51:, served as "head of the Western Office.". At the same time, Behr was Chief of the Special Staff "Fine Arts" in the Western Office of the ERR until June 1943. Von Behr was a major perpetrator of the ERR's art theft in the West. The German staff of the office included about 80 male and 30 female officials and employees who belonged to the "Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories." . In total, the M-Aktion staff probably numbered several thousand. Around 1500 French workers with 150 trucks worked daily to empty the looted Jewish apartments; 800 Jewish forced laborers interned in three work camps operated from July 1943 through August 1944 in the heart of Paris.
97:, who also became "Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories" as of July 1941, wanted to furnish German administrative offices in the East with the confiscated furniture and other items. SS divisions as well as the Reichsbahn and Reichspost were also supplied from the loot. Many of the belongings seized from Jews were transferred to Germans who had lost their homes in air raid, war-disabled, large families and newlyweds. Also "Knight's Cross bearers" were allowed to claim "benefits from the M-Action. In some cases, there were also public auctions, which were announced in newspapers. All proceeds were paid to the Reichskasse.
272:" looted approximately 70,000 homes since early 1942 of French, Belgian, and Dutch Jews who had either fled or had been deported. The objects of art from these homes were inventoried separately, photographed, and transported to Germany. Alfred Rosenberg, who also became "Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories" as of July 1941, wanted to furnish German administrative offices in the East with the confiscated furniture and other items
54:"The task of the internees in Austerlitz, LĂ©vitan, and Bassano (technically sub-camps of Drancy) was to unload, sort, and crate for shipment to Germany property the Germans pillaged from Jewish apartments in Paris and (to a lesser extent) other cities in France". In addition, numerous police officers and workers were deployed to facilitate the transport.
27:
Artworks were inventoried separately, photographed, and transported to
Germany. The M-Aktion art loot was separated into a number of special type-specific “M-A” collections: paintings and Oriental objets-d’art to weapons and rare books. Most of the Jeu de Paume “M-A” collections were first shipped to
537:
The division of the ERR charged with musical confiscations was known as the
Sonderstab Musik and among its spoils were many instruments of the violin family. Musical looting was also carried out through Möbel Aktion, a division of†¯the ERR, established by Rosenberg and approved by Hitler on †¯31
469:
Jean Marc
Dreyfus, "Almost-Camps" im Aufsatz Paris: The difficult description of three annexes of Drancy - Austerlitz, Levitan, and Bassano, hier im Abschnitt Why these camps? The Möbel Action, S. 224 in Gray Zones: Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, edited by Jonathan
235:
Under the code name "M-Aktion" (M as an abbreviation of the German word for furniture: Möbel), the German occupiers in World War II plundered the households of Jewish citizens who had fled, been interned or deported in France, Belgium and the
Netherlands. In France alone, tens of thousands of
503:
32:. Belgian collections went mostly to Nikolsburg, a special ERR art repository in Southern Moravia, then part of Austria. A final shipment of 1 August 1944, predominantly of modern art destined for Nikolsburg was stopped by French resistance and never left France.
82:
In
Antwerp, Jewish refugees' belongings, were taken away by barges. Hamburg, for example, received 45 shiploads of 27,227 tons of furniture, furnishings and clothing. Musical instruments were also massively looted from their Jewish owners.
35:
In Paris alone, the "Einsatzstab
Reichsleiter Rosenberg" combed through 38,000 Jewish homes. The Levitan Parisian department store served as an interim storage space before the looted furniture was transported to Germany.
187:
Christina Hemken: Der
Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg und die "M-Aktion". In: Christina Hemken/Karl-Heinz Ziessow: Im Schatten des totalen Krieges: Raubgut, Kriegsgefangenschaft und Zwangsarbeit. Cloppenburg 2018, S.
481:
760:
735:
299:"RECONSTRUCTING THE RECORD OF NAZI CULTURAL PLUNDER A SURVEY OF THE DISPERSED ARCHIVES OF THE EINSATZSTAB REICHSLEITER ROSENBERG (ERR) Patricia Kennedy Grimsted"
517:
730:
24:", starting in early 1942 the M-Aktion looted approximately 70,000 homes of French, Belgian, and Dutch Jews who had either fled or had been deported.
688:
48:
550:
248:
615:"Whose Piano Is This Anyway? Vienna University Library and the Looted Heritage of the University's Jewish Luminaries: A Double Case Study"
564:
121:
268:
MÖBEL-AKTION ("FURNITURE ACTION") Under the code name "Furniture Action" or also "M-Action" (abbreviation for "Möbel-Aktion"), the "
47:, was the head of the Western Office of the ERR (France, Belgium, and the Netherlands). Von Behr reported to the head of the ERR,
207:"Mobilisation of moveable assets: Objects designated for the art trade from the National Socialist plundering of the "M-Aktion""
57:
The
Western Service operated from 1942 onwards. In April, the first trains with looted Jewish goods left Paris for the East.
91:
The property looted from the Jews was collected in eleven "Reich camps" as reserves or sold directly to "air raid victims".
20:("Furniture Action" or also "M-Action", abbreviation for "Möbel-Aktion"), was a Nazi looting organisation. Attached to the "
755:
665:"Jewish Museum Berlin - Looting and Restitution: Jewish-Owned Cultural Artifacts from 1933 to the Present - M (Glossary)"
447:"Nazi Labour Camps in Paris: Austerlitz, Lévitan, Bassano, July 1943–August 1944, Jean-Marc Dreyfus and Sarah Gensburger"
249:"Jewish Museum Berlin - Looting and Restitution: Jewish-Owned Cultural Artifacts from 1933 to the Present - M (Glossary)"
269:
502:
Anhang zum „Bericht über die M-Aktion der
Dienststelle Westen vom August 1944“ = Dokument 188-L, S. 32 / Dokument
21:
525:
632:
614:
588:
482:"Shannon L. Fogg, Stealing Home: Looting, Restitution, and Reconstructing Jewish Lives in France, 1942-1947"
141:
Quelle „Bericht über die M-Aktion der
Dienststelle Westen vom August 1944“ = Dokument 188-L abgedruckt in:
69:
69,619 Jewish apartments recorded, 69,512 complete apartments transported to bomb-damaged sites in Germany
745:
285:"Cultural Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg: Database of Art Objects at the Jeu de Paume"
750:
298:
175:
Kunst als Waffe – Der Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, Ideologie und Kunstraub im „Dritten Reich“
740:
664:
446:
256:
725:
236:
apartments and houses were emptied out in the course of the M-Aktion between 1942 and 1944.
145:– Nachdruck München 1989, ISBN 3-7735-2527-3, Band XXXVIII (= Dokumentenband 14), S. 25–32.
65:
According to the "Overall Performance Report to July 31, 1944" M-Aktion looting concerned:
435:
Bericht ĂĽber die M-Aktion der Dienststelle Westen vom August 1944 = Dokument 188-L, S. 31.
333:"Nazi Labour Camps in Paris: Austerlitz, Lévitan, Bassano, July 1943–August 1944 (review)"
8:
206:
403:
The difficult description of three annexes of Drancy - Austerlitz, Levitan, and Bassano
360:
284:
100:
Private-sector cooperation partners of the NS agencies, such as the freight forwarder
696:
640:
544:
378:
364:
352:
226:
344:
218:
94:
689:"GERMAN ADMITS LOOTING.; Ex-Soldier Tells of Moving Stolen Furniture from France"
101:
78:
also removed 2,191,352 kg of scrap metal, waste paper and textile materials.
719:
700:
644:
356:
348:
230:
75:
further secured foreign exchange and securities to the value of RM11,695,516.
44:
168:
Des camps dans Paris. Austerlitz, Lévitan, Bassano, juilet 1943 – août 1944.
113:
222:
129:
332:
633:"Rare Violin Tests Germany's Commitment to Atone for Its Nazi Past"
444:
413:. Edited by Jonathan Petropoulos and John K. Roth. New York 2005.
29:
86:
565:"Where Are The Thousands Of Nazi-Looted Musical Instruments?"
411:
Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and Its Aftermath
319:
Betrifft 'Aktion 3'. Deutsche verwerten jĂĽdische Nachbarn,
150:
Betrifft Aktion 3 – Deutsche verwerten jüdische Nachbarn.
426:
Frankfurt a. M. 2005, ISBN 3-10-000420-5, S. 142.
143:
Der ProzeĂź gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem IMT
515:
159:
Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-10-000420-5 (Kapitel:
72:
26,984 freight train wagons required for this purpose
401:
Jean Marc Dreyfus: "Almost-Camps" im Aufsatz Paris:
317:
Falsche Schreibung „von Bohr’“ bei Wolfgang Dreßen:
184:. In: Oldenburger Jahrbuch 103 (2003), S. 169–176.
104:, also benefited from orders through the campaign
717:
177:, Berlin 2018, S. 83 ff. ISBN 978-3-7861-2806-9.
60:
761:German occupation of Belgium during World War I
736:German occupation of France during World War II
152:Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-351-02487-8.
589:"How Nazis targeted world's finest violins"
549:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
518:"The stolen instruments of the Third Reich"
470:Petropoulos and John K. Roth, New York 2005
87:Beneficiaries of the looted Jewish property
731:Art theft and looting during World War II
182:Hollandmöbel – Auslandsmöbel – Judenmöbel
479:
445:Jean-Marc Dreyfus and Sarah Gensburger.
630:
321:Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-351-02487-8, S. 54.
718:
39:
612:
166:Jean-Marc Dreyfus, Sarah Gensburger:
486:French Politics, Culture and Society
330:
313:
311:
13:
480:Campbell, Elizabeth (2019-12-22).
270:Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg
204:
22:Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg
14:
772:
631:Hickley, Catherine (2021-01-25).
407:Why these camps? The Möbel Action
308:
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170:Paris 2003, ISBN 2-213-61707-4.
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211:Journal for Art Market Studies
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122:Beutekunst (Zweiter Weltkrieg)
1:
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61:Statistics concerning looting
7:
516:2013-11-01T00:00:00+00:00.
383:www.rosevallandinstitut.org
180:Margarete Rosenbohm-Plate:
161:UnbĂĽrokratische Soforthilfe
107:
10:
777:
756:Looting in the Netherlands
409:, S. 224. In Gray Zones:
331:Fogg, Shannon L. (2012).
379:"Rose Valland Institute"
349:10.1353/gsr.2012.a488523
205:Ho, Gitta (2018-05-24).
28:Kogl and Sessenberg, in
337:German Studies Review
223:10.23690/jams.v2i2.36
173:Hanns Christian Löhr,
405:, hier im Abschnitt
613:Schreiber, Monika.
424:Hitlers Volksstaat.
157:Hitlers Volksstaat.
40:Dienststelle Westen
746:Looting in Belgium
693:The New York Times
637:The New York Times
751:Looting in France
148:Wolfgang DreĂźen:
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95:Alfred Rosenberg
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695:. 1919-05-11.
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538:December 1941.
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528:on 2018-02-24
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45:Kurt von Behr
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720:Categories
706:2021-11-12
674:2021-11-12
650:2021-12-24
599:2021-12-24
574:2021-12-24
532:2021-12-24
456:2021-11-12
422:Götz Aly:
388:2021-11-12
263:2021-12-24
193:References
155:Götz Aly:
136:Literature
130:Looted art
701:0362-4331
645:0362-4331
522:The Strad
365:160373566
357:2164-8646
231:2511-7602
545:cite web
188:185–196.
118:Aktion 3
108:See also
18:M-Aktion
569:NPR.org
506:11/158.
30:Austria
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618:(PDF)
361:S2CID
302:(PDF)
217:(2).
697:ISSN
641:ISSN
551:link
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227:ISSN
16:The
504:VEJ
345:doi
219:doi
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