25:
1747:
4106:
3773:
298:
1321:(1822–1841), a native Luiseño speaker and Mission Indian, was the first to develop an orthography for his native language while studying in Rome to be a Catholic priest. His orthography leaned heavily on Spanish, which he learned in his youth. Although Luiseño has no standardized spelling, a commonly accepted orthography is implemented in reservation classrooms and college campuses in San Diego where the language is taught.
289:
2009:
2172:
2017:
1861:
1831:
3811:
367:
people who at the time of first contact with the
Spanish in the 16th century inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging 50 miles (80 km) from the southern part of
1869:
1259:
Both and are found in word initial position. However, only occurs intervocalically, and only is found preconsonantally and at word final position. Examples of these
4094:
3804:
619:
of and respectively. However, other speakers do not use these variants. Sparkman records fewer than 25 Luiseño words with either or . For one of these words (
1776:
4072:
1839:
3797:
3820:
2900:
4470:
2217:
2166:
4087:
4006:
3974:
3871:
407:
308:
1388:). The marking of word-initial stress, like the marking of predictable glottal stop, is a response to language revitalization efforts.
580:: The vowel is held three times as long but with no change in quality. In writing, an overlong vowel is indicated by tripling it, e.g.
410:
Luiseño class, one of the few for-credit university indigenous-language courses in the country." In 2012, a Luiseño video game for the
4465:
4080:
2147:
1224:
570:: The vowel is held twice as long but with no change in quality. In writing, a long vowel is often indicated by doubling it, e.g.
4031:
3958:
1974:
Glenn, James R. (1991), "The Sound
Recordings of John P. Harrington: A Report on Their Disposition and State of Preservation",
4102:
2893:
2854:
2812:
364:
4036:
1642:
Maaxaxan-up om chaamik hish aláxwichi chaam-loꞌxai ivianáninuk chaam-cha maaxaxma pomóomi chaami hish pom-loꞌxai aláxwichi.
2210:
1201:
1179:
1065:
399:
330:
403:
4016:
3883:
3861:
2927:
2152:
1075:
3920:
3877:
3846:
1784:
68:
46:
3925:
1665:
Pardon / you / us-to / anything / bad / our-doing / this as /we / pardon / them / us / anything / their-doing / bad.
39:
4455:
4110:
3909:
3851:
3777:
2886:
1085:
934:
743:
As a rule, the possessive prefixes are unstressed. The accent remains on the first syllable of the root word, e.g.
3866:
3914:
3904:
3841:
3836:
3831:
1689:
1404:
1391:
The various orthographies that have been used for writing the language show influences from
Spanish, English and
1054:
384:
320:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3935:
3856:
3685:
2774:
2457:
2234:
2203:
1890:
368:
173:
4051:
4026:
4011:
4000:
3969:
3963:
3947:
2315:
1392:
234:
4181:
4061:
4041:
4021:
3941:
3930:
3899:
3894:
1140:
376:
275:
1595:
1577:
1558:
1539:
1521:
1503:
1485:
1467:
1449:
1430:
1294:
1253:
527:
512:
504:
492:
484:
4056:
4046:
3979:
3952:
3888:
3746:
3641:
2687:
2536:
1121:
3485:
3181:
3168:
2841:
2761:
2728:
2507:
2502:
2266:
1264:
1191:
1103:
922:
912:
3421:
2662:
2553:
1230:
1222:
1199:
1189:
1177:
1148:
1138:
1119:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1052:
1023:
1008:
997:
978:
968:
960:
950:
942:
932:
920:
910:
882:
868:
858:
383:, and inland 30 miles (48 km). The people are called "Luiseño", owing to their proximity to the
3789:
1746:
4460:
3559:
3490:
2258:
962:
33:
704:
A single consonant between a stressed and unstressed vowel is doubled. Most are geminate, such as
4379:
2909:
1693:
1681:
1150:
1010:
999:
944:
395:
148:
3521:
2443:
2162:
3754:
3297:
3257:
3201:
3187:
2692:
50:
3032:
774:"self"), whose invariable prefix and fixed accent suggests that it is now considered a single
3446:
3360:
3354:
3342:
3194:
3175:
2848:
2769:
2751:
2528:
2226:
1232:
1169:
870:
860:
168:
3053:
3046:
3348:
3328:
2963:
1684:
made a series of recordings of speakers of Luiseño in the 1930s. Those recordings, made on
1025:
694:
626:
352:
3018:
2736:
8:
3736:
3335:
3008:
2541:
1045:
903:
775:
638:
4450:
3039:
3025:
2702:
2481:
2123:
560:: The basic vowel length. In writing, this is the standard value of a given vowel, e.g.
406:
offers classes for children, and in 2013, "the tribe ... began funding a graduate-level
3673:
3620:
3472:
3428:
3321:
3283:
3269:
3248:
3144:
3082:
2682:
2613:
2486:
2373:
2063:
1991:
1805:
884:
825:
3460:
2412:
1300:
The two sibilants have also been described as dental and retroflex (Elliot 1999: 14).
267:
3690:
3537:
3508:
3495:
3466:
3454:
3414:
3404:
3367:
3222:
3161:
3155:
3089:
2746:
2671:
2644:
2590:
2513:
2466:
2406:
2380:
2327:
2299:
2294:
2282:
2101:
2067:
1983:
1760:
845:
830:
326:
130:
126:
4161:
3731:
3721:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3668:
3636:
3630:
3614:
3578:
3547:
3501:
3390:
3290:
3207:
3103:
3065:
2996:
2982:
2741:
2718:
2697:
2626:
2563:
2358:
2350:
2055:
1214:
1131:
990:
840:
820:
815:
391:
138:
433:
language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several
4295:
3726:
3678:
3553:
3515:
3435:
3384:
3315:
3263:
3217:
3135:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3096:
3075:
2971:
2936:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2677:
2632:
2572:
2398:
2387:
2341:
2287:
2243:
1710:
852:
835:
682:
674:
184:
178:
160:
2189:
1356:"whale". Formerly, stress might be marked on both letters of a long vowel, e.g.
280:
4341:
4166:
3625:
3594:
3566:
3379:
3373:
3310:
3276:
3212:
3150:
2989:
2952:
2945:
2869:
2796:
2598:
2579:
2547:
1310:
616:
599:, roughly "haha!" (more accurately an exclamation of praise, joy or laughter).
588:
Overlong vowels are rare in Luiseño, typically reserved for absolutes, such as
4374:
4444:
4394:
4346:
4274:
3588:
3303:
3235:
3228:
2976:
2621:
2603:
2438:
1987:
1734:
1692:. They have since been digitized and made available over the internet by the
1685:
1111:
970:
952:
467:
430:
4268:
4145:
3526:
2043:
1619:
1337:
1314:
980:
589:
577:
567:
557:
2878:
2364:
251:
4424:
4414:
4279:
4192:
4171:
4131:
2320:
1777:"Language preservation helps American Indian students stick with college"
1333:
479:
462:
411:
2195:
1995:
1372:"whale"; stress was not marked when it fell on the first syllable, e.g.
1328:ꞌ ꞌa ch ꞌe h ꞌi k kw l m n ng ꞌo p q qw r s (s̸) sh th t ꞌu v w x xw y
288:
4299:
4242:
4156:
4126:
4105:
1739:
1260:
1256:
are found only in borrowed words, principally from
Spanish and English.
519:
472:
418:
380:
372:
356:
115:
4247:
1705:
360:
4409:
4313:
4263:
4226:
4141:
3819:
1938:
with a combining diacritic was used. When fonts didn't support that,
1318:
1039:
801:
612:
499:
260:
244:
226:
4176:
297:
4358:
4352:
4236:
4221:
4151:
4136:
4121:
2059:
698:
629:
freely varies with . Likewise, unstressed and are free variants.
434:
338:
4384:
4336:
4330:
4290:
4285:
4257:
4205:
4201:
4187:
2653:
897:
451:
334:
2046:(1974), "Remarks on Pablo Tac's La lingua degli Indi Luiseños",
1960:
Raymond
Basquez Sr, Neal Ibanez & Myra Masiel-Zamora (2018)
4419:
4368:
4363:
4320:
4305:
1806:"Preserving the Luiseno Indian Language: The California Report"
1659:
Do / you / anything / whatever / here / earth-on / sky-in / as.
1297:
is trilled at the beginning of a word and a tap between vowels.
305:
4429:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4252:
4216:
4211:
1313:, Luiseño has a written tradition that stretches back to the
642:
2157:
1917:
University of
California at San Diego doctoral dissertation.
4325:
4231:
4197:
1982:(4), Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 4: 357–366,
1653:
Our-father / sky-in / being / we / you / believe / always.
337:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2076:
Meet Pablo Tac: Indian from the Far Shores of
California
1859:
623:"a cough") the pronunciations and are both recorded.
1636:
Lovíꞌi om hish mimchapun iváꞌ ooxng tuupanga axáninuk.
414:
was being used to teach the language to young people.
304:
Luiseño is classified as
Critically Endangered by the
2010:"Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution"
1832:"TRIBES: Campaign to save Native American languages"
398:
project is underway, assisted by linguists from the
2177:Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution
1763:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
1645:Tuusho kamíiꞌi chaami chaam-loꞌxai hish hichakati.
3821:Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians
1668:Not / allow / us / our-doing / anything / wicked.
4442:
2190:OLAC resources in and about the Luiseno language
2167:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1630:Cham-naꞌ tuupanga aaukat cham-cha oi ohóꞌvanma.
1622:(or the Our Father) in Luiseño, as recorded in
1967:
4088:
3805:
2894:
2211:
2048:International Journal of American Linguistics
712:. However, some take a glottal stop instead:
94:
2117:, Bologna: Cooperativa Tipografica Azzoguidi
2100:
1829:
1662:Give / you / us-to / our-food / every / day.
1639:Ovi om chaamik cham-naachaxoni choun teméti.
2908:
2083:Hyde, Villiana Calac; Elliot, Eric (1994),
1810:The California Report, californiareport.org
1774:
1675:
417:Juaneño, the Luiseño dialect spoken by the
4095:
4081:
3812:
3798:
2901:
2887:
2218:
2204:
2112:
2082:
2002:
1934:were added to Unicode in 2024. Previously
296:
287:
2225:
1798:
1399:Notable Luiseño spelling correspondences
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2121:
2073:
1761:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
309:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
32:This article includes a list of general
4471:Native American language revitalization
2148:Luiseño language revitalization project
2094:An Introduction to the Luiseño Language
1868:. Escondido, California. Archived from
1860:Deborah Sullivan Brennan (2012-09-01).
1340:on the stressed syllable's vowel, e.g.
331:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4443:
2652:
1862:"Video games teach traditional tongue"
4076:
3793:
2882:
2855:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
2813:Nahuatl language in the United States
2199:
2042:
1973:
1730:
1728:
1726:
607:For some native speakers recorded in
4184:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
3874:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
2091:
18:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1324:The alphabet taught in schools is:
553:Luiseño vowels have three lengths.
421:, went extinct at an earlier date.
400:University of California, Riverside
394:in the early 2010's, but an active
13:
2125:The culture of the Luiseño Indians
1723:
1284:
1272:
645:, notably the possessive prefixes
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
16:Uto-Aztecan language of California
14:
4482:
2141:
2122:Sparkman, Philip Stedman (1908).
759:. One rare exception is the word
697:most commonly falls on the first
4466:Endangered Uto-Aztecan languages
4111:Indigenous peoples of California
4104:
3772:
3771:
2153:Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians
2104:; Grace, George William (1960),
2087:, University of California Press
1920:
1745:
632:
404:Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians
23:
2106:The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño
1954:
1945:
1895:SpokenFirst, Falmouth Institute
1891:"Video Games Make Learning Fun"
1690:United States National Archives
1624:The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño
1613:
609:The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño
385:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
4282:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
3955:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
2319:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
2158:Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians
1907:
1883:
1853:
1823:
1767:
1753:
1304:
1:
2115:La lingua degli Indi Luisenos
2108:, Berkeley: UC Berkeley Press
1915:Dictionary of Rincón Luiseño.
1716:
1393:Americanist phonetic notation
795:
454:, five long and five short.
424:
2074:Clifford, Christian (2017),
740:(Elliot 1999: 14–16.)
531:
526:
523:
511:
508:
503:
491:
488:
483:
440:
7:
1976:Anthropological Linguistics
1830:Olson, David (2013-02-15).
1699:
808:Luiseño consonant phonemes
602:
10:
4487:
2921:indicate extinct languages
2775:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
2173:"Luiseño sound recordings"
2113:Tagliavini, Carlo (1926),
2036:
1775:Marisa Agha (2012-03-18).
1364:, or by underlining, e.g.
1265:complementary distribution
800:Luiseño has a fairly rich
375:, to the northern part of
4117:
3827:
3767:
3745:
3714:
3661:
3654:
3604:
3576:
3535:
3445:
3402:
3247:
3134:
3063:
3006:
2962:
2935:
2926:
2916:
2863:
2833:
2805:
2760:
2727:
2711:
2661:
2643:
2612:
2589:
2562:
2527:
2495:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2431:
2397:
2349:
2340:
2308:
2275:
2251:
2242:
2233:
1942:was used as a substitute.
1423:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1213:
1168:
1091:
1038:
896:
851:
812:
688:
445:
317:
295:
286:
274:
258:
242:
224:
219:
204:
157:
147:
137:
121:
110:
102:
93:
88:
83:
1836:Press-Enterprise, PE.com
1688:, were deposited in the
1676:Linguistic documentation
1309:Along with an extensive
408:Cal State San Bernardino
4456:Agglutinative languages
4380:Plains and Sierra Miwok
4239:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
3917:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
2910:Languages of California
2688:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
2092:Hyde, Villiana (1971),
2085:Yumáyk Yumáyk: Long Ago
1694:Smithsonian Institution
1682:John Peabody Harrington
641:when attaching certain
396:language revitalization
95:
53:more precise citations.
3755:American Sign Language
2693:Central Puebla Nahuatl
2128:. The University Press
792:"him/herself", etc.).
450:Luiseño has ten vowel
319:This article contains
4349:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
4182:Eel River Athapaskans
4003:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
3872:Eel River Athapaskans
3361:Southern Sierra Miwok
3355:Northern Sierra Miwok
2770:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
2752:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
2227:Uto-Aztecan languages
1336:marks stress with an
3349:Central Sierra Miwok
2096:, Malki Museum Press
1951:Clifford, pp. 39-46.
1913:Eric Elliott (1999)
353:Uto-Aztecan language
3686:Californian Spanish
2262:(including Bannock)
1932:⟨ ⟩
1656:Command / you / us.
1400:
809:
582:⟨aaa⟩
538:Diphthongs include
3891:(Chilula, Whilkut)
3674:California English
3605:Language isolates
3298:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
3284:Kings River Yokuts
3270:Buena Vista Yokuts
2683:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
2537:Downriver Guarijio
2014:collections.si.edu
1936:⟨s̸⟩
1866:North County Times
1781:The Sacramento Bee
1648:Kwavcho om chaami.
1633:Toshngo om chaami.
1429:(Long vowel, e.g.
1398:
1380:"what" (currently
1315:Spanish settlement
807:
751:"my son" and never
653:"our", etc. Hence
572:⟨aa⟩
390:The language went
369:Los Angeles County
4438:
4437:
4070:
4069:
3787:
3786:
3763:
3762:
3650:
3649:
3182:Southeastern Pomo
3169:Northeastern Pomo
2876:
2875:
2870:extinct languages
2842:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2737:Michoacán Nahuatl
2672:Classical Nahuatl
2523:
2522:
2508:Southern Tepehuan
2503:Northern Tepehuan
2452:
2451:
2427:
2426:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2291:
2263:
1964:. Great Oak Press
1962:ꞌAtáaxum Alphabet
1940:⟨ş⟩
1743:(25th ed., 2022)
1611:
1610:
1348:"speak Spanish",
1250:
1249:
1134:
1048:
993:
906:
665:"your goodness";
637:Vowels are often
562:⟨a⟩
536:
535:
437:strung together.
345:
344:
327:rendering support
323:phonetic symbols.
79:
78:
71:
4478:
4109:
4108:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4032:Western Shoshone
3814:
3807:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3775:
3774:
3669:American English
3659:
3658:
3642:Plains Sign Talk
3607:and unclassified
3422:New River Shasta
2933:
2932:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2742:Coatepec Nahuatl
2719:Huasteca Nahuatl
2703:Ometepec Náhuatl
2698:Guerrero Nahuatl
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2554:Upriver Guarijio
2472:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2347:
2346:
2318:
2285:
2261:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2165:overview at the
2163:Luiseño language
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2109:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2016:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1999:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1783:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1732:
1671:Care / you / us.
1597:
1579:
1560:
1541:
1523:
1505:
1487:
1469:
1451:
1432:
1401:
1397:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1267:abound, such as
1255:
1236:
1228:
1205:
1195:
1183:
1154:
1144:
1130:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1058:
1044:
1029:
1014:
1003:
989:
984:
974:
966:
956:
948:
938:
926:
916:
902:
888:
874:
864:
810:
806:
770:"his/her/its" +
583:
573:
563:
529:
514:
506:
494:
486:
457:
456:
377:San Diego County
349:Luiseño language
311:
300:
291:
270:
254:
247:
238:
237:
229:
163:
98:
81:
80:
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1254:/b/,/d/,/f/,/ɡ/
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325:Without proper
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2142:External links
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2102:Kroeber, A. L.
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1317:of San Diego.
1311:oral tradition
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766:"alone" (<
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4037:Wintu-Nomlaki
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3747:Sign language
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3662:Indo-European
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3304:Valley Yokuts
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3258:Klamath-Modoc
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3202:Southern Pomo
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3188:Northern Pomo
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2250:
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2238:
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2228:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
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2178:
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2161:
2159:
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2149:
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2145:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2078:, CreateSpace
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:Chung, Sandra
2041:
2040:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1872:on 2012-08-07
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1842:on 2013-02-18
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1787:on 2012-03-21
1786:
1782:
1778:
1770:
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1742:
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1736:
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1625:
1621:
1620:Lord's Prayer
1606:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1594:
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1589:
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1576:
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1497:
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1471:
1466:
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1447:
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1438:
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1428:
1427:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1387:
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1379:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
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1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
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1234:
1226:
1220:
1218:
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1209:
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1203:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1175:
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1167:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
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1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1087:
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1077:
1071:
1067:
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1056:
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1047:
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1037:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
995:
992:
988:
987:
982:
976:
972:
964:
958:
954:
946:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
918:
914:
908:
905:
901:
899:
895:
892:
890:
886:
880:
878:
876:
872:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
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814:
811:
805:
803:
793:
791:
790:
784:
783:
777:
773:
769:
765:
763:
758:
756:
750:
748:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
695:stress accent
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
670:
664:
660:
658:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:Vowel syncope
630:
628:
624:
622:
618:
617:free variants
614:
610:
600:
598:
596:
591:
590:interjections
579:
576:
569:
566:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
549:
545:
541:
521:
518:
517:
501:
498:
497:
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:
455:
453:
438:
436:
432:
431:agglutinative
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
322:
316:
310:
307:
299:
294:
290:
285:
282:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
246:
241:
236:
231:
228:
223:
218:
212:
209:
208:
207:
203:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
166:
162:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:United States
105:
101:
97:
92:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4371:(Gabrieliño)
4355:(Fernandeño)
4260:(Bear River)
4007:Sierra Miwok
3975:Plains Miwok
3938:(Bear River)
3776:
3635:
3629:
3619:
3613:
3593:
3587:
3577:
3565:
3558:
3546:
3536:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3459:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3403:
3389:
3372:
3353:
3343:Plains Miwok
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3256:
3234:
3227:
3200:
3195:Central Pomo
3193:
3186:
3176:Eastern Pomo
3174:
3167:
3160:
3143:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3064:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3007:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2951:
2944:
2918:
2865:
2849:Proto-Nahuan
2847:
2840:
2670:
2631:
2578:
2571:
2546:
2512:
2418:
2411:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:
2130:. Retrieved
2124:
2114:
2105:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2051:
2047:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2013:
2004:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1914:
1909:
1898:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1865:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1835:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:the original
1780:
1769:
1755:
1738:
1679:
1623:
1617:
1614:Sample texts
1390:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1338:acute accent
1331:
1323:
1308:
1280:
1268:
799:
788:
786:
781:
779:
776:lexical item
771:
767:
761:
760:
754:
752:
746:
744:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
703:
701:of a word.
692:
678:
668:
666:
662:
661:"good", but
656:
654:
650:
646:
636:
625:
620:
608:
606:
594:
593:
587:
552:
547:
543:
539:
537:
449:
428:
416:
389:
348:
346:
318:
259:
189:
65:
56:
37:
4375:Tübatulabal
4193:Halchidhoma
4172:Coast Miwok
4132:Ahwahnechee
4017:Tubatulabal
3966:(Costanoan)
3884:Halchidhoma
3862:Coast Miwok
3522:Tübatulabal
3447:Uto Aztecan
3329:Coast Miwok
2529:Tarahumaran
2444:Tübatulabal
2286:(including
1334:orthography
1305:Orthography
1170:Approximant
804:inventory.
412:Nintendo DS
333:instead of
169:Uto-Aztecan
143:early 2010s
51:introducing
4445:Categories
4300:Kucadikadi
4243:Lake Miwok
4157:Chemehuevi
4127:Acjachemen
3921:Lake Miwok
3878:Gabrielino
3847:Chemehuevi
3737:Vietnamese
3336:Lake Miwok
3033:Purisimeño
2964:Athabaskan
2928:Indigenous
2542:Tarahumara
2182:2012-07-20
1900:2012-10-21
1876:2012-10-21
1846:2013-02-23
1791:2012-08-08
1740:Ethnologue
1717:References
1409:Pablo Tac
1261:allophones
796:Consonants
785:"myself",
681:"houses" (
673:"houses" (
639:syncopated
627:Unstressed
613:allophones
425:Morphology
419:Acjachemen
381:California
373:California
357:California
116:California
96:Chamꞌteela
34:references
4410:Wukchumni
4314:Ramaytush
4310:Costanoan
4271:(Klamath)
4264:Mechoopda
4227:Kitanemuk
4162:Chimariko
4142:Bay Miwok
3944:(Klamath)
3910:Kitanemuk
3852:Chimariko
3621:Chimariko
3473:Kitanemuk
3429:Okwanuchu
3322:Bay Miwok
3291:Palewyami
3145:Chimariko
3090:Ramaytush
3083:Chochenyo
3054:Ventureño
3047:Barbareño
3009:Chumashan
2868:indicate
2487:Pima Bajo
2374:Kitanemuk
2132:24 August
2068:143855734
1988:0003-5483
1680:Linguist
1414:Sparkman
1319:Pablo Tac
1046:voiceless
1040:Fricative
904:voiceless
802:consonant
778:(compare
615:and are
441:Phonology
435:morphemes
261:Glottolog
245:ISO 639-3
227:ISO 639-2
122:Ethnicity
114:Southern
4359:Timbisha
4353:Tataviam
4237:Kumeyaay
4222:Kawaiisu
4152:Cahuilla
4137:Atsugewi
4122:Achomawi
3915:Kumeyaay
3905:Kawaiisu
3880:(Tongva)
3842:Cahuilla
3837:Atsugewi
3832:Achomawi
3778:Category
3691:Armenian
3509:Tataviam
3496:Panamint
3467:Kawaiisu
3455:Cahuilla
3415:Konomihu
3249:Penutian
3223:Kumeyaay
3162:Atsugewi
3156:Achomawi
3019:Obispeño
2747:Pochutec
2712:Huasteca
2614:Corachol
2514:Tepecano
2496:Tepehuan
2458:Southern
2407:Cahuilla
2381:Tataviam
2328:Kawaiisu
2309:Southern
2300:Timbisha
2295:Comanche
2283:Shoshoni
2235:Northern
1996:30028216
1700:See also
1411:(1830s)
1332:Current
826:Alveolar
699:syllable
603:Variants
578:Overlong
452:phonemes
339:Help:IPA
268:luis1253
205:Dialects
174:Northern
4451:Luiseño
4385:Vanyume
4342:Serrano
4337:Salinan
4331:Quechan
4291:Nomlaki
4286:Nisenan
4258:Mattole
4248:Luiseño
4206:Whilkut
4202:Chilula
4188:Esselen
4167:Chumash
3996:Serrano
3991:Salinan
3985:Quechan
3936:Mattole
3926:Luiseño
3857:Chumash
3732:Tagalog
3722:Chinese
3706:Russian
3701:Punjabi
3696:Persian
3637:Takelma
3631:Salinan
3615:Esselen
3548:Nomlaki
3538:Wintuan
3502:Serrano
3405:Shastan
3391:Nisenan
3368:Maiduan
3208:Kashaya
3104:Awaswas
3040:Ineseño
3026:Cruzeño
2997:Wailaki
2983:Mattole
2919:Italics
2866:Italics
2834:History
2762:Eastern
2729:Western
2663:Central
2654:Nahuatl
2645:Aztecan
2627:Huichol
2482:Oʼodham
2467:Tepiman
2365:Vanyume
2359:Serrano
2288:Gosiute
2276:Central
2252:Western
2037:Sources
1735:Luiseño
1706:Luiseño
1607: (s̸)
1424:Modern
1421:recent
1416:(1900)
1281:yaꞌáchi
1279:') and
898:Plosive
846:Glottal
831:Palatal
677:), but
663:o-plovi
643:affixes
592:, e.g.
532:
524:
509:
489:
468:Central
392:extinct
361:Luiseño
335:Unicode
281:Luiseño
213:Juaneño
210:Luiseño
190:Luiseño
149:Revival
139:Extinct
131:Juaneño
127:Luiseño
84:Luiseño
47:improve
4420:Yokuts
4395:Washoe
4369:Tongva
4364:Tolowa
4347:Shasta
4333:(Yuma)
4321:Patwin
4306:Ohlone
4275:Mohave
4177:Cupeño
4146:Saklan
4052:Yokuts
4027:Washoe
4012:Tolowa
4001:Shasta
3987:(Yuma)
3970:Patwin
3964:Ohlone
3948:Mohave
3867:Cupeño
3727:Korean
3579:Yukian
3554:Patwin
3516:Tongva
3461:Cupeño
3436:Shasta
3385:Konkow
3264:Yokuts
3218:Mojave
3125:Chalon
3118:Rumsen
3111:Mutsun
3097:Tamyen
3076:Karkin
3066:Ohlone
2972:Tolowa
2633:Cazcan
2591:Cahita
2573:Eudeve
2564:Opatan
2413:Cupeño
2388:Tongva
2351:Serran
2066:
1994:
1986:
1544:
1283:('man
1271:('man
1269:yaꞌásh
1215:Rhotic
1132:voiced
991:voiced
841:Uvular
821:Dental
816:Labial
757:kaamay
689:Accent
679:kichmi
649:"my",
611:, the
597:shisha
446:Vowels
402:. The
306:UNESCO
133:(2007)
125:2,500
111:Region
36:, but
4430:Yurok
4405:Wiyot
4400:Wintu
4390:Wappo
4269:Modoc
4253:Maidu
4217:Cahto
4212:Karuk
4062:Yurok
4042:Wiyot
4022:Wappo
3942:Modoc
3931:Maidu
3895:Karuk
3715:Asian
3626:Karuk
3595:Wappo
3567:Wintu
3380:Maidu
3374:Chico
3316:Miwok
3311:Wintu
3213:Washo
3151:Karuk
3136:Hokan
2990:Cahto
2953:Yurok
2946:Wiyot
2937:Algic
2806:Other
2797:Pipil
2599:Yaqui
2580:Opata
2548:Tubar
2475:Pimic
2432:Other
2399:Cupan
2342:Takic
2244:Numic
2064:S2CID
2024:8 May
1992:JSTOR
1815:8 May
1419:other
1235:]
1231:[
1227:]
1223:[
1204:]
1200:[
1194:]
1190:[
1182:]
1178:[
1153:]
1149:[
1143:]
1139:[
1124:]
1120:[
1114:]
1110:[
1108:, xw
1106:]
1102:[
1098:]
1094:[
1088:]
1084:[
1078:]
1074:[
1068:]
1064:[
1057:]
1053:[
1028:]
1024:[
1013:]
1009:[
1002:]
998:[
983:]
979:[
973:]
969:[
967:, qw
965:]
961:[
955:]
951:[
949:, kw
947:]
943:[
937:]
933:[
925:]
921:[
915:]
911:[
887:]
883:[
873:]
869:[
863:]
859:[
853:Nasal
836:Velar
651:cham-
621:ixíla
558:Short
480:Close
463:Front
351:is a
185:Cupan
179:Takic
153:2010s
4425:Yuki
4415:Yana
4326:Pomo
4280:Mono
4232:Kizh
4198:Hupa
4057:Yuki
4047:Yana
3980:Pomo
3953:Mono
3900:Kato
3889:Hupa
3589:Yuki
3486:Mono
3236:Yahi
3229:Yana
2977:Hupa
2622:Cora
2604:Mayo
2439:Hopi
2267:Mono
2134:2012
2026:2010
1984:ISSN
1817:2010
1618:The
1596:/s̺/
1450:/tʃ/
1431:/iː/
1342:chil
708:and
667:kich
568:Long
546:and
520:Open
473:Back
363:, a
347:The
129:and
3527:Ute
2321:Ute
2056:doi
1737:at
1578:/j/
1572:ng
1559:/ŋ/
1553:th
1540:/ð/
1522:/x/
1504:/ʔ/
1486:/q/
1480:sh
1468:/ʃ/
1462:ch
1444:ii
1405:IPA
1386:cha
1378:cha
1370:wut
1366:koy
1362:wut
1358:koy
1354:wut
1350:koy
1295:/r/
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