814:
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294:
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828:
2812:
1338:
2822:
1326:
31:
692:, and that nuclear energy in breeder reactors would be able to sustain humanity for centuries. He also states that "provided world population can somehow be brought under control, we may at last have found an energy supply (uranium) adequate for our needs for at least the next few centuries of the 'foreseeable future'."
669:
between 1965, which he considered most likely, and 1970, which he considered an upper bound. At first his prediction received much criticism, for the most part because many other predictions of oil capacity had been made over the preceding half century, but these had usually been based on the
625:
756:
drop of the
Hubbert bell curve. The comparison of the cases of fisheries and of mineral extraction shows that the human pressure on the environment is causing a wide range of resources to go through a depletion cycle which mirrors the Hubbert
718:
Predictions of peak rates of oil and gas production, based on a consistent mathematical model which ties reserves, discovery rates, and production rates. His model remains highly influential, and has been widely applied to other finite
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1216:
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reserves, and the limits these impose on rates of oil and gas production. He predicted that for any oil-producing area, whether a province, a nation, or the planet as a whole, the rate of
3119:
2174:
674:, had not taken into account future discoveries, and had proven false. Hubbert became famous when U.S. oil production peaked in 1970 and began to decline, as he had predicted.
1303:
Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The
Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 155, 168 p.,
446:(1927) proposed a constitutive equation for absolute permeability which contains Hubbert's proposal as a factor. Hubbert (1940, 1956) also presented a force potential, denoted
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1963:
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367:
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1933:
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1951:
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1939:
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213:. He worked as an assistant geologist for the Amerada Petroleum Company for two years while pursuing the PhD, additionally teaching geophysics at
1223:
2210:
877:
317:. This demonstration explained the observed results that the Earth's crust deforms over time. He also studied the flow of underground fluids.
2740:
741:
1126:, Presented before the Spring Meeting of the Southern District, American Petroleum Institute, Plaza Hotel, San Antonio, Texas, March 7–9, 1956
902:
2684:
275:, and served as secretary of education in that organization. Hubert died on October 11, 1989, at the age of 86 while receiving treatment for
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767:
957:
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221:. He joined the Shell Oil Company in 1943, retiring from that firm in 1964. After he retired from Shell, he became a senior research
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1371:
Hubbert explaining some aspects of worldwide peak oil. 1976 video clip of M King
Hubbert speaking about fossil fuel depletion
1360:
771:
620:{\displaystyle \Phi =\int _{Pref}^{P}{\frac {dP}{\rho (P)}}-gz\implies \nabla \Phi _{h}={\frac {1}{\rho }}\nabla P-g\nabla z}
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635:
133:(October 5, 1903 – October 11, 1989) was an American geologist and geophysicist. He worked at the
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1969:
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In 1974, Hubbert projected that global oil production would peak in 1995 "if current trends continue".
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industry, as well as charting the transparently dependent price of caviar on sturgeon depletion. The
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until his retirement in 1976. He also held positions as a professor of geology and geophysics at
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Hubbert, M.K. (1956). "Darcy's Law and the Field
Equations of the Flow of Underground Fluids".
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443:
301:
Hubbert made several contributions to geophysics, including a mathematical demonstration that
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in 1954, being elected
President of the Society in 1962, and receiving the Society's
753:
748:, but the numbers of fish taken exceeded the fish's rate of recovery. The end of the
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A bell-shaped production curve, as originally suggested by M. King
Hubbert in 1956
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705:
252:. Hubbert wrote a study course that was published without attribution called the
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ramifications. He was often referred to as "M. King
Hubbert" or "King Hubbert".
48:
320:
Based on theoretical arguments, Hubbert (1940) proposed a constitutive equation
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2004:
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have been made by others as trends have fluctuated in the intervening years.
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Hubbert, M.K. (November–December 1940). "The theory of groundwater motion".
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1957:
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732:: At least one researcher has attempted to perform Hubbert linearization (
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2010:
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1186:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'"
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657:. Based on his theory, he presented a paper to the 1956 meeting of the
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309:, because it is under immense pressure in large areas, should exhibit
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Hubbert's contributions to science have been summarized as follows:
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1032:
662:
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878:"M. King Hubbert, 86, Geologist; Research Changed Oil Production"
737:
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146:
138:
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1145:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–13. Archived from
314:
1191:. American Petroleum Institute. p. 36. Archived from
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749:
708:
is plastic, and that the Earth's crust deforms over time.
958:"Environmental Decision Making, Science, and Technology"
684:
Hubbert believed that solar power would be a practical
442:
is a dimensionless proportionality constant. However,
653:
production of the reserve over time would resemble a
641:
Hubbert is best known for his studies on the size of
502:
472:
452:
428:
408:
375:
326:
3411:
Stanford
University Department of Geophysics faculty
1135:
809:
661:
in San
Antonio, Texas, which predicted that overall
928:"Interview with Dr. M. King Hubbert By Ronald Doel"
3269:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
3215:The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil
619:
485:
458:
434:
414:
394:
361:
3406:Stanford University Department of Geology faculty
3367:
2952:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
1142:Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage
1091:
3451:Presidents of the Geological Society of America
1183:
871:
869:
402:of an underground water or oil reservoir where
145:. He made several important contributions to
2852:
2685:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
2307:
1396:
1087:
1085:
866:
704:Mathematical demonstration that rock in the
630:Some years later Hubbert (1956) showed that
217:. He also served as a senior analyst at the
3222:What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire
1055:
3426:University of California, Berkeley faculty
2859:
2845:
2314:
2300:
1403:
1389:
1082:
1004:
572:
568:
29:
3421:United States Geological Survey personnel
2659:Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex
233:from 1963 to 1968, and as a professor at
292:
1061:
1010:
875:
3368:
2783:Lennard's Carrying v Asiatic Petroleum
1246:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
723:
3249:International Renewable Energy Agency
2840:
2295:
1384:
1097:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels"
876:Narvaez, Alfonso (October 17, 1989).
772:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2821:
2927:Global energy crisis (2021–present)
1280:"Laherrere: Multi-Hubbert Modeling"
982:, Last updated: September 14, 2006.
774:. He was long affiliated with the
13:
2972:Renewable energy commercialization
934:. January 17, 1989. Archived from
611:
599:
577:
573:
503:
474:
453:
422:is the average grain diameter and
14:
3467:
2892:Predicting the timing of peak oil
1318:
711:Prediction of migration paths of
3441:20th-century American geologists
3152:A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash
2900:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2431:
2275:
1336:
1324:
826:
812:
695:
1297:
1272:
1254:
1209:
1177:
1153:
1129:
798:in 1981. He also received the
663:petroleum production would peak
227:United States Geological Survey
3456:Deaths from pulmonary embolism
985:
968:
960:. May 22, 2003. Archived from
950:
920:
895:
742:Atlantic northwest cod fishery
679:Various subsequent predictions
638:of motion of a viscous fluid.
569:
553:
547:
362:{\displaystyle K_{abs}=ND^{2}}
16:American geologist (1903–1989)
1:
3381:American petroleum geologists
3254:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
2321:
1413:Geological Society of America
1184:M. King Hubbert (June 1956).
1160:"Oil, the Dwindling Treasure"
776:Geological Society of America
264:, in contrast to the current
3431:University of Chicago alumni
2866:
2639:Shell Development Emeryville
1349:M. King Hubbert Bibliography
1108:American Petroleum Institute
792:G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation
768:National Academy of Sciences
766:Hubbert was a member of the
761:
672:reserves-to-production ratio
659:American Petroleum Institute
271:Hubbert was a member of the
176:
7:
3446:People from San Saba, Texas
3244:International Energy Agency
805:
282:
10:
3472:
2778:In situ conversion process
1457:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
786:in 1973. He received the
369:for absolute permeability
286:
3292:
3231:
3143:
3076:
2995:
2909:
2898:
2874:
2806:
2749:
2698:
2667:
2569:
2533:
2506:Asiatic Petroleum Company
2493:
2447:
2440:
2429:
2396:
2338:
2329:
2271:
2146:
1985:
1824:
1663:
1510:Charles Doolittle Walcott
1502:
1419:
903:"retrieved August-4-2011"
486:{\displaystyle \Phi _{h}}
219:Board of Economic Warfare
101:
91:
83:
75:
56:
37:
28:
21:
2690:Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell
2501:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields
2470:North West Shelf Venture
1731:Walter Curran Mendenhall
1487:Benjamin Kendall Emerson
1365:American Heritage Center
1001:(1943), p41 (p50 of PDF)
859:
634:can be derived from the
254:Technocracy Study Course
246:Technocracy Incorporated
3436:Scientists from Houston
2788:Novelty Service Station
1797:Arville Irving Levorsen
1594:Arthur Philemon Coleman
1588:George Ferdinand Becker
976:"Biophysical economics"
493:, that bears his name:
395:{\displaystyle K_{abs}}
87:Geologist, geophysicist
3376:American geophysicists
3134:Twilight in the Desert
2675:Corrib gas controversy
2634:Shell Centre (Calgary)
2614:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
2599:Montreal East Refinery
2589:Hancock Whitney Center
2356:Shell Energy Australia
2171:Rob Van der Voo (2004)
1928:Konrad Bates Krauskopf
1707:Reginald Aldworth Daly
1654:William Berryman Scott
1576:Herman LeRoy Fairchild
1522:Samuel Franklin Emmons
1516:Newton Horace Winchell
1361:M. King Hubbert papers
1341:Quotations related to
842:Bioeconomics (biology)
636:Navier–Stokes equation
621:
487:
460:
436:
416:
396:
363:
298:
189:, where he received a
165:(a basic component of
3396:Penrose Medal winners
3274:Post Carbon Institute
3038:James Howard Kunstler
3003:Albert Allen Bartlett
2882:Fossil fuel phase-out
2373:Shell Gas & Power
2234:Jonathan Price (2015)
2193:Judith Totman Parrish
2095:Robert D. Hatcher Jr.
1856:Walter Hermann Bucher
1719:William Henry Collins
1713:Charles Kenneth Leith
1618:John Campbell Merriam
1612:Charles Whitman Cross
992:Hubbert investigation
980:Encyclopedia of Earth
974:Cutler J. Cleveland,
820:Earth sciences portal
800:Elliott Cresson Medal
622:
488:
461:
459:{\displaystyle \Phi }
437:
417:
397:
364:
296:
287:Further information:
187:University of Chicago
120:Elliott Cresson Medal
3416:Technocracy movement
3208:PetroApocalypse Now?
3180:Escape from Suburbia
3085:The Limits to Growth
2223:Suzanne Mahlburg Kay
2101:William R. Dickinson
1892:Thomas Brennan Nolan
1862:George Sherwood Hume
1815:William Walden Rubey
1695:R. A. F. Penrose Jr.
1570:William Morris Davis
1493:George Mercer Dawson
1333:at Wikimedia Commons
1137:Deffeyes, Kenneth S.
853:The Limits to Growth
752:fishery matches the
500:
470:
450:
426:
406:
373:
324:
258:non-market economics
256:, which advocates a
240:Hubbert was an avid
199:Doctor of Philosophy
181:Hubbert was born in
3173:The End of Suburbia
3053:Dale Allen Pfeiffer
3013:Kenneth S. Deffeyes
2922:2000s energy crisis
2917:1970s energy crisis
2887:Hubbert peak theory
2160:Anthony J. Naldrett
2107:David A. Stephenson
2083:Doris Malkin Curtis
1916:Wilmot Hyde Bradley
1880:Marland P. Billings
1874:Raymond Cecil Moore
1844:Wendell P. Woodring
1809:Chester R. Longwell
1546:Charles R. Van Hise
1528:John Casper Branner
1451:John William Dawson
1331:Marion King Hubbert
1171:National Geographic
1025:1940JG.....48..785H
796:Columbia University
780:Arthur L. Day Medal
724:Renewable resources
532:
237:from 1973 to 1976.
231:Stanford University
215:Columbia University
191:Bachelor of Science
163:Hubbert peak theory
157:, most notably the
131:Marion King Hubbert
96:Hubbert peak theory
42:Marion King Hubbert
3239:Energy Watch Group
3106:The Long Emergency
3023:John Michael Greer
2521:Shell-Mex & BP
2419:Woodside Petroleum
2414:Showa Shell Sekiyu
2282:Geology portal
2244:Isabel P. Montañez
2166:B. Clark Burchfiel
2119:George A. Thompson
2113:Eldridge M. Moores
1904:Harry Hammond Hess
1886:Hollis Dow Hedberg
1868:Richard J. Russell
1838:Thomas S. Lovering
1767:Douglas W. Johnson
1749:T. Wayland Vaughan
1701:Alfred Church Lane
1606:Frank Dawson Adams
1582:Eugene Allen Smith
1558:Grove Karl Gilbert
1445:Grove Karl Gilbert
1439:Alexander Winchell
1411:Presidents of the
1354:2019-08-01 at the
1165:2015-03-19 at the
1013:Journal of Geology
997:2019-03-31 at the
938:on January 7, 2012
778:, receiving their
746:renewable resource
617:
509:
483:
456:
432:
412:
392:
359:
299:
277:pulmonary embolism
273:board of governors
201:in 1937, studying
185:. He attended the
169:), with important
68:Bethesda, Maryland
3363:
3362:
3144:Documentary films
3058:Richard Rainwater
3008:Colin J. Campbell
2937:Export Land Model
2910:Results/responses
2834:
2833:
2619:Scotford Upgrader
2529:
2528:
2427:
2426:
2289:
2288:
2262:J. Douglas Walker
2175:William A. Thomas
2017:Laurence L. Sloss
1761:Charles P. Berkey
1755:Eliot Blackwelder
1725:Nevin M. Fenneman
1648:Waldemar Lindgren
1636:Charles Schuchert
1630:James Furman Kemp
1433:James Dwight Dana
1329:Media related to
1266:www.aspoitalia.it
1104:Shell Oil Company
597:
557:
435:{\displaystyle N}
415:{\displaystyle D}
262:energy accounting
195:Master of Science
155:petroleum geology
128:
127:
124:
110:
3463:
3401:Shell plc people
3120:The Party's Over
3028:Richard Heinberg
2904:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2793:Spectacular sign
2741:Chief executives
2445:
2444:
2435:
2336:
2335:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2256:Donald I. Siegel
2181:Stephen G. Wells
2077:Raymond A. Price
2071:Randolph Bromery
2047:Brian J. Skinner
2041:M. Gordon Wolman
1999:Charles L. Drake
1993:Robert Folinsbee
1976:Julian Goldsmith
1952:Richard H. Jahns
1743:Arthur Louis Day
1534:Raphael Pumpelly
1475:Edward Orton Sr.
1463:Nathaniel Shaler
1405:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1340:
1328:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1282:. Archived from
1276:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1222:. Archived from
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1110:. Archived from
1101:
1093:Hubbert, M. King
1089:
1080:
1079:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1008:
1002:
989:
983:
972:
966:
965:
964:on May 22, 2003.
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
905:. Archived from
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
873:
836:
831:
830:
822:
817:
816:
815:
688:replacement for
686:renewable energy
626:
624:
623:
618:
598:
590:
585:
584:
558:
556:
542:
534:
531:
526:
492:
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489:
484:
482:
481:
465:
463:
462:
457:
441:
439:
438:
433:
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419:
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413:
401:
399:
398:
393:
391:
390:
368:
366:
365:
360:
358:
357:
342:
341:
244:. He co-founded
137:research lab in
122:
117:
108:
63:
60:October 11, 1989
33:
19:
18:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3288:
3284:Transition town
3227:
3139:
3072:
3068:Matthew Simmons
3063:Michael Ruppert
3033:M. King Hubbert
3018:David Goodstein
2991:
2977:Rimini protocol
2905:
2896:
2870:
2865:
2835:
2830:
2802:
2745:
2716:M. King Hubbert
2694:
2663:
2654:Shell Mex House
2604:One Shell Plaza
2571:
2565:
2525:
2489:
2485:Sakhalin Energy
2436:
2423:
2392:
2368:Shell Chemicals
2346:Shell Australia
2331:
2325:
2320:
2290:
2285:
2274:
2267:
2217:George H. Davis
2142:
2137:Mary Lou Zoback
2125:Victor R. Baker
2065:Albert W. Bally
2023:Howard R. Gould
1981:
1964:John C. Maxwell
1940:Morgan J. Davis
1898:M. King Hubbert
1820:
1791:Norman L. Bowen
1785:Edward W. Berry
1737:Charles Palache
1659:
1624:Israel C. White
1498:
1481:J. J. Stevenson
1415:
1409:
1370:
1356:Wayback Machine
1343:M. King Hubbert
1321:
1316:
1315:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:"Archived copy"
1215:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1167:Wayback Machine
1158:
1154:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1099:
1090:
1083:
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1056:
1009:
1005:
999:Wayback Machine
990:
986:
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941:
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910:
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867:
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764:
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698:
589:
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501:
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477:
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451:
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407:
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403:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
353:
349:
331:
327:
325:
322:
321:
291:
285:
197:in 1928, and a
183:San Saba, Texas
179:
118:
115:
111:
71:
65:
61:
52:
49:San Saba, Texas
46:
45:October 5, 1903
44:
43:
24:
23:M. King Hubbert
17:
12:
11:
5:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
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3428:
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3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
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3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3201:The Oil Factor
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3099:The End of Oil
3095:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Jeremy Leggett
3045:
3043:Jean Laherrère
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2987:Swing producer
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
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2864:
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2856:
2849:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2798:Turbo Chargers
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2750:Related topics
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
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2682:
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2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Shell Building
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2441:Joint ventures
2438:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:Shell Pakistan
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2326:
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2296:
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2259:
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2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2131:Gail M. Ashley
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2035:Paul A. Bailly
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2005:Peter T. Flawn
2002:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1970:Clarence Allen
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
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1865:
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1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1600:John M. Clarke
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1540:Israel Russell
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1469:Joseph LeConte
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1367:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1320:
1319:External links
1317:
1314:
1313:
1296:
1271:
1253:
1208:
1176:
1152:
1149:on 2010-07-03.
1128:
1081:
1054:
1033:10.1086/624930
1019:(8): 785–944.
1003:
984:
967:
949:
919:
894:
882:New York Times
864:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
849:
844:
838:
837:
834:Science portal
823:
807:
804:
788:Vetlesen Prize
763:
760:
759:
758:
725:
722:
721:
720:
716:
709:
697:
694:
628:
627:
616:
613:
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583:
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541:
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505:
480:
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455:
431:
411:
389:
386:
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379:
356:
352:
348:
345:
340:
337:
334:
330:
284:
281:
178:
175:
126:
125:
113:Vetlesen Prize
103:
99:
98:
93:
92:Known for
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
66:
64:(aged 86)
58:
54:
53:
47:
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3468:
3457:
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3424:
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3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
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3384:
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3333:
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3328:
3326:
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3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
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3285:
3282:
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3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
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3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:Organizations
3230:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
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3135:
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3121:
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3115:
3114:
3110:
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3046:
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3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Simple living
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Hirsch report
2945:
2943:
2942:Food vs. fuel
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Energy crisis
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
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2877:
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2869:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2827:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Fred Meissner
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:John Jennings
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Ken Saro-Wiwa
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:Controversies
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Asia Building
2577:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
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2536:
2532:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
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2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Mexican Eagle
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Shell Nigeria
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:Divisions and
2328:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:Harry McSween
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:John Geissman
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:John M. Sharp
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:Sharon Mosher
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:Digby McLaren
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:Robert Legget
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:Francis Birch
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:Chester Stock
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:James Gilluly
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
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1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:Heinrich Ries
1687:
1684:
1683:Bailey Willis
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:Andrew Lawson
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
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1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
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1622:
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1616:
1613:
1610:
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1604:
1601:
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1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:Samuel Calvin
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1309:0-8137-1155-X
1306:
1300:
1286:on 2013-10-28
1285:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1262:"ASPO Italia"
1257:
1249:
1243:
1229:on 2007-07-05
1225:
1218:
1212:
1198:on 2008-05-27
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1117:on 2008-05-27
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:(June 1956).
1094:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:10.2118/749-G
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1000:
996:
993:
988:
981:
977:
971:
963:
959:
953:
937:
933:
929:
923:
909:on 2011-09-26
908:
904:
898:
883:
879:
872:
870:
865:
855:
854:
850:
848:
847:Fred Meissner
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
829:
824:
821:
810:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:Penrose Medal
781:
777:
773:
769:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Hubbert curve
731:
728:
727:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:Earth's crust
703:
702:
701:
696:Contributions
693:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
668:
667:United States
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
614:
608:
605:
602:
594:
591:
586:
581:
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562:
559:
550:
544:
539:
536:
528:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
506:
496:
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478:
445:
429:
409:
387:
384:
381:
377:
354:
350:
346:
343:
338:
335:
332:
328:
318:
316:
313:, similar to
312:
308:
307:Earth's crust
304:
295:
290:
289:Oil depletion
280:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
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220:
216:
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200:
196:
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188:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:Hubbert curve
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
121:
114:
107:
106:Penrose Medal
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:Occupation(s)
82:
78:
74:
69:
59:
55:
50:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3259:The Oil Drum
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3032:
2967:Price of oil
2962:Pickens Plan
2957:Permaculture
2731:Jorma Ollila
2715:
2706:André Bénard
2629:Shell Centre
2551:Quaker State
2460:Albian Sands
2363:Shell Canada
2332:subsidiaries
2273:
2250:Robbie Gries
2238:Claudia Mora
2205:Joaquin Ruiz
2199:Jean M. Bahr
1958:Luna Leopold
1946:John Rodgers
1934:Ian Campbell
1897:
1779:Adolph Knopf
1677:Arthur Keith
1564:Arnold Hague
1345:at Wikiquote
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1274:
1265:
1256:
1231:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1179:
1169:
1155:
1147:the original
1141:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1092:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1016:
1012:
1006:
987:
979:
970:
962:the original
952:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
931:
922:
911:. Retrieved
907:the original
897:
885:. Retrieved
881:
851:
765:
729:
713:hydrocarbons
699:
690:fossil fuels
683:
676:
640:
629:
319:
300:
270:
266:price system
250:Howard Scott
239:
223:geophysicist
180:
130:
129:
62:(1989-10-11)
3391:1989 deaths
3386:1903 births
3293:Other peaks
2875:Core issues
2726:Gale Norton
2644:Shell Haven
2609:Plaza Shell
2455:Aera Energy
2059:Jack Oliver
2053:W. G. Ernst
2011:Leon Silver
1850:Ernst Cloos
1773:E. L. Bruce
1642:David White
1174:, June 1974
1070:: 222–239.
1064:Trans. AIME
932:www.aip.org
887:21 November
754:exponential
647:natural gas
632:Darcy's law
235:UC Berkeley
207:mathematics
193:in 1926, a
76:Nationality
3370:Categories
3335:Phosphorus
3127:Power Down
3113:Out of Gas
3092:Beyond Oil
2768:Foundation
2757:Answer Man
2584:Brent Spar
2572:and places
2570:Facilities
2541:Jiffy Lube
2465:Brunei LNG
2409:MonteShell
1427:James Hall
1290:2009-02-01
1233:2008-10-31
1202:2008-04-18
1121:2014-11-10
913:2011-08-04
719:resources.
655:bell curve
643:oil fields
311:plasticity
242:technocrat
151:geophysics
2736:Rob Routs
2480:Pearl GTL
2388:Shell USA
2323:Shell plc
1986:1976–2000
1825:1951–1975
1664:1926–1950
1503:1901–1925
1420:1889–1900
1049:121822875
942:August 4,
802:in 1981.
790:from the
762:Accolades
736:) on the
730:Fisheries
651:petroleum
612:∇
606:−
600:∇
595:ρ
578:Φ
574:∇
570:⟹
560:−
545:ρ
511:∫
504:Φ
475:Φ
454:Φ
177:Biography
171:political
3330:Minerals
3159:Collapse
2868:Peak oil
2816:Category
2764:(former)
2546:Pennzoil
2475:Oman LNG
2089:E-An Zen
1352:Archived
1242:cite web
1163:Archived
1139:(2001).
1041:30057101
995:Archived
806:See also
770:and the
283:Research
268:method.
260:form of
225:for the
167:peak oil
79:American
3194:GasHole
2826:Commons
2561:V-Power
2556:Rotella
2511:Cellana
2448:Current
2339:Current
1376:YouTube
1363:at the
1021:Bibcode
738:whaling
665:in the
305:in the
211:physics
203:geology
147:geology
139:Houston
3310:Copper
2996:People
2773:Guides
2699:People
2534:Brands
2516:Motiva
2494:Former
2397:Former
2264:(2020)
2258:(2019)
2252:(2018)
2246:(2017)
2240:(2016)
2231:(2014)
2225:(2013)
2219:(2012)
2213:(2011)
2207:(2010)
2201:(2009)
2195:(2008)
2189:(2007)
2183:(2006)
2177:(2005)
2168:(2003)
2162:(2002)
2156:(2001)
2139:(2000)
2133:(1999)
2127:(1998)
2121:(1997)
2115:(1996)
2109:(1995)
2103:(1994)
2097:(1993)
2091:(1992)
2085:(1991)
2079:(1990)
2073:(1989)
2067:(1988)
2061:(1987)
2055:(1986)
2049:(1985)
2043:(1984)
2037:(1983)
2031:(1982)
2025:(1981)
2019:(1980)
2013:(1979)
2007:(1978)
2001:(1977)
1995:(1976)
1978:(1975)
1972:(1974)
1966:(1973)
1960:(1972)
1954:(1971)
1948:(1970)
1942:(1969)
1936:(1968)
1930:(1967)
1924:(1966)
1918:(1965)
1912:(1964)
1906:(1963)
1900:(1962)
1894:(1961)
1888:(1960)
1882:(1959)
1876:(1958)
1870:(1957)
1864:(1956)
1858:(1955)
1852:(1954)
1846:(1953)
1840:(1952)
1834:(1951)
1817:(1950)
1811:(1949)
1805:(1948)
1799:(1947)
1793:(1946)
1787:(1945)
1781:(1944)
1775:(1943)
1769:(1942)
1763:(1941)
1757:(1940)
1751:(1939)
1745:(1938)
1739:(1937)
1733:(1936)
1727:(1935)
1721:(1934)
1715:(1933)
1709:(1932)
1703:(1931)
1697:(1930)
1691:(1929)
1685:(1928)
1679:(1927)
1673:(1926)
1656:(1925)
1650:(1924)
1644:(1923)
1638:(1922)
1632:(1921)
1626:(1920)
1620:(1919)
1614:(1918)
1608:(1917)
1602:(1916)
1596:(1915)
1590:(1914)
1584:(1913)
1578:(1912)
1572:(1911)
1566:(1910)
1560:(1909)
1554:(1908)
1548:(1907)
1542:(1906)
1536:(1905)
1530:(1904)
1524:(1903)
1518:(1902)
1512:(1901)
1495:(1900)
1489:(1899)
1483:(1898)
1477:(1897)
1471:(1896)
1465:(1895)
1459:(1894)
1453:(1893)
1447:(1892)
1441:(1891)
1435:(1890)
1429:(1889)
1307:
1047:
1039:
757:curve.
744:was a
444:Kozeny
209:, and
153:, and
123:(1981)
116:(1981)
109:(1973)
102:Awards
70:, U.S.
51:, U.S.
3350:Wheat
3345:Water
3279:REN21
3166:Crude
3077:Books
2649:Shell
2147:2001–
1227:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1189:(PDF)
1115:(PDF)
1100:(PDF)
1045:S2CID
1037:JSTOR
860:Notes
248:with
143:Texas
135:Shell
3355:Wood
3340:Soil
3325:Gold
3315:Food
3305:Coal
3264:OPEC
3187:Fuel
2762:Club
2594:Mars
1305:ISBN
1248:link
944:2011
889:2013
794:and
645:and
315:clay
303:rock
161:and
57:Died
38:Born
3320:Gas
3300:Car
2351:QGC
1374:on
1072:doi
1068:207
1029:doi
750:cod
466:or
3372::
1264:.
1244:}}
1240:{{
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1084:^
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1017:48
1015:.
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1390:v
1311:.
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1268:.
1250:)
1236:.
1205:.
1124:.
1106:/
1078:.
1074::
1051:.
1031::
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916:.
891:.
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524:f
521:e
518:r
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479:h
430:N
410:D
388:s
385:b
382:a
378:K
355:2
351:D
347:N
344:=
339:s
336:b
333:a
329:K
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