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duck species. The population of the Barrow's goldeneye (of about 2000 individuals) relies entirely on the habitat provided by the Mývatn Laxá water system and its surrounding lava fields. Most of the Barrow's goldeneyes overwinter there, using ice-free areas kept open by emerging spring water
1214:
Bird populations have been monitored annually since 1975 by the Mývatn
Research Station. There is a long tradition of harvesting duck eggs for home use on the local farms. To ensure sustainability, the harvesting follows strict age-old rules of leaving at least four eggs in a nest for the duck to
1509:
was formed about 25 km south-east of Mývatn, and from it a huge lava flow, the Older Laxá-lava, spread over the southern part of the district, plunged down the valley Laxárdalur and flowed almost to the sea. This lava dammed up the first Mývatn, which was about as large as the present lake.
1383:
on the south shore of the lake is protected as a natural monument. Other rootless cone groups in this lava field are in the valley Laxárdalur and the plain Aðaldalur. The formation of rootless cones halted the advance of the lava in some places creating temporary lava lakes. The lava eventually
444:
The name Mývatn is sometimes used not only for the lake but the whole surrounding inhabited area. The river Laxá, the lake Mývatn and the surrounding wetlands are protected as a nature reserve (the Mývatn–Laxá Nature
Conservation Area), which occupies 4,400 km (440,000 ha).
1184:(both warm and cold) and in the strong river current. This species is a hole-nester, in North America using tree-holes, but at Mývatn the birds use cavities in the lava for nesting. The other duck species nest abundantly in the numerous islands of the lake and the surrounding marshlands.
1365:) and has often been used as a textbook example of this type of volcanic activity. There was a large lake in the area at the time, a precursor of the present-day Mývatn. When the lava encountered the lake some of the water-logged lake
354:
1372:
By repeated explosions in a number of locations, groups of craters built up and now dominate the landscape on the shore of Lake Mývatn and also form some of the islands in the lake. This type of lava formation is known as
1107:
that form an attractive food supply for ducks. Fifteen species of ducks breed at the site, the largest such number in Europe. The duck species composition has a mixture of
European and North American species, and also of
1864:
Einarsson, Á., Stefánsdóttir, G., Jóhannesson, H., Ólafsson, J.S., Gíslason, G.M., Wakana, I., Gudbergsson, G. and
Gardarsson, A. 2004. The ecology of Lake Mývatn and the River Laxá: variation in space and time.
1416:
lava flows. Most of the mountains in the vicinity of the lake were formed by eruptions under the ice sheet in the glacial periods of the Ice Age. Eruptions that melted their way up through the ice formed
1609:
in
Iceland. A central volcano and its associated fissure swarm is called a volcanic system. The Krafla volcanic system is one of several such systems which together form the volcanic zone of Iceland.
1586:
down to the north end of Mývatn, destroying two farms. The Mývatnseldar eruptions are quite similar in character to the recent volcanic activity near Krafla in 1975–1984. The source of both is a
1284:. Due to environmental factors their population has rapidly declined and the algae appeared to have become extinct in 2013. The ecosystem is now improving and small marimo balls are forming again.
1879:
Gardarsson, A. and
Einarsson, Á. 2000. Monitoring waterfowl at Mývatn, Iceland. Pp. 3–20 in F.A. Comin, J.A. Herrera-Silveira and J.Ramirez-Ramirez (eds.):
1534:. Approximately 200 years later a vast lava flow, the Younger Laxá Lava, was erupted (see above). The lava dammed up the present lake Mývatn and also the lakes
1518:
1601:
The recent activity was characterized by periods of slow land rise, interspersed by shorter periods of rapid subsidence, underground magma bursts, rifting,
1397:
The Mývatn district lies on the western border of the volcanic zone which cuts across north-eastern
Iceland from north to south and is an extension of the
1933:
1513:
The second volcanic cycle, the
Hverfjall cycle, began 2500 years ago with a gigantic but brief eruption, which formed the explosion crater (tephra ring)
136:
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species. Most of the ducks are migratory, arriving in late April to early May from north-western Europe. The commonest species at the lake is the
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1973:
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used to breed regularly, but they have not done so regularly since the 1950s. The outflowing Laxá river contains around 250 pairs of
399:
237:
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ring) Lúdent dates from this cycle. Its eruption was followed by a number of small fissure eruptions. About 3800 years ago the
1886:
Gíslason, G.M. 1994. River management in cold regions: a case study of the River Laxá, North
Iceland. Pp. 464–483 in:
1394:, the pillars stand in the lake water. The lava created by the Þrengslaborgir eruption is known as the Younger Laxá Lava.
86:
1908:
58:
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At the close of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, the Mývatn basin was covered by a glacier which pushed up huge
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at the river mouth some 50 km away from Mývatn. The Barrow's goldeneye and the harlequin duck are both
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drained from the lakes, leaving behind a forest of rock pillars. The biggest of these formations is named
1941:
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was dammed up in the Mývatn depression until the glacier retreated from the present course of Laxá river.
1239:
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lava eruption 2300 years ago, and the surrounding landscape is dominated by volcanic landforms, including
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54:
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39:
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1959:
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1982:
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Jónasson, P.M. ed. 1979. Ecology of
Eutrophic, Subarctic Lake Mývatn and the River Laxá. Oikos 32.
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32:
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periodically bursts into a swarm of fissures that cut through the volcano from north to south.
1132:
441:("lake"); "the lake of midges") comes from the large numbers of midges present in the summer.
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which can still be seen at the north end of the lake. After the glacier started melting, a
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Postglacial volcanism in the Mývatn district may be divided into three cycles. The Lúdent
8:
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Dfc). Summers are typically cool with crisp nights while winters are very long and cold.
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grows naturally. Also known as Cladophora ball it is a species of filamentous green
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2002:
1825:"Great news from Mývatn lake: Unique marimo colonies grow second year in a row"
1807:"Unexpected good news from lake Mývatn: Large quantities of Marimo wash ashore"
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The lake has an average depth of 2.5 metres and a maximum depth of 4.5 metres.
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cycle commenced shortly after the close of the Ice Age. The explosion crater (
1070:(monthly sunshine hours 1981-2010 for Haganes-9 km (5.6 mi) from Reykjahlíð)
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359:) is a shallow lake situated in an area of active volcanism in the north of
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374:. The lake and the surrounding wetlands provides a habitat for a number of
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eruptions in 1724–1729 which commenced with an explosion that formed the
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with 6,000 pairs present, whilst the second most abundant species is the
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also regularly breed at the lake, albeit in smaller numbers, whilst
21:
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1951:
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1180:
1096:
1890:
Vol. 2. Eds. P. Calow & G.E. Petts. Blackwell, Oxford. 483 pp.
1881:
Limnology and Aquatic birds. Monitoring, Modelling and Management.
1686:
1605:
and eruptions (nine in all). This is an example of the process of
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1997:
1986:
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lying between Krafla and Gæsafjöll. Inside the volcano resides a
1409:
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Because of its volcanic origin, the lake was formerly mined for
1353:
that formed along the eruptive fissure is called Þrengslaborgir
1494:
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1316:
1277:
1247:
1113:
1099:-rich springwater and has a high abundance of aquatic insects (
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383:
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1401:. All geological formations are quite recent, dating from the
1218:
The lava flows and moorlands surrounding the lake are home to
1595:
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1888:
The Rivers Handbook. Hydrological and Ecological Principles.
379:
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1883:
Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
1617:
mountains border the Krafla central volcano (Hlíðarfjall
1377:
or pseudocraters. A group of such craters at Skútustaðir
1914:
A complete bibliography on the natural history of Mývatn
1369:
was trapped underneath it, generating steam explosions.
1564:
The third volcanic cycle began with the Mývatnseldar
1242:
The plateau surrounding Mývatn. In the distance are
1324:Mývatn was created about 2300 years ago by a large
1276:Mývatn is one of the few places in the world where
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2195:
1874:Náttúra Mývatns. Hið íslenska Náttúrufræðifélag,
175:
452:around the lake has taken place in the summer.
434:
422:
491:Climate data for Reykjahlíð (1961–1990)
1967:
1872:Gardarsson, A. and Einarsson, Á. eds. 1991.
1790:Important Bird Areas factsheet: Mývatn-Laxá
1974:
1960:
1768:(2 ed.). Bloomsbury. pp. 47–49.
1526:followed, producing the lavafield between
1412:of the moors west of Mývatn is made up of
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1315:
1303:
1291:
1086:
1763:
1740:"1961-90 Sunshine Averages for Haganes"
1349:about 50 km away from Mývatn. The
2196:
1517:(also named Hverfell). An eruption in
1332:lava. The lava flowed down the valley
1955:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1581:
1580:. Later lava flowed from Leirhnjúkur
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1981:
1296:Panorama of Mývatn from the town of
1250:(818m, centre-left, behind the dark
1187:Other common waterbirds include the
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
13:
1919:Current seismic activity at Mývatn
1841:
1766:Top 100 Birding Sites of the World
1312:crater, immediately east of Mývatn
1077:
407:is known for its rich fishing for
382:. The lake was created by a large
14:
2255:
1902:
1876:Reykjavík. 372 pp. (in Icelandic)
1632:[ˈr̥apn̥ˌtʰɪnːʏˌr̥ɪkːʏr̥]
1127:Other common species include the
2178:
2168:
2156:
1231:
272:2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
155:
148:
129:
20:
2214:Important Bird Areas of Iceland
1858:
1842:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1788:BirdLife International (2015).
1744:Icelandic Meteorological Office
1719:Icelandic Meteorological Office
1715:"Reykjahlíð 1961-1990 Averages"
1175:and there is a large colony of
264:37 km (14 sq mi)
31:needs additional citations for
2234:North Volcanic Zone of Iceland
1835:
1817:
1799:
1782:
1757:
1732:
1707:
1679:
1445:), those which did not formed
1362:[ˈluːˌtɛn̥tarˌpɔrcɪr̥]
1207:. The lake is included in an
156:
1:
1942:Mývatn panoramic virtual tour
1934:Seacology Lake Myvatn Project
1672:
1523:[ˈjarðˌpaðsˌhouːlar̥]
1452:[ˈvɪntˌpɛlcarˌfjatl̥]
482:Köppen climate classification
474:Köppen climate classification
1848:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1356:[ˈθreiŋstlaˌpɔrcɪr̥]
1287:
455:
7:
1645:
1642:, but this ceased in 2004.
1430:[ˈsɛlˌlantaˌfjatl̥]
1388:. At another place, Höfði
964:Average precipitation days
750:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
610:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
468:The Mývatn area features a
10:
2260:
1567:[ˈmiːˌvasːˌɛltar̥]
1558:[ˈa(r)tnarˌvahtn̥]
1380:[ˈskuːtʏˌstaːðɪr̥]
1262:(953m, centre-right), and
1065:
1057:
490:
463:
370:. It has a high amount of
2165:
2154:
1993:
1764:Couzens, Dominic (2015).
1694:Sites Information Service
1620:[ˈl̥iːðarˌfjatl̥]
1583:[ˈleirˌn̥juːkʏr̥]
1549:[ˈkraiːnaˌvahtn̥]
1449:ridges (Vindbelgjarfjall
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819:
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1897:
1662:List of lakes of Iceland
1506:[ˈcʰɛːtɪlˌtiɲca]
1458:[ˈnauːmaˌfjatl̥]
1442:[ˈcaiːsaˌfjœtl̥]
1342:[ˈaːðalˌtaːlʏr̥]
1336:to the lowland plain of
1082:
344:Icelandic pronunciation:
288:288 m (945 ft)
2239:Ramsar sites in Iceland
1947:Mývatn Private Day Tour
1794:http://www.birdlife.org
1470:[ˈkʰvanːˌfɛtl̥]
1424:[ˈplauːˌfjatl̥]
1405:and postglacial times.
280:4.5 m (15 ft)
1540:[ˈsantˌvahtn̥]
1321:
1313:
1301:
1147:, around 350 pairs of
1139:, around 300 pairs of
1133:red-breasted merganser
1092:
435:
423:
418:The name of the lake (
398:). The effluent river
2244:Rift lakes of Iceland
1626:[ˈjœːrʏntʏr̥]
1464:[ˈtalˌfjatl̥]
1345:where it entered the
1320:Lava island in Mývatn
1319:
1307:
1295:
1258:(caldera at centre),
1090:
348:[ˈmiːˌvahtn̥]
1687:"Myvatn-Laxá region"
1667:Volcanism of Iceland
1657:Geography of Iceland
1629:, Hrafntinnuhryggur
1490:[ˈluːˌtɛn̥t]
1436:[ˈpurˌfɛtl̥]
1197:great northern diver
1193:red-necked phalarope
1068:Icelandic Met Office
1060:Icelandic Met Office
540:Record high °C (°F)
476:ET), bordering on a
40:improve this article
1359:(or Lúdentarborgir
1209:important bird area
1095:The lake is fed by
820:Record low °C (°F)
680:Daily mean °C (°F)
404:[ˈlaksˌauː]
372:biological activity
194: /
2209:Birdwatching sites
2185:Iceland portal
1924:Lake Myvatn images
1792:. Downloaded from
1594:from which molten
1399:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1322:
1314:
1302:
1201:red-throated diver
1129:Barrow's goldeneye
1124:with 1,500 pairs.
1093:
322:Reference no.
309:Myvatn-Laxá region
2224:Lava dammed lakes
2191:
2190:
1844:"Mývatn and Laxá"
1607:continental drift
1222:and occasionally
1161:northern shoveler
1074:
1073:
478:subarctic climate
337:
336:
285:Surface elevation
198:65.600°N 17.000°W
137:Höfði Nature Park
116:
115:
108:
90:
2251:
2219:Lakes of Iceland
2183:
2182:
2181:
2175:Lakes portal
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1952:
1929:Facts and photos
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1427:, Sellandafjall
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1391:[ˈhœvðɪ]
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1364:
1358:
1344:
1326:fissure eruption
1235:
1226:may be present.
1165:northern pintail
1155:and 75 pairs of
1153:long-tailed duck
1135:, 1000 pairs of
1091:Shore of Mývatn.
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232:Primary outflows
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1867:Aquatic Ecology
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1419:table mountains
1300:, November 2007
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1266:(1222m, right).
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1220:rock ptarmigans
1189:Slavonian grebe
1151:, 150 pairs of
1143:, 200 pairs of
1137:Eurasian wigeon
1131:, 700 pairs of
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1078:Flora and fauna
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317:2 December 1977
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1909:Geological map
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1796:on 13/02/2015.
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1706:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1499:shield volcano
1375:rootless cones
1289:
1286:
1273:
1270:
1246:(882m, left),
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1173:harlequin duck
1169:common pochard
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:sunshine hours
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
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851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
817:
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811:
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801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
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756:
751:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
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721:
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656:
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631:
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621:
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581:
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561:
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541:
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530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
493:
492:
486:
470:tundra climate
465:
462:
457:
454:
448:Since 2000, a
392:rootless vents
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
307:
303:
302:
299:Ramsar Wetland
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
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281:
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274:
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266:
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178:
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147:
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141:
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126:
125:
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2256:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:North Iceland
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2176:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Þingvallavatn
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1775:9781472919847
1771:
1767:
1760:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:magma chamber
1589:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:Jarðbaðshólar
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1447:hyaloclastite
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Eurasian teal
1154:
1150:
1149:common scoter
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:greater scaup
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:Mean monthly
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
962:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
893:
892:precipitation
888:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
818:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
748:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
678:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
608:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
538:
494:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
453:
451:
446:
442:
439:
438:
432:
427:
426:
421:
416:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
396:pseudocraters
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:, especially
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
355:
349:
341:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:Official name
304:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
269:Average depth
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
234:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
207:
179:
173:
151:
142:
138:
135:Mývatn, near
132:
127:
122:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2148:Úlfljótsvatn
2092:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1869:38: 317–348.
1866:
1859:Bibliography
1847:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1784:
1765:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1637:
1612:
1600:
1563:
1512:
1486:
1482:glacial lake
1478:end moraines
1475:
1467:, Hvannfell
1455:, Námafjall
1439:, Gæsafjöll
1414:interglacial
1407:
1396:
1371:
1347:Arctic Ocean
1323:
1275:
1217:
1213:
1205:whooper swan
1186:
1126:
1101:Chironomidae
1094:
894:mm (inches)
467:
459:
447:
443:
417:
388:lava pillars
339:
338:
260:Surface area
220:Volcanogenic
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2068:Kleifarvatn
2063:Jökulsárlón
2018:Fjallsárlón
1623:, Jörundur
1603:earthquakes
1572:crater lake
1502:Ketildyngja
1461:, Dalfjall
1386:Dimmuborgir
1298:Skútustaðir
1224:gyr falcons
1118:tufted duck
409:brown trout
201: /
176:Coordinates
2198:Categories
2113:Sigöldulón
2108:Reynisvatn
2088:Laugarvatn
2078:Lagarfljót
2073:Kvíslavatn
2053:Hvítárvatn
2013:Elliðavatn
2008:Breiðárlón
1829:Icelandmag
1811:Icelandmag
1673:References
1652:Cladophora
1528:Reykjahlíð
1433:, Búrfell
1421:(Bláfjall
1351:crater row
1334:Laxárdalur
1252:Vindbelgur
1215:incubate.
1066:Source 2:
1058:Source 1:
966:(≥ 1.0 mm)
376:waterbirds
314:Designated
277:Max. depth
96:March 2024
66:newspapers
2138:Þórisvatn
2128:Svínavatn
2103:Rauðavatn
2098:Öskjuvatn
2083:Langisjór
2058:Hvítavatn
2043:Hreðavatn
2033:Grímsvötn
2003:Blöndulón
1937:Seacology
1640:diatomite
1554:Arnarvatn
1545:Grænavatn
1515:Hverfjall
1338:Aðaldalur
1310:Hverfjall
1288:Volcanism
1256:Hverfjall
1254:(529m)),
1244:Gæsafjöll
1105:Cladocera
456:Geography
420:Icelandic
224:eutrophic
215:Lake type
2048:Hvalvatn
2028:Grænalón
1749:21 April
1699:25 April
1646:See also
1615:rhyolite
1536:Sandvatn
1367:sediment
1330:basaltic
1264:Bláfjall
1181:nearctic
1097:nutrient
1053:1,203.4
959:(17.13)
890:Average
885:(−23.6)
880:(−17.5)
875:(−14.8)
840:(−14.3)
835:(−23.6)
830:(−15.9)
825:(−22.9)
450:marathon
384:basaltic
55:"Mývatn"
2143:Tjörnin
1998:Apavatn
1987:Iceland
1410:bedrock
1403:Ice Age
1260:Búrfell
1145:mallard
1141:gadwall
954:(1.50)
949:(1.71)
944:(1.82)
939:(1.74)
934:(1.80)
929:(1.87)
924:(1.27)
919:(0.79)
914:(1.00)
909:(1.28)
904:(1.03)
899:(1.31)
865:(11.3)
860:(28.4)
855:(29.1)
850:(23.0)
815:(28.4)
810:(17.6)
805:(21.0)
800:(29.1)
795:(35.4)
790:(42.1)
785:(43.5)
780:(40.1)
775:(33.1)
770:(25.0)
765:(19.0)
760:(18.3)
755:(16.9)
745:(34.5)
740:(23.9)
735:(27.1)
730:(34.2)
725:(40.6)
720:(48.2)
715:(49.8)
710:(46.9)
705:(39.2)
700:(31.5)
695:(25.7)
690:(24.6)
685:(23.4)
675:(40.6)
670:(29.5)
665:(32.0)
660:(38.5)
655:(46.6)
650:(55.2)
645:(57.6)
640:(54.1)
635:(45.7)
630:(37.4)
625:(31.5)
620:(30.4)
615:(28.8)
605:(78.1)
600:(51.1)
595:(51.8)
590:(59.4)
585:(66.2)
580:(75.2)
575:(75.2)
570:(78.1)
565:(73.9)
560:(60.3)
555:(51.6)
550:(50.9)
545:(48.9)
464:Climate
433:") and
368:volcano
363:, near
361:Iceland
250:Iceland
189:17°00′W
186:65°36′N
80:scholar
2093:Mývatn
1772:
1724:29 May
1692:Ramsar
1613:A few
1495:tephra
1278:marimo
1272:Plants
1248:Krafla
1159:. The
1114:arctic
1110:boreal
1103:) and
1038:157.4
1035:170.3
1032:202.5
1029:178.2
1026:147.7
870:(1.2)
845:(3.0)
496:Month
365:Krafla
340:Mývatn
163:Mývatn
124:Mývatn
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1983:Lakes
1898:Notes
1596:magma
1574:Víti
1532:Vogar
1282:algae
1177:eider
1163:and
1083:Birds
1047:23.8
1044:57.8
1041:97.8
1023:96.5
1020:51.6
1017:16.1
1006:96.8
957:435.0
883:−30.9
878:−27.5
873:−26.0
868:−17.1
863:−11.5
843:−16.1
838:−25.7
833:−30.9
828:−26.6
823:−30.5
535:Year
431:midge
380:ducks
245:Basin
87:JSTOR
73:books
1770:ISBN
1751:2021
1726:2016
1701:2018
1552:and
1530:and
1408:The
1308:The
1203:and
1112:and
1050:3.7
1003:9.9
1000:9.7
997:9.9
994:8.1
991:8.2
988:8.9
985:7.0
982:5.1
979:6.8
976:8.2
973:6.5
970:8.2
952:38.0
947:43.4
942:46.2
937:44.1
932:45.6
927:47.4
922:32.3
917:20.1
912:25.4
907:32.5
902:26.2
897:33.4
858:−2.0
853:−1.6
848:−5.0
813:−2.0
808:−8.0
803:−6.1
798:−1.6
768:−3.9
763:−7.2
758:−7.6
753:−8.4
738:−4.5
733:−2.7
698:−0.3
693:−3.5
688:−4.1
683:−4.8
668:−1.4
648:12.9
643:14.2
638:12.3
623:−0.3
618:−0.9
613:−1.8
603:25.6
598:10.6
593:11.0
588:15.2
583:19.0
578:24.0
573:24.0
568:25.6
563:23.3
558:15.7
553:10.9
548:10.5
532:Dec
529:Nov
526:Oct
523:Sep
520:Aug
517:Jul
514:Jun
511:May
508:Apr
505:Mar
502:Feb
499:Jan
437:vatn
411:and
400:Laxá
390:and
238:Laxá
59:news
2038:Hóp
1985:of
1635:).
1473:).
1328:of
793:1.9
788:5.6
783:6.4
778:4.5
773:0.6
743:1.4
728:1.2
723:4.8
718:9.0
713:9.9
708:8.3
703:4.0
673:4.8
663:0.0
658:3.6
653:8.1
633:7.6
628:3.0
543:9.4
325:167
42:by
2200::
1846:.
1827:.
1809:.
1742:.
1717:.
1689:.
1561:.
1543:,
1211:.
1199:,
1195:,
1191:,
429:("
425:mý
415:.
222:,
1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
1850:.
1831:.
1813:.
1778:.
1753:.
1728:.
1703:.
480:(
472:(
394:(
342:(
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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