rugari, forcing thousands of civilians to flee towards
888:
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On 25 February, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader,
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465:
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Full text of the Agenda for the Dialogue between the Government of the DRC and the M23 on the situation in Eastern Congo, 16 January 2013
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Rwanda denied that it was backing the rebels, calling the accusation an attempt to make the nation a "scapegoat" for DRC's problems. The
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authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the
1840:
Separately, negotiations between the Congolese government and rebel leaders continued in neighboring Uganda. Ugandan Vice President
1740:
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The U.S. government announced on 21 July that it would cut military aid to Rwanda. U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues
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for M23 officers and soldiers who were in Uganda and Rwanda and fears of renewed instability. Furthermore, on 2 January, Colonel
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by marginalising the leaders of Burundi and Tanzania by not inviting them for the talks. Freedom and Unity Front leader General
1939:
gunships, piloted by Ukrainian soldiers from high altitudes, inflicted heavy civilian casualties near the village of Rumangabo.
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In October 2013, Congo told the UN that the movement was virtually finished after being pushed back from its key position at
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replied that the measure "is based on allegations of faulty reports which we have said for the last six months are wrong."
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Goma. The following day, M23 demanded that the Congolese government open peace talks, or face an escalation of fighting.
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1864:, which had recently forced Ntaganda's forces to flee the DRC into Rwanda. Though Rwanda was not a signatory to the
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said she welcomes the deal and called on the Congolese government to continue working towards peace.
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described Goma's takeover as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole."
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3442:"Congo rebels set conditions for Goma withdrawal Congo rebels set conditions for Goma withdrawal"
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Thousands of hungry and demoralized government soldiers fled back in disarray to the town of
1626:. Though other reports claimed that UN forces retained control of the airport, with Lt. Gen.
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2070:'s spokesman, Manoah Esipisu, said that an agreement had been signed in Nairobi between the
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state on 21 November. They announced their next intended target after Bukavu as the city of
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4184:"United Nations News Centre – DR Congo: UN chief deplores killing of Tanzanian peacekeeper"
3359:"Congo rebels, military battle over town of Sake; rebels vow to press ahead with offensive"
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4209:
3502:"Congo rebels begin slow retreat from occupied territories in Masisi, but still hold Goma"
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as about 1,500 fighters, believed to be most of the force were held after surrendering in
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2015:
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United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Kampala peace talks to immediately put in place a mechanism to monitor the ceasefire."
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On 8 July, the rebels captured Rutshuru, 70 kilometers north of Goma, the capital of
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and 300 loyal troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government forces in the
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6759:
3472:"M23 rebels will not leave Congo city of Goma; army calls it a "declaration of war""
1779:, both of whom had been accused of aiding the rebellion, a charge the nations deny.
7829:
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4396:
4002:
3975:
3857:
3831:
3805:
3729:
3640:
3213:
3037:
2981:"RD Congo : militaires et autorités fuient Goma face à l'avancée des rebelles"
2786:
2585:
2354:
2293:
2266:
2124:
2086:, who helped lead the counter-operations, was killed in North Kivu province by the
1822:
1428:
1355:
1308:
1303:
1288:
1174:
946:
931:
863:
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592:
507:
315:
47:
6141:
International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1763:
On 1 December, M23 rebels pulled out of Goma, later under Congolese army control.
7780:
7588:
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7056:
6559:
6284:
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5298:
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5139:
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4523:
4477:
4092:
3736:
3423:
3417:
Mark Townsend, "Revealed: how the world turned its back on rape victims of Congo"
2671:
2557:
2194:
2051:
2032:
1885:
1881:
1861:
1841:
1826:
1677:
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1159:
1072:
1052:
994:
989:
826:
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719:
686:
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676:
334:
323:
319:
3923:"Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade"
7708:
7441:
7436:
7248:
7242:
7230:
7174:
6063:
5948:
5657:
5434:
5276:
5129:
2211:"Last batch of Tanzanian troops now in Goma for the Force Intervention Brigade"
2156:
2067:
1902:
1818:
1783:
1682:
1515:
1362:
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1067:
1041:
664:
407:
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158:
145:
2123:
On 30 November 2012, the United Kingdom's international development secretary
7928:
7910:
7897:
7866:
7667:
7649:
7605:
7497:
7236:
6306:
6252:
5958:
5581:
5524:
5240:
5113:
4666:
2667:
2083:
1834:
1790:
said he had not read the agreement but hoped it would not reignite fighting.
1547:
1527:
1498:
1251:
1146:
628:
519:
277:
266:
39:
4394:
1793:
1649:. Some government soldiers took off their uniforms before fleeing the city.
6802:
6269:
6058:
5171:
3301:"Rebels vow to take all of Congo, as army troops and police defect in Goma"
2109:
2059:
1865:
1724:
573:
418:
358:
176:
3750:"U.S. confirms Bosco Ntaganda turned himself in at U.S. Embassy in Kigali"
1848:
On 18 March 2013, Bosco Ntaganda turned himself in to the U.S. embassy in
1755:
7876:
7871:
7421:
7195:
6950:
5194:
1980:
1806:
1673:
1645:, eventually capturing most of Goma as well as a nearby border post with
597:
450:
7492:
2609:
2607:
1955:
1931:
retake it from the government, which had recently seized it from them.
1811:
1700:
1570:
1526:. According to M23 spokesman Vianney Kazarma, the defection was due to
1483:
1415:
94:
4932:"Rwanda's Paul Kagame warned he may be charged with aiding war crimes"
3385:"Congo's army accused of rape and looting as M23 rebels win image war"
1470:
government offensive, M23 troops crossed into Uganda and surrendered.
5083:
5047:
3701:"EU Welcomes DR Congo Peace Deal; Commends UN Chief, African Leaders"
1959:
1936:
1857:
1704:
2672:"Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces"
2613:
2604:
1637:
A South African peacekeeper from the MONUSCO force, pictured in 2013
1590:
the fighting, which saw rebels advance closer to Goma nevertheless.
7318:
7039:
6791:
5338:
3730:
BBC News – Bosco Ntaganda: Wanted Congolese in US mission in Rwanda
2408:"Hunting the Terminator: Congo continues search for Bosco Ntaganda"
1967:
1962:, north of Goma, to an enclave near Rwanda. Congo also re-captured
1906:
1519:
778:
428:
374:
189:
4003:"BBC News – DR Congo M23 rebels battle army troops near Goma city"
1633:
1443:
against the DRC government and the peacekeeping contingent of the
6135:
5783:
5333:
2044:
1963:
1664:
1444:
999:
773:
150:
4600:"Ugandan President Accused of Subverting East African Community"
4395:
Moses Rono BBC Africa security correspondent (5 November 2013).
2952:
6038:
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)
5842:
3265:
2028:
2024:
1849:
1776:
1772:
1719:
1696:
1646:
1563:
1456:
1452:
1440:
244:
231:
202:
1880:, was sacked. In a statement signed by M23's military leader,
1606:
6279:
6207:
2526:"Casualties as Congo and UN forces fight rebels – Yahoo News"
2120:
said it was unable to confirm that Rwanda has supported M23.
2117:
3439:
3356:
2267:"Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says"
1891:
5926:
5370:
4901:"U.S. cuts military aid to Rwanda over Congo rebel support"
4060:"United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Statements"
3884:
February 2013 "Clashes among DR Congo rebels leave 10 dead"
3578:"African leaders sign deal aimed at peace in eastern Congo"
3328:"Congo dispatch: Goma cowers under rule of its new masters"
2893:"UN defends failed attempt to halt capture of Congo's Goma"
2616:"UK withholds Rwanda aid over claims it backs Congo rebels"
1611:
1578:
1523:
1463:
883:
53:
3832:"DR Congo: Army 'seizes' eastern towns held by M23 rebels"
3119:
2841:"Thousands flee heavy fighting between Congo army, rebels"
2197:. Africareview.com (2 June 2012). Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
4809:"Rwanda accuses DR Congo of bombing amid battle for Goma"
4491:"DR Congo's M23 rebel chief Sultani Makenga 'surrenders'"
4030:"Congo army, M23 rebels clash for a second day near Goma"
3858:"DR Congo: Bunagana residents flee M23 clashes to Uganda"
2614:
Laura Smith-Spark and David McKenzie (30 November 2012).
2113:
for the M23 militia, while they employed child soldiers.
5570:
5485:
4344:"DR Congo battles rage despite ceasefire offer – Africa"
4292:"Congo army enters last major rebel stronghold – Africa"
3806:"BBC News – DR Congo: Bosco Ntaganda appears before ICC"
3184:"RPT-War-weary Goma frets under uneasy rebel occupation"
3153:"Congo rebels seize eastern city as U.N. forces look on"
2699:"DRC rebels vow not to stop at Goma, say Kabila must go"
1810:
future. United States ambassador to the United Nations,
1735:
6091:
Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4994:"DRC conflict leads US to stop military aid for Rwanda"
1532:
Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2011
4086:
DR Congo: Army pounded the positions of M23 Rumangabo.
3976:"BBC News – DR Congo fighting: Goma clashes 'kill 19'"
6789:
4996:. Radio Netherlands. 21 November 2012. Archived from
4440:
4438:
3739:. Bbc.co.uk (18 March 2013). Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
3241:"DR Congo rebels capture Goma, accused of atrocities"
2953:
Jonny Hogg and Louis Charbonneau (18 November 2012).
2924:"U.N. attack helicopters hit rebels in eastern Congo"
2644:. Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2009. Archived from
2355:"DR Congo: M23's Makenga and Runiga factions 'clash'"
2093:
1447:(MONUSCO). Mutineers formed a rebel group called the
6096:
Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3780:"The surrender of Bosco Ntaganda – Al Jazeera Blogs"
3266:
Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron (20 November 2012).
2955:"Well-equipped rebels advance in eastern Congo -U.N"
2642:"DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'"
2138:
1997:
Government troops of the FARDC near Goma in May 2013
4446:"DR Congo rebels say their revolt is over – Africa"
3949:"Rebels and army clash in DR Congo's Goma – Africa"
2551:
BDlive – SA soldiers getting more involved in Congo
7950:Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4435:
4266:"Congolese soldiers push back M23 rebels – Africa"
2814:"DR Congo rebels seize strategic town of Rutshuru"
2511:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 135–6.
2442:"International court detains Rwandan-born warlord"
2237:"UN troops clash with rebels in DR Congo – Africa"
2183:
2181:
1558:On 6 July 2012, M23 attacked and took the town of
5838:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
5772:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
5020:"SANDF unable to confirm Rwandan support for M23"
4397:"BBC News – DR Congo claims defeat of M23 rebels"
4158:"International News | World News – ABC News"
4132:"International News | World News – ABC News"
3973:
3668:
3440:Richard Lough and Jonny Hogg (27 November 2012).
3357:Edmund Kagire, Melanie Gouby (22 November 2012).
2294:"BBC News – DR Congo M23 rebels 'end insurgency'"
2100:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations
7926:
4106:"UN gives ultimatum to DR Congo rebels – Africa"
3723:
3412:
3410:
3303:. CTV News. Associated Press. 21 November 2012.
2757:"Congo rebels offer peace talks with government"
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
1680:had begun with fighting in the same region, the
1462:On 20 November 2012, M23 rebels took control of
5985:
5889:Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
4236:"Congolese Army Says It Has Taken 2 More Towns"
3120:Pete Jones and David Smith (20 November 2012).
3091:"DRC rebels capture Goma without firing a shot"
3007:"DR. Congo rebels give 24-hour talks ultimatum"
2574:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 107.
2467:
2178:
1759:M23 rebels withdrawing from Goma, November 2012
1509:National Congress for the Defence of the People
1437:National Congress for the Defence of the People
4870:"Rwanda accuses Congo of shelling border town"
4833:
4774:
4695:"DR Congo risks violence despite rebel defeat"
2754:
2291:
2072:government of the Democratic Republic of Congo
6775:
6193:
5815:
5069:
4929:
4662:"Children among group hacked to death in DRC"
4318:"DRC's M23 rebels declare ceasefire – Africa"
3407:
2838:
2727:
2666:
2492:
2188:South Africa deploys troops to DR Congo: News
1852:, Rwanda, where he requested transfer to the
1130:
1025:
557:
466:
7945:2013 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
7940:2012 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
5957:
4566:"DRC leaves Uganda-hosted talks with rebels"
3664:
3662:
3533:"Rebels Pull Out of Strategic City in Congo"
2811:
2569:
2506:
2435:
2433:
85:(1 year, 7 months and 3 days)
5619:
4370:"DR Congo army defeats M23 rebels – Africa"
3641:"DR Congo: African leaders sign peace deal"
3325:
3088:
2859:
2439:
1946:
1562:less than a kilometer from the border with
1542:
6782:
6768:
6200:
6186:
5822:
5808:
5076:
5062:
4898:
4867:
4806:
4723:
4000:
3671:"'Framework' Announced for Peace in Congo"
3608:"African Leaders Sign DR Congo Peace Deal"
3238:
3150:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3009:. Agence France-Presse. 19 November 2012.
2921:
2696:
1137:
1123:
1032:
1018:
564:
550:
473:
459:
4782:"Clashes in eastern DR Congo claim lives"
3659:
3530:
3430:, 13 June 2015; accessed 15 November 2017
2520:
2518:
2430:
1898:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade
1892:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade
1584:
480:
6931:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
4756:"Rwanda 'supporting DR Congo mutineers'"
4726:"Death of Mamadou: DRC's warrior leader"
4632:"DRC government and M23 sign peace deal"
3635:
3633:
3214:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"
2586:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"
2260:
2258:
2205:
2203:
1992:
1901:
1792:
1754:
1739:
1632:
1605:
1477:
7473:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
7148:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
4027:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3268:"Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital"
3259:
3038:"DR Congo M23 rebels 'enter Goma city'"
3025:
2867:"UN calls for end to DR Congo violence"
2162:
2149:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal
1661:has let the town fall into our hands."
335:
324:
7927:
4811:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
4216:from the original on 24 September 2015
3929:from the original on 28 September 2013
3782:. Blogs.aljazeera.com. 20 March 2013.
3669:Jeffrey Gettleman (24 February 2013).
3531:Gettleman, Jeffrey (1 December 2012).
3295:
3293:
3243:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
2983:. AFP via Romandie. 18 November 2012.
2705:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
2678:from the original on 21 September 2013
2572:The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2012
2515:
2509:The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013
2349:
2347:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2066:On 12 December 2013, Kenyan President
1514:On 4 April 2012, it was reported that
973:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
7662:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
7583:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
6763:
6181:
5803:
5650:
5214:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
5057:
4911:from the original on 3 September 2012
4892:
4846:from the original on 21 November 2012
4597:
4579:from the original on 12 November 2013
4403:from the original on 26 November 2018
4164:from the original on 1 September 2013
3760:from the original on 6 September 2015
3681:from the original on 24 February 2013
3647:from the original on 24 February 2013
3630:
3618:from the original on 26 February 2013
3588:from the original on 28 February 2013
3543:from the original on 30 December 2012
3452:from the original on 27 November 2012
3382:
3338:from the original on 18 November 2018
3307:from the original on 21 November 2012
3278:from the original on 20 November 2012
3181:
3163:from the original on 21 November 2012
3132:from the original on 22 November 2012
3101:from the original on 21 November 2012
3070:from the original on 22 February 2014
2957:. Reuters via TheStar. Archived from
2903:from the original on 29 November 2012
2873:from the original on 20 November 2012
2820:from the original on 19 November 2012
2793:from the original on 23 December 2012
2405:
2387:from the original on 6 September 2012
2361:from the original on 28 February 2013
2273:from the original on 27 November 2012
2255:
2200:
1736:Peace negotiations and M23 withdrawal
1689:
1641:M23 forces moved in two columns past
1327:
1118:
1013:
928:
802:
757:
735:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
545:
454:
5026:from the original on 3 February 2016
4974:from the original on 7 November 2013
4452:from the original on 6 November 2013
4376:from the original on 6 November 2013
4350:from the original on 5 November 2013
4324:from the original on 4 November 2013
4298:from the original on 1 November 2013
4272:from the original on 31 October 2013
4246:from the original on 9 November 2013
4190:from the original on 5 November 2013
4066:from the original on 3 February 2016
4040:from the original on 4 November 2013
3850:
3824:
3786:from the original on 2 November 2013
3555:
3395:from the original on 31 October 2013
3220:from the original on 5 December 2012
3194:from the original on 4 November 2013
3044:from the original on 5 December 2012
3013:from the original on 4 December 2017
2987:from the original on 3 February 2016
2592:from the original on 5 December 2012
2532:from the original on 5 November 2013
2505:Estimate for 2013 only presented by
2480:from the original on 31 October 2013
2300:from the original on 6 November 2013
2217:from the original on 3 December 2013
1782:The deal, which was brokered by the
1550:reported on 4 May 2012 that Colonel
929:
7752:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
7703:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
7219:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
6033:2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash
5907:East African campaign (World War I)
5145:East African campaign (World War I)
4834:Katrina Manson (19 November 2012).
4736:from the original on 20 August 2017
4705:from the original on 20 August 2017
4675:from the original on 20 August 2017
4642:from the original on 20 August 2017
4516:DR Congo rebels surrender in Uganda
4138:from the original on 28 August 2013
3982:from the original on 13 August 2013
3955:from the original on 20 August 2013
3600:
3290:
3182:Lough, Richard (25 November 2012).
2787:"DR Congo rebels 'advance on Goma'"
2622:from the original on 20 August 2013
2468:Johnny McDevitt (1 December 2012).
2418:from the original on 11 August 2014
2381:"DR Congo troops shell rebel bases"
2344:
2323:
2312:
2264:According to a leaked U.N. report.
2243:from the original on 27 August 2013
2054:was also accused of subverting the
1871:
1351:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
803:
758:
13:
7467:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
7003:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
4546:from the original on 22 March 2014
4112:from the original on 1 August 2013
3812:from the original on 1 August 2013
3711:from the original on 11 April 2013
3508:. 28 November 2012. Archived from
3478:. 26 November 2012. Archived from
2570:Casey-Maslen, Stuart, ed. (2013).
2528:. News.yahoo.com. 26 August 2013.
2507:Casey-Maslen, Stuart, ed. (2014).
2448:from the original on 15 April 2014
2292:Andrew Harding (5 November 2013).
2094:Allegations of Rwandan involvement
1988:
1766:
1039:
14:
7991:
7697:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
7401:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
6300:Transitional Government (2003–06)
5719:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5041:
4942:from the original on 26 July 2012
4788:from the original on 14 June 2012
4762:from the original on 21 July 2012
4612:from the original on 5 March 2016
4598:Butty, James (20 November 2013).
4497:from the original on 12 June 2018
4009:from the original on 18 July 2013
3974:Gabriel Gatehouse (21 May 2013).
3864:from the original on 3 March 2013
3838:from the original on 2 March 2013
2767:from the original on 17 July 2012
2470:"Congo rebels withdraw from Goma"
2406:Smith, David (28 November 2012).
2332:from the original on 3 April 2015
1601:
1422:(DRC), that occurred between the
1341:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1144:
7527:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
6209:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6163:
6162:
5841:
5831:
5086:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5012:
4986:
3383:Jones, Pete (26 November 2012).
3326:David Blair (21 November 2012).
3089:Mike Pflanz (20 November 2012).
2869:. Al Jazeera. 18 November 2012.
2141:
1943:peacekeepers were also wounded.
1744:MONUSCO troops around Goma, 2012
1492:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1420:Democratic Republic of the Congo
571:
443:Civilian casualties: 283+ killed
427:
417:
406:
397:
373:
366:
357:
350:
304:
293:
282:
271:
260:
237:
224:
195:
182:
169:
157:
144:
140:Democratic Republic of the Congo
132:
99:Democratic Republic of the Congo
46:
7544:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
4954:
4923:
4868:Jonny Hogg (19 November 2012).
4861:
4827:
4807:Phil Moore (19 November 2012).
4800:
4748:
4717:
4687:
4654:
4624:
4591:
4558:
4532:
4509:
4483:
4464:
4388:
4362:
4336:
4310:
4284:
4258:
4228:
4202:
4176:
4150:
4124:
4098:
4078:
4052:
4028:Katombe, Kenny (15 July 2013).
4021:
3994:
3967:
3941:
3925:. United Nations. 10 May 2013.
3915:
3876:
3798:
3772:
3742:
3693:
3524:
3494:
3464:
3433:
3376:
3350:
3319:
3239:Phil Moore (20 November 2012).
3232:
3206:
3175:
3151:Jonny Hogg (20 November 2012).
3144:
3113:
3082:
3056:
2999:
2973:
2946:
2922:Jonny Hogg (17 November 2012).
2915:
2885:
2843:. Reuters India. Archived from
2832:
2805:
2779:
2748:
2736:from the original on 4 May 2013
2721:
2697:Phil Moore (21 November 2012).
2690:
2660:
2634:
2578:
2563:
2544:
2460:
2002:of its last two strongholds of
1921:United Nations Security Council
1537:
21:For the current offensive, see
6236:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
5219:Torture and killing of Lumumba
4930:Chris McGreal (25 July 2012).
4210:"SA snipers kill Congo rebels"
3216:. BBC News. 20 November 2012.
3040:. BBC News. 20 November 2012.
2839:Kenny Katombe (24 July 2012).
2755:Justin Dralaze (7 July 2012).
2730:"Col. Makenga Joins Rebellion"
2588:. BBC News. 20 November 2012.
2399:
2373:
2357:. BBC News. 25 February 2013.
2285:
2229:
2031:by the borders, this included
2021:Mgahinga Gorilla National Park
740:Torture and killing of Lumumba
289:Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz
1:
7845:2014 Lesotho political crisis
7802:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
6966:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
5150:Belgian Congo in World War II
4724:Phil Moore (6 January 2014).
4493:. BBC News. 7 November 2013.
4471:Defeated M23 rebels flee DRC.
2732:. congosiasa.blogspot.co.nz.
2440:Mike Corder (22 March 2013).
2172:
1750:Uganda People's Defence Force
1473:
110:Congolese government victory
16:2012–2013 conflict in the DRC
7839:SADC intervention in Lesotho
7442:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
7396:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
7153:ECOWAS military intervention
6873:2011–2014 factional violence
6317:M23 offensive (2022–present)
6290:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
6265:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
6241:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
5977:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
5540:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
4062:. Un.org. 30 November 2011.
3122:"Goma falls to Congo rebels"
2812:Oliver Farry (9 July 2012).
2728:Jason Stearns (4 May 2012).
2560:, retrieved 29 December 2013
2167:
2038:
1854:International Criminal Court
1257:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1185:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
857:Assassination of Habyarimana
23:M23 offensive (2022–present)
7:
7955:Wars involving South Africa
7516:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
7372:Insurgency in Northern Chad
6432:Foreign policy under Mobutu
5505:Operation North Night Final
5407:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
4899:Joe Bavier (21 July 2012).
4784:. Al Jazeera. 6 June 2012.
4001:Mark Doyle (15 July 2013).
3066:. IGIHE. 20 November 2012.
2466:As of 1 December 2012, see
2383:. Al Jazeera. 18 May 2012.
2134:
1393:Child soldiers in the Congo
916:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
791:Non-aggression pact of 1979
114:M23 disarms and demobilises
76:– 7 November 2013
10:
7996:
7807:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
7628:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
7483:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
7349:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
7160:Western Togoland Rebellion
6275:State of Katanga (1960–63)
6121:Great Lakes refugee crisis
5859:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
4836:"Congo rebels attack Goma"
4480:6 November 2013, 11:11am /
4186:. Un.org. 29 August 2013.
3860:. BBC News. 1 March 2013.
3834:. BBC News. 2 March 2013.
2328:. African Defence Review.
2097:
1895:
1878:Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero
1748:According to the chief of
1624:Goma International Airport
1496:
869:Great Lakes refugee crisis
164:Force Intervention Brigade
52:UN forces and refugees in
20:
7859:
7816:
7788:
7779:
7718:
7689:
7644:Second Sudanese Civil War
7636:
7598:
7552:
7508:
7429:
7420:
7388:
7359:
7328:
7288:
7205:
7182:
7173:
7122:
7096:
7070:
7049:
7012:
6958:
6949:
6917:
6888:
6850:
6810:
6801:
6721:
6669:
6601:
6592:
6535:
6526:
6402:
6393:
6336:
6327:
6285:First Congo War (1996–98)
6216:
6159:
6046:
6025:
5899:
5851:
5728:
5705:
5545:2014 North Kivu offensive
5523:
5478:
5415:
5359:
5316:
5224:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
5170:
5122:
5092:
4758:. BBC News. 28 May 2012.
3643:. BBC. 24 February 2013.
3064:"DRC Army Accepts Defeat"
2789:. BBC News. 9 July 2012.
2326:"How M23 was rolled back"
2213:. MONUSCO. 12 June 2013.
1414:was an armed conflict in
1336:
1328:
1195:2014 North Kivu offensive
1154:
1049:
941:
837:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
832:Second Sudanese Civil War
815:
770:
745:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
581:
491:
442:
389:
343:
253:
124:
60:
45:
37:
32:
7747:2008 invasion of Anjouan
7344:Civil War (2012–present)
7313:Pool Department conflict
6407:Administrative divisions
5693:Western DR Congo clashes
5382:AFD insurgency (1996–99)
4476:12 November 2013 at the
4212:. eNCA. 29 August 2013.
3890:. AFP. 25 February 2013.
3422:16 November 2017 at the
2556:30 December 2013 at the
2269:. BBC. 17 October 2012.
2088:Allied Democratic Forces
1947:Congolese army offensive
1543:Beginning of hostilities
1388:Western DR Congo clashes
1368:2011 coup d'etat attempt
7960:Wars involving Tanzania
7742:Hanish Islands conflict
7279:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
7130:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
6972:Herder–farmer conflicts
6896:Western Sahara conflict
6312:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
6253:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
6079:Belgian colonial empire
5972:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
5683:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
5634:M23 offensive (2022–24)
5535:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
5453:Assassination of Kabila
5182:Force Publique mutinies
4857:(subscription required)
4522:8 November 2013 at the
1925:Congolese national army
1383:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1190:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1180:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
585:Force Publique mutinies
311:James Aloizi Mwakibolwa
7565:Somali–Kenyan conflict
7461:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
7455:Second Afar insurgency
7062:Sierra Leone Civil War
6270:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
6231:Colonization (1867–85)
6084:Kivu frontier incident
5884:East African Community
5282:Port Francqui incident
4448:. Al Jazeera English.
4372:. Al Jazeera English.
4346:. Al Jazeera English.
4320:. Al Jazeera English.
4294:. Al Jazeera English.
4268:. Al Jazeera English.
4108:. Al Jazeera English.
4091:27 August 2013 at the
3951:. Al Jazeera English.
3808:. BBC. 26 March 2013.
2816:. France 24. Reuters.
2239:. Al Jazeera English.
2074:and the M23 movement.
2056:East African Community
1998:
1916:
1802:
1760:
1745:
1638:
1614:
1585:November M23 offensive
1494:
1435:In April 2012, former
1299:Kasindi church bombing
1078:October 2020 offensive
670:Port Francqui incident
254:Commanders and leaders
68:4 April 2012
7824:Bophuthatswana crisis
7488:Oromia–Somali clashes
7407:Boko Haram insurgency
7367:Civil War (2005–2010)
6984:Boko Haram insurgency
6907:Clashes, 2020–present
5760:during the Congo Wars
5673:2013 Kinshasa attacks
5396:Operation Thunderbolt
5371:Formation of the AFDL
5324:Stanleyville mutinies
1996:
1905:
1805:UN Secretary-General
1801:near Goma, March 2013
1796:
1758:
1743:
1636:
1609:
1481:
1378:2013 Kinshasa attacks
1262:Anti-MONUSCO protests
884:Formation of the AFDL
390:Casualties and losses
7975:Rebellions in Africa
7796:Mozambican Civil War
7756:Burundian conflicts
7736:Djiboutian Civil War
7449:Insurgency in Ogaden
7077:Liberian Civil Wars
6990:Niger Delta conflict
6146:2014 Mutarule attack
5678:2014 Mutarule attack
5587:2017 Semuliki attack
5550:2017 CNPSC offensive
5511:Plaine Savo massacre
5155:Masisi-Lubutu revolt
4671:. 16 December 2013.
4638:. 13 December 2013.
4575:. 12 November 2013.
4542:. 17 February 2014.
3735:28 June 2018 at the
3707:. 24 February 2013.
3614:. 24 February 2013.
3584:. 24 February 2013.
2899:. 21 November 2012.
2193:24 June 2013 at the
2163:Notes and references
1914:intervention brigade
1200:2017 CNPSC offensive
714:Violettes Imperiales
56:during the rebellion
7907: /
7835:Lesothan conflicts
7760:1993–2005 Civil War
7478:Afar–Somali clashes
7266:2022–2024 offensive
7261:2012–2013 rebellion
7103:Ivorian Civil Wars
6936:Tunisian revolution
6878:2014–2020 civil war
6858:2008 Kufra conflict
6795:conflicts in Africa
5777:tensions since 2022
5767:Belgian colonialism
5706:Perennial conflicts
5688:2018 Yumbi massacre
5591:Nationwide attacks
5479:Post-2003 conflicts
5402:Overthrow of Mobutu
5000:on 18 December 2012
4880:on 22 November 2012
4242:. 26 October 2013.
3512:on 28 November 2012
3506:The Washington Post
3482:on 27 November 2012
3476:The Washington Post
3332:The Daily Telegraph
2648:on 30 November 2012
2016:African Great Lakes
1919:In March 2013, the
1530:'s cheating in the
1294:August 2022 attacks
958:Gbadolite Agreement
911:Overthrow of Mobutu
847:Burundian Civil War
433:1 killed, 1 wounded
7911:1.6038°S 29.1953°E
7882:Colour revolutions
7680:Sudanese civil war
7532:2009–present phase
7273:Batwa–Luba clashes
7142:Casamance conflict
7019:Tuareg rebellions
6979:Religious violence
6925:Algerian Civil War
6841:Terrorism in Egypt
6570:Telecommunications
6417:Court of Cassation
6381:Former place names
6106:Katanga insurgency
6101:Rwandan Revolution
5937:Massacres of Hutus
5900:Military relations
5869:Sun City Agreement
5748:Conflict resources
5713:Katanga insurgency
5668:Batwa–Luba clashes
5464:Effacer le tableau
5458:Kisangani massacre
5388:Kichwamba massacre
5376:Massacres of Hutus
5207:Congo-Stanleyville
5162:Léopoldville riots
5135:Batetela rebellion
4970:. 4 October 2013.
4815:on 11 January 2013
4701:. 7 January 2014.
4529:. 7 November 2013.
4427:has generic name (
4160:. Abcnews.go.com.
4134:. Abcnews.go.com.
3675:The New York Times
3537:The New York Times
3272:The New York Times
3247:on 8 December 2012
2961:on 12 January 2013
2934:on 3 February 2016
2847:on 3 February 2016
2129:Louise Mushikiwabo
2090:-NALU (ADF-NALU).
2050:Ugandan President
1999:
1917:
1803:
1797:M23 rebels with a
1761:
1746:
1690:Continued fighting
1639:
1615:
1495:
1373:Batwa–Luba clashes
1346:Katanga insurgency
1314:Kirindera massacre
1093:Nyamamba and Mbogi
984:Effacer le tableau
978:Kisangani massacre
963:Sun City Agreement
889:Massacres of Hutus
729:Other major events
610:Congo-Stanleyville
537:Léopoldville riots
530:1944 Kivu uprising
445:140,000 displaced.
7970:Conflicts in 2013
7965:Conflicts in 2012
7890:
7889:
7855:
7854:
7775:
7774:
7726:Rwandan Civil War
7674:Blue Nile clashes
7656:Nomadic conflicts
7612:Nomadic conflicts
7416:
7415:
7255:March 23 Movement
7190:Angolan Civil War
7169:
7168:
6945:
6944:
6757:
6756:
6717:
6716:
6636:Human trafficking
6588:
6587:
6522:
6521:
6490:Political parties
6483:National Assembly
6427:Foreign relations
6389:
6388:
6175:
6174:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6007:Kishishe massacre
5967:Makobola massacre
5917:Rwandan Civil War
5879:Gorilla Agreement
5797:
5796:
5701:
5700:
5663:2011 coup attempt
5646:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5615:
5614:
5519:
5518:
5498:Operation Artemis
5470:ICC investigation
5351:1991 Zaire unrest
5344:Battle of Kolwezi
5186:Secession crisis
5084:Conflicts in the
4699:Aljazeera English
3756:. 18 March 2013.
3363:Lethbridge Herald
2709:on 4 January 2013
2674:. allafrica.com.
2324:Olivier, Darren.
1912:form part of the
1707:, the capital of
1503:March 23 Movement
1449:March 23 Movement
1424:March 23 Movement
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1323:
1322:
1267:Kishishe massacre
1170:Makobola massacre
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1063:North Night Final
1005:ICC investigation
924:
923:
852:Rwandan Civil War
842:1991 Zaire unrest
798:
797:
784:Battle of Kolwezi
753:
752:
589:Secession crisis
449:
448:
385:
213:March 23 Movement
120:
119:
7987:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7916:-1.6038; 29.1953
7912:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7830:Caprivi conflict
7786:
7785:
7765:2015–2018 unrest
7571:Likoni massacres
7560:Ethnic conflicts
7522:Somali Civil War
7427:
7426:
7225:Second Congo War
7180:
7179:
6956:
6955:
6835:Post-coup unrest
6829:Sinai insurgency
6808:
6807:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6761:
6760:
6737:
6730:
6599:
6598:
6560:Franc (currency)
6533:
6532:
6400:
6399:
6334:
6333:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6166:
6165:
6116:Rwandan genocide
6074:Ngweshe Chiefdom
5983:
5982:
5955:
5954:
5944:Second Congo War
5846:
5845:
5836:
5835:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5789:Rwandan genocide
5648:
5647:
5617:
5616:
5607:Operation Shujaa
5568:
5567:
5521:
5520:
5483:
5482:
5428:Operation Kitona
5417:Second Congo War
5246:Battle of Kabalo
5102:Congo Free State
5078:
5071:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4876:. Archived from
4865:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4605:Voice of America
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4536:
4530:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4481:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4096:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3746:
3740:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3612:Voice of America
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3574:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3437:
3431:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2930:. Archived from
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2670:(4 April 2012).
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2444:. Usatoday.com.
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2321:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2198:
2185:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2125:Justine Greening
2043:At a meeting in
1872:Internal clashes
1823:Catherine Ashton
1817:In a statement,
1522:region north of
1482:The Province of
1439:(CNDP) soldiers
1429:Second Congo War
1356:Operation Shujaa
1331:
1325:
1324:
1309:Mukondi massacre
1304:Makugwe massacre
1289:Otomabere attack
1175:Makombo massacre
1149:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1044:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1010:
953:Lusaka Ceasefire
947:Operation Kitona
936:
934:
933:Second Congo War
926:
925:
864:Rwandan genocide
810:
808:
800:
799:
765:
763:
755:
754:
634:Battle of Kabalo
576:
566:
559:
552:
543:
542:
508:Congo Free State
486:
475:
468:
461:
452:
451:
432:
431:
422:
421:
411:
410:
402:
401:
383:
378:
377:
371:
370:
362:
361:
355:
354:
337:
326:
316:Bertrand Bisimwa
309:
308:
298:
297:
287:
286:
276:
275:
265:
264:
243:
241:
240:
230:
228:
227:
217:Alleged support:
201:
199:
198:
188:
186:
185:
175:
173:
172:
162:
161:
149:
148:
138:
136:
135:
83:
81:
75:
73:
62:
61:
50:
30:
29:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7925:
7924:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7886:
7851:
7812:
7781:Southern Africa
7771:
7714:
7685:
7632:
7617:Ethnic violence
7594:
7589:Baragoi clashes
7548:
7504:
7412:
7384:
7374:(2016–present)
7355:
7330:
7329:Central African
7324:
7290:
7284:
7213:First Congo War
7201:
7165:
7118:
7092:
7066:
7057:Ndogboyosoi War
7045:
7008:
6992:(2003–present)
6968:(1998–present)
6941:
6913:
6898:(1970–present)
6884:
6846:
6824:2011 revolution
6818:Egyptian Crisis
6797:
6788:
6758:
6753:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6713:
6709:Public holidays
6665:
6584:
6518:
6456:Law enforcement
6385:
6323:
6280:Zaire (1965–97)
6212:
6206:
6176:
6171:
6155:
6151:Kipupu massacre
6111:Kanyarwanda War
6069:Kaziba Chiefdom
6042:
6013:
5988:
5981:
5953:
5932:Lemera massacre
5922:First Congo War
5912:Simba rebellion
5895:
5864:Pretoria Accord
5847:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5798:
5793:
5755:Sexual violence
5743:Mining industry
5730:
5724:
5697:
5638:
5611:
5574:
5566:
5562:Kipupu massacre
5527:
5515:
5489:
5474:
5441:Bogoro massacre
5419:
5411:
5363:
5361:First Congo War
5355:
5329:Shaba invasions
5312:
5299:Simba rebellion
5294:Kwilu rebellion
5289:Kanyarwanda War
5229:UN intervention
5174:
5166:
5140:Battle of Rejaf
5118:
5088:
5082:
5050:, UN Peacemaker
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2052:Yoweri Museveni
2041:
2033:Sultani Makenga
1991:
1989:Rebel surrender
1949:
1900:
1894:
1886:Sultani Makenga
1882:Sultani Makenga
1874:
1862:Sultani Makenga
1842:Edward Ssekandi
1831:Theodore Trefon
1827:Andris Piebalgs
1769:
1767:Peace agreement
1738:
1692:
1678:First Congo War
1628:Chander Prakash
1604:
1587:
1552:Sultani Makenga
1545:
1540:
1507:In March 2009,
1505:
1476:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1332:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1222:Kipupu massacre
1165:Kasika massacre
1160:Lemera massacre
1150:
1145:
1143:
1106:
1083:Boga and Tchabi
1045:
1040:
1038:
1009:
995:Pretoria Accord
990:Bogoro massacre
937:
932:
930:
920:
873:
827:Shaba Invasions
811:
807:First Congo War
806:
804:
794:
766:
762:Shaba Invasions
761:
759:
749:
687:Simba rebellion
682:Kwilu rebellion
677:Kanyarwanda War
617:UN intervention
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7860:Related topics
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7709:Kasese clashes
7706:
7705:(1996–present)
7700:
7699:(1987–present)
7693:
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7683:
7682:(2023–present)
7677:
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7658:(2009–present)
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7567:(1963–present)
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7437:Oromo conflict
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7411:
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7409:(2009–present)
7404:
7403:(1987–present)
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7378:2021 offensive
7369:
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7252:
7251:(2009–present)
7249:Ituri conflict
7246:
7243:Dongo conflict
7240:
7239:(2004–present)
7234:
7231:Ituri conflict
7228:
7222:
7221:(1996–present)
7216:
7209:
7207:
7203:
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7200:
7199:
7198:(1975–present)
7193:
7186:
7184:
7177:
7175:Central Africa
7171:
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7162:(2020–present)
7157:
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7145:
7144:(1982–present)
7139:
7136:Guinea clashes
7133:
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7042:(2012–present)
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7005:(2021–present)
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6986:(2009–present)
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6902:War, 1975–1991
6892:
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6889:Western Sahara
6886:
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6880:
6875:
6870:
6868:2011 civil war
6860:
6854:
6852:
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6845:
6844:
6843:(2013–present)
6838:
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6831:(2011–present)
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6608:
6606:Child marriage
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6507:Prime Minister
6504:
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6466:Chief of Staff
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6064:Bwito Chiefdom
6061:
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5949:Dongo conflict
5946:
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5909:
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5897:
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5769:
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5763:
5762:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5740:
5738:Child soldiers
5734:
5732:
5731:related topics
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5721:(1987–present)
5716:
5715:(1963–present)
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
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5665:
5660:
5658:Dongo conflict
5654:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:AFD insurgency
5565:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5528:(2004–present)
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5491:
5487:Ituri conflict
5480:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5435:Ituri conflict
5431:
5423:
5421:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5378:
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5367:
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5353:
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5346:
5341:
5336:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5277:Kindu atrocity
5274:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5210:
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5176:
5168:
5167:
5165:
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5159:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5130:Congo Arab war
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5043:
5042:External links
5040:
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5011:
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4953:
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4773:
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2160:
2159:
2157:Laurent Nkunda
2153:
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2136:
2133:
2098:Main article:
2095:
2092:
2068:Uhuru Kenyatta
2040:
2037:
1990:
1987:
1948:
1945:
1910:special forces
1893:
1890:
1873:
1870:
1819:European Union
1784:United Nations
1768:
1765:
1737:
1734:
1691:
1688:
1683:New York Times
1610:M23 rebels in
1603:
1602:Taking of Goma
1600:
1586:
1583:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1516:Bosco Ntaganda
1475:
1472:
1403:
1402:
1399:
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1365:
1363:Dongo conflict
1360:
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1337:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Masambo attack
1281:
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1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:Ituri conflict
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
942:
939:
938:
922:
921:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
891:
886:
880:
879:
872:
871:
866:
861:
860:
859:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
822:
816:
813:
812:
796:
795:
793:
788:
787:
786:
776:
771:
768:
767:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
737:
726:
725:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
684:
679:
674:
673:
672:
667:
665:Kindu atrocity
662:
655:
654:
653:
641:
636:
631:
626:
614:
613:
612:
607:
606:
605:
595:
587:
582:
579:
578:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:
527:
517:
516:
515:
505:
499:
498:
492:
489:
488:
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
447:
446:
440:
439:
436:
435:
434:
424:
392:
391:
387:
386:
380:
346:
345:
341:
340:
331:Bosco Ntaganda
313:
300:Bansi Ponnappa
256:
255:
251:
250:
248:
247:
234:
220:
209:
208:
207:
206:
205:
192:
179:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
115:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:
87:
86:
66:
58:
57:
43:
42:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7992:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7935:M23 rebellion
7933:
7932:
7930:
7923:
7920:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:War on terror
7865:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7815:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7668:Heglig Crisis
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7650:War in Darfur
7648:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7606:Heglig Crisis
7604:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7577:Kenyan crisis
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7545:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7499:
7498:War in Amhara
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7468:
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7462:
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7450:
7447:
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7440:
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7428:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7397:
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7391:
7387:
7379:
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7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
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7364:
7362:
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7350:
7347:
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7342:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7327:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7287:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7237:Kivu conflict
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7197:
7194:
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7178:
7176:
7172:
7161:
7158:
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7143:
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7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:Côte d'Ivoire
7095:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
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7052:
7048:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6996:2016 conflict
6994:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
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6957:
6954:
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6948:
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6934:
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6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6863:Libyan Crisis
6861:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6785:
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6778:
6773:
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6762:
6750:
6747:
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6736:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6656:Social issues
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
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6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6597:
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6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6497:
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6471:
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6459:
6457:
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6450:
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6445:
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6430:
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6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:Deforestation
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6307:Kivu conflict
6305:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Early history
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6210:
6203:
6198:
6196:
6191:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6170:
6169:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6002:M23 offensive
6000:
5998:
5997:M23 rebellion
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5959:Kivu conflict
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5825:
5820:
5818:
5813:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5741:
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5736:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5629:M23 rebellion
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:Beni massacre
5580:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5555:Uvira clashes
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:Kivu conflict
5522:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:Niemba ambush
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5114:Belgian Congo
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5025:
5021:
5015:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4735:
4731:
4730:Aljazeera.com
4727:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:Aljazeera.com
4663:
4657:
4641:
4637:
4636:aljazeera.com
4633:
4627:
4611:
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4496:
4492:
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4479:
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4467:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4430:
4425:|author=
4418:
4402:
4398:
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4319:
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4297:
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4185:
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4137:
4133:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4095:24 July 2013.
4094:
4090:
4087:
4084:Radio Okapi:
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3178:
3162:
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3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3095:The Telegraph
3092:
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3043:
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3029:
3012:
3008:
3002:
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2808:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2708:
2704:
2703:Jakarta Globe
2700:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:Melanie Gouby
2663:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2608:
2591:
2587:
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2573:
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2091:
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2084:Mamadou Ndala
2081:
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1835:Jason Stearns
1832:
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1553:
1549:
1548:Jason Stearns
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:Joseph Kabila
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1499:Kivu conflict
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1471:
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1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
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1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:M23 rebellion
1394:
1391:
1389:
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1277:2nd Kitshanga
1275:
1273:
1272:1st Kitshanga
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Kagogo ambush
1250:
1248:
1245:
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1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
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1205:Uvira clashes
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1147:Kivu conflict
1140:
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629:Niemba ambush
627:
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520:Belgian Congo
518:
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482:Conflicts in
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279:
278:Lucien Bahuma
274:
268:
267:Joseph Kabila
263:
258:
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67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
40:Kivu conflict
36:
33:M23 rebellion
31:
24:
19:
7892:
7728: /
7291:of the Congo
7260:
7050:Sierra Leone
6803:North Africa
6646:Prostitution
6621:Demographics
6545:Central Bank
6444:Human rights
6412:Constitution
6346:Conservation
6311:
6258:World War II
6161:
6059:Banyamulenge
5996:
5628:
5621:M23 conflict
5503:
5496:
5462:
5433:
5426:
5395:
5380:
5305:Dragon Rouge
5304:
5270:
5263:Camp Massart
5256:
5234:
5172:Congo Crisis
5097:Colonization
5028:. Retrieved
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4998:the original
4988:
4976:. Retrieved
4965:
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4936:The Guardian
4935:
4925:
4913:. Retrieved
4904:
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4873:
4863:
4848:. Retrieved
4839:
4829:
4817:. Retrieved
4813:the original
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4729:
4719:
4707:. Retrieved
4698:
4689:
4677:. Retrieved
4665:
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4635:
4626:
4614:. Retrieved
4603:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4569:
4560:
4548:. Retrieved
4534:
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4499:. Retrieved
4485:
4466:
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4405:. Retrieved
4390:
4378:. Retrieved
4364:
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4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4239:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4204:
4192:. Retrieved
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4100:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4033:
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3917:
3887:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3753:
3744:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3704:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3674:
3649:. Retrieved
3620:. Retrieved
3611:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3581:
3545:. Retrieved
3536:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3510:the original
3505:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3475:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3445:
3435:
3428:The Guardian
3427:
3397:. Retrieved
3389:The Guardian
3388:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3331:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3280:. Retrieved
3271:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3187:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3156:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3126:the Guardian
3125:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3094:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3015:. Retrieved
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2927:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2896:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2845:the original
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2760:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:the original
2702:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2594:. Retrieved
2580:
2571:
2565:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2508:
2482:. Retrieved
2474:The Guardian
2473:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2420:. Retrieved
2412:The Guardian
2411:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2334:. Retrieved
2302:. Retrieved
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2245:. Retrieved
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2122:
2115:
2110:Stephen Rapp
2107:
2103:
2076:
2065:
2060:David Sejusa
2049:
2042:
2013:
2000:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1953:
1950:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1875:
1866:Rome Statute
1847:
1839:
1816:
1804:
1788:
1781:
1770:
1762:
1747:
1730:
1725:The Guardian
1723:
1717:
1713:
1693:
1681:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1620:
1616:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1568:
1557:
1546:
1538:The conflict
1513:
1506:
1487:
1468:
1461:
1434:
1411:
1409:
1189:
982:
945:
894:
876:
819:
728:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
693:Dragon Rouge
692:
658:
651:Camp Massart
644:
622:
574:Congo Crisis
503:Colonization
495:
395:
216:
211:
177:South Africa
130:
125:Belligerents
109:
38:Part of the
18:
7914: /
7877:Arab Winter
7872:Arab Spring
7841:(1998–1999)
7832:(1994–1999)
7798:(1977–1992)
7738:(1991–1994)
7732:(1990–1994)
7676:(2022–2023)
7664:(2011–2020)
7652:(2003–2020)
7646:(1983–2005)
7624:(2013–2020)
7599:South Sudan
7585:(2012–2013)
7579:(2007–2008)
7469:(2000–2018)
7463:(1998–2000)
7457:(1995–2018)
7451:(1994–2018)
7422:East Africa
7340:(2004–2007)
7321:(2016–2017)
7315:(2002–2003)
7297:Civil wars
7281:(2016–2019)
7275:(2013–2018)
7233:(1999–2007)
7227:(1998–2003)
7215:(1996–1997)
7196:Cabinda War
7192:(1975–2002)
7132:(1998–1999)
6951:West Africa
6938:(2010–2011)
6927:(1991–2002)
6837:(2013–2014)
6820:(2011–2014)
6540:Agriculture
5575:(Post-2007)
5490:(Post-2003)
5448:Six-Day War
5420:(1998–2003)
5364:(1996–1997)
5195:South Kasai
5175:(1960–1965)
5004:18 November
4915:18 November
4884:20 November
4850:20 November
4819:20 November
4792:18 November
4766:18 November
4583:12 November
3933:8 September
3888:Global Post
3715:25 February
3685:25 February
3651:25 February
3622:25 February
3592:25 February
3547:24 December
3516:28 November
3486:28 November
3456:27 November
3368:28 November
3311:21 November
3282:18 November
3251:18 November
3224:21 November
3167:20 November
3136:20 November
3105:20 November
3074:20 November
3048:20 November
3017:19 November
2991:20 November
2965:20 November
2938:20 November
2907:21 November
2877:20 November
2824:20 November
2797:20 November
2771:20 November
2740:18 November
2713:21 November
2682:18 November
2652:18 November
2596:18 November
2391:20 November
1981:Radio Okapi
1807:Ban Ki-moon
1674:Ban Ki-moon
1088:Plaine Savo
968:Six-Day War
895:Thunderbolt
707:White Giant
700:Dragon Noir
598:South Kasai
525:during WWII
7980:North Kivu
7929:Categories
7902:29°11′43″E
7789:Mozambique
7493:Tigray War
6611:Corruption
6473:Parliament
6439:Government
6356:Ecoregions
6246:Atrocities
5729:Overview /
5251:Jadotville
5107:Atrocities
5030:8 November
4978:8 November
4938:. London.
4456:6 November
4407:6 November
4380:6 November
4354:4 November
4328:4 November
4302:4 November
4276:4 November
4250:27 October
4220:4 November
4194:4 November
4168:4 November
4142:4 November
4116:4 November
4070:4 November
4044:4 November
4013:4 November
3986:4 November
3959:4 November
3905:|url=
3816:4 November
3790:4 November
3764:31 January
3399:4 November
3391:. London.
3334:. London.
3198:4 November
3128:. London.
3097:. London.
2626:1 December
2536:4 November
2484:4 November
2476:. London.
2452:4 November
2422:4 November
2414:. London.
2304:6 November
2277:17 October
2247:4 November
2221:10 October
2173:References
1960:Rumanagabo
1956:Mount Hehu
1896:See also:
1812:Susan Rice
1711:Province.
1701:South Kivu
1571:North Kivu
1497:See also:
1484:North Kivu
1474:Background
1416:North Kivu
906:Kinsangani
901:Lubumbashi
820:Background
639:Jadotville
513:Atrocities
496:Background
438:962 killed
403:200 killed
382:6,000 men
95:North Kivu
80:2013-11-07
72:2012-04-04
7899:1°36′14″S
7622:Civil War
7306:1997–1999
7301:1993–1994
7257:conflict
7112:2010–2011
7107:2002–2007
7086:1999–2003
7081:1989–1996
7028:2007–2009
7023:1990–1995
6641:Languages
6626:Education
6580:Transport
6550:Companies
6495:President
6422:Elections
6371:Volcanoes
6361:Mountains
6329:Geography
6026:Incidents
5852:Diplomacy
5317:1966–1995
5271:Grandslam
5235:Rum Punch
4740:20 August
4709:20 August
4679:20 August
4646:20 August
4616:20 August
4571:Aljazeera
4527:Aljazeera
4417:cite news
3896:cite news
2168:Footnotes
2039:Agreement
1937:Mil Mi-24
1907:Tanzanian
1858:The Hague
1799:technical
1709:Orientale
1705:Kisangani
1490:) in the
1488:Nord-Kivu
659:Grandslam
623:Rum Punch
423:5 wounded
412:3 killed
7730:genocide
7430:Ethiopia
7338:Bush War
7331:Republic
7319:Pool War
7289:Republic
7206:DR Congo
7040:Mali War
6792:Cold War
6744:Category
6694:Football
6651:Religion
6461:Military
6395:Politics
6376:Wildlife
6168:Category
5989:Movement
5987:March 23
5339:Shaba II
5200:Invasion
5123:Pre-1960
5024:Archived
4972:Archived
4940:Archived
4909:Archived
4844:Archived
4786:Archived
4760:Archived
4734:Archived
4703:Archived
4673:Archived
4640:Archived
4610:Archived
4577:Archived
4550:21 March
4544:Archived
4520:Archived
4495:Archived
4474:Archived
4450:Archived
4401:Archived
4374:Archived
4348:Archived
4322:Archived
4296:Archived
4270:Archived
4244:Archived
4240:ABC News
4214:Archived
4188:Archived
4162:Archived
4136:Archived
4110:Archived
4089:Archived
4064:Archived
4038:Archived
4007:Archived
3980:Archived
3953:Archived
3927:Archived
3862:Archived
3836:Archived
3810:Archived
3784:Archived
3758:Archived
3733:Archived
3709:Archived
3705:RTT News
3679:Archived
3645:Archived
3616:Archived
3586:Archived
3541:Archived
3450:Archived
3420:Archived
3393:Archived
3336:Archived
3305:Archived
3276:Archived
3218:Archived
3192:Archived
3161:Archived
3130:Archived
3099:Archived
3068:Archived
3042:Archived
3011:Archived
2985:Archived
2901:Archived
2871:Archived
2818:Archived
2791:Archived
2765:Archived
2734:Archived
2676:Archived
2620:Archived
2590:Archived
2554:Archived
2530:Archived
2478:Archived
2446:Archived
2416:Archived
2385:Archived
2359:Archived
2336:21 April
2330:Archived
2298:Archived
2271:Archived
2241:Archived
2215:Archived
2191:Archived
2135:See also
1968:Rutshuru
1821:leaders
1672:General
1560:Bunagana
1520:Rutshuru
1441:mutinied
1227:Kangbayi
1098:Response
779:Shaba II
603:Invasion
484:DR Congo
344:Strength
190:Tanzania
90:Location
7509:Somalia
7071:Liberia
6959:Nigeria
6728:Outline
6684:Cuisine
6671:Culture
6594:Society
6575:Tourism
6528:Economy
6218:History
6136:MONUSCO
6047:Related
5784:MONUSCO
5600:2021–24
5334:Shaba I
5190:Katanga
4946:26 July
4905:Reuters
4874:Reuters
4669:English
4501:20 June
4399:. BBC.
4034:Reuters
4005:. BBC.
3978:. BBC.
3907:value (
3868:3 March
3842:3 March
3754:Reuters
3582:Reuters
3446:Reuters
3342:3 April
3188:Reuters
3157:Reuters
2928:Reuters
2897:Reuters
2851:26 July
2761:Reuters
2618:. CNN.
2365:3 March
2296:. BBC.
2045:Entebbe
2008:Runyoni
2004:Tshanzu
1964:Kiwanja
1665:Reuters
1247:Bulongo
1217:Virunga
1102:UN 1484
1068:Marabho
1058:Artemis
1000:MONUSCO
774:Shaba I
593:Katanga
333: (
322: (
151:MONUSCO
78: (
70: (
7826:(1994)
7817:Others
7719:Others
7711:(2016)
7690:Uganda
7670:(2012)
7608:(2012)
7591:(2012)
7573:(1997)
7537:AMISOM
7389:Others
7245:(2009)
7183:Angola
7138:(2013)
7123:Others
6918:Others
6749:Portal
6679:Cinema
6631:Health
6565:Mining
6555:Energy
6478:Senate
6366:Rivers
6341:Cities
6054:Border
5874:COMESA
5651:Others
5257:UNOKAT
3903:Check
2029:Kisoro
2025:Uganda
1850:Kigali
1777:Uganda
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