347:, he describes his arrival at the company in April 1993, when an active plan was in place to dis-aggregate the company. The prevailing wisdom of the time held that IBM's core mainframe business was headed for obsolescence. The company's own management was in the process of allowing its various divisions to rebrand and manage themselves — the so-called "Baby Blues." Then-CEO John Akers decided that the logical and rational solution was to split IBM into autonomous business units (such as processors, storage, software, services, printers,) that could compete more effectively with competitors that were more focused and agile and had lower cost structures. Gerstner reversed this plan, realizing from his previous experiences at RJR and American Express that there remained a vital need for a broad-based information technology integrator. He discovered that the biggest problem that all major companies faced in 1993 was integrating all the separate computing technologies that were emerging at the time, and saw that IBM's unique competitive advantage was its ability to provide integrated solutions for customers – a company that could represent more than piece parts or components—something he only learned by going beyond just listening to the proponents of different technologies within IBM. His choice to keep the company together was the defining decision of his tenure, as these gave IBM the capabilities to deliver complete IT solutions to customers. Services could be sold as an add-on to companies that had already bought IBM computers, while barely profitable pieces of hardware were used to open the door to more profitable deals.
359:
business operations. IBM's initial vision for how e-business could transform the world included electronic debit services that would allow customers to place orders online and eventually shop at virtual stores, creating virtual databases of movies, books, and music that would be available from anywhere in the world, and more. Soon after, Gerstner announced e-business as IBM's growth strategy and formed the IBM Internet
Division, led by Irving Wladawsky-Berger. In 1996, IBM's marketing department established the term e-business for any kind of business or commercial transaction conducted over the internet. Under Gerstner, e-business transformed IBM and within six years, they became the market leader in providing the products and services needed to transform any of their customers businesses into a network-centric e-business.
390:. After he arrived, over 100,000 employees were laid off from a company that had maintained a lifetime employment practice from its inception. Long allowed by their managers to believe that employment security had little reference to performance, thousands of IBM employees had grown lax, while the top-performing employees complained bitterly in attitude surveys. In the goal to create one common brand message for all IBM products and services around the world, under Gerstner's leadership the company consolidated its many advertising agencies down to just
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379:, his colleagues were "unwilling or unable to accept" that it was a "resounding defeat" as it "was draining tens of millions of dollars, absorbing huge chunks of senior management's time, and making a mockery of our image". By the end of 1994, IBM ceased new development of OS/2 software. IBM withdrew from the retail desktop PC market entirely, which had become unprofitable due to price pressures in the early 2000s. Three years after Gerstner's 2002 retirement, IBM sold the PC division to
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through risk-free instruments like stock options, but through the process of putting their own money on the line through direct ownership of the company—became a critical part of the management philosophy I brought to IBM" has been criticized for IBM's management in the late 2000s becoming "fully isolated and immune from the long-term consequences of their decisions".
452:
could use a “helping hand” to restore their equilibrium. Gerstner
Philanthropies, which encompasses all of Gerstner's philanthropic giving, has made over $ 230 million in grants to date. Most recently, in 2023, over $ 29 million was granted across all program areas. In June 2023, Gerstner published an opinion piece in the
370:
that used the same Intel chips and
Microsoft operating system software simply undercut it and eroded market share. Outgoing IBM chairman and CEO Akers, a company lifer, was excessively immersed in its corporate culture, remaining loyal to traditional ways that masked the real threats. As an outsider,
358:
e-commerce and wanted to expand the application of the internet to more than just web-page browsing and consumer marketing. He argued that a network-centric approach would shift the workload from personal computers to larger enterprise-systems and allow the internet to be embedded into all aspects of
339:
Upon becoming chief executive of IBM, Gerstner declared: "the last thing IBM needs right now is a vision", as he instead focused on execution, decisiveness, simplifying the organization for speed, and breaking the gridlock. Many expected heads to roll, yet
Gerstner initially changed only the CFO, the
247:
in 1978 and headed its Travel
Related Services unit. Under his leadership, the company's market share increased significantly by 1985. He achieved this by finding new uses and users for the card, such as college students, physicians, and women, as well as persuading corporations to adopt the card as
413:
emerged and created new computer-based business empires. Gerstner was also the first highly-paid IBM CEO relative to his home-grown predecessors, earning a personal fortune of hundreds of millions in his role. His philosophy, quoted as "The importance of managers being aligned with shareholders—not
451:
Gerstner established the
Gerstner Family Foundation in 1989 and serves as the chairman. The Foundation primarily supports biomedical research, educational opportunities, environmental sustainability initiatives, and emergency assistance programs for people who have suffered a temporary setback and
397:
From 1993 to
Gerstner's retirement in 2002, IBM's market capitalization rose from $ 29 billion to $ 168 billion. Despite his success Gerstner also presided over the company's decline, relative to newer rivals, as it lost its once-dominant position in the IT industry. Microsoft grew beyond just PC
263:
As chairman and chief executive officer of the Travel
Related Services division, Gerstner spearheaded its successful "membership has its privileges" promotion. Not only was the division continually the most profitable in the company, but it also led the entire financial services industry. Despite
744:
706:
336:). IBM then turned to Gerstner, an outsider with a record that suggested success whose older brother Richard had run the company's PC division until retiring due to health issues four years earlier. Gerstner was the first IBM CEO who was hired from outside the company.
223:
Gerstner was formerly the chairman of the board of directors of the Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard and is currently chairman emeritus of the board of the Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.
255:
of AmEx's Travel
Related Services in 1982, and president of the parent company in 1985. Although he claimed the position at the age of 43, Gerstner dismissed the speculation that his success was the product of being a
478:
In recognition of his work on behalf of public education, as well as his business accomplishments, Gerstner was awarded the designation of honorary Knight of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in June 2001.
745:"Profile: The iconoclast at IBM: Lou Gerstner enacted unprecedented cuts at the giant computer firm last week, but he will need to do more than wield the axe to revive it. Rupert Cornwell reports"
268:
was not expected to retire for another 12 years. During Gerstner's 11-year tenure at American Express, membership had increased from 8.6 million to 30.7 million. He left AmEx in 1989 to succeed
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394:. Layoffs and other tough management measures continued in the first two years of his tenure, but the company was saved, and business success has continued to grow steadily since then.
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486:, and the Distinguished Service to Science and Education award from the American Museum of Natural History. In 2008, Gerstner received the Legend in Leadership Award from the
707:"Profile: The iconoclast at IBM: Lou Gerstner enacted unprecedented cuts at the giant computer firm last week, but he will need to do more than wield the axe to revive it"
445:
firm. He served as chairman from January 2003 until October 2008 and upon retiring from that position, he continued as a senior advisor to Carlyle through September 2016.
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a more effective way of tracking business expenses. He also created exclusive versions of the card for higher-end clients, such as the Gold Card and the Platinum Card.
371:
Gerstner had no emotional attachment to long-suffering products IBM had developed to try to regain control of the PC market. Gerstner wrote that in spite of
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from April 1993 until 2002, when he retired as CEO in March and chairman in December. He is largely credited with turning IBM's fortunes around.
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He has received numerous awards for his work in education, among them the Cleveland E. Dodge Medal for Distinguished Service to Education from
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260:. Gerstner told Leslie Wayne, "I hear that and I can't accept that. A workaholic can't take vacations and I take four weeks a year."
1706:
992:"The Pain of Layoffs for Ex-Senior I.B.M. Workers; In Dutchess County, a Disorienting Time for Employees Less Hardened to Job Loss"
185:(born March 1, 1942) is an American businessman, best known for his tenure as chairman of the board and chief executive officer of
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1828:
798:"Why CEOs Fail It's rarely for lack of smarts or vision. Most unsuccessful CEOs stumble because of one simple, fatal shortcoming"
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In his memoir, Gerstner described the turnaround as difficult and often wrenching for an IBM culture that had become insular and
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366:(PC) into a mainstream product, the company could no longer monopolize its market. A proliferation of cheaper IBM-compatible
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Gerstner held the position of chairman of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard from January 2013 - through May 2021.
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456:, highlighting the impact of the Foundation's Helping Hands program and its approach to preventing homelessness.
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was forced to resign. The board initially looked within the computer industry for his successor. However Apple's
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Gerstner, L. (2002). Who says Elephants Can't Dance? Inside IBM's Historic Turnaround. pg 172.
658:"RJR Nabisco Hires Gerstner as CEO : American Express President Termed an Expert Marketer"
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231:, the best-selling account of IBM's transformation; and he is the co-author of the book
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Chairman, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (2014-present)
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A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution
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in 1999 for technical leadership in enhancing the competitiveness of U.S. industry.
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1133:"Eric Schmidt appointed incoming Chair of the Broad Institute Board of Directors"
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these successes, Gerstner hit a ceiling at American Express, as chief executive
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977:"Technology News, Analysis, Comments and Product Reviews for IT Professionals"
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One of the strategic visions that Gerstner set for IBM in 1993 was to make
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International and Comparative Business: Foundations of Political Economies
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As sales and profits rebounded, Gerstner was promoted to chairman and
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2012:
1982:
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IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade
597:"Gerstner Sloan Kettering School of Biomedical Sciences Leadership"
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expanded their market share, and entirely new entities such as the
367:
305:
233:
Reinventing Education: Entrepreneurship in America's Public Schools
94:
1264:
Shannon, Victoria; Tribune, International Herald (June 20, 2001).
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1962:
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872:"For a pioneer of technology, 100 years of "Think" - Yahoo! News"
1010:"Louis Gerstner III, Son of Celebrated IBM Chairman, Dies at 41"
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in April 1993. Under pressure from investors, his predecessor
1243:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
433:
In January 2003, Gerstner assumed the position of chairman of
2971:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1872:
1184:"Our Impact & Approach | Gerstner Family Foundation"
1032:
85:
2996:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
2096:
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403:
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Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
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In 1991, Gerstner received the Golden Plate Award of the
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112:
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Leading IBM's historic corporate turnaround in the 1990s
320:
were not interested (other rumored candidates included
1776:
614:. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. pp. 88–89.
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its heart and soul. He believed in the potential of
1363:
Full Biographical Profile of Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.
937:"Akers: A Nice Guy Who Lost His Compass (Jan 1993)"
819:
817:
815:
375:'s technical superiority to the dominant Microsoft
2936:American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
1083:"Louis V. Gerstner Jr. lays out his post-IBM life"
1301:
563:
2922:
2030:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1048:"The Decline and Fall of IBM | I, Cringely"
812:
951:"How Lou Gerstner Got IBM to Dance - GOOD2WORK"
796:Charan, Ram; Colvin, Geoffrey (June 21, 1999).
1263:
1210:"Opinion | Stop Homelessness Before It Starts"
677:Hill, Charles W. L.; Jones, Gareth R. (2011).
1792:
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681:. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 120.
655:
362:While IBM had been credited with turning the
1358:Official biography of Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.
908:IBM100 - e-business - Transforming the World
891:
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272:as chairman and chief executive officer of
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1378:Website for the Gerstner Family Foundation
398:software in the 1990s, hardware companies
292:Gerstner was hired as chairman and CEO of
31:
1707:The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman
1373:The Carlyle Group's biography of Gerstner
1332:
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533:
500:
340:HR chief, and three key line executives.
861:
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1208:Jr, Louis V. Gerstner (June 29, 2023).
1111:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. p. 67.
844:
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513:
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989:
726:"IBM fires Akers and slashes dividend"
609:
140:The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
2165:Center for The Business of Government
1780:
1431:
723:
484:Teachers College, Columbia University
471:Gerstner was elected a member of the
2951:American technology chief executives
2853:
1457:
990:Berger, Joseph (December 22, 1993).
839:
764:"He Loves to Win. At I.B.M., He Did"
761:
637:"American Express's Ace in the Hole"
196:, and also held senior positions at
1547:Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment
1344:Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner
848:
743:Cornwell, Rupert (August 1, 1993).
705:Cornwell, Rupert (August 1, 1993).
516:"How Lou Gerstner Got IBM To Dance"
514:DiCarlo, Lisa (November 11, 2002).
238:
13:
1295:
1207:
1028:"IBM at 100: A prosperous failure"
679:Essentials of Strategic Management
14:
3022:
1834:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1351:
1080:
724:Black, Larry (January 27, 1993).
612:Corporate Culture and Performance
2863:
2862:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2532:Sabre airline reservation system
2378:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
1761:
1760:
1317:Gerstner, Jr., Louis V. (2002).
656:Jesus Sanchez (March 14, 1989).
2045:Information Management Software
1743:Virtual Reality (advertisement)
1319:Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?
1257:
1251:American Academy of Achievement
1235:
1201:
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901:
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755:
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473:National Academy of Engineering
466:American Academy of Achievement
345:Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?
2966:Harvard Business School alumni
2798:International chess tournament
2578:Globally integrated enterprise
2568:Commercial Processing Workload
896:IBM100 - e-business - Overview
762:Lohr, Steve (March 10, 2002).
670:
649:
635:Leslie Wayne (June 30, 1985).
628:
603:
589:
229:Who Says Elephants Can't Dance
1:
3001:People from Mineola, New York
2986:McKinsey & Company people
2537:Scanning tunneling microscope
493:
192:Gerstner was formerly CEO of
38:
2956:Chaminade High School alumni
1738:Three World Financial Center
1159:"Gerstner Family Foundation"
7:
2405:Canada Head Office Building
2395:Cambridge Scientific Center
2287:Science Research Associates
2055:Mainframe operating systems
1368:IBM's biography of Gerstner
1306:. MBI Concepts Corporation.
417:
276:following its $ 25 billion
10:
3027:
3006:21st-century American Jews
2946:20th-century American Jews
2466:Virtual Universe Community
2187:International subsidiaries
2107:Service Automation Manager
1302:Peter E. Greulich (2014).
1266:"Tech Brief:IBM'S ROYALTY"
1163:Gerstner Family Foundation
825:"Broken Promises...at IBM"
227:Gerstner is the author of
183:Louis Vincent Gerstner Jr.
53:Louis Vincent Gerstner Jr.
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1995:
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1814:
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1407:
1399:
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488:Yale School of Management
459:
164:
156:
148:
134:
126:
111:Former Chairman and CEO,
105:Former Chairman and CEO,
101:
77:
48:
30:
23:
3011:The Carlyle Group people
2961:Dartmouth College alumni
2492:Automated teller machine
2446:The Great Mind Challenge
1829:Mergers and acquisitions
910:. Retrieved June 7, 2020
898:. Retrieved June 7, 2020
610:Kotter, John P. (1992).
2941:American Express people
2451:Linux Technology Center
1806:
1733:Small Business Saturday
1062:"Why IBM is in Decline"
282:Kohlberg Kravis Roberts
253:chief executive officer
218:Harvard Business School
2776:Dynamic infrastructure
2741:Big Blue sports teams
2547:Universal Product Code
1542:Railway Express Agency
1342:Robert Slater (1999).
851:"Why Did IBM Survive?"
546:"IBM Corp. Turnaround"
287:
204:. He is a graduate of
202:McKinsey & Company
2908:Vacuum tube computers
2792:IBM and the Holocaust
2757:Common Public License
2642:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
2425:Academy of Technology
1880:Power microprocessors
1718:World Monuments Watch
1593:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
1588:James D. Robinson III
266:James D. Robinson III
206:Chaminade High School
2522:Magnetic stripe card
2471:World Community Grid
2347:Toronto Software Lab
2003:Carbon Design System
1958:Cell microprocessors
1522:Ameriprise Financial
1107:McCann, Leo (2014).
829:www.businessweek.com
808:on January 18, 2014.
571:"Board of Directors"
243:Lou Gerstner joined
212:(1963) and holds an
135:Board member of
16:American businessman
2786:GUIDE International
2648:Samuel J. Palmisano
2507:Electronic keypunch
2331:One Atlantic Center
2301:Weather Underground
2297:The Weather Company
1645:Charlene Barshefsky
1578:Howard L. Clark Sr.
1420:Samuel J. Palmisano
1395:Business positions
1247:www.achievement.org
1214:Wall Street Journal
1087:The Washington Post
835:on August 17, 2000.
454:Wall Street Journal
392:Ogilvy & Mather
2888:Personal computers
2878:Midrange computers
2868:Navigational boxes
2761:IBM Public License
2736:A Boy and His Atom
2694:Michelle J. Howard
2636:John Fellows Akers
2618:T. Vincent Learson
2325:1250 René-Lévesque
2065:Planning Analytics
1537:Merchants Despatch
1493:Traveler's cheques
1337:. Harper Business.
1333:Doug Garr (1999).
1270:The New York Times
1137:broadinstitute.org
996:The New York Times
768:The New York Times
642:The New York Times
91:Harvard University
2918:
2917:
2883:Operating systems
2745:American football
2714:Joseph R. Swedish
2709:Martha E. Pollack
2612:Thomas Watson Jr.
2573:Customer engineer
2497:Cynefin framework
2383:Hakozaki Facility
2342:Rome Software Lab
2310:
2309:
2139:
2138:
2092:Rational Software
1991:
1990:
1973:Personal Computer
1968:Midrange computer
1774:
1773:
1713:Salad Oil scandal
1660:Vernon Jordan Jr.
1426:
1425:
1417:Succeeded by
1118:978-1-4129-4875-3
957:on March 25, 2012
882:on June 18, 2011.
688:978-1-133-38712-1
663:Los Angeles Times
435:The Carlyle Group
364:personal computer
210:Dartmouth College
180:
179:
119:The Carlyle Group
117:Former Chairman,
82:Dartmouth College
70:Mineola, New York
3018:
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2865:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2606:Thomas J. Watson
2527:Relational model
2476:Think conference
2357:330 North Wabash
2277:Microelectronics
2150:
2149:
2075:Quantum Platform
2020:Cognos Analytics
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1801:
1794:
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1778:
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1764:
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1685:Robert D. Walter
1675:Edward D. Miller
1608:Kenneth Chenault
1598:Sanford I. Weill
1527:First Data Corp.
1466:Payment products
1459:American Express
1452:
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1429:
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1400:Preceded by
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1139:. April 22, 2021
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849:Denning, Steve.
846:
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831:. Archived from
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804:. Archived from
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439:Washington, D.C.
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334:Sun Microsystems
322:Eckhard Pfeiffer
278:leveraged buyout
245:American Express
239:American Express
198:American Express
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2781:GlobalFoundries
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2542:Financial swaps
2517:Hard disk drive
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2388:Yamato Facility
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2102:Tivoli Software
1987:
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1532:Lehman Brothers
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577:. July 10, 2023
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2235:Kaleida Labs
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1915:Q System Two
1910:Q System One
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1690:Ron Williams
1680:Frank Popoff
1650:Ursula Burns
1603:Harvey Golub
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1483:Credit cards
1478:Charge cards
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2931:1942 births
2903:Typewriters
2809:Mathematica
2750:Rugby union
2689:Alex Gorsky
2656:(2012–2020)
2650:(2002–2011)
2644:(1993–2002)
2638:(1985–1993)
2632:(1981–1985)
2626:(1973–1981)
2620:(1971–1973)
2614:(1956–1971)
2608:(1914–1956)
2556:Terminology
2512:Floppy disk
2456:SkillsBuild
2419:Initiatives
2400:IBM Hursley
2374:Facilities
2025:Connections
1895:FlashSystem
1723:65 Broadway
1665:Jan Leschly
1573:J. C. Fargo
1563:Henry Wells
1383:Appearances
781:October 10,
377:Windows 3.0
274:RJR Nabisco
194:RJR Nabisco
142:(2013-2021)
121:(2003-2008)
107:RJR Nabisco
42: 1995
2925:Categories
2898:System/370
2893:System/360
2684:David Farr
2583:e-business
2485:Inventions
2434:Develothon
2315:Facilities
2175:Promontory
2170:Consulting
1670:Rick Levin
1636:(Chairman)
1583:Ralph Reed
1556:Executives
1488:ExpressPay
1414:1993-2002
1410:CEO of IBM
581:August 22,
494:References
388:balkanized
352:e-business
314:Bill Gates
298:John Akers
258:workaholic
138:Chairman,
59:1942-03-01
2766:Deep Blue
2672:directors
2131:WebSphere
2070:PureQuery
1978:Selectric
1953:Blue Gene
1868:Mainframe
1626:directors
1623:Corporate
1515:companies
1503:Plum Card
1278:0362-4331
1222:0099-9660
1014:Bloomberg
776:0362-4331
751:. London.
732:. London.
713:. London.
555:April 26,
525:April 26,
368:PC clones
318:Microsoft
308:chairman
216:from the
172:.gerstner
78:Education
37:Gerstner
2848:Category
2815:IBM Plex
2670:Board of
2563:Big Blue
2363:Honolulu
2272:Merative
2257:EduQuest
2240:Taligent
2209:Research
2146:entities
2144:Business
2085:OpenQASM
2013:Cloudant
1983:ThinkPad
1906:Quantum
1854:Hardware
1846:Products
1766:Category
1513:Spun-off
1283:July 26,
1168:April 8,
961:June 18,
418:Post-IBM
306:Motorola
208:(1959),
157:Children
2858:Commons
2825:ScicomP
2368:Seattle
2321:Towers
2267:Lexmark
2262:Kyndryl
2204:Red Hat
2153:Current
2124:Granite
2119:Watsonx
2035:Fortran
1963:PowerPC
1890:Storage
1861:Current
1824:History
1816:History
1748:Kabbage
1193:May 22,
1143:June 1,
1092:May 31,
550:HBR.org
441:global
165:Website
2830:Unions
2441:Fellow
2252:Cognos
2225:AdStar
2218:Former
2182:Kenexa
2160:Apptio
2114:Watson
2080:Qiskit
1946:Former
1935:Condor
1925:Osprey
1900:DS8000
1387:C-SPAN
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1067:Forbes
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855:Forbes
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520:Forbes
460:Honors
422:": -->
408:Google
381:Lenovo
326:Compaq
312:, and
149:Spouse
72:, U.S.
2728:Other
2199:Press
2192:India
2008:Cloud
1996:Other
1930:Heron
1920:Eagle
1873:IBM Z
1699:Other
1033:ZDNet
400:Apple
2873:FOSS
2598:CEOs
2502:DRAM
2097:SPSS
2040:ILOG
1323:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1285:2023
1274:ISSN
1229:2023
1218:ISSN
1195:2024
1170:2019
1145:2022
1113:ISBN
1094:2022
963:2011
921:ISBN
783:2023
772:ISSN
683:ISBN
616:ISBN
583:2023
557:2012
527:2012
437:, a
424:edit
404:Dell
402:and
373:OS/2
328:and
200:and
174:.org
49:Born
1808:IBM
1385:on
802:CNN
356:B2B
332:of
324:of
316:of
294:IBM
288:IBM
280:by
214:MBA
187:IBM
170:www
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