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the plants and precious seeds. Elizabeth had first approached both
Stanford and Berkeley to have either or both universities take over the experimental farm, but sold to Stark when those proffers didn't materialize. Mrs. Burbank entered into an agreement with Stark Bro's on August 23, 1927, to take the material they wanted from Burbank's properties. The contract included ownership of the business name and all of the customer information. A September 6, 1927, contract provided exclusive rights to sell uncompleted experiments with fruits at Sebastopol (except the Royal and Paradox) for 10 years. Stark Bro's had right of renewal. Tax receipts indicate payments of $ 27,000 to Mrs. Burbank. Exciting new kinds of fruits and flowers Burbank had developed (but never marketed) included 120 types of plums, 18 peaches, 28 apples, 500 hybrid roses, 30 cherries, 34 pears, 52 gladioli and many more. Stark Bro's subsequently introduced many of these varieties of their catalog.
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selective process until he produced the results he wanted. When he started his work, chestnut trees took 25 years to bear fruit. From his efforts, chestnut trees produced fruit after three years. A white blackberry so clear that one could see the seeds inside, a juicy and large plum which is still considered one of the finest in the world, a spineless cactus, and a calla lily with fragrant odor were among his many creations.
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lead constantly upward. The crossing of species is to me paramount. Upon it, wisely directed and accompanied by a rigid selection of the best and as rigid an exclusion of the poorest, rests the hope of all progress. The mere crossing of species, unaccompanied by selection, wise supervision, intelligent care, and the utmost patience, is not likely to result in marked good, and may result in vast harm.
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produce for the benefit of mankind new forms, colors, and perfumes in flowers which were never known before; fruits in form, size, and flavor never before seen on this globe; and grains of enormously increased productiveness, whose fat kernels are filled with more and better nourishment, a veritable storehouse of perfect food—new food for all the world's untold millions for all time to come.
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Swamiji...Sometimes I feel very close to the infinite power...then i have been able to heal sick persons around me, as well as many ailing plants". He is also recorded as saying the following in relation to his deceased mother "Many times since her death I have been blessed by her appearance in visions; she has spoken to me."
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from 1931 to 1934. Over the following years, Elizabeth worked with the Stark brothers to patent 16 Burbank fruits and flowers. The patents name Luther
Burbank, deceased, as "inventor" by Elizabeth Waters Burbank, executrix of his estate. In 1935, Stark ended the agreement with Mrs. Burbank (or vice versa).
300:, Burbank grew up on a farm and received only a high school education in Lancaster County Academy. The thirteenth of fifteen children, he enjoyed the plants in his mother's large garden. His father died when he was 18 years old, and Burbank used his inheritance to buy a 17-acre (69,000 m) plot of land near
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Gastrointestinal complications and violent hiccups weakened Luther in the last two weeks before his death, which was ultimately caused by heart failure. At his bedside were
Elizabeth (his wife) and his sister when he died on April 11, 1926. The famous botanist was buried in an unmarked grave, under a
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Burbank often credited the Stark family with making his work profitable. In return, he later joined with Thomas Edison to support Paul Stark Sr. in his fight to get patent legislation passed for plant breeders. Along with
Clarence's $ 9,000 worth of help, Luther also had something of a fan club — The
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Among those with the foresight to recognize the possibilities of
Burbank's work was Clarence McDowell Stark, who went to California and sought Burbank out. After talking to him in Santa Rosa and seeing the results of his experiments, Clarence was convinced that Burbank was right, and his professorial
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discovered the 'Delicious' apple, an elongated fruit with five bumps on the calyx end. The oddly-shaped apple attracted the attention of
Burbank, a famed grafter and budder of trees, plants and flowers. He called the new 'Delicious' variety "the finest-flavored apple in all the world." It was also in
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stated that
Burbank had improved the community incredibly making it a place that people came "to sit at the feet of this great apostle and prophet of beauty and happiness ... and catch some measure of his matchless inspiration." He also stated that Burbank's deeds were always done to "bring more of
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I love humanity, which has been a constant delight to me during all my seventy-seven years of life; and I love flowers, trees, animals, and all the works of Nature as they pass before us in time and space. What a joy life is when you have made a close working partnership with Nature, helping her to
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His heart was fathomlessly deep, long acquainted with humility, patience, sacrifice. His little home amid the roses was austerely simple; he knew the worthlessness of luxury, the joy of few possessions. The modesty with which he wore his scientific fame repeatedly reminded me of the trees that bend
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I have constantly been impressed with the similarity between the organization and development of plant and human life. … I have come to find in the crossing of species and in selection, wisely directed, a great and powerful instrument for the transformation of the vegetable kingdom along lines that
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Although
Burbank may not have been a scientist by the standards of his peers, his lack of record keeping reflected the difficulties of developing and distributing cultivars in the era in which he lived. His innovations were revolutionary, and in a time when there was no way to legally protect one's
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Until 1931, the
Experiment Farm fell into some disrepair, so Stark Bro's sent emissaries to retrieve the most promising fruit, nut and ornamental shrubs, and in 1931 sold the flowers, vegetables and seeds to Burpee Seed Co. J. B. Keil came from Stark Bro's to coordinate the efforts and worked there
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He named Stark Bro's
Nurseries & Orchards Co. to carry on the work. Considerable argument has been spent upon whether the plants were technically willed to Stark Bro's; they were not. He left everything to Elizabeth: money, personal property, real estate, dozens of municipal utility bonds — and
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Clarence said to Burbank: "I don't think you will ever make a real success in the nursery business because your heart is not in it. But if you will carry forward the type of hybridizing you are doing, I think you will go very far in your chosen field. To demonstrate our sincere belief in your work,
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may be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible pea, the goal of the cross being to introduce mildew resistance without losing the high-yield characteristics. Progeny from the cross would then be crossed with the high-yielding parent to ensure that the progeny were most like the high-yielding
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We are more crossed than any other nation in the history of the world, and here we meet the same results that are always seen in a much-crossed race of plants: all the worst as well as all the best qualities of each are brought out in their fullest intensities. When all the necessary crossing has
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Mrs. Burbank then dispersed the majority of the gardens for subdivision. She sold the remaining property (excluding the house and greenhouse) to the Santa Rosa Junior College for use as a training ground. This lasted until 1954 (J. B. Keil stayed on as the caretaker). Twenty years later, the City
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Heredity is simply the sum of all the effects of all the environments of all past generations on the responsive, ever-moving life forces. There is no doubt that if a child with a vicious temper be placed in an environment of peace and quiet the temper will change. Put a boy born of gentle white
802:, also known as hybrid vigor. Heterosis describes the tendency of the progeny of a specific cross to outperform both parents. The detection of the usefulness of heterosis for plant breeding has led to the development of inbred lines that reveal a heterotic yield advantage when they are crossed.
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critics were wrong. To Clarence's great dismay, he saw that Luther Burbank was operating a small seed and nursery business in an attempt to finance his experiments and provide himself a living. It was clear that he would never be able to realize his potential under these meager circumstances.
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On paper his method seems simple, but in practice it was extremely difficult. Most of the time, he would grow 10,000 or more plants of one variety, from which he selected as many as 50 seedlings or as few as one. From the selected plant or plants, he grew another 10,000 seedlings, continuing
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From 1904 through 1909, Burbank received several grants from the Carnegie Institution to support his ongoing research on hybridization. He was supported by the practical-minded Andrew Carnegie himself, over those of his advisers who objected that Burbank was not "scientific" in his methods.
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inventions, Burbank may have been cautious with the successes he decided to document. Additionally, his records may not have been coherent (to the chagrin of modern scholars) because he felt his time was better valued in the garden, not writing each trial and error down in his record book.
426:"If anything happens to me, you will have to dispose of the business and the work, because you can't go on with it. There aren't a dozen organizations in the world that are equipped to go forward with it; of them all, there is really only one I think of that could make the most of it."
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that "Intimate communion with Nature, who unlocked to him many of her jealously guarded secrets, had given Burbank a boundless spiritual reverence". Burbank had received Kriya Yoga initiation from Paramahansa Yogananda, and he is quoted as saying "I practice the technique devoutly,
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Burbank's fame and admiration reflect the various ways people see humans' roles in nature, by representing both the importance of our connection to the natural world and the numerous possibilities created by plant manipulation. Burbank's work spurred the passing of the 1930
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took over ownership of the property (which it retains today as a free public showplace). The gardens include a thornless rose, spineless cactus, rainbow corn, a hybrid mulberry tree (which Luther hoped would spark an American silk industry) and his red combustion plant (
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Burbank became known through his plant catalogs, the most famous being 1893's "New Creations in Fruits and Flowers," and through the word of mouth of satisfied customers, as well as press reports that kept him in the news throughout the first decade of the century.
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as a superior alternative to what he considered narrowly intellectual education offered by most schools. He caused a great deal of public controversy a few months before his death in 1926 when he answered questions about his deepest beliefs by a reporter from the
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I am an infidel today. I do not believe what has been served to me to believe. I am a doubter, a questioner, a skeptic. When it can be proved to me that there is immortality, that there is resurrection beyond the gates of death, then will I believe. Until then,
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Burbank created hundreds of new varieties of fruits (plum, pear, prune, peach, blackberry, raspberry); potato, tomato; ornamental flowers and other plants. He introduced over 800 new plants, including flowers, grains, grasses, vegetables, cacti, and fruits.
1104:. Many people spoke about Burbank, such as Senator Perkins who stated that Burbank could teach the government valuable lessons, and that "he is doing more to instruct, interest, and make popular the work in the garden than any man of his generation."
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in support of the legislation and said that "This will, I feel sure, give us many Burbanks." The authorities issued Plant Patents #12, #13, #14, #15, #16, #18, #41, #65, #66, #235, #266, #267, #269, #290, #291, and #1041 to Burbank posthumously.
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Luther's father, Samuel Walton, had nine children with wife Hannah Ball, two children with wife Mary Ann Rugg and four children with wife Olive Ross. In addition the first birth with Olive did not survive a day, so is not counted among the
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Luther Burbank was highly revered throughout the United States of America. In September 1905 a group of California's most influential businessmen, intellectuals, and politicians gathered at a banquet thrown in honor of Luther Burbank by the
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Burbank was criticized by scientists of his day because he did not keep the kind of careful records that are the norm in scientific research and because he was mainly interested in creating useful or targeted cultivars rather than in the
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parents among Indians and he will grow up like an Indian. Let the child born of criminal parents have a setting of morality, integrity, and love, and the chances are that he will not grow into a criminal, but into an upright man.
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As Burbank's life drew to a close, the question arose as to who would carry on his work, and naturally there were many interested in doing so. Before his death in April 1926, Luther Burbank spoke quietly to his wife, and said:
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manner, though he does not directly reference either. His support for eugenic methods is couched in his horticultural methodology and he makes direct analogies between the two, comparing the population of the
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belief in the inheritance of acquired characteristics informed his support for population improvement primarily by managing the environment of children over many generations, which aligned him also with the
320:. Today, the Russet Burbank potato is the most widely cultivated potato in the United States. The potato is popular because it doesn't expire as easily as other types of potatoes. A large percentage of
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Burbank was praised and admired not only for his gardening skills but for his modesty, generosity and kind spirit. He was very interested in education and gave money to the local schools.
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California's Arbor Day was made March 7, Luther Burbank's birthday, in honor of him. Burt, Olive W., Luther Burbank, Boy Wizard, Bobbs-Merril Company, Inc., 1948, 1962, p. 180.
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Luther Burbank Society. The group took it upon themselves to publish his discoveries and manage his business affairs, affording him some additional means by which to live.
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methods were developed to analyze gene action and distinguish heritable variation from variation caused by environment. In 1933, another important breeding technique,
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is a disease that spread and destroyed potatoes all across Europe, but caused extreme chaos in Ireland due to the high dependency on potatoes as a crop by the Irish.
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He married twice: to Helen Coleman in 1890, which ended in divorce in 1896; and to Elizabeth Waters in 1916. He had no children of his own but did adopt a daughter.
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Smith, Jane S. "Faster, Better, Sweeter." The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. New York: Penguin, 2009. N. pag. Print.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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techniques such as protoplast fusion, embryo rescue or mutagenesis (see below) to generate diversity and produce hybrid plants that would not exist in
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284:. This particular potato variety was created by Burbank to help "revive the country's leading crop" as it is slightly late blight-resistant.
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the flowers of plants by hand and planted all the resulting seeds. He then selected the most promising plants to cross with other ones.
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been done, then comes the elimination, the work of refining, until we shall get an ultimate product that should be the finest race ever.
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Smith, Jane S. "Prologue." The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. New York: Penguin, 2009. Print.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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giant Cedar of Lebanon at the Luther Burbank Home and Gardens in Santa Rosa, California. The tree in the photo no longer stands.
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put him somewhat at odds with mainstream eugenic views of the time, which were in the majority strongly anti-miscegenation. His
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Clay Stark Logan (l) accepting induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame on behalf of Luther Burbank (1986).
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1893 that the Starks began their storied cooperation with Luther Burbank and his fantastic new varieties of fruits.
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During his career, Burbank wrote and co-wrote several books on his methods and results, including his eight-volume
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of understanding their biology or the mechanisms by which his artificial selection schemes achieved their results.
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280:. The Russet Burbank potato was in fact invented to help with the devastating situation in Ireland following the
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Official website of the Western Sonoma County Historical Society and Luther Burbank's Gold Ridge Experiment Farm
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A vast array of beauty: The accomplishments of the father of American ornamental plant breeding, Luther Burbank.
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Along with breeding plants, Burbank believed human beings should be selectively bred, and he was active in the
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2321:"A Maker of New Fruits and Flowers: How Luther Burbank Breeds New Varieties of Plants on His California Farm"
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1984:"A Vast Array of Beauty: The Accomplishments of the Father of American Ornamental Breeding, Luther Burbank"
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four years after his death. The legislation made it possible to patent new varieties of plants (excluding
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the sunshine of comfort and happiness into the cottages of the poor as well as the palaces of the rich."
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low with the burden of ripening fruits; it is the barren tree that lifts its head high in an empty boast.
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our company will give you $ 9,000 if you will let me pick three of these new fruits you have shown me."
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Autobiography of a Yogi, by Paramhansa Yogananda, Chapter 38: Luther Burbank – A Saint Amidst the Roses
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Burbank experimented with a variety of techniques such as grafting, hybridization, and cross-breeding.
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2644:, Vol. 50:2, Feb. 2015, pp. 201–204. — Video slide presentation narrated by John E. Preece: "
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center. There, he developed the Burbank potato. Burbank sold the rights to the Burbank potato for
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The home that Luther Burbank was born in, as well as his California garden office, were moved by
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2404:. Same details as ref. above, publisher: Watts & Co. (London) 'The Thinker's Library, No.76'
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Traits that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants in the last 100 years include:
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complications. He died on April 11, 1926, aged 77, and is buried near the greenhouse at the
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as an honorary member. He was also elected to the ABA's Committee on Eugenics in 1906. As a
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Pandora, Katherine. "Luther Burbank". American National Biography. Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
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in the early 20th century. Similar yield increases were not produced elsewhere until after
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In Santa Rosa, Burbank purchased a 4-acre (16,000 m) plot of land, and established a
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In 1893, Burbank published a descriptive catalog of some of his best varieties, entitled
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Yogananda, Paramahansa (1997). "Chapter 38: Luther Burbank - A Saint Amid the Roses".
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272:. This large, brown-skinned, white-fleshed potato has become the world's predominant
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This belief in the benefit of crossing human "species" and his staunch support for
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The Garden of Invention : Luther Burbank and the business of breeding plants
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Plant Breeding and Biotechnology: Societal Context and the Future of Agriculture
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Luther Burbank materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
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Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application
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The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants
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200 Years and Growing: The Story of Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co
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Luther Burbank. Peach and Other Fruit. US Patent No. PP15. Inducted in 1986
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Several places and institution are named for Luther Burbank. They include:
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painted a portrait of Burbank emerging as a tree from his interred corpse.
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Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application
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was the first species where heterosis was widely used to produce hybrids.
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A complete bibliography of books by and about Luther Burbank on WorldCat.
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In 1940, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 3-cent stamp honoring Burbank.
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In 1924 Burbank wrote a letter endorsing the "Yogoda" training system of
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The Canna and the Calla: and some interesting work with striking results
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Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, Their Practical Application
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These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase in the
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1841:"Luther Burbank: Honorary Member of the American Breeders' Association"
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In mid-March 1926, Burbank suffered a heart attack and became ill with
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from one variety or line into a new genetic background. For example, a
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1759:"Luther Burbank: Plant Breeding Artist, Horticulturist, and Legend"
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Forms of leaves and fruits quality correlations. After issue 1914.
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over his 55-year career. Burbank's developments included those of
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2589:"Visit for Luther Burbank, the Great American Naturalist (1917)"
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Luther Burbank Middle School in the Los Angeles neighborhood of
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Out West magazine, September 1905. pages 201–222. illustrated.
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In 1907, Burbank published an "essay on childrearing", called
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Paul Stark Sr. pays his respects at Luther Burbank's gravesite
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150 ($ 4,162 in 2023 dollars) and used the money to travel to
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Burbank's most successful strains and varieties included the
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2648:," posted by cevizbiz cevizbiz, YouTube, November 14, 2015.
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2043:. New York, N.Y.: The Century Company, The de Vinne Press.
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Autobiography of a Yogi, Paramahansa Yogananda, Chapter 38
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A Gardener Touched With Genius The Life of Luther Burbank
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Anderson, Neil O.; Olsen, Richard T. (February 1, 2015).
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844:
increased crop production in the developing world in the
236:, which is also called a fire poppy), the "July Elberta"
2451:. Los Angeles : Self-Realization Fellowship, 1946
1158:. An address at the Memorial Service was given by Judge
928:
Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding (
2441:. New York : Meredith Press, 1967 ASIN: B0006BQE6C
2142:
367:. (This site is now open to the public as a city park,
364:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
2093:
2091:
2512:
UN report on spineless cactus cultivation in Tunisia
2197:
2195:
2193:
464:
Burbank tending young spineless cactus plants c 1890
2251:"Portrait of Luther Burbank, 1931 - by Frida Kahlo"
2061:
1474:is used to indicate this person as the author when
2547:University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center
2354:
2153:
2088:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1212:, in downtown Santa Rosa, are now designated as a
353:, and experimental fields that he used to conduct
167:(March 7, 1849 – April 11, 1926) was an American
2190:
3212:
2502:Luther Burbank Home and Gardens official website
211:. He developed (but did not create) a spineless
16:American botanist and horticulturist (1849–1926)
2535:A Rare Crossing: Frida Kahlo and Luther Burbank
2111:. Self-Realization Fellowship. p. 408,411.
2025:
1791:Duke University Libraries - Digital Collections
1070:Luther Burbank with spineless cactus circa 1908
2271:. United States Postal Service. Archived from
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1224:a few miles west of Santa Rosa in the town of
2667:
2187:Note: navigation by chapter only, no pages #s
1981:
1682:"Gold Ridge Luther Burbank's Experiment Farm"
1062:Luther Burbank – "The Wizard of Horticulture"
2619:selected readings of Luther Burbank writings
2414:Anderson, N. O., & Olsen, R. T. (2015).
2128:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–.
2121:
1737:Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Catalog
817:(CMS), developed in maize, was described by
681:professor Jules Janick, writing in the 2004
2461:
1881:"What If a Potato Could Change Agriculture"
1823:
1656:"Luther Burbank, California Studies Weekly"
1585:
1218:Luther Burbank's Gold Ridge Experiment Farm
923:
779:within a plant species was demonstrated by
3271:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
2674:
2660:
2240:, Chapter 38 page 398 (ebook edition 2019)
2115:
1838:
31:
2646:Luther Burbank's Contributions to Walnuts
2638:Luther Burbank’s Contributions to Walnuts
2106:
1999:
1856:
1733:"Stark Delicious: The World's Best Apple"
1535:. New York: Penguin Group. pp. 1–2.
770:
488:New Creations in Fruits and Flowers cover
2624:Newspaper clippings about Luther Burbank
2565:Burbank Steps Forward with a Super-Wheat
2064:The unfit : a history of a bad idea
1612:
1592:
1399:Plant species named after Luther Burbank
1090:of San Francisco in 1926, Burbank said:
1065:
1057:
499:
491:
483:
475:
467:
459:
432:
409:
388:Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co.
333:
268:-colored skin later became known as the
152:
2507:National Inventors Hall of Fame profile
2326:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
2036:
1905:
1635:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1500:Luther Burbank Rose Parade and Festival
1204:In 1986, Burbank was inducted into the
1194:In 1931, while visiting San Francisco,
312:, in 1875. Later, a natural vegetative
3213:
2439:Luther Burbank, the Wizard and the Man
2318:
2201:
1756:
739:How Plants Are Trained to Work for Man
2655:
2636:Preece, John E. and Gale McGranahan."
2352:
2151:
1839:Stansfield, William D. (March 2006).
1730:
1715:
1633:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1530:
960:Classical breeding relies largely on
718:to a massive outcrossing experiment:
3261:People from Lancaster, Massachusetts
3251:History of Sonoma County, California
2160:. New York: Penguin Books. pp.
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1332:Luther Burbank Elementary School in
1326:Luther Burbank Elementary School in
1320:Luther Burbank Elementary School in
1314:Luther Burbank Elementary School in
1308:Luther Burbank Elementary School in
1222:National Register of Historic Places
455:
1963:. Luther Burbank Home & Gardens
696:New Creations in Fruits and Flowers
357:experiments on plants, inspired by
13:
3266:People from Sebastopol, California
3256:People from Santa Rosa, California
2393:Burbank, Luther with Wilbur Hall,
2319:Bailey, Liberty H. (August 1901).
2311:
1906:Whitman, John (December 3, 1974).
1521:, National Inventors Hall of Fame
1251:Luther Burbank Center for the Arts
14:
3287:
3246:Devotees of Paramahansa Yogananda
2490:
1700:
1041:
860:and wrote in publications of the
2683:Hall of Fame for Great Americans
2591:is available for viewing at the
2581:is available for viewing at the
2571:monthly, January 1919, page 22;
2217:Freedom From Religion Foundation
2122:Denis Murphy (August 30, 2007).
1302:Luther Burbank Middle School in
1053:
964:between chromosomes to generate
291:
256:), the freestone peach, and the
143:
2347:The Training of the Human Plant
2295:International Plant Names Index
2287:
2261:
2243:
2230:
2178:
2100:
2055:
2040:The Training of the Human Plant
2016:
1975:
1949:
1924:
1899:
1873:
1805:
1787:"Luther Burbank Society roster"
1779:
1757:Janick, Jules (February 2015).
1750:
1374:Burbank, Santa Clara County, CA
1210:Luther Burbank Home and Gardens
1206:National Inventors Hall of Fame
1156:Luther Burbank Home and Gardens
1135:Paramahansa Yogananda wrote in
1086:In a speech given to the First
916:The Training Of The Human Plant
884:The Training Of The Human Plant
870:The Training Of The Human Plant
730:The Training of the Human Plant
703:The Training of the Human Plant
667:
369:Luther Burbank Home and Gardens
84:Helen Coleman, Elizabeth Waters
2606:New International Encyclopedia
2462:Harte, Bret (September 1903).
2349:," Century Magazine, May 1907.
1793:. Luther Burbank Society. 1912
1724:
1674:
1648:
1559:
1549:
1524:
1512:
1279:Luther Burbank School District
1126:with the following statement:
862:American Breeders' Association
762:
1:
2524:Luther Burbank Virtual Museum
1505:
1360:Burbank Elementary School in
1338:Burbank Elementary School in
787:and was further developed by
179:. He developed more than 800
2420:HortScience, 50(2), 161–188.
2062:Carlson, Elof Axel. (2001).
1627:American Antiquarian Society
1607:American Antiquarian Society
1394:-based financial institution
1384:The census-designated place
1378:The census-designated place
1372:The census-designated place
1366:The census-designated place
1288:Luther Burbank Middle School
998:of environmental pressures (
252:(named after the agronomist
123:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
2628:20th Century Press Archives
2517:September 24, 2015, at the
1908:The Psychic Power of Plants
1567:"Luther Burbank, Biography"
1486:
851:
264:of the Burbank potato with
10:
3292:
2965:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
2579:"Luther Burbank, ca. 1917"
2409:Luther Burbank, Boy Wizard
1269:Luther Burbank High School
1260:Luther Burbank High School
1214:National Historic Landmark
858:American eugenics movement
815:cytoplasmic male sterility
753:(1939), and the 12-volume
2905:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
2900:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
2690:
2001:10.21273/HORTSCI.50.2.161
1356:Mercer Island, Washington
1298:Highland Park, California
1165:
142:
137:
133:
121:
111:
103:
96:
88:
80:
61:
39:
30:
23:
3236:American horticulturists
3090:William Tecumseh Sherman
2780:George Washington Carver
2447:Yogananda, Paramahansa.
2037:Burbank, Luther (1907).
1910:. New American Library.
1731:Stark, Clarence (1913).
1390:Luther Burbank Savings,
1292:Lancaster, Massachusetts
1145:
962:homologous recombination
957:varieties for breeding.
924:Classical plant breeding
298:Lancaster, Massachusetts
159:Lancaster, Massachusetts
54:Lancaster, Massachusetts
3170:John Greenleaf Whittier
2785:William Ellery Channing
2600:"Burbank, Luther"
2573:scanned by Google Books
2559:http://www.wschsgrf.org
2449:Autobiography of a Yogi
2353:Smith, Jane S. (2009).
2238:Autobiography of a Yogi
2236:Paramahansa Yogananda,
2156:The Garden of Invention
2152:Smith, Jane S. (2009).
2109:Autobiography of a Yogi
1531:Smith, Jane S. (2010).
1414:Chrysanthemum burbankii
1138:Autobiography of a Yogi
1034:Increased tolerance of
1027:Increased tolerance to
684:World Book Encyclopedia
634:Grains, grasses, forage
480:Russet Burbank potatoes
3155:James McNeill Whistler
3085:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
3000:Matthew Fontaine Maury
2464:"King of Horticulture"
2402:An Architect of Nature
2400:Burbank, Luther. 1939.
1932:"Image: Chestnut tree"
1328:Long Beach, California
1316:Santa Rosa, California
1264:Sacramento, California
1255:Santa Rosa, California
1253:, a large facility in
1226:Sebastopol, California
1133:
1123:San Francisco Bulletin
1097:
1084:
1071:
1063:
921:
893:Lamarckian inheritance
889:
771:Intraspecific breeding
735:
505:
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489:
481:
473:
465:
438:
415:
342:
310:Santa Rosa, California
161:
157:Burbank birthplace in
73:Santa Rosa, California
3105:Harriet Beecher Stowe
3075:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2805:James Fenimore Cooper
2765:William Cullen Bryant
2740:Alexander Graham Bell
2553:Luther Burbank Online
1858:10.1093/jhered/esj015
1716:Zotta, LeAnn (2015).
1182:-propagated plants).
1128:
1117:Paramahansa Yogananda
1092:
1088:Congregational Church
1079:
1069:
1061:
906:
874:
819:Marcus Morton Rhoades
796:George Harrison Shull
791:and plant breeders.
720:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
436:
413:
337:
318:Russet Burbank potato
270:russet Burbank potato
244:, the "Flaming Gold"
156:
3276:American eugenicists
3135:Booker T. Washington
3045:Alice Freeman Palmer
3025:William T. G. Morton
2970:James Russell Lowell
2395:Harvest of the Years
1310:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1283:San Jose, California
1102:State Board of Trade
743:Harvest of the Years
233:Papaver californicum
177:agricultural science
3241:American Unitarians
3150:George Westinghouse
3120:Henry David Thoreau
3030:John Lothrop Motley
3005:Albert A. Michelson
2885:Nathaniel Hawthorne
2835:Ralph Waldo Emerson
2820:James Buchanan Eads
2363:Penguin Group (USA)
1845:Journal of Heredity
1465:author abbreviation
1451:Solanum retroflexum
1368:Burbank, Washington
1362:Artesia, California
1345:Luther Burbank Park
1340:Modesto, California
1304:Burbank, California
386:In that same year,
327:are made from this
240:, the "Santa Rosa"
3231:American botanists
3080:Theodore Roosevelt
3020:Samuel F. B. Morse
2880:Alexander Hamilton
2825:Thomas Alva Edison
2735:Henry Ward Beecher
2720:John James Audubon
2481:Burbank, Scientist
2345:Burbank, Luther. "
2275:on August 10, 2013
1957:"Spineless Cactus"
1688:on August 21, 2008
1334:Merced, California
1273:San Antonio, Texas
1241:Greenfield Village
1239:, and are part of
1237:Dearborn, Michigan
1072:
1064:
902:euthenics movement
506:
498:
490:
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474:
466:
439:
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343:
162:
3208:
3207:
3140:George Washington
3095:John Philip Sousa
2930:Thomas J. Jackson
2920:Washington Irving
2865:William C. Gorgas
2850:Benjamin Franklin
2815:Charlotte Cushman
2700:John Quincy Adams
2478:Tuomey, Honoria.
2389:978-1-4147-0200-1
2379:Burbank, Luther.
2372:978-1-59420-209-4
2212:Freethought Today
2207:"I Am An Infidel"
2135:978-1-139-46557-1
1961:lutherburbank.org
1573:on March 30, 2019
1380:Burbank, Illinois
1322:Burbank, Illinois
1220:is listed in the
1186:testified before
966:genetic diversity
751:Partner of Nature
679:Purdue University
456:Burbank cultivars
254:Edward J. Wickson
151:
150:
98:Scientific career
3283:
2980:Edward MacDowell
2935:Thomas Jefferson
2870:Ulysses S. Grant
2830:Jonathan Edwards
2800:Grover Cleveland
2715:Susan B. Anthony
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2610:
2602:
2593:Internet Archive
2583:Internet Archive
2475:
2468:Overland Monthly
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1887:. The Henry Ford
1885:thehenryford.org
1877:
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1817:encyclopedia.com
1813:"Luther Burbank"
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1684:. Archived from
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1658:. Archived from
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1569:. Archived from
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1528:
1522:
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1483:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1386:Burbank, Alabama
1353:
1176:Plant Patent Act
1152:gastrointestinal
1048:cross-pollinated
919:
918:, 1907, page 68.
914:Luther Burbank,
887:
882:Luther Burbank,
842:Green Revolution
733:
732:, 1907, page 11.
728:Luther Burbank,
258:white blackberry
248:, the "Wickson"
147:
68:
49:
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21:
20:
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3209:
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3180:Frances Willard
3115:Sylvanus Thayer
3065:Edgar Allan Poe
3050:Francis Parkman
2960:Abraham Lincoln
2940:John Paul Jones
2860:Josiah W. Gibbs
2775:Andrew Carnegie
2760:Phillips Brooks
2725:George Bancroft
2686:
2680:
2597:
2569:Popular Science
2519:Wayback Machine
2493:
2488:
2423:Dreyer, Peter,
2407:Burt, Olive W.
2373:
2336:
2334:
2314:
2312:Further reading
2309:
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2205:(August 1993).
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1662:on May 27, 2021
1654:
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1622:
1614:McCusker, J. J.
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1594:McCusker, J. J.
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886:, 1907, page 3.
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458:
449:Euonymus alatus
377:Gold Ridge Farm
294:
278:food processing
262:genetic variant
219:-feed) and the
175:and pioneer in
116:Andrew Carnegie
76:
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3195:Orville Wright
3192:
3190:Woodrow Wilson
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3185:Roger Williams
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2770:Luther Burbank
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2755:Louis Brandeis
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1994:(2): 161–188.
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809:By the 1920s,
781:Charles Darwin
775:Intraspecific
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359:Charles Darwin
340:Gabriel Moulin
338:Photograph by
293:
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173:horticulturist
165:Luther Burbank
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69:(aged 77)
65:April 11, 1926
63:
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37:
36:
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27:
25:Luther Burbank
24:
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2457:0-87612-083-4
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2433:0-9637883-0-2
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2300: Burbank
2296:
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2255:Henri Matisse
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2019:
2011:
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1962:
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1466:
1463:The standard
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1184:Thomas Edison
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1109:Sonoma County
1105:
1103:
1096:
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1054:Personal life
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834:United States
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
785:Gregor Mendel
782:
778:
777:hybridization
768:
760:
758:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
731:
724:
719:
717:
716:United States
712:
708:
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540:
538:
534:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:
510:
502:
496:Burbank plums
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
453:
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443:
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427:
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355:crossbreeding
352:
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292:Life and work
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87:
83:
79:
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64:
60:
55:
50:March 7, 1849
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3175:Emma Willard
3160:Walt Whitman
3130:Lillian Wald
3100:Joseph Story
3060:William Penn
3040:Thomas Paine
3015:James Monroe
2910:Mark Hopkins
2890:Joseph Henry
2810:Peter Cooper
2790:Rufus Choate
2769:
2745:Daniel Boone
2730:Clara Barton
2641:
2604:
2587:A film clip
2577:A film clip
2564:
2540:
2534:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2448:
2438:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2383:. Paperback
2380:
2356:
2335:. Retrieved
2330:
2324:
2299:
2289:
2279:September 2,
2277:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2263:
2254:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2210:
2180:
2155:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2063:
2057:
2039:
2018:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1907:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1851:(2): 95–99.
1848:
1844:
1816:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1726:
1717:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1650:
1640:February 29,
1638:. Retrieved
1618:
1598:
1587:
1577:December 17,
1575:. Retrieved
1571:the original
1561:
1551:
1532:
1526:
1514:
1492:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1412:
1404:
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1230:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1172:
1169:
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1136:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1045:
978:
969:
959:
954:
951:backcrossing
929:
927:
915:
907:
890:
883:
875:
869:
855:
838:World War II
831:
808:
793:
774:
766:
755:
750:
742:
738:
736:
729:
721:
702:
700:
695:
693:
689:
682:
671:
668:Publications
662:
573:strawberries
543:blackberries
535:35 fruiting
507:
472:Shasta daisy
447:
444:
440:
428:
425:
421:
417:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
381:
362:
344:
325:french fries
295:
282:Great Famine
260:. A natural
231:
228:Shasta daisy
225:
215:(useful for
164:
163:
127:
97:
67:(1926-04-11)
18:
3226:1926 deaths
3221:1849 births
3165:Eli Whitney
3070:Walter Reed
2990:Horace Mann
2750:Edwin Booth
2705:Jane Addams
2642:HortScience
2333:: 1209–1214
2222:November 8,
2203:Barker, Dan
1988:HortScience
1766:HortScience
1611:1700–1799:
1591:1634–1699:
1348: [
1196:Frida Kahlo
1160:Ben Lindsey
1004:temperature
991:of the crop
944:-resistant
827:detasseling
811:statistical
789:geneticists
763:Methodology
747:Wilbur Hall
654:Ornamentals
549:raspberries
286:Late blight
3215:Categories
3125:Mark Twain
2945:James Kent
2915:Elias Howe
2795:Henry Clay
2695:John Adams
2474:: 226–233.
2437:Kraft, K.
2073:0879696583
1967:October 7,
1941:October 7,
1917:0451062531
1506:References
1456:Solanaceae
1436:Myricaceae
1422:Asteraceae
1392:Santa Rosa
1233:Henry Ford
1036:herbicides
1002:, extreme
994:Increased
983:Increased
897:Lamarckian
872:he wrote:
866:eugenicist
798:described
644:Vegetables
597:nectarines
373:Sebastopol
347:greenhouse
322:McDonald's
209:vegetables
46:1849-03-07
2975:Mary Lyon
2685:inductees
2010:0018-5345
1692:March 14,
1446:burbankii
1434:A.Chev. (
1432:burbankii
1409:'Burbank'
996:tolerance
949:parent, (
800:heterosis
794:In 1908,
749:, 1927),
591:chestnuts
375:, called
302:Lunenburg
246:nectarine
185:varieties
138:Signature
2875:Asa Gray
2515:Archived
2082:46959597
1891:June 11,
1867:16489147
1616:(1992).
1596:(1997).
1556:fifteen.
1487:See also
1188:Congress
1046:Burbank
1023:bacteria
1000:salinity
970:in vitro
930:crossing
912:—
880:—
852:Eugenics
741:(1921),
726:—
711:euthenic
659:91 types
649:26 types
567:cherries
561:plumcots
329:cultivar
296:Born in
169:botanist
89:Children
2630:of the
2626:in the
2609:. 1905.
2337:July 9,
2049:1393659
1797:May 18,
1771:May 18,
1742:May 18,
1666:May 26,
1470:Burbank
1442:Solanum
1015:viruses
1008:drought
985:quality
707:eugenic
639:9 types
615:walnuts
585:peaches
555:quinces
351:nursery
221:plumcot
205:grasses
197:flowers
181:strains
128:Burbank
112:Patrons
81:Spouses
2455:
2431:
2387:
2369:
2168:
2132:
2080:
2070:
2047:
2008:
1914:
1865:
1539:
1476:citing
1428:Myrica
1418:Makino
1208:. The
1166:Legacy
1029:insect
974:nature
955:inbred
942:mildew
934:traits
840:. The
823:pollen
745:(with
627:almond
603:grapes
579:apples
537:cactus
525:prunes
513:Fruits
274:potato
266:russet
217:cattle
213:cactus
207:, and
201:grains
193:fruits
189:plants
107:Botany
104:Fields
1762:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1406:Canna
1352:]
1180:tuber
1146:Death
1031:pests
1019:fungi
989:yield
938:genes
846:1960s
804:Maize
609:pears
521:plums
314:sport
238:peach
2472:XLII
2453:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2385:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2339:2009
2281:2013
2224:2019
2166:ISBN
2164:–6.
2130:ISBN
2078:OCLC
2068:ISBN
2045:OCLC
2006:ISSN
1969:2022
1943:2022
1912:ISBN
1893:2019
1863:PMID
1799:2016
1773:2016
1744:2016
1694:2018
1668:2021
1642:2024
1579:2012
1537:ISBN
1277:The
1021:and
987:and
783:and
709:and
621:figs
531:nuts
523:and
519:113
250:plum
242:plum
183:and
92:None
75:, US
62:Died
56:, US
40:Born
2640:,"
2632:ZBW
1996:doi
1853:doi
1454:) (
1354:in
1350:ceb
1290:in
1281:in
1271:in
1262:in
1235:to
1131:no.
946:pea
577:10
571:10
565:10
559:11
553:11
547:13
541:16
529:69
452:).
361:'s
276:in
187:of
3217::
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2470:.
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2365:.
2361:.
2331:II
2329:.
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2297:.
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2192:^
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2076:.
2027:^
2004:.
1992:50
1990:.
1986:.
1959:.
1934:.
1883:.
1861:.
1849:97
1847:.
1843:.
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1815:.
1789:.
1764:.
1735:.
1702:^
1625:.
1605:.
1478:a
1444:×
1430:×
1243:.
1228:.
1216:.
1162:.
1017:,
1006:,
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625:1
619:2
613:3
607:4
601:4
595:5
589:6
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306:$
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171:,
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2162:3
2138:.
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2051:.
2012:.
1998::
1971:.
1945:.
1920:.
1895:.
1869:.
1855::
1819:.
1801:.
1775:.
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1482:.
1458:)
1448:(
1438:)
1424:)
1420:(
1010:)
936:/
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
