Aspirin - Knowledge

1999: 2025: 2296:. This is called dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Duration of DAPT was advised in the United States and European Union guidelines after the CURE and PRODIGY studies. In 2020, the systematic review and network meta-analysis from Khan et al. showed promising benefits of short-term (< 6 months) DAPT followed by P2Y12 inhibitors in selected patients, as well as the benefits of extended-term (> 12 months) DAPT in high risk patients. In conclusion, the optimal duration of DAPT after PCIs should be personalized after outweighing each patient's risks of ischemic events and risks of bleeding events with consideration of multiple patient-related and procedure-related factors. Moreover, aspirin should be continued indefinitely after DAPT is complete. 2258:

cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or vascular death). This did come at the expense of a 0.19% absolute risk increase in gastrointestinal bleeding; however, the benefits outweigh the hazard risk in this case. Data from previous trials have suggested that weight-based dosing of aspirin has greater benefits in primary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes. However, more recent trials were not able to replicate similar outcomes using low dose aspirin in low body weight (<70 kg) in specific subset of population studied i.e. elderly and diabetic population, and more evidence is required to study the effect of high dose aspirin in high body weight (≥70 kg).

2300:

other anti-hypertensive and cholesterol lowering therapies. The ASCEND study demonstrated that in high-bleeding risk diabetics with no prior cardiovascular disease, there is no overall clinical benefit (12% decrease in risk of ischaemic events v/s 29% increase in GI bleeding) of low dose aspirin in preventing the serious vascular events over a period of 7.4 years. Similarly, the results of the ARRIVE study also showed no benefit of same dose of aspirin in reducing the time to first cardiovascular outcome in patients with moderate risk of cardiovascular disease over a period of five years. Aspirin has also been suggested as a component of a

3042:, an important part of valproate metabolism), and other NSAIDs. Corticosteroids may also reduce the concentration of aspirin. Other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, may reduce the antiplatelet effect of aspirin. Although limited evidence suggests this may not result in a reduced cardioprotective effect of aspirin. Analgesic doses of aspirin decrease sodium loss induced by spironolactone in the urine, however this does not reduce the antihypertensive effects of spironolactone. Furthermore, antiplatelet doses of aspirin are deemed too small to produce an interaction with spironolactone. Aspirin is known to compete with 1329: 790: 767: 1657:

the heat released from the electron transport chain, as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses. In addition, aspirin induces the formation of NO-radicals in the body, which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation. This reduced leukocyte adhesion is an important step in the immune response to infection; however, evidence is insufficient to show aspirin helps to fight infection. More recent data also suggest salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signalling through

2480:

research into the risk of aspirin resistance after orthopaedic surgery where aspirin is used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Aspirin resistance in orthopaedic surgery, specifically after total hip and knee arthroplasties, is of interest as risk factors for aspirin resistance are also risk factors for venous thromboembolisms and osteoarthritis; the sequelae of requiring a total hip or knee arthroplasty. Some of these risk factors include obesity, advancing age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and inflammatory diseases.

1672:, which has been suggested as a possible explanation for some of the effects of both salicylic acid and aspirin. The acetyl portion of the aspirin molecule has its own targets. Acetylation of cellular proteins is a well-established phenomenon in the regulation of protein function at the post-translational level. Aspirin is able to acetylate several other targets in addition to COX isoenzymes. These acetylation reactions may explain many hitherto unexplained effects of aspirin. 1685: 1920: 15083: 2661:

disease, but is eliminated by the urate lowering drug allopurinol. Daily low dose aspirin does not appear to worsen kidney function. Aspirin may reduce cardiovascular risk in those without established cardiovascular disease in people with moderate CKD, without significantly increasing the risk of bleeding. Aspirin should not be given to children or adolescents under the age of 16 to control cold or influenza symptoms, as this has been linked with

1312: 15103: 66: 57: 1881: 15093: 12742: 19310: 9905: 9860: 7622: 5983: 5943: 2312:(USPSTF) determined that there was a "small net benefit" for patients aged 40–59 with a 10% or greater 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and "no net benefit" for patients aged over 60. Determining the net benefit was based on balancing the risk reduction of taking aspirin for heart attacks and ischaemic strokes, with the increased risk of 2830:, swelling, and headache. Aspirin can exacerbate symptoms among those with chronic hives, or create acute symptoms of hives. These responses can be due to allergic reactions to aspirin, or more often due to its effect of inhibiting the COX-1 enzyme. Skin reactions may also tie to systemic contraindications, seen with NSAID-precipitated 2400:

longer-duration, double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to determine whether aspirin is an effective add-on treatment for bipolar depression. Thus, notwithstanding the biological rationale, the clinical perspectives of aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression remain uncertain.

1782:, while the rest remains in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent. Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity. The volume of distribution is 0.1–0.2 L/kg. Acidosis increases the volume of distribution because of enhancement of tissue penetration of salicylates. 2810:'s warning, and changes to the labeling of aspirin-containing drugs) were implemented, aspirin taken by children declined considerably in the United States, as did the number of reported cases of Reye's syndrome; a similar decline was found in the United Kingdom after warnings against pediatric aspirin use were issued. The US 2881:(ICH) of 12 events per 10,000 persons. In comparison, the estimated absolute risk reduction in myocardial infarction was 137 events per 10,000 persons, and a reduction of 39 events per 10,000 persons in ischemic stroke. In cases where ICH already has occurred, aspirin use results in higher mortality, with a dose of about 250 3074:. However, meta-analytic evidence is based on very few studies and does not suggest any efficacy of aspirin in the treatment of bipolar depression. Thus, notwithstanding the biological rationale, the clinical perspectives of aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression remain uncertain. 4800:...there was postprandial reduction on the plasma concentration of IL-6 and IkBα preservation, followed by the lower activation of NFκB, considered the main transcription factor capable of inducing inflammatory response by stimulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. 1601:(Vioxx), have been withdrawn from the market, after evidence emerged that COX-2 inhibitors increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Endothelial cells lining the microvasculature in the body are proposed to express COX-2, and, by selectively inhibiting COX-2, prostaglandin production (specifically, PGI 7118:"Impact of clinical presentation on ischaemic and bleeding outcomes in patients receiving 6- or 24-month duration of dual-antiplatelet therapy after stent implantation: a pre-specified analysis from the PRODIGY (Prolonging Dual-Antiplatelet Treatment After Grading Stent-Induced Intimal Hyperplasia) trial" 2692:" is an additional method used with the intent to mitigate gastrointestinal bleeding, such as by preventing aspirin from concentrating in the walls of the stomach, although the benefits of buffered aspirin are disputed. Almost any buffering agent used in antacids can be used; Bufferin, for example, uses 7290:"2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: The Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)" 2677:. Enteric coating on aspirin may be used in manufacturing to prevent release of aspirin into the stomach to reduce gastric harm, but enteric coating does not reduce gastrointestinal bleeding risk. Enteric-coated aspirin may not be as effective at reducing blood clot risk. Combining aspirin with other 2539:

March 2009 recommendations from the USPSTF on the use of aspirin for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease encourage men aged 45–79 and women aged 55–79 to use aspirin when the potential benefit of a reduction in MI for men or stroke for women outweighs the potential harm of an increase in

2471:

For some people, aspirin does not have as strong an effect on platelets as for others, an effect known as aspirin-resistance or insensitivity. One study has suggested women are more likely to be resistant than men, and a different, aggregate study of 2,930 people found 28% were resistant. A study in

2337:

state they might consider aspirin for patients aged 40–69 with a higher risk of atherosclerotic CVD, without an increased bleeding risk, while stating they would not recommend aspirin for patients aged over 70 or adults of any age with an increased bleeding risk. They state a CVD risk estimation and

2324:. Their recommendations state that age changes the risk of the medicine, with the magnitude of the benefit of aspirin coming from starting at a younger age, while the risk of bleeding, while small, increases with age, particular for adults over 60, and can be compounded by other risk factors such as 2299:

The status of the use of aspirin for the primary prevention in cardiovascular disease is conflicting and inconsistent, with recent changes from previously recommending it widely decades ago, and that some referenced newer trials in clinical guidelines show less of benefit of adding aspirin alongside

2257:

The 2009 Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration published in Lancet evaluated the efficacy and safety of low dose aspirin in secondary prevention. In those with prior ischaemic stroke or acute myocardial infarction, daily low dose aspirin was associated with a 19% relative risk reduction of serious

1965:

and others discovered the basic mechanism of aspirin's effects, while clinical trials and other studies from the 1960s to the 1980s established aspirin's efficacy as an anti-clotting agent that reduces the risk of clotting diseases. The initial large studies on the use of low-dose aspirin to prevent

1844:

mg in an adult) are ingested, all pathways proceed by first-order kinetics, with an elimination half-life of about 2.0 h to 4.5 h. When higher doses of salicylate are ingested (more than 4 g), the half-life becomes much longer (15 h to 30 h), because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the

1656:

in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. Aspirin buffers and transports the protons. When high doses are given, it may actually cause fever, owing to

2907:

Use of low-dose aspirin before a surgical procedure has been associated with an increased risk of bleeding events in some patients, however, ceasing aspirin prior to surgery has also been associated with an increase in major adverse cardiac events. An analysis of multiple studies found a three-fold

2587:

to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid. They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy. One exception to the recommendation is the use of low-dose

2841:

Aspirin and other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may delay the healing of skin wounds. Earlier findings from two small, low-quality trials suggested a benefit with aspirin (alongside compression therapy) on venous leg ulcer healing time and leg ulcer size, however larger, more recent studies of higher

2381:

In 2021, the U.S. Preventive services Task Force raised questions about the use of aspirin in cancer prevention. It notes the results of the 2018 ASPREE (Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) Trial, in which the risk of cancer-related death was higher in the aspirin-treated group than in the

2328:

and a history of gastrointestinal bleeding. As a result, the USPSTF suggests that "people ages 40 to 59 who are at higher risk for CVD should decide with their clinician whether to start taking aspirin; people 60 or older should not start taking aspirin to prevent a first heart attack or stroke."

2479:

Meta-analysis and systematic reviews have concluded that laboratory confirmed aspirin resistance confers increased rates of poorer outcomes in cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. Although the majority of research conducted has surrounded cardiovascular and neurovascular, there is emerging

2739:

However, a large-scale investigation based on data of nearly 700 patients showed "that aspirin or other antiplatelet aggregating agents or anticoagulants adversely influence the visual outcome in patients with CRVO and hemi-CRVO, without any evidence of protective or beneficial effect". Several

1644:. These mediators possess potent anti-inflammatory activity. It is proposed that this aspirin-triggered transition of COX-2 from cyclooxygenase to lipoxygenase activity and the consequential formation of specialized proresolving mediators contributes to the anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin. 2660:

is not recommended owing to increased bleeding tendency. Aspirin taken at doses of ≤325 mg and ≤100 mg per day for ≥2 days can increase the odds of suffering a gout attack by 81% and 91% respectively. This effect may potentially be worsened by high purine diets, diuretics, and kidney

2037:

Bayer lost its trademark for Aspirin in the United States and some other countries in actions taken between 1918 and 1921 because it had failed to use the name for its own product correctly and had for years allowed the use of "Aspirin" by other manufacturers without defending the intellectual

1949:

was Bayer's brand name, rather than the generic name of the drug; however, Bayer's rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries. Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century leading to fierce competition with the proliferation of aspirin brands and products.

1534:

in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation during the lifetime of the affected platelet (8–9 days). This antithrombotic property makes aspirin useful for reducing the incidence of heart attacks in people who have had a heart attack, unstable angina, ischemic stroke or

2399:

in light of the possible role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of severe mental disorders. A 2022 systematic review concluded that aspirin exposure reduced the risk of depression in a pooled cohort of three studies (HR 0.624, 95% CI: 0.0503, 1.198, P=0.033). However, further high-quality,

8257:

The present comprehensive meta-analysis supports and further quantifies the inverse association between regular aspirin use and the risk of colorectal and other digestive tract cancers, including some rare ones. The favorable effect of aspirin increases with longer duration of use, and, for

3099:

Evidence from observational studies were conflicting on the effect of aspirin in breast cancer prevention, a randomized controlled trial showed that aspirin had no significant effect in reducing breast cancer thus further studies are needed to clarify aspirin effect in cancer prevention.

1612:

is removed, increasing the risk of thrombus and associated heart attacks and other circulatory problems. Since platelets have no DNA, they are unable to synthesize new COX once aspirin has irreversibly inhibited the enzyme, an important difference as compared with reversible inhibitors.

2304:

for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Complicating the use of aspirin for prevention is the phenomenon of aspirin resistance. For people who are resistant, aspirin's efficacy is reduced. Some authors have suggested testing regimens to identify people who are resistant to aspirin.

2374:

mg/day) "for the primary prevention of CVD and CRC in adults 50 to 59 years of age who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years".

1849:

pH. A 10- to 20-fold increase in renal clearance occurs when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization exploits this particular aspect of salicylate elimination. It was found that short-term aspirin use in therapeutic doses might precipitate reversible

8328:

Bartoli F, Cavaleri D, Bachi B, Moretti F, Riboldi I, Crocamo C, et al. (November 2021). "Repurposed drugs as adjunctive treatments for mania and bipolar depression: A meta-review and critical appraisal of meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials".

2428:. The therapy often lasts for one to two weeks, and is rarely indicated for longer periods. After fever and pain have subsided, the aspirin is no longer necessary, since it does not decrease the incidence of heart complications and residual rheumatic heart disease. 8723: 12284:

Lewis HD, Davis JW, Archibald DG, Steinke WE, Smitherman TC, Doherty JE, et al. (August 1983). "Protective effects of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study".

11724:

Biondi-Zoccai GG, Lotrionte M, Agostoni P, Abbate A, Fusaro M, Burzotta F, et al. (November 2006). "A systematic review and meta-analysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50,279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease".

7037:"2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary artery intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions" 2858:

appeared one to six hours after ingesting aspirin in some of the people. However, when the aspirin was taken alone, it did not cause angioedema in these people; the aspirin had been taken in combination with another NSAID-induced drug when angioedema appeared.

2715:

Taking vitamin C with aspirin has been investigated as a method of protecting the stomach lining. In trials vitamin C-releasing aspirin (ASA-VitC) or a buffered aspirin formulation containing vitamin C was found to cause less stomach damage than aspirin alone.

3090:

and to reduce streptococcal adhesion to heart valves. In patients with tuberculous meningitis, the addition of aspirin reduced the risk of new cerebral infarction . A role of aspirin on bacterial and fungal biofilm is also being supported by growing evidence.

2520:

mg tablets. The dose required for benefit appears to depend on a person's weight. For those weighing less than 70 kilograms (154 lb), low dose is effective for preventing cardiovascular disease; for patients above this weight, higher doses are required.

3006:

are known to enhance the intoxicating effect of salicylates, and alcohol also increases the gastrointestinal bleeding associated with these types of drugs. Aspirin is known to displace a number of drugs from protein-binding sites in the blood, including the

1939:

to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time; in the second half of the 19th century, other academic chemists established the compound's chemical structure and devised more efficient methods of synthesis. In 1897, scientists at the drug and dye firm

2042:

in many countries. Aspirin, with a capital "A", remains a registered trademark of Bayer in Germany, Canada, Mexico, and in over 80 other countries, for acetylsalicylic acid in all markets, but using different packaging and physical aspects for each.

1912:. Willow bark extract became recognized for its specific effects on fever, pain, and inflammation in the mid-eighteenth century. By the nineteenth century, pharmacists were experimenting with and prescribing a variety of chemicals related to 1944:

began investigating acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement for standard common salicylate medicines, and identified a new way to synthesize it. By 1899, Bayer had dubbed this drug Aspirin and was selling it globally. The word

2684:

Blockade of COX-1 by aspirin apparently results in the upregulation of COX-2 as part of a gastric defense. There is no clear evidence that simultaneous use of a COX-2 inhibitor with aspirin may increase the risk of gastrointestinal injury.

7249:"2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" 1845:

formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated. Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely sensitive to changes in

2370:(USPSTF) guidelines on this topic recommended against the use of aspirin for prevention of CRC in people with average risk. Nine years later however, the USPSTF issued a grade B recommendation for the use of low-dose aspirin (75 to 100 2342:

made similar recommendations; considering aspirin specifically to patients aged less than 70 at high or very high CVD risk, without any clear contraindications, on a case-by-case basis considering both ischemic risk and bleeding risk.

2338:

a risk discussion should be done before starting on aspirin, while stating aspirin should be used "infrequently in the routine primary prevention of (atherosclerotic CVD) because of lack of net benefit". As of August 2021, the

5119:"TCT-320 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of PL-ASA, a Novel Phospholipid-Aspirin Complex Liquid Formulation, Compared to Enteric-Coated Aspirin at an 81-mg Dose – Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Crossover Study" 5960: 8472:

Bauer IE, Green C, Colpo GD, Teixeira AL, Selvaraj S, Durkin K, et al. (December 2018). "A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Aspirin and N-Acetylcysteine as Adjunctive Treatments for Bipolar Depression".

9444:

Fiolaki A, Katsanos AH, Kyritsis AP, Papadaki S, Kosmidou M, Moschonas IC, et al. (May 2017). "High on treatment platelet reactivity to aspirin and clopidogrel in ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

2544:. The WHI study of postmenopausal women found that aspirin resulted in a 25% lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and a 14% lower risk of death from any cause, though there was no significant difference between 81 6678: 12015:

Gladding PA, Webster MW, Farrell HB, Zeng IS, Park R, Ruijne N (April 2008). "The antiplatelet effect of six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their pharmacodynamic interaction with aspirin in healthy volunteers".

8730: 1319:

Reaction between acetic acid and salicylic acid can also form aspirin but this esterification reaction is reversible and the presence of water can lead to hydrolysis of the aspirin. So, an anhydrous reagent is preferred.

2218:, a rare but often fatal illness associated with the use of aspirin or other salicylates in children during episodes of viral or bacterial infection. Because of the risk of Reye's syndrome in children, in 1986, the US 1508:(COX; officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase, PTGS) enzyme required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin acts as an acetylating agent where an acetyl group is covalently attached to a 10089: 7949:

Verdoodt F, Friis S, Dehlendorff C, Albieri V, Kjaer SK (February 2016). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies".

2962:. The diagnosis of poisoning usually involves measurement of plasma salicylate, the active metabolite of aspirin, by automated spectrophotometric methods. Plasma salicylate levels in general range from 30 to 100 9006:

Roberge S, Nicolaides K, Demers S, Hyett J, Chaillet N, Bujold E (February 2017). "The role of aspirin dose on the prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: systematic review and meta-analysis".

9103:

Dorsch MP, Lee JS, Lynch DR, Dunn SP, Rodgers JE, Schwartz T, et al. (May 2007). "Aspirin resistance in patients with stable coronary artery disease with and without a history of myocardial infarction".

2806:. Salicylates were detectable in 81.9% of children for whom test results were reported. After the association between Reye's syndrome and aspirin was reported, and safety measures to prevent it (including a 2949:

of 2%. Chronic overdose is more commonly lethal, with a mortality rate of 25%; chronic overdose may be especially severe in children. Toxicity is managed with a number of potential treatments, including

2155:, but its efficacy may be questionable for others. Secondary headaches, meaning those caused by another disorder or trauma, should be promptly treated by a medical provider. Among primary headaches, the 8774:

Hashkes PJ, Tauber T, Somekh E, Brik R, Barash J, Mukamel M, et al. (September 2003). "Naproxen as an alternative to aspirin for the treatment of arthritis of rheumatic fever: a randomized trial".

2570:

In children with Kawasaki disease, aspirin is taken at dosages based on body weight, initially four times a day for up to two weeks and then at a lower dose once daily for a further six to eight weeks.

2790:, can occur when children or adolescents are given aspirin for a fever or other illness or infection. From 1981 to 1997, 1207 cases of Reye's syndrome in people younger than 18 were reported to the US 12436:

Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. (July 2005). "Low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial".

6188:

Algra AM, Rothwell PM (May 2012). "Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials".

2408:

Although cohort and longitudinal studies have shown low-dose aspirin has a greater likelihood of reducing the incidence of dementia, numerous randomized controlled trials have not validated this.

1141:

company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines. By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and was selling it around the world.

6789:"2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines" 2945:

Aspirin overdose can be acute or chronic. In acute poisoning, a single large dose is taken; in chronic poisoning, higher than normal doses are taken over a period of time. Acute overdose has a

10368:

Sørensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Blot WJ, Nielsen GL, Steffensen FH, McLaughlin JK, et al. (September 2000). "Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with use of low-dose aspirin".

2681:

has been shown to further increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Using aspirin in combination with clopidogrel or warfarin also increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

12533: 2366:

Some conclude the benefits are greater than the risks due to bleeding in those at average risk. Others are unclear if the benefits are greater than the risk. Given this uncertainty, the 2007

6656: 9914: 4729:"Preadministration of high-dose salicylates, suppressors of NF-kappaB activation, may increase the chemosensitivity of many cancers: an example of proapoptotic signal modulation therapy" 3967:

Carstensen JT, Attarchi F (April 1988). "Decomposition of aspirin in the solid state in the presence of limited amounts of moisture III: Effect of temperature and a possible mechanism".

9401:

Shim EJ, Ryu CW, Park S, Lee HN, Shin HS, Kim SB (October 2018). "Relationship between adverse events and antiplatelet drug resistance in neurovascular intervention: a meta-analysis".

1904:

from ancient Egypt. Hippocrates referred to the use of salicylic tea to reduce fevers around 400 BC, and willow bark preparations were part of the pharmacopoeia of Western medicine in

3082:

Several studies investigated the anti-infective properties of aspirin for bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Aspirin was demonstrated to limit platelet activation induced by

17385: 9869: 6693: 1668:

Aspirin is readily broken down in the body to salicylic acid, which itself has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. In 2012, salicylic acid was found to activate

3147:

conjugates that aid in the excretion of aspirin, making it potentially toxic if dosing is not spaced out properly. No clinical signs of toxicosis occurred when cats were given 25

2912:

in patients who ceased aspirin prior to surgery. The analysis found that the risk is dependent on the type of surgery being performed and the patient indication for aspirin use.

2092:

in people who are at high risk or who have cardiovascular disease, but not in elderly people who are otherwise healthy. There is evidence that aspirin is effective at preventing

1443:

groups, both polymorphs form identical dimer structures. The aspirin polymorphs contain identical 2-dimensional sections and are therefore more precisely described as polytypes.

2904:

via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis; however, these agents do not typically cause hyperkalemia by themselves in the setting of normal renal function and euvolemic state.

1974:

and US federal law, and are often cited as examples of clinical trials that included only men, but from which people drew general conclusions that did not hold true for women.

2416:

Some researchers have speculated the anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin may be beneficial for schizophrenia. Small trials have been conducted but evidence remains lacking.

12570: 1562:. Heart attacks are caused primarily by blood clots, and low doses of aspirin are seen as an effective medical intervention to prevent a second acute myocardial infarction. 1352:

derivative of salicylic acid, is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance that melts at 136 °C (277 °F), and decomposes around 140 °C (284 °F). Its

11763: 1771:

causes aspirin to be absorbed more slowly there, as more of it is ionized. Owing to the formation of concretions, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and

1024:

in people at high risk. For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of

17696: 11895:

Morra P, Bartle WR, Walker SE, Lee SN, Bowles SK, Reeves RA (September 1996). "Serum concentrations of salicylic acid following topically applied salicylate derivatives".

8195: 10085: 9356:

Sofi F, Marcucci R, Gori AM, Abbate R, Gensini GF (August 2008). "Residual platelet reactivity on aspirin therapy and recurrent cardiovascular events--a meta-analysis".

7699: 1738:

A phospholipid-aspirin complex liquid formulation, PL-ASA. As of 2023 the phospholipid coating was being trialled to determine if it caused less gastrointestinal damage.

11060: 10455: 8718: 1439:. In form II, each aspirin molecule forms the same hydrogen bonds, but with two neighbouring molecules instead of one. With respect to the hydrogen bonds formed by the 8120:"Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement" 2724:

It is a widespread habit among eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to prescribe aspirin as an add-on medication for patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), such as

2476:. Another study of 400 healthy volunteers found no subjects who were truly resistant, but some had "pseudoresistance, reflecting delayed and reduced drug absorption". 1391:

of aspirin, though the existence of another polymorph was debated since the 1960s, and one report from 1981 reported that when crystallized in the presence of aspirin

7631: 16756: 7586:

Ben-Dor I, Kleiman NS, Lev E (July 2009). "Assessment, mechanisms, and clinical implication of variability in platelet response to aspirin and clopidogrel therapy".

8747:

Saxena A, Kumar RK, Gera RP, Radhakrishnan S, Mishra S, Ahmed Z (July 2008). "Consensus guidelines on pediatric acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease".

4631:"Uncoupling of intestinal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of cyclooxygenase are required for the development of NSAID-enteropathy in the rat" 1977:

Aspirin sales revived considerably in the last decades of the 20th century, and remain strong in the 21st century with widespread use as a preventive treatment for

2167:. Aspirin or other over-the-counter analgesics are widely recognized as effective for the treatment of tension headaches. Aspirin, especially as a component of an 2432:

has been shown to be as effective as aspirin and less toxic, but due to the limited clinical experience, naproxen is recommended only as a second-line treatment.

1719:, and formulations are sought which deliver the benefits of aspirin while mitigating harmful bleeding. Formulations may be combined (e.g., buffered + vitamin C). 17837: 3058:

mg daily for one month, decreased the mortality by 21% of participants with a suspected myocardial infarction in the first five weeks. A single daily dose of 324

10816:

Konturek PC, Kania J, Hahn EG, Konturek JW (November 2006). "Ascorbic acid attenuates aspirin-induced gastric damage: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase".

2395:

Aspirin, along with several other agents with anti-inflammatory properties, has been repurposed as an add-on treatment for depressive episodes in subjects with

19415: 15389: 11317:

del Río Solá ML, Antonio J, Fajardo G, Vaquero Puerta C (July 2012). "Influence of aspirin therapy in the ulcer associated with chronic venous insufficiency".

2524:

In general, for adults, doses are taken four times a day for fever or arthritis, with doses near the maximal daily dose used historically for the treatment of

11714:

Medical knowledge self-assessment program for students 4, By American College of Physicians, Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine, Nephrology 227, Item 29

10710: 9532:

van Oosterom N, Barras M, Bird R, Nusem I, Cottrell N (December 2020). "A Narrative Review of Aspirin Resistance in VTE Prophylaxis for Orthopaedic Surgery".

3332: 15086: 11820:

Gaudreault P, Temple AR, Lovejoy FH (October 1982). "The relative severity of acute versus chronic salicylate poisoning in children: a clinical comparison".

3861: 1229: 308: 14155: 10030: 9056: 2512: – intended to be administered to infants and children. No medical significance occurs due to the slight difference in dosage between the 75 2378:

A meta-analysis through 2019 said that there was an association between taking aspirin and lower risk of cancer of the colorectum, esophagus, and stomach.

10732:

Davison C, Smith BW, Smith PK (August 1962). "Effects of buffered and unbuffered acetylsalicylic acid upon the gastric acidity of normal human subjects".

9317:"Laboratory aspirin resistance and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease on confirmed aspirin adherence" 8425:"Treatment of bipolar depression with minocycline and/or aspirin: an adaptive, 2×2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase IIA clinical trial" 19375: 19370: 9632: 1832:

Salicylates are excreted mainly by the kidneys as salicyluric acid (75%), free salicylic acid (10%), salicylic phenol (10%), and acyl glucuronides (5%),

1605:; prostacyclin) is downregulated with respect to thromboxane levels, as COX-1 in platelets is unaffected. Thus, the protective anticoagulative effect of 12198:

Ioannides C, Stone AN, Breacker PJ, Basu TK (December 1982). "Impairment of absorption of ascorbic acid following ingestion of aspirin in guinea pigs".

11806: 6845:"Effects of aspirin on risks of vascular events and cancer according to bodyweight and dose: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials" 4360:"Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials" 18597: 18567: 18398: 10114:

Frequencies of hemoglobin variants: thalassemia, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, G6PD variants, and ovalocytosis in human populations

2156: 8161:"Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 12233:"Randomised Trial of Intravenous Streptokinase, Oral Aspirin, Both, or Neither Among 17,187 Cases of Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction: Isis-2". 9293: 6625:

Beutler AI, Chesnut GT, Mattingly JC, Jamieson B (December 2009). "FPIN's Clinical Inquiries. Aspirin use in children for fever or viral syndromes".

4033: 1384:, is important in the development of pharmaceutical ingredients. Many drugs receive regulatory approval for only a single crystal form or polymorph. 1253: 12541: 17603: 17223: 9490:"Association of laboratory-defined aspirin resistance with a higher risk of recurrent cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6652: 6412:

Kingery WS (November 1997). "A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes".

5826: 12509: 18450: 18430: 17986: 17936: 14503: 5952: 1117:

in most jurisdictions. It is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion

18756: 18221: 18111: 18106: 18091: 18026: 17976: 17931: 17496: 15688: 13723: 12471: 11413:"Low dose aspirin as adjuvant treatment for venous leg ulceration: pragmatic, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (Aspirin4VLU)" 4594:

Weylandt KH (August 2016). "Docosapentaenoic acid derived metabolites and mediators - The new world of lipid mediator medicine in a nutshell".

5992: 2842:

quality have been unable to corroborate these outcomes. As such, further research is required to clarify the role of aspirin in this context.

19400: 19163: 18994: 18984: 18408: 18086: 18066: 18051: 18041: 18021: 18016: 17971: 17946: 17911: 17757: 17588: 17366: 17264: 17203: 17164: 16963: 16953: 16861: 16749: 9618: 4277: 3658:

The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)

3466: 1241: 189: 11775: 11631:

He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ (December 1998). "Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

3241: 19193: 19188: 19153: 19128: 18989: 18850: 18707: 18308: 18303: 18101: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18056: 18046: 18036: 18011: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17981: 17966: 17961: 17921: 17880: 17860: 17817: 17812: 17797: 17787: 17782: 17767: 17646: 17568: 17523: 17437: 17413: 17403: 16851: 7159:"Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Drug-Eluting Stents: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis" 2653: 2367: 2309: 1217:. In solution with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may consist entirely of acetate and salicylate. 911: 10657:"Pharmacological Efficacy and Gastrointestinal Safety of Different Aspirin Formulations for Cardiovascular Prevention: A Narrative Review" 8028:"Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews" 4291: 4146:

Bond AD, Boese R, Desiraju GR (2007). "On the polymorphism of aspirin: crystalline aspirin as intergrowths of two "polymorphic" domains".

19178: 19133: 18944: 18890: 18875: 18724: 18435: 18383: 18268: 18116: 18061: 18031: 18006: 17956: 17951: 17941: 17926: 17875: 17870: 17827: 17762: 17752: 17722: 17666: 17636: 17593: 17583: 17432: 17356: 17208: 17121: 16918: 15636: 14802: 14578: 13454: 12857: 12852: 12136:

Loh HS, Watters K, Wilson CW (1 November 1973). "The effects of aspirin on the metabolic availability of ascorbic acid in human beings".

12070:

Hollifield JW (August 1976). "Failure of aspirin to antagonize the antihypertensive effect of spironolactone in low-renin hypertension".

5804: 2351:

Aspirin may reduce the overall risk of both getting cancer and dying from cancer. There is substantial evidence for lowering the risk of

1144:

Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century, leading to competition between many brands and formulations. The word

4407:

Goel A, Aggarwal S, Partap S, Saurabh A, Choudhary (2012). "Pharmacokinetic solubility and dissolution profile of antiarrythmic drugs".

3949: 19183: 19158: 19148: 18999: 18974: 18959: 18924: 18900: 18895: 18646: 18096: 17916: 17850: 17822: 17807: 17802: 17777: 17393: 17361: 17341: 17284: 17169: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17077: 16913: 16908: 14518: 14478: 14133: 7040: 4019: 2791: 2273: 10769:"Effects of buffered and plain acetylsalicylic acid formulations with and without ascorbic acid on gastric mucosa in healthy subjects" 2552:

mg aspirin doses. The 2021 ADAPTABLE study also showed no significant difference in cardiovascular events or major bleeding between 81

19286: 19203: 18919: 18865: 18860: 17895: 17742: 17651: 17608: 17159: 17072: 16958: 16938: 16933: 16928: 13553: 12791: 8959:"Early administration of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of preterm and term preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5346:

Done AK (November 1960). "Salicylate intoxication. Significance of measurements of salicylate in blood in cases of acute ingestion".

3062:

mg of aspirin for 12 weeks has a highly protective effect against acute myocardial infarction and death in men with unstable angina.

1582:, are acted on by aspirin. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and modifies the enzymatic activity of COX-2. COX-2 normally produces 12621: 19065: 18969: 18964: 17772: 17737: 17613: 17573: 16742: 15096: 14148: 12883: 11204:

Sánchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A (January 2000). "Atopy is a risk factor for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sensitivity".

10138: 9583: 4510:

Romano M, Cianci E, Simiele F, Recchiuti A (August 2015). "Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins in resolution of inflammation".

2563:

Low-dose aspirin use was also associated with a trend toward lower risk of cardiovascular events, and lower aspirin doses (75 or 81

2508:

mg tablets. The 81 mg tablets are commonly called "baby aspirin" or "baby-strength", because they were originally –

12566: 6768: 3926: 2814:

recommends aspirin (or aspirin-containing products) should not be given to anyone under the age of 12 who has a fever, and the UK

2439:

remains one of the few indications for aspirin use in children in spite of a lack of high quality evidence for its effectiveness.

17855: 17704: 12746: 9832: 5567: 4426:

Martínez-González J, Badimon L (2007). "Mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of COX-inhibition: benefits and risks".

4111:

Vishweshwar P, McMahon JA, Oliveira M, Peterson ML, Zaworotko MJ (December 2005). "The predictably elusive form II of aspirin".

240: 14055: 12769: 11274:

Layton AM, Ibbotson SH, Davies JA, Goodfield MJ (July 1994). "Randomised trial of oral aspirin for chronic venous leg ulcers".

10047:

Senna GE, Andri G, Dama AR, Mezzelani P, Andri L (1995). "Tolerability of imidazole salycilate in aspirin-sensitive patients".

8719: 8032: 5906: 2254:. It is generally not recommended for routine use by people with no other health problems, including those over the age of 70. 1594:(coxibs), have been developed to inhibit only COX-2, with the intent to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. 1504:

Aspirin's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the

1224:, factories producing aspirin tablets must control the amount of the powder that becomes airborne inside the building, because 16593: 16531: 15061: 14099: 13667: 12752: 12601: 12120: 11947: 11879: 11068: 10571:

Wallace JL (October 2008). "Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself?".

10122: 5798: 4013: 3910: 3837: 3777: 3689: 3571: 3525: 3498: 3406: 2203: 1971: 1587: 1485: 1122: 7036: 5684:"A randomized controlled trial of acetyl salicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction" 3561: 2472:

100 Italian people found, of the apparent 31% aspirin-resistant subjects, only 5% were truly resistant, and the others were

15139: 14164: 8079:"The benefit-risk consideration in long-term use of alternate-day, low dose aspirin: focus on colorectal cancer prevention" 2807: 1554:

produced in the body, have diverse effects, including the transmission of pain information to the brain, modulation of the

1473: 3887: 3470: 19365: 16147: 15708: 15676: 14742: 14141: 11509:

Berges-Gimeno MP, Stevenson DD (June 2004). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced reactions and desensitization".

6757:

Myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation: the acute management of myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation

5996: 3865: 3108:

There are many anecdotal reportings that aspirin can improve plant's growth and resistance though most research involved

2928: 2678: 1102:

to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time. Over the next 50 years, other chemists, mostly of the German company

978: 300: 2794:(CDC). Of these, 93% reported being ill in the three weeks preceding the onset of Reye's syndrome, most commonly with a 13716: 5749: 2355:(CRC), but aspirin must be taken for at least 10–20 years to see this benefit. It may also slightly reduce the risk of 2262: 1629: 8724:"Diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia. An evidence-based review" 7068:"Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation" 4319:"Effects of low-to-high doses of aspirin on platelet aggregability and metabolites of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin" 2488:

Adult aspirin tablets are produced in standardised sizes, which vary slightly from country to country, for example 300

19360: 13038: 11462:"AVURT: aspirin versus placebo for the treatment of venous leg ulcers - a Phase II pilot randomised controlled trial" 3419: 2741: 931: 10215:"Effect of Aspirin on CKD Progression in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis From the ASPREE Randomized Clinical Trial" 9656:"Aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement" 3151:

mg/kg of aspirin every 48 hours for 4 weeks, but the recommended dose for relief of pain and fever and for treating

3136:, as adverse effects—including gastrointestinal issues—are common. An aspirin overdose in any species may result in 1998: 853: 16548: 14116: 13684: 12834: 11676:"Regular aspirin-use preceding the onset of primary intracerebral hemorrhage is an independent predictor for death" 11362:

de Oliveira Carvalho PE, Magolbo NG, De Aquino RF, Weller CD, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (February 2016).

10706: 5531:

D'Agati V (July 1996). "Does aspirin cause acute or chronic renal failure in experimental animals and in humans?".

3737: 3324: 2818:

recommends children who are under 16 years of age should not take aspirin, unless it is on the advice of a doctor.

1399:

of aspirin has weak additional peaks. Though at the time it was dismissed as mere impurity, it was, in retrospect,

1377: 1372: 956: 17: 9870:"FDA Warns that Using a Type of Pain and Fever Medication in Second Half of Pregnancy Could Lead to Complications" 6369:

Mett A, Tfelt-Hansen P (June 2008). "Acute migraine therapy: recent evidence from randomized comparative trials".

2222:(FDA) required labeling on all aspirin-containing medications advising against its use in children and teenagers. 2136:

formulations of aspirin relieve pain faster than aspirin in tablets, which makes them useful for the treatment of

1817:. These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity. Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to 17732: 13648: 13056: 13029: 4036:. Jinno Laboratory, School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology. 4 March 1996. Archived from 2901: 2674: 2024: 509: 358: 221: 11968:"Clinical Outcomes of Aspirin Interaction with Other Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Systematic Review" 10007: 2736:

disorders, and it has been assumed that may be similarly beneficial in various types of retinal vein occlusion.

19350: 13440: 12983: 12489: 9980: 9953: 6334:

Hersh EV, Moore PA, Ross GL (May 2000). "Over-the-counter analgesics and antipyretics: a critical assessment".

5276:

Grootveld M, Halliwell B (January 1988). "2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a product of human aspirin metabolism".

2732:(BRVO). The reason of this widespread use is the evidence of its proven effectiveness in major systemic venous 2725: 2339: 2330: 2207: 1928: 1455: 1091: 13414: 4768:

Silva Caldas AP, Chaves LO, Linhares Da Silva L, De Castro Morais D, Gonçalves Alfenas RD (29 December 2017).

4199:

Vane JR (June 1971). "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs".

580: 14070: 13709: 12784: 11798: 8217:"Aspirin and the risk of colorectal and other digestive tract cancers: an updated meta-analysis through 2019" 4996:"Aspirin inhibits camptothecin-induced p21CIP1 levels and potentiates apoptosis in human breast cancer cells" 3143:

Dogs are better able to tolerate aspirin than cats are. Cats metabolize aspirin slowly because they lack the

2729: 1547:

synthesis being little affected; however, higher doses of aspirin are required to attain further inhibition.

1715:

Aspirin is produced in many formulations, with some differences in effect. In particular, aspirin can cause

19380: 19279: 16003: 15646: 14060: 13267: 12389:"Aspirin might reduce the incidence of breast cancer: An updated meta-analysis of 38 observational studies" 11769: 9875: 9842: 7659:"Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 5956: 5736: 2916: 2811: 2580: 2219: 2211: 2168: 1809:

to form two different glucuronide esters. The conjugate with the acetyl group intact is referred to as the

1669: 1340:

because aspirin can decompose through hydrolysis in moist conditions, yielding salicylic and acetic acids.

785: 631: 11593:

Gorelick PB (June 2009). "Cerebral microbleeds: evidence of heightened risk associated with aspirin use".

8722:(RF/RHD guideline development working group) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (2006). 4037: 3293: 1616:

Furthermore, aspirin, while inhibiting the ability of COX-2 to form pro-inflammatory products such as the

19385: 19355: 16871: 16814: 13358: 13078: 2795: 2633: 1625: 746: 14163: 6022:

Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, Sivakumaran R, Nethercott S, Erqou S, Sattar N, et al. (February 2012).

5818: 5311:

Hartwig-Otto H (November 1983). "Pharmacokinetic considerations of common analgesics and antipyretics".

3325:"Zorprin, Bayer Buffered Aspirin (aspirin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more" 2004:

In Canada and many other countries, "Aspirin" remains a trademark, so generic aspirin is sold as "ASA" (

19390: 19300: 17294: 17179: 17102: 16995: 15666: 14085: 14050: 9608: 6787:

Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. (September 2019).

6024:"Effect of aspirin on vascular and nonvascular outcomes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 4680:"15-epi-lipoxin A4-mediated induction of nitric oxide explains how aspirin inhibits acute inflammation" 2334: 2052: 1752: 1353: 1245: 1233: 19236: 2214:, strongly advise against using aspirin for the treatment of fever in children because of the risk of 1558:

thermostat, and inflammation. Thromboxanes are responsible for the aggregation of platelets that form

1125:. In 2022, it was the 36th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16 19410: 16977: 16796: 16586: 14075: 13406: 10524:"Drug drug interactions between antithrombotic medications and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding" 10006:

Raithel M, Baenkler HW, Naegel A, Buchwald F, Schultis HW, Backhaus B, et al. (September 2005).

9726:"Aspirin Use, Dose, and Clinical Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women With Stable Cardiovascular Disease" 3745: 3653: 2648:

or other bleeding tendencies should not take aspirin or other salicylates. Aspirin is known to cause

2541: 2313: 2109: 1837: 1759:

after oral administration. Acetylsalicylic acid is quickly absorbed through the cell membrane in the

1723:

Tablets, typically of about 75–100 mg and 300–320 mg of immediate-release aspirin (IR-ASA).

1653: 707: 11095:

Doña I, Barrionuevo E, Salas M, Laguna JJ, Agúndez J, García-Martín E, et al. (November 2018).

10616:"Gastrointestinal safety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: a Cochrane Collaboration systematic review" 8518:"Aspirin Use on Incident Dementia and Mild Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 6000: 3360: 2174:, is considered a first-line therapy in the treatment of migraine, and comparable to lower doses of 1169:, the meadowsweet plant genus from which the acetylsalicylic acid was originally derived at Bayer + 19405: 19340: 19335: 19073: 19054: 19009: 17451: 16381: 16342: 15132: 15040: 13877: 12777: 11764:"FDA strengthens warning of heart attack and stroke risk for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs" 9201:"Multiple anti-atherosclerotic treatments impair aspirin compliance: effects on aspirin resistance" 4269: 2878: 2632:

seek medical advice before using aspirin. Even if none of these conditions is present, the risk of

1967: 1493: 762: 12328:

Di Bella S, Luzzati R, Principe L, Zerbato V, Meroni E, Giuffrè M, et al. (25 January 2022).

11552:

Vernooij MW, Haag MD, van der Lugt A, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Stricker BH, et al. (June 2009).

11157:"Diagnosis and management of NSAID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (N-ERD)-a EAACI position paper" 10112: 8026:

Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, et al. (September 2013).

3802: 2656:, particularly in large doses and depending on the severity of the disease. Use of aspirin during 2104:

Aspirin is an effective analgesic for acute pain, although it is generally considered inferior to

1446:

Pure Form II aspirin could be prepared by seeding the batch with aspirin anhydrate in 15% weight.

19345: 16779: 16703: 16536: 16252: 15656: 15312: 15065: 14104: 13672: 11871: 11865: 9838: 9614: 8569:"Low-Dose Aspirin Use and Cognitive Function in Older Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 8372:

Dominiak M, Gędek A, Sikorska M, Mierzejewski P, Wojnar M, Antosik-Wójcińska AZ (December 2022).

7332:

Visseren FL, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, et al. (September 2021).

6843:

Rothwell PM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Price JF, Belch JF, Roncaglioni MC, et al. (August 2018).

5193:

Kaufman FL, Dubansky AS (April 1972). "Darvon poisoning with delayed salicylism: a case report".

4629:

Somasundaram S, Sigthorsson G, Simpson RJ, Watts J, Jacob M, Tavares IA, et al. (May 2000).

2815: 2533: 2317: 2276:

guideline recommends that aspirin be taken indefinitely. Frequently, aspirin is combined with an

2231: 277: 147: 12799: 11554:"Use of antithrombotic drugs and the presence of cerebral microbleeds: the Rotterdam Scan Study" 10707:"General chemistry online: FAQ: Acids and bases: What is the buffer system in buffered aspirin?" 10213:

Polkinghorne KR, Wetmore JB, Thao LT, Wolfe R, Woods RL, Ernst ME, et al. (December 2022).

9152:"Aspirin "resistance" and risk of cardiovascular morbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis" 6710:

Morris T, Stables M, Hobbs A, de Souza P, Colville-Nash P, Warner T, et al. (August 2009).

4910:

Hawley SA, Fullerton MD, Ross FA, Schertzer JD, Chevtzoff C, Walker KJ, et al. (May 2012).

4770:"Mechanisms involved in the cardioprotective effect of avocado consumption: A systematic review" 2567:

mg/day) may optimize efficacy and safety for people requiring aspirin for long-term prevention.

19115: 19035: 16300: 15256: 13021: 12945: 11155:

Kowalski ML, Agache I, Bavbek S, Bakirtas A, Blanca M, Bochenek G, et al. (January 2019).

10892:

Ageno W, Beyer-Westendorf J, Garcia DA, Lazo-Langner A, McBane RD, Paciaroni M (January 2016).

7247:

Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, Brindis RG, Fihn SD, Fleisher LA, et al. (September 2016).

4295: 3769: 3763: 2609: 2277: 1863: 728: 435: 12757: 12112: 12106: 10475:"Effect of enteric coating on antiplatelet activity of low-dose aspirin in healthy volunteers" 5780: 5682:

Elwood PC, Cochrane AL, Burr ML, Sweetnam PM, Williams G, Welsby E, et al. (March 1974).

3829: 3821: 2560:

mg doses of aspirin in patients (both men and women) with established cardiovascular disease.

1696: 687: 19395: 19092: 17548: 16785: 16698: 16648: 16059: 15753: 15671: 15661: 15373: 15316: 15045: 15035: 15030: 15020: 14065: 13549: 8567:

Veronese N, Stubbs B, Maggi S, Thompson T, Schofield P, Muller C, et al. (August 2017).

7657:

Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Chelmow D, Coker TR, et al. (April 2022).

7288:

Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, Collet JP, Costa F, Jeppsson A, et al. (January 2018).

5913: 4003: 3953: 3515: 2975: 2909: 2744:, recommended against the use of antithrombotic drugs (incl. aspirin) for patients with RVO. 2529: 2473: 2251: 2202:

in adults is well established, many medical societies and regulatory agencies, including the

2085: 2057: 1110: 1079: 571: 406: 381: 288: 11097:"NSAIDs-hypersensitivity often induces a blended reaction pattern involving multiple organs" 9672: 9655: 9250:"Drug resistance and pseudoresistance: an unintended consequence of enteric coating aspirin" 9050:

Szabó B, Németh K, Mészáros K, Krokker L, Likó I, Saskői E, et al. (5 September 2022).

8423:

Savitz JB, Teague TK, Misaki M, Macaluso M, Wurfel BE, Meyer M, et al. (January 2018).

8136: 8119: 6892:

Bowman L, Mafham M, Wallendszus K, Stevens W, Buck G, Barton J, et al. (October 2018).

5481:"An evidence based flowchart to guide the management of acute salicylate (aspirin) overdose" 5391:"Salicylate poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management" 3488: 3070:

Aspirin has been repurposed as an add-on treatment for depressive episodes in subjects with

19231: 18353: 18206: 17676: 16723: 16688: 16643: 16633: 16579: 16270: 16231: 16064: 16054: 16049: 15876: 15681: 15597: 15239: 15015: 14992: 14473: 14345: 14080: 13611: 13190: 13145: 11108: 10405:"Enteric-Coated Aspirin and the Risk of Gastrointestinal Side Effects: A Systematic Review" 6933:

McNeil JJ, Wolfe R, Woods RL, Tonkin AM, Donnan GA, Nelson MR, et al. (October 2018).

6134:

McNeil JJ, Wolfe R, Woods RL, Tonkin AM, Donnan GA, Nelson MR, et al. (October 2018).

5786: 4994:

Alfonso LF, Srivenugopal KS, Arumugam TV, Abbruscato TJ, Weidanz JA, Bhat GJ (March 2009).

4923: 3607: 3137: 2239: 2073: 1662: 1328: 640: 466: 17514: 17423: 10767:

Dammann HG, Saleki M, Torz M, Schulz HU, Krupp S, Schürer M, et al. (February 2004).

9724:

Berger JS, Brown DL, Burke GL, Oberman A, Kostis JB, Langer RD, et al. (March 2009).

8270:

McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Woods RL, Lockery JE, Wolfe R, Reid CM, et al. (October 2018).

7724:"Estimates of benefits and harms of prophylactic use of aspirin in the general population" 5389:

Chyka PA, Erdman AR, Christianson G, Wax PM, Booze LL, Manoguerra AS, et al. (2007).

620: 8: 18181: 16019: 15651: 15480: 15381: 15320: 15207: 15196: 15125: 15069: 15025: 14942: 14320: 13920: 13001: 12617: 10456:"Mayo Clinic Q and A: Coated aspirin may not be as effective at reducing blood clot risk" 10142: 7116:

Costa F, Vranckx P, Leonardi S, Moscarella E, Ando G, Calabro P, et al. (May 2015).

6073:

McNeil JJ, Woods RL, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Kirpach B, Wolfe R, et al. (October 2018).

5881: 4358:

Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, et al. (May 2009).

2890: 2701: 2450: 1905: 1851: 1779: 526: 284: 31: 11460:

Tilbrook H, Clark L, Cook L, Bland M, Buckley H, Chetter I, et al. (October 2018).

11112: 10683: 10656: 10008:"Significance of salicylate intolerance in diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract" 9575: 7871:

Thun MJ, Jacobs EJ, Patrono C (April 2012). "The role of aspirin in cancer prevention".

7773:"Colorectal cancer chemoprevention: is this the future of colorectal cancer prevention?" 6984:

Woods RL, Polekhina G, Wolfe R, Nelson MR, Ernst ME, Reid CM, et al. (March 2020).

6752: 5790: 4927: 3611: 2592:

mg aspirin at any point in pregnancy under the direction of a health care professional.

535: 19043: 16771: 16457: 16024: 15922: 15593: 15451: 15385: 14932: 14865: 13763: 13292: 12700: 12679: 12413: 12388: 12364: 12329: 12266: 12149: 11997: 11920: 11845: 11692: 11675: 11656: 11534: 11486: 11461: 11437: 11412: 11388: 11363: 11299: 11186: 11129: 11096: 10967: 10958: 10942: 10918: 10893: 10869: 10844: 10798: 10596: 10548: 10523: 10504: 10491: 10474: 10431: 10404: 10340: 10315: 10293: 10264:"Effects of aspirin on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease" 10239: 10214: 10190: 10165: 9814: 9758: 9725: 9557: 9470: 9426: 9298: 9274: 9249: 9230: 9176: 9151: 9129: 9080: 9052:"Aspirin Mediates Its Antitumoral Effect Through Inhibiting PTTG1 in Pituitary Adenoma" 9051: 9032: 8988: 8934: 8909: 8885: 8860: 8836: 8811: 8693: 8666: 8642: 8617: 8593: 8568: 8544: 8517: 8498: 8449: 8424: 8400: 8373: 8354: 8296: 8271: 8095: 8078: 8054: 8027: 7896: 7848: 7823: 7799: 7772: 7748: 7723: 7722:

Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Bosetti C, Brown PH, Burn J, Cook NR, et al. (January 2015).

7563: 7538: 7391: 7374: 7208:"ACC/AHA Versus ESC Guidelines on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy: JACC Guideline Comparison" 7183: 7158: 7098: 7012: 6961: 6869: 6844: 6815: 6607: 6559: 6532: 6481: 6456: 6437: 6394: 6311: 6286: 6162: 6111: 5858: 5841: 5708: 5683: 5659: 5634: 5505: 5480: 5456: 5431: 5371: 5218: 4944: 4911: 4887: 4862: 4838: 4813: 4704: 4679: 4660: 4571: 4546: 4492: 4384: 4359: 4088: 4063: 3934: 3189: 2955: 2951: 2777: 2705: 2637: 2356: 2321: 2215: 2141: 2125: 2121: 1875: 1855: 1652:

Aspirin has been shown to have at least three additional modes of action. It uncouples

1513: 1114: 789: 766: 393: 251: 12691:

McTavish JR (1987). "What's in a name? Aspirin and the American Medical Association".

12246: 11674:

Saloheimo P, Ahonen M, Juvela S, Pyhtinen J, Savolainen ER, Hillbom M (January 2006).

11287: 11252: 11217: 10381: 9265: 8788: 7632:"Recommendation: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication" 7174: 7134: 7117: 7002: 6986:"No Modulation of the Effect of Aspirin by Body Weight in Healthy Older Men and Women" 6985: 6860: 6425: 6347: 6201: 5611: 5586: 5544: 5430:

Prescott LF, Balali-Mood M, Critchley JA, Johnstone AF, Proudfoot AT (November 1982).

5158:

Ferguson RK, Boutros AR (August 1970). "Death following self-poisoning with aspirin".

4980: 4375: 4247: 3630: 2974:

mg/L following acute overdose. Salicylate is also produced as a result of exposure to

1821:. With large salicylate doses, the kinetics switch from first-order to zero-order, as 18577: 18246: 18216: 16718: 16713: 16653: 16628: 16241: 16096: 16084: 15971: 15377: 15102: 14962: 14812: 14375: 14350: 13816: 13801: 13536: 13307: 13297: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13252: 12825: 12812: 12804: 12708: 12671: 12597: 12453: 12418: 12369: 12351: 12310: 12302: 12258: 12250: 12215: 12211: 12180: 12153: 12116: 12087: 12083: 12033: 11989: 11943: 11912: 11875: 11837: 11742: 11697: 11648: 11610: 11575: 11526: 11491: 11442: 11393: 11344: 11291: 11256: 11221: 11178: 11134: 11016: 10972: 10923: 10874: 10860: 10825: 10790: 10785: 10768: 10749: 10688: 10637: 10588: 10553: 10496: 10436: 10385: 10345: 10297: 10285: 10262:

Mann JF, Joseph P, Gao P, Pais P, Tyrwhitt J, Xavier D, et al. (February 2023).

10244: 10195: 10118: 10064: 10022: 9818: 9806: 9798: 9763: 9745: 9677: 9561: 9549: 9511: 9462: 9418: 9383: 9338: 9279: 9222: 9217: 9200: 9181: 9121: 9085: 9024: 8980: 8957:

Roberge S, Villa P, Nicolaides K, Giguère Y, Vainio M, Bakthi A, et al. (2012).

8939: 8890: 8841: 8792: 8756: 8698: 8647: 8598: 8549: 8490: 8454: 8405: 8358: 8346: 8342: 8301: 8248: 8182: 8141: 8100: 8059: 8008: 7967: 7931: 7888: 7853: 7804: 7753: 7680: 7603: 7568: 7519: 7478: 7437: 7396: 7355: 7311: 7270: 7229: 7188: 7157:

Khan SU, Singh M, Valavoor S, Khan MU, Lone AN, Khan MZ, et al. (October 2020).

7139: 7090: 7017: 6966: 6915: 6874: 6820: 6760: 6733: 6634: 6599: 6564: 6513: 6486: 6429: 6386: 6351: 6316: 6267: 6232: 6205: 6167: 6116: 6055: 5863: 5794: 5713: 5664: 5616: 5548: 5510: 5461: 5412: 5375: 5363: 5328: 5324: 5293: 5289: 5258: 5210: 5175: 5140: 5099: 5058: 5017: 4949: 4892: 4843: 4791: 4750: 4709: 4652: 4647: 4630: 4611: 4576: 4527: 4484: 4443: 4389: 4340: 4251: 4216: 4163: 4128: 4093: 4009: 3984: 3906: 3833: 3773: 3635: 3567: 3521: 3494: 3415: 3197: 3008: 3003: 2983: 2979: 2940: 2697: 2352: 2093: 2039: 1932: 1822: 1794: 1590:

or PTGS2) produces lipoxins, most of which are anti-inflammatory. Newer NSAID drugs,

1421: 1381: 1153: 1118: 1095: 718: 213: 12683: 12270: 12001: 11849: 11660: 11538: 11190: 10802: 10614:

Rostom A, Muir K, Dubé C, Jolicoeur E, Boucher M, Joyce J, et al. (July 2007).

10181: 9741: 9430: 9414: 9133: 8992: 8502: 7514: 7497: 7102: 6611: 6582:

Pugliese A, Beltramo T, Torre D (October 2008). "Reye's and Reye's-like syndromes".

6441: 6398: 5917: 5222: 4664: 4496: 3267: 1665:

complex, plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation.

1489: 1106:, established the chemical structure and devised more efficient production methods. 19330: 19259: 19251: 19246: 18550: 18136: 17627: 17506: 17332: 17323: 17255: 17246: 17238: 17140: 17131: 17053: 17044: 16895: 16833: 16638: 16318: 15792: 14726: 13953: 13806: 13758: 13510: 13341: 13302: 13272: 12661: 12445: 12408: 12400: 12359: 12341: 12294: 12242: 12207: 12145: 12079: 12025: 11979: 11924: 11904: 11829: 11734: 11687: 11640: 11602: 11565: 11518: 11481: 11473: 11432: 11424: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11334: 11326: 11283: 11248: 11239:

Stadelmann WK, Digenis AG, Tobin GR (August 1998). "Impediments to wound healing".

11213: 11168: 11124: 11116: 11006: 10962: 10954: 10913: 10905: 10864: 10856: 10780: 10741: 10678: 10668: 10627: 10580: 10543: 10535: 10508: 10486: 10426: 10416: 10377: 10335: 10327: 10275: 10234: 10226: 10185: 10177: 10056: 9790: 9753: 9737: 9667: 9541: 9501: 9474: 9454: 9410: 9373: 9365: 9328: 9269: 9261: 9234: 9212: 9171: 9163: 9113: 9075: 9065: 9036: 9016: 8970: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8831: 8823: 8784: 8688: 8678: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8588: 8580: 8539: 8529: 8482: 8444: 8436: 8395: 8385: 8338: 8291: 8283: 8238: 8228: 8172: 8131: 8090: 8049: 8041: 7998: 7959: 7923: 7900: 7880: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7822:

Chan AT, Arber N, Burn J, Chia WK, Elwood P, Hull MA, et al. (February 2012).

7794: 7784: 7743: 7735: 7670: 7595: 7558: 7550: 7509: 7468: 7427: 7386: 7345: 7301: 7260: 7219: 7178: 7170: 7129: 7082: 7007: 6997: 6956: 6946: 6905: 6864: 6856: 6810: 6800: 6723: 6591: 6554: 6544: 6476: 6468: 6421: 6378: 6343: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6263: 6259: 6197: 6157: 6147: 6106: 6096: 6086: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6023: 5853: 5703: 5695: 5654: 5646: 5606: 5598: 5540: 5500: 5492: 5451: 5443: 5402: 5355: 5320: 5285: 5250: 5202: 5167: 5130: 5089: 5048: 5007: 4976: 4939: 4931: 4882: 4874: 4833: 4825: 4781: 4767: 4740: 4699: 4691: 4642: 4603: 4566: 4558: 4519: 4474: 4435: 4379: 4371: 4330: 4243: 4208: 4155: 4120: 4083: 4075: 3976: 3661: 3625: 3615: 3071: 3046:

for renal tubular secretion. Aspirin may also inhibit the absorption of vitamin C.

2995: 2862:

Aspirin causes an increased risk of cerebral microbleeds, having the appearance on

2761: 2649: 2613: 2442:

Low-dose aspirin supplementation has moderate benefits when used for prevention of

2436: 2396: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2151:

Aspirin, either by itself or in a combined formulation, effectively treats certain

2145: 2081: 2068:

Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain,

1802: 1620:, converts this enzyme's activity from a prostaglandin-forming cyclooxygenase to a 1469: 1273: 1182: 1044: 1017: 998: 894: 802: 417: 341: 331: 321: 83: 16734: 12029: 11303: 10600: 9248:

Grosser T, Fries S, Lawson JA, Kapoor SC, Grant GR, FitzGerald GA (January 2013).

7599: 7044: 4786: 4769: 4181: 3880:"Appendix G: 1989 Air contaminants update project – Exposure limits NOT in effect" 3681: 2152: 1539:

mg of aspirin a day is able to inhibit a large proportion of maximum thromboxane A

1090:) has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years. In 1853, chemist 19314: 19107: 19039: 18949: 18624: 18602: 18572: 17269: 16502: 16421: 16403: 16216: 15981: 15966: 15907: 15290: 15191: 15106: 14844: 14834: 14792: 14258: 14176: 13314: 12346: 11942:(9th ed.). Seal Beach, California: Biomedical Publications. pp. 20–23. 10993:

Belay ED, Bresee JS, Holman RC, Khan AS, Shahriari A, Schonberger LB (May 1999).

10331: 9506: 9489: 9369: 8233: 8216: 6382: 4607: 4523: 4479: 4462: 3577: 3385: 2959: 2693: 2689: 2624:. Owing to its effect on the stomach lining, manufacturers recommend people with 2525: 2425: 2360: 2266: 2084:. Lower doses of aspirin have also been shown to reduce the risk of death from a 2069: 1936: 1806: 1768: 1591: 1440: 1301: 1099: 1006: 560: 445: 425: 15156: 15152: 14172: 14168: 12404: 12298: 11034: 11011: 10994: 10139:"Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever: information for health care practitioners" 9488:

Snoep JD, Hovens MM, Eikenboom JC, van der Bom JG, Huisman MV (13 August 2007).

9167: 7963: 7350: 7333: 7206:

Capodanno D, Alfonso F, Levine GN, Valgimigli M, Angiolillo DJ (December 2018).

6935:"Effect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly" 6472: 6136:"Effect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly" 5782:

Scientific style and format: the CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers

5757: 5254: 5135: 5118: 4878: 18629: 18582: 18147: 17709: 16768: 16613: 16602: 16542: 16497: 16260: 16140: 16115: 15991: 15976: 15446: 15326: 15277: 15244: 14818: 14593: 14458: 14370: 14295: 14280: 14275: 14269: 14198: 14110: 13935: 13796: 13678: 13205: 12891: 12800: 12721: 11908: 11738: 11606: 11570: 11553: 11330: 11120: 10584: 10280: 10263: 10230: 10060: 9545: 9020: 7927: 7884: 7473: 7456: 7432: 7415: 7334:"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice" 7306: 7289: 7265: 7248: 7224: 7207: 6805: 6788: 5117:

Franchi F, Schneider D, Prats J, Fan W, Rollini F, Been L, et al. (2021).

4562: 4439: 3879: 3711: 3600:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3462: 3215: 3129: 3109: 3039: 3015: 2946: 2783: 2584: 2466: 1966:

heart attacks that were published in the 1970s and 1980s helped spur reform in

1913: 1617: 1571: 1528: 1505: 1466: 1269: 1225: 1214: 1052: 1032: 994: 199: 10909: 10632: 10615: 9458: 8534: 8440: 6504:

Gilmore B, Michael M (February 2011). "Treatment of acute migraine headache".

6250:

Gaciong Z (June 2003). "The real dimension of analgesic activity of aspirin".

5447: 5407: 5390: 4829: 4678:

Paul-Clark MJ, Van Cao T, Moradi-Bidhendi N, Cooper D, Gilroy DW (July 2004).

4335: 4318: 3853: 2826:

For a small number of people, taking aspirin can result in symptoms including

1409:

was reported in 2005, found after attempted co-crystallization of aspirin and

1276:, an acid derivative, causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's 19324: 19226: 18910: 18695: 18592: 18470: 18455: 18388: 18318: 16431: 16426: 16416: 16346: 16308: 15766: 15541: 15471: 15331: 15300: 15249: 14952: 14829: 14642: 14627: 14508: 14443: 13872: 13839: 13791: 13768: 13732: 13701: 13635: 13605: 13195: 13180: 13175: 13136: 12808: 12355: 12306: 12254: 11644: 9909: 9864: 9802: 9749: 9698: 9070: 8859:

Baumer JH, Love SJ, Gupta A, Haines LC, Maconochie I, Dua JS (October 2006).

8683: 7626: 6894:"Effects of Aspirin for Primary Prevention in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus" 6728: 6711: 5987: 5947: 5885: 5241:

Levy G, Tsuchiya T (August 1972). "Salicylate accumulation kinetics in man".

5144: 4912:"The ancient drug salicylate directly activates AMP-activated protein kinase" 4795: 4745: 4728: 3298: 3152: 3121: 3035: 2999: 2886: 2765: 2662: 2509: 2443: 2191: 1901: 1833: 1818: 1477: 1436: 1410: 1396: 1297: 1202: 1068: 1056: 1040: 1036: 1013: 884: 874: 778: 41: 10473:

Cox D, Maree AO, Dooley M, Conroy R, Byrne MF, Fitzgerald DJ (August 2006).

8003: 7986: 7739: 7066:

Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK (August 2001).

6759:. NICE Clinical Guidelines. Royal College of Physicians (UK). 17.2 Aspirin. 5171: 4935: 3132:. Aspirin should be given to animals only under the direct supervision of a 2178:. It is most effective at stopping migraines when they are first beginning. 18766: 18683: 18609: 18587: 18540: 18475: 18445: 18425: 18420: 18343: 18231: 17656: 17618: 17486: 17313: 17149: 17034: 16841: 16658: 16436: 16411: 16169: 16074: 15958: 15745: 15733: 15723: 15698: 15566: 15556: 15486: 15361: 15356: 15267: 14824: 14787: 14772: 14716: 14701: 14696: 14647: 14622: 14612: 14607: 14365: 14243: 14223: 14218: 14208: 14190: 13978: 13925: 13915: 13910: 13867: 13773: 13753: 13736: 13625: 13595: 13573: 13568: 13541: 13490: 13469: 13319: 13258: 13214: 13091: 13034: 12973: 12968: 12949: 12847: 12816: 12675: 12494: 12457: 12422: 12373: 12037: 11993: 11746: 11701: 11614: 11579: 11530: 11495: 11446: 11397: 11348: 11225: 11182: 11138: 11020: 10976: 10943:"Salicylate induces tinnitus through activation of cochlear NMDA receptors" 10927: 10878: 10829: 10794: 10753: 10745: 10692: 10641: 10592: 10557: 10500: 10440: 10389: 10349: 10289: 10248: 10199: 10026: 9810: 9767: 9681: 9553: 9515: 9466: 9422: 9387: 9342: 9283: 9226: 9185: 9125: 9089: 9028: 8984: 8943: 8894: 8845: 8796: 8760: 8702: 8651: 8602: 8553: 8494: 8458: 8409: 8350: 8305: 8252: 8186: 8145: 8104: 8063: 8012: 7971: 7935: 7892: 7857: 7808: 7757: 7684: 7675: 7658: 7607: 7572: 7523: 7482: 7441: 7400: 7359: 7315: 7274: 7233: 7192: 7143: 7094: 7021: 6970: 6919: 6878: 6824: 6764: 6737: 6638: 6603: 6568: 6517: 6490: 6390: 6355: 6320: 6271: 6236: 6209: 6171: 6120: 6059: 6050: 5953:"Aspirin for reducing your risk of heart attack and stroke: know the facts" 5867: 5699: 5650: 5620: 5514: 5416: 5367: 5103: 5062: 5021: 4953: 4896: 4847: 4754: 4713: 4656: 4615: 4580: 4531: 4488: 4447: 4393: 4255: 4212: 4167: 4159: 4132: 4097: 4079: 3980: 3886:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 13 February 2015. 3639: 3620: 3595: 3517:

The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs

3133: 3023: 2920: 2897: 2831: 2709: 2657: 2625: 2621: 2424:

Aspirin is a first-line treatment for the fever and joint-pain symptoms of

2235: 2133: 2077: 1978: 1772: 1732:

Buffered formulations containing aspirin with one of many buffering agents.

1621: 1555: 1414: 1002: 990: 336: 326: 316: 15117: 12712: 12449: 12314: 12262: 12219: 12184: 12157: 11916: 11841: 11833: 11652: 11522: 11361: 11295: 11260: 10068: 8287: 7789: 7700:"Older adults shouldn't start a routine of daily aspirin, task force says" 7067: 6951: 6934: 6910: 6893: 6433: 6152: 6135: 6091: 6074: 5717: 5668: 5552: 5465: 5359: 5332: 5297: 5262: 5214: 5206: 5179: 4812:

Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. (January 2018).

4547:"Resolution phase lipid mediators of inflammation: agonists of resolution" 4344: 4220: 3988: 3201: 19241: 19143: 19084: 18954: 18939: 18880: 18845: 18823: 18803: 18751: 18736: 18678: 18636: 18562: 18530: 18515: 18348: 18333: 18258: 18196: 18191: 17865: 17538: 17501: 17476: 17471: 17318: 17274: 17233: 17228: 17126: 17062: 17039: 17029: 16948: 16923: 16890: 16856: 16678: 16482: 16462: 16371: 16280: 16211: 16203: 16164: 16089: 16039: 16034: 15933: 15869: 15797: 15641: 15626: 15617: 15551: 15536: 15531: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15461: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15400: 15395: 15351: 15336: 15305: 15284: 15262: 15060:

indicates initially developed first-in-class compound of specific group;

14957: 14937: 14906: 14891: 14782: 14747: 14736: 14546: 14468: 14396: 14385: 14335: 14330: 14014: 13998: 13983: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13857: 13849: 13824: 13783: 13495: 13423: 13392: 13324: 13225: 13219: 13209: 13112: 12906: 12896: 12091: 10673: 10421: 10164:

Zhang Y, Neogi T, Chen C, Chaisson C, Hunter DJ, Choi H (February 2014).

9794: 8486: 7086: 5496: 5094: 5077: 5053: 5036: 5012: 4995: 4695: 3144: 3011: 2787: 2281: 2199: 2175: 1954: 1919: 1909: 1481: 1289: 1210: 1083: 997:. Specific inflammatory conditions that aspirin is used to treat include 207: 12704: 11411:

Jull A, Wadham A, Bullen C, Parag V, Kerse N, Waters J (November 2017).

11316: 10845:"Ocular vascular occlusive disorders: natural history of visual outcome" 10539: 9984: 9781:

Sacristán JA (August 2021). "Aspirin Dosing in Cardiovascular Disease".

8910:"Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications" 8729:. National Heart Foundation of Australia. pp. 33–37. Archived from 8215:

Bosetti C, Santucci C, Gallus S, Martinetti M, La Vecchia C (May 2020).

6549: 3666: 3193: 3177: 1775:

concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion.

1684: 1336:

Formulations containing high concentrations of aspirin often smell like

600: 19173: 18934: 18905: 18885: 18838: 18833: 18818: 18793: 18761: 18729: 18700: 18656: 18555: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18465: 18378: 18373: 18313: 18298: 18278: 18263: 18236: 18211: 18201: 18186: 18176: 17890: 17845: 17832: 17747: 17533: 17528: 17481: 17418: 17398: 17351: 16943: 16765: 16693: 16683: 16668: 16512: 16507: 16452: 16389: 16332: 16313: 16290: 16285: 16275: 16265: 16226: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16130: 16125: 16107: 16044: 16029: 16014: 15948: 15928: 15859: 15849: 15818: 15772: 15759: 15728: 15693: 15576: 15571: 15546: 15496: 15491: 15466: 15421: 15346: 14987: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14916: 14881: 14731: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14637: 14561: 14498: 14437: 14431: 14406: 14401: 14340: 14325: 14315: 14285: 14253: 14238: 14185: 13988: 13745: 13600: 13517: 13500: 13485: 13464: 13449: 13444: 13387: 13372: 13346: 13336: 13331: 13185: 13154: 13086: 13066: 13044: 12933: 12917: 12913: 12862: 11984: 11967: 10941:

Guitton MJ, Caston J, Ruel J, Johnson RM, Pujol R, Puel JL (May 2003).

10891: 9527: 9525: 9378: 9199:

Pignatelli P, Di Santo S, Barillà F, Gaudio C, Violi F (October 2008).

8827: 8390: 8243: 7554: 6750: 6712:"Effects of low-dose aspirin on acute inflammatory responses in humans" 6101: 6021: 4814:"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs" 4234:

Vane JR, Botting RM (June 2003). "The mechanism of action of aspirin".

3765:

The aspirin wars: money, medicine, and 100 years of rampant competition

3596:"Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3): filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum?" 3043: 3031: 2855: 2851: 2799: 2753: 2733: 2645: 2293: 2289: 1893: 1786: 1583: 1517: 1308:. This method is commonly demonstrated in undergraduate teaching labs. 1221: 1206: 829: 611: 295: 12666: 12649: 11428: 11339: 11173: 11156: 9333: 9316: 9117: 8975: 8958: 8584: 7375:"Antiplatelet agents in secondary prevention of stroke: a perspective" 6075:"Effect of Aspirin on Disability-free Survival in the Healthy Elderly" 4677: 4124: 2931:(NSAID). Aspirin is an NSAID but is not affected by the new warnings. 2760:(ringing in the ears) based on experiments in rats, via the action on 2250:

Aspirin is an important part of the treatment of those who have had a

19198: 19138: 18870: 18828: 18813: 18808: 18798: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18688: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18545: 18525: 18520: 18485: 18480: 18440: 18413: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18338: 18293: 18288: 18251: 18241: 18166: 17885: 17792: 17641: 17578: 17491: 17408: 17213: 17198: 17019: 17014: 16673: 16623: 16517: 16477: 16472: 16326: 16174: 16135: 16079: 16009: 15943: 15938: 15915: 15897: 15882: 15854: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15782: 15738: 15526: 15501: 15366: 15295: 15223: 15148: 14982: 14947: 14911: 14901: 14896: 14886: 14876: 14871: 14860: 14854: 14807: 14721: 14706: 14691: 14659: 14653: 14617: 14583: 14572: 14566: 14528: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14463: 14426: 14421: 14355: 14310: 14263: 14228: 14213: 14034: 13993: 13973: 13948: 13930: 13829: 13588: 13583: 13563: 13558: 13505: 13459: 13433: 13428: 13377: 13235: 13158: 13122: 13096: 13061: 13049: 13011: 13006: 12996: 12958: 12928: 12923: 12901: 12867: 12842: 11477: 9949: 8177: 8160: 8045: 7824:"Aspirin in the chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia: an overview" 6595: 6223:

Sachs CJ (March 2005). "Oral analgesics for acute nonspecific pain".

5602: 5429: 4993: 3411: 3125: 3027: 2704:

formulations can also double as a buffering agent, one example being

2629: 2601: 2496:

mg in the United States. Smaller doses are based on these standards,

2285: 2105: 1962: 1958: 1866:

and some children with congestive heart failure was contraindicated.

1859: 1748: 1637: 1598: 1521: 1293: 1198: 1190: 1149: 1064: 1060: 546: 491: 193: 152: 65: 12173:

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Supplement

12052: 11723: 9522: 7914:

Richman IB, Owens DK (July 2017). "Aspirin for Primary Prevention".

2112:. Aspirin is generally ineffective for those pains caused by muscle 1311: 939:

InChI=1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12)

19031: 19026: 18855: 18717: 18712: 18651: 18641: 18619: 18614: 18535: 18510: 18460: 18403: 18393: 18328: 18323: 18283: 17598: 17218: 17024: 16708: 16487: 16366: 16361: 16221: 16120: 15892: 15887: 15864: 15813: 15787: 15777: 15586: 15581: 15561: 15476: 15456: 15405: 15218: 15203: 14797: 14777: 14763: 14711: 14685: 14632: 14556: 14551: 14523: 14513: 14453: 14448: 14416: 14248: 14233: 14203: 14024: 14019: 13965: 13943: 13382: 13367: 13200: 13171: 13162: 13150: 13117: 12963: 12759: 12510:"Priming Plant Defenses with Aspirin-like Compound : USDA ARS" 11802: 10894:"Guidance for the management of venous thrombosis in unusual sites" 9150:

Krasopoulos G, Brister SJ, Beattie WS, Buchanan MR (January 2008).

8117: 7985:

Bosetti C, Rosato V, Gallus S, Cuzick J, La Vecchia C (June 2012).

4628: 3019: 2803: 2757: 2641: 2605: 2429: 2329:

Primary prevention guidelines from September 2019 made by the

2325: 2301: 2137: 2129: 2117: 1433: 1305: 1277: 1072: 1025: 1021: 667: 660: 591: 235: 56: 9315:

Li J, Song M, Jian Z, Guo W, Chen G, Jiang G, et al. (2014).

8908:

Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM (October 2019).

7034: 4110: 2782:

Reye's syndrome, a rare but severe illness characterized by acute

1658: 852: 734: 19168: 18979: 18746: 18273: 18226: 17717: 16663: 16492: 16467: 16337: 16322: 16069: 15631: 15603: 15426: 15341: 15186: 14997: 14598: 14411: 14360: 14029: 13902: 13862: 13653: 13643: 13620: 13418: 13247: 9908: