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102:, as "it has a high tensile strength, can take a high gloss polish and holds very fine detail". By the late 20th century Carrara's highest-grade marble had run out; the considerable ongoing production is of stone with a greyish tint, or streaks of black or grey on white. This is still attractive as an architectural facing, or for tiles.
170:
article of 1894, workers in the marble quarries were among the most neglected labourers in Italy. Many of them were ex-convicts or fugitives from justice. The work at the quarries was so tough and arduous that almost any aspirant worker with sufficient muscle and endurance was employed, regardless of
221:
Bianco
Carrara classified in C and CD variations as well as Bianco Venatino and Statuarietto are by far the most common types with more expensive exotic variations such as Calacatta Gold, Calacatta Borghini, Calacatta Macchia Vecchia, Arabescato Cervaiole and Arabescato Vagli quarried throughout the
206:
Working the quarries is and has always been dangerous. In
September 1911, a collapsing cliff face at the Bettogli Quarry crushed 10 workers who were on lunch break under a precipice. A 2014 video made at a Carrara quarry shows workers with missing fingers, and workers performing hazardous, painfully
178:
and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. Many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from
Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded the first anarchist group in Italy. In Carrara, the anarchist Galileo Palla remarked, "even the stones are
129:
masters who managed both the extraction and transport of the precious material. Some of them, such as the
Maffioli, who rented some quarries north of Carrara, in the Torano area, or, around 1490, Giovanni Pietro Buffa, who bought marble on credit from local quarrymen and then resold it on the
716:
605:
770:
153:, in particular, saw much of its plan redesigned (new roads, plazas, intersections, pavings) in order to make it worthy of an Italian country's capital. Following the extinction of the Cybo-Malaspina family, the state was ruled by the House of
130:
Venetian market, were able to create a dense commercial network, exporting the marble even to distant locations. Just to cite an example, starting from 1474, first the
Maffioli, then the Buffa, supplied the marble for the facade of the
214:, a pure white marble (coloring in other marbles arises from intermixture with other minerals present in the limestone as it is converted to marble by heat or pressure). However, by the end of the 20th century, the known deposits of
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885:
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near
Carrara were played out. The quarries continue to remove and ship up to a million tons/year of less-esteemed marble, mostly for export. This is predominantly streaked with black or grey.
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show evidence of at least 650 quarry sites, with about half of them currently abandoned or worked out. The
Carrara quarries have produced more marble than any other place on earth.
651:
134:, also taking care of the transport of the material which, by ship, after having circumnavigated Italy, reached the construction site of the monastery after having sailed up the
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By the end of the 19th century, Carrara had become a cradle of anarchism in Italy, in particular among the quarry workers. According to a
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1437:"Reference Sheet: Certified Reference Material : IAEA-603 (calcite) — Stable Isotope Reference Material for δC and δO"
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In the 17th and 18th centuries, the marble quarries were monitored by the Cybo and
Malaspina families who ruled over the
1531:
1334:
1502:
1335:"National Burns Collection – Burns Statue, Dumfries with Tam O'Shanter and Souter Johnnie statues "on tour", c. 1900"
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More marble has been extracted from the over 650 quarry sites near
Carrara than from any other place. The pure white
1054:"A Roman shipwreck with a cargo of Apuan marble (marmor lunense) at Punta del Francese (Stintino-Sassari, Sardinia)"
872:
222:
Carrara area. Bardiglio has more black, and has been used since Roman times for architectural facings and floors.
1601:
1564:
540:
1434:
809:
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by boat. Starting from the 16th century, Genoese stonecutters-merchants also entered this flourishing trade.
80:
1320:
For
Michelangelo, Carrara marble was valued above all other stone, except perhaps that of his own quarry in
983:
1225:
No License to Serve: Prohibition, Anarchists, and the Italian-American Widows of Barre, Vermont, 1900–1920
1212:
17:
710:–1785, Carrara marble with gilt bronze, height: 111.4 cm, width: 169.5 cm, depth: 41.9 cm
149:. The family created the "Office of Marble" in 1564 to regulate the marble mining industry. The city of
1633:
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is built entirely of Carrara marble and the old Ducal Palace of Massa was used to showcase the stone.
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1117:"L'approvvigionamento lapideo tra XIV e XV secolo nei cantieri del Duomo e della Certosa di Pavia"
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619:. The sculptural part of the fountain is made of Carrara marble, the obelisk of local Lesno Brdo
593:
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1435:
Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Environment Laboratories (16 July 2016).
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991:, a culinary specialty of the Carrara region commonly cured in basins made of Carrara marble
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The quarry workers and stone carvers had radical beliefs that set them apart from others.
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Type of white or blue-grey marble popular for use in sculpture and building decor
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The marble from Carrara was used for some of the most remarkable buildings in
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902:. The interior is done in Carrara marble, while the exterior is done in
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554:, obtained from an 80 kg sample of Carrara marble, is used as the
135:
1562:
Newman, Cathy (July 1982). "Carrara Marble: Touchstone of Eternity".
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831:, is landscaped with five thousand square metres of Carrara marble.
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In the Middle Ages, most of the quarries were owned by the Marquis
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The prize yield from Carrara quarries through millennia has been
200:
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40:; the white on the mountains behind is quarried faces of marble.
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The Art of Making in Antiquity: Stoneworking in the Roman World
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noisy work who are not wearing protective gear of any kind.
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anarchists." The quarry workers were the main actors of the
75:
since Roman times in the mountains just outside the city of
1443:
1265:"This mine has produced more marble than anywhere on Earth"
1052:
Beltrami, C.; Lazzarini, L.; Antonelli, F. (26 June 2020).
555:
1051:
32:
1191:
1179:
1167:
290:, was carved in Carrara by Italian craftsmen working to
788:(gisant) and Hildegardo LeĂŁo Veloso (reliefs) in the
301:
on 6 April 1882. Other notable occurrences include:
1307:
The Ascent of Augustus and Access to Italian Marble
507:of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
225:
63:) to the Romans, is a type of white or blue-grey
1615:
859:was carved from a large piece of Carrara marble.
525:, World Financial Center, New York, New York, US
1428:
1252:Magical marble, that gleaming rock for the ages
1151:Les maitres du marbre : Carrare, 1300-1600
1092:Les maitres du marbre : Carrare, 1300-1600
1031:. Presses Univ de Bordeaux. pp. 278, 344.
110:Carrara marble has been used since the time of
1148:
1089:
416:(Crosses and Stars of David), Normandy, France
157:and management of the mines rested with them.
1568:. Vol. 162, no. 1. pp. 42–59.
500:, Manila, Philippines—Administration Building
1491:Henry Lutz Ehrlich; Dianne K Newman (2009).
1470:Reference Products for Environment and Trade
1208:
1206:
1521:
1310:(Multimedia presentation). Yale University.
1197:
1185:
1173:
546:
537:International Union of Geological Sciences
535:Carrara marble has been designated by the
350:Sarcophagus of St. Hedwig, Queen of Poland
1203:
1029:Archéomatériaux: Marbres et Autres Roches
923:can colonize Carrara marble by forming a
623:, and the pool of local PodpeÄŤ limestone.
1294:, directed by Yuri Ancarani, Nowness.com
299:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
190:
43:
31:
1114:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
414:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial
294:'s model. It was unveiled by future UK
286:, which commands a central position in
125:who in turn rented them to families of
14:
1616:
1561:
1094:. Paris: J. Touzot. pp. 129–192.
517:General Grant National Memorial (Tomb)
1215:, The New York Times, 19 January 1894
638:'s sarcophagus by Antoni Madeyski in
87:, the northernmost tip of modern-day
1472:. International Atomic Energy Agency
1022:
1002:
680:Interior of the Main Prayer Hall in
492:The Rotunda (University of Virginia)
482:in 2024 due to chemical degradation)
478:, Helsinki, Finland (renovated with
404:buildings, Boston, Massachusetts, US
241:– later reused in many buildings in
1524:The Economy of Renaissance Florence
1415:IUGS Subcommission: Heritage Stones
1337:. Burnsscotland.com. Archived from
1149:Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1969).
1090:Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1969).
814:National Museum of American History
790:Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara
24:
1555:
566:for the calibration of δO and δC.
321:Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas
25:
1645:
1589:
1386:"Resilience, Reflected in Marble"
1153:. Paris: J. Touzot. p. 192.
1025:"Augustus and the City of Marble"
879:, was carved from Carrara marble.
336:, Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh, India
282:(1501–1504) whilst the statue to
1595:
1522:Goldthwaite, Richard A. (2011).
1254:(January 1992 issue, pp. 98–107)
884:
871:Adelaide's first street statue,
864:
848:
843:Staircase, Glasgow City Chambers
836:
820:
801:
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715:
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71:and building decor. It has been
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1458:
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494:, Charlottesville, Virginia, US
226:Notable monuments and buildings
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1108:
1083:
1045:
911:
664:. As of 2004 displayed at the
541:Global Heritage Stone Resource
13:
1:
1515:
1361:"The Queen Victoria Memorial"
827:The Hill of Hope monument in
758:National Archeological Museum
704:
488:, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, US
81:province of Massa and Carrara
984:Marmifera di Carrara railway
7:
1497:(5 ed.). p. 180.
962:
186:
10:
1650:
1213:A Stronghold of Anarchists
569:
446:, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US
147:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
105:
1115:Gemelli, Filippo (2021).
682:Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque
389:Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque
315:Victoria Memorial, London
264:It was also used in many
259:Column of Marcus Aurelius
995:
857:King Edward VII Memorial
810:George Washington statue
666:Yorkshire Sculpture Park
547:Use in isotopic standard
519:, New York, New York, US
426:King Edward VII Memorial
1550:"Material, Luna Marble"
1234:, by Robin Hazard Ray,
974:List of types of marble
703:Parisian chimneypiece,
195:A Carrara marble quarry
1602:Marble quarry, Carrara
1546:King's College, London
1230:9 October 2015 at the
617:Town Square, Ljubljana
498:Far Eastern University
422:, Washington, D.C., US
402:Harvard Medical School
196:
49:
41:
1411:"Designation of GHSR"
1304:Diana E. E. Kleiner.
511:Glasgow City Chambers
440:Chicago, Illinois, US
319:Some sections of the
292:Amelia Robertson Hill
199:The Apuan Alps above
194:
114:, when it was called
47:
35:
1604:at Wikimedia Commons
1466:"IAEA-603 , Calcite"
921:Micrococcus halobius
690:United Arab Emirates
594:St. Peter's Basilica
531:, Marrakesh, Morocco
523:Winter Garden Atrium
444:Milwaukee Art Museum
438:Aon Center (Chicago)
376:First Canadian Place
239:Temple of Proserpina
118:, or "Luni marble".
100:monumental sculpture
1565:National Geographic
1023:Fant, J.C. (1999).
829:Onomichi, Hiroshima
725:Cloak of Conscience
98:grade was used for
67:popular for use in
48:Sample sheets, 2016
1390:The New York Times
1124:MARMORA et LAPIDEA
1070:10.1111/arcm.12587
979:Lizza di Piastreta
812:on display at the
778:Pedro II of Brazil
197:
171:their background.
50:
42:
1634:Quarries in Italy
1600:Media related to
1271:. 12 October 2017
1236:Italian Americana
1038:978-2-86781-244-6
947:, as seen in the
750:Stavovske divadlo
636:Jadwiga of Poland
564:mass spectrometry
505:Rome Italy Temple
183:in January 1894.
16:(Redirected from
1641:
1610:official website
1608:Calacatta Marble
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428:, Birmingham, UK
408:Oslo Opera House
380:Toronto, Ontario
363:Manila Cathedral
181:Lunigiana revolt
132:Certosa di Pavia
21:
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1341:on 31 July 2012
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1420:24 February
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1322:Pietrasanta
1248:Smithsonian
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918:black yeast
912:Degradation
786:Jean Magrou
748:, Austria,
740:located in
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708: 1775
486:Devon Tower
480:Lasa marble
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270:Renaissance
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1618:Categories
1516:References
794:PetrĂłpolis
513:, Scotland
432:Akshardham
272:including
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325:Valencia
288:Dumfries
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