Lothal - Knowledge

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levelled (2000–1900 BCE), and inhabited by common tradesmen and newly built makeshift houses. The worst consequence was the shift in the course of the river, cutting off access to the ships and dock. The people built a new but shallow inlet to connect the flow channel to the dock for sluicing small ships into the basin. Large ships were moored away. Houses were rebuilt, yet without removal of flood debris, which made them poor-quality and susceptible to further damage. Public drains were replaced by soakage jars. The citizens did not undertake encroachments, and rebuilt public baths. However, with a poorly organised government, and no outside agency or central government, the public works could not be properly repaired or maintained. The heavily damaged warehouse was never repaired properly, and stocks were stored in wooden canopies, exposed to floods and fire. The economy of the city was transformed. Trade volumes reduced greatly, though not catastrophically, and resources were available in lesser quantities. Independent businesses caved, allowing a merchant-centric system of factories to develop where hundreds of craftsmen worked for the same supplier and financier. The bead factory had ten living rooms and a large workplace courtyard. The coppersmith's workshop had five furnaces and paved sinks to enable multiple artisans to work.

1363:, 220 metres (720 feet) long, built on the western arm of the dock, with a ramp leading to the warehouse and acropolis, built on a packed mud platform, original 4.26 metres (14.0 feet) in height (Now it is 3.35 metres or 11.0 feet.) on the south western flank of the basin. The warehouse was originally built on sixty-four cubical blocks, 3.6 metres (12 feet) square, with 1.2-metre (3.9-foot) passages, and based on a 3.5-metre (11-foot) mud-brick podium. The pedestal was very high to provide maximum protection from floods. Brick-paved passages between blocks served as vents, and a direct ramp led to the dock to facilitate loading. The warehouse was located close to the acropolis, to allow tight supervision by ruling authorities. Despite elaborate precautions, the major floods that brought the city's decline destroyed all but twelve blocks, which became the makeshift storehouse. 1038:

It had an immaculate network of underground drains, silting chambers and cesspools, and inspection chambers for solid waste. The extent of drains provided archaeologists with many clues regarding the layout of streets, organisation of housing and baths. On average, the main sewer is 20–46 cm (7.9–18.1 in) in depth, with outer dimensions of 86 × 68 × 33 cm (34 × 27 × 13 in). Lothal brick-makers used a logical approach in manufacture of bricks, designed with care in regards to thickness of structures. They were used as headers and stretchers in same and alternate layers. Archaeologists estimate that in most cases, the bricks were in ratio 1:0.5:0.25 on three sides, in dimensions which were integral multiples of large graduations of Lothal scale of 25 mm (0.98 in).

512: 1345: 115: 1265:. Artistic imagination is also suggested via careful portrayals—for example, several birds with legs aloft in the sky suggest flight, while half-opened wings suggest imminent flight. On a miniature jar, the story of the thirsty crow and deer is depicted – of how the deer could not drink from the narrow-mouth of the jar, while the crow succeeded by dropping stones in the jar. The features of the animals are clear and graceful. Movements and emotions are suggested by the positioning of limbs and facial features—in a 15 cm × 5 cm (5.9 in × 2.0 in) jar without overcrowding. 949: 7739: 7605: 6764: 6697: 6566: 5949: 5551: 1020:

scales that are integrated and linear (others found in Harappa and Mohenjodaro). An ivory scale from Lothal has the smallest-known decimal divisions in Indus civilisation. The scale is 6 millimetres (0.2 inches) thick, 15 mm (0.59 in) broad and the available length is 128 mm (5.0 in), but only 27 graduations are visible over 46 mm (1.8 in), the distance between graduation lines being 1.70 mm (0.067 in) (the small size indicates use for fine purposes). The sum total of ten graduations from Lothal is approximate to the

122: 94: 66: 59: 813:, or collection chamber to deposit solid waste in order to prevent the clogging of city drains. Drains, manholes, and cesspools deposited the waste in the river which was washed out during high tide maintaining the cleanliness of the city. A new provincial style of Harappan art and painting was pioneered. The new approaches included realistic portrayals of animals in their natural surroundings. Metalware, gold and jewellery and tastefully decorated ornaments attest to the culture and prosperity of the people of Lothal. 749: 42: 87: 3851: 882: 708: 287: 1166: 1008: 1047: 776: 801: 1408: 1299: 962: 793: 504: 763:). Harappans based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to expand their settlement and create a planned township on the lines of greater cities in the Indus valley. Lothal planners engaged themselves to protect the area from consistent floods. The town was divided into blocks of 1- 2m high (3–6 ft) platforms of sun-dried bricks, each serving 20–30 houses of thick mud and brick walls. The city was divided into a 1337: 1174: 1466: 1416:

platform on which houses were built are formed by mud-brick structures of 12.2–24.4 metres (40–80 ft) thickness and 2.1–3.6 metres (6.9–11.8 ft) high. The identified bathing platforms are located in the acropolis, and part of mostly two-roomed houses with open courtyards. The bricks used for paving the bathing platforms were polished to prevent seepage. The pavements were lime-plastered, and edges were

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poorly built houses and reed huts. That they were the Harappan peoples is evidenced by the analyses of their remains in the cemetery. While the trade and resources of the city were almost entirely gone, the people retained several Harappan ways in writing, pottery, and utensils. About this time ASI archaeologists record a mass movement of refugees from Punjab and Sindh into Saurashtra and to the valley of

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and 0.9 metres (3.0 ft) in depth survives in the north of the structure, and a 1 metre (3.3 ft) square sluice gate or spillway, that appears could have been dammed by a wooden gate, exists in the south face of the structure. When the river changed its course in 2000 BCE, a canal approximately 7 metres (23 feet) wide and 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) long, was dug to the new river course.

695:— an ancient extension of the northern river channel bed of a tributary of the Bhogavo river. Small channel widths (10–300 m or 33–984 ft) when compared to the lower reaches (1.2–1.6 km or 0.75–0.99 mi) suggest the presence of a strong tidal influence upon the city—tidal waters ingressed up to and beyond the city. Upstream elements of this river provided a suitable source of 632: 1307:

superstructures of all buildings have receded. However, the dwarfed walls, platforms, two wells, drains, and paved bathing platforms are visible. The dock walls were also preserved beyond the great deluge (c.1900 BCE) due to the loam that was deposited by persistent floods. Erosion and brick robbery are responsible for the absence of high standing walls as well as the ancient

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the growth and prosperity of the trade. However, with rising prosperity, Lothal's people failed to upkeep their walls and dock facilities, possibly as a result of over-confidence in their systems. A flood of moderate intensity in 2050 BCE exposed some serious weaknesses in the structure, but the problems were not addressed properly.

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flank. The lower town was subdivided into two sectors. A north–south arterial street was the main commercial area. It was flanked by shops of rich and ordinary merchants and craftsmen. The residential area was located to either side of the marketplace. The lower town was also periodically enlarged during Lothal's years of prosperity.

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are connected with each other, the upper chamber and the stokehold. The mud plaster of the floors and walls are vitrified owing to intense heat during work. The remnants of raw materials such as reed, cow dung, sawdust, and agate are found, giving archaeologists hints of how the kiln was operated. A

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of ocean going vessels, with inland craft having to be used to ferry goods to ocean going vessels birthed elsewhere. The identification of just two wells in the town, one on the southern edge of the dock and the other on the acropolis, were also offered to support the alternative primary purpose, as

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Red Ware period and not in contemporary Indus cultures. Lothal artists introduced a new form of realistic painting. Paintings depict animals in their natural surroundings. On one large vessel, the artist depicts birds with fish in their beaks, resting in a tree, while a fox-like animal stands below.

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roofs, and an apron of kiln-fired bricks over the brick face of the platform where the sewerage entered the cesspool. Wooden screens inserted in grooves in the side drain walls held back solid waste. The well is built of radial bricks, 2.4 metres (7.9 feet) in diameter and 6.7 metres (22 feet) deep.

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There was an important public building opposite to the warehouse whose superstructure has completely disappeared. Throughout their time, the city had to brace itself through multiple floods and storms. Dock and city peripheral walls were maintained efficiently. The town's zealous rebuilding ensured

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The trapezoidal, burn brick, structure is located on the east of the town and away from the main river channel, to possibly avoid deposition of silt. The north–south length averages 215 metres (705 feet), and east–west width of 35 metres (115 feet). An inlet approximately 7 metres (23 ft) wide

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The uniform organization of the town and its institutions make it evident that the Harappans were very disciplined people. Commerce and administrative duties were performed according to standards laid out. Municipal administration was strict – the width of most streets remained the same over a long

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and a lower town. The rulers of the town lived in the acropolis, which featured houses with paved bathing platforms, underground and surface drains (built of kiln-fired bricks) and potable water well. The acropolis also housed the towns warehouse, with a ramp down to the basin, on the towns eastern

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The town center of Acropolis was the political and commercial heart of Lothal measuring at 127.4 metres (418 feet) east-to-west by 60.9 metres (200 feet) north-to-south. There were three streets and two lanes running east–west, and two streets running north–south. The four sides of the rectangular

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Archaeological evidence shows that the site continued to be inhabited, albeit by a much smaller population devoid of urban influences. The few people who returned to Lothal could not reconstruct and repair their city, but surprisingly continued to stay and preserved religious traditions, living in

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Speculation suggests that owing to the comparatively small dimensions of the main city (7 hectares (17 acres)), Lothal was not a large settlement at all, and its "dock" was perhaps an irrigation tank. However, the ASI and other contemporary archaeologists assert that the city was a part of a major

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which was also connected to an outside drain that discharged into the dock. The lower town marketplace was on the main north–south street 6–8 metres (20–26 ft) wide. Built in straight rows on either side of the street are residences and workshops, although brick-built drains and early period

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On plan, Lothal stands 285 metres (935 feet) north-to-south and 228 metres (748 feet) east-to-west. At the height of its habitation, it covered a wider area since remains have been found 300 metres (980 feet) south of the mound. Due to the fragile nature of unbaked bricks and frequent floods, the

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in almost every seal. Stamp seals with inserted copper rings in a perforated button were used to seal the cargo with impressions of packing materials like mats, twisted cloth, and cords. These seals were only verified at Lothal. Quantitative descriptions along with seals of rulers and owners were

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The people of Lothal worshipped a fire god who is speculated to be the horned deity depicted on seals. The presence of private and public fire-altars where religious ceremonies were hosted further testifies to their spiritual beliefs. Archaeologists have discovered gold pendants, charred ashes of

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continues, archaeological evidence gathered by the ASI appears to point to natural catastrophes, specifically floods and storms as the source of Lothal's downfall. A powerful flood submerged the town and destroyed most of the houses, with the walls and platforms heavily damaged. The acropolis was

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under partly oxidising and reducing conditions was improved by them—designated black-and-red ware, to the micaceous Red Ware. Harappans were attracted to Lothal for its sheltered harbour, rich cotton and rice-growing environment and bead-making industry. The beads and gems of Lothal were in great

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The main inlet is 12.8 metres (42 feet) wide, and another is provided on the opposite side. To counter the thrust of water, offsets were provided on the outer wall faces. At high tide flow of 2.1–2.4 metres (6.9–7.9 ft) of water would have allowed ships to enter. Provision was made for the

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The National Institute of Oceanography, Goa discovered foraminifera (marine microfossils) and salt, gypsum crystals (due to evapouration of seawater) in the rectangular structure clearly indicating that sea water once filled the structure, though Leshnik argued these could have been left through

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to measure angles on plane surfaces such as housing alignments, roads or land surveys. S.R. Rao also suggested that it could have functioned as an instrument for measuring angles and perhaps the position of stars and thus for navigation like a sextant. Lothal contributes one of three measurement

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were made of shell. An ivory workshop was operated under strict official supervision, and the domestication of elephants has been suggested. An ivory seal, and sawn pieces for boxes, combs, rods, inlays and ear-studs were found during excavations. Lothal produced a large quantity of gold

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ornaments—the most attractive item being microbeads of gold in five strands in necklaces, unique for being less than 0.25 millimetres (0.010 inches) in diameter. Cylindrical, globular and jasper beads of gold with edges at right angles resemble modern pendants used by women in

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large mud-brick building faces the factory, and its significance is noted by its plan. Four large rooms and a hall, with an overall measurement of 17.1 by 12.8 metres (56 ft × 42 ft). The hall has a large doorway and a raised floor in the southern corner of the building.

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ingress and prolonged exposure to the rain and sun are gradually eating away the remains of the site. Heavy rain in the region has damaged the remains of the sun-dried mud brick constructions. Stagnant rain water has lathered the brick and mud work with layers of moss. Due to

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The declining prosperity of the town, paucity of resources and poor administration increased the woes of a people pressured by consistent floods and storms. Increased salinity of soil made the land inhospitable to life, including crops. This is evidenced in adjacent cities of

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Rao's identification of basin as a dock was challenged by Leshnik in 1968 and later Yule in 1982, who offered an alternative assessment of the feature as primarily an irrigation tank. In their assessment the dimensions of the "inlet" are not large enough to accommodate the

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cities—experts consider this a sign of the existence of diversity in religious traditions. However, it is believed that a sea goddess, perhaps cognate with the general Indus-era Mother Goddess, was worshipped. Today, the local villagers likewise worship a sea goddess,

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demand in the west. The settlers lived peacefully with the Red Ware people, who adopted their lifestyle, evidenced from the flourishing trade and changing working techniques. Harappans began producing the indigenous ceramic goods, adopting the manner from the natives.

933:) completely destroyed the flagging township in a single stroke. Archaeological analysis shows that the basin and dock were sealed with silt and debris, and the buildings razed to the ground. The flood affected the entire region of Saurashtra, Sindh and south 1311:, inlet channel, and riverbed. The flood-damaged peripheral wall of mud-bricks is visible near the warehouse area. The remnants of the north–south sewer are burnt bricks in the cesspool. Cubical blocks of the warehouse on a high platform are also visible. 1238:(chlorite). The Lothal excavation yielded 213 seals, third in volume amongst all Indus sites. Seal-cutters preferred short-horned bulls, mountain goats, tigers and composite animals like the elephant-bull for engravings. There is a short inscription of 1072:, suggesting a connection with the ancient port's traditions and historical past as an access to the sea. But the archaeologists also discovered that the practice had been given up by 2000 BCE (determined by the difference in burial times of the 1428:

The bead factory, which performs a very important economic function, possesses a central courtyard and eleven rooms, a store, and a guardhouse. There is a cinder dump as well as a double-chambered circular kiln with stoke-holes for fuel supply. Four

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It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the

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The ASI has covered the peripheral walls, the wharf, and many houses of the early phase with earth to protect from natural phenomena, but the entire archaeological site is nevertheless facing grave concerns about necessary preservation.

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housing has now disappeared. The street maintained a uniform width and did not undergo encroachment during the reconstructive periods after deluges. There are multiple two-roomed shops and workplaces of coppersmiths and blacksmiths.

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Rice was the major food crop but Ragi, jowar was also popular in lothal. Various types of lentils were also part of the diet. The bones of many animals including domesticated and wild give the indication of a wide food culture.

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remains). It is suggested that the practice occurred only on occasion. It is also considered that given the small number of graves discovered—only 17 in an estimated population of 15,000—the citizens of Lothal also practised

667:, Lothal seems not only to have survived but to have thrived for many years. Its constant threats – tropical storms and floods – caused immense destruction, which destabilised the culture and ultimately caused its end. 980:

a completely de-urbanised culture characterised by rising illiteracy, less complex economy, unsophisticated administration and poverty. Though Indus seals went out of use, the system of weights with an 8.573 gram

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translates to the same. People in villages neighbouring to Lothal had known of the presence of an ancient town and human remains. As recently as 1850, boats could sail up to the mound. In 1942, timber was shipped from

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in Gujarat. Lothal provides with the largest collection of antiquities in the archaeology of modern India. It is essentially a single culture site—the Harappan culture in all its variances is evidenced. An indigenous

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select stones of variegated colours, producing beads of different shapes and sizes. The methods of Lothal bead-makers were so advanced that no improvements have been noted over 4,000 years—modern makers in the

469:. The nearest cities are Dholka and Bagodara. Resuming excavation in 1961, archaeologists unearthed trenches sunk on the northern, eastern and western flanks of the mound, bringing to light the inlet channels and 816:

Most of their equipment: metal tools, weights, measures, seals, earthenware and ornaments were of the uniform standard and quality found across the Indus civilization. Lothal was a major trade centre, importing

539:. The Archaeological Survey of India undertook a new program of exploration, and excavation. Many sites were discovered across northwestern India. Between 1954 and 1958, more than 50 sites were excavated in the 1272:

in Egypt). The realistic portrayal of human beings and animals suggests a careful study of anatomical and natural features. The bust of a male with slit eyes, sharp nose, and square-cut beard is reminiscent of

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All the construction were made of fire dried bricks, lime and sand mortar and not by sun-dried bricks as bricks are still intact after 4000 years and still bonded together with each other with the mortar bond.

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technique of casting, and used more than one-piece moulds for casting birds and animals. They also invented new tools such as curved saws and twisted drills unknown to other civilisations at the time.

985:) unit was retained. Between 1700 and 1600 BCE, trade would revive again. In Lothal, Harappan ceramic works of bowls, dishes and jars were mass-produced. Merchants used local materials such as 6544: 3210: 837:, fish-hooks, chisels, spears and ornaments. Lothal exported its beads, gemstones, ivory and shells. The stone blade industry catered to domestic needs—fine chert was imported from the 1420:(wooden panels) by thin walls. The ruler's residence was 43.92 square metres (472.8 square feet) and hosted a 1.8 square metres (19 square feet) bathing platform with contiguous squat 731:. The indigenous people maintained a prosperous economy, attested by the discovery of copper objects, beads and semi-precious stones. Ceramic wares were of fine clay and smooth, 6245: 4572: 1109:, arrowheads, fishhooks, chisels, bangles, rings, drills, and spearheads, although weapon manufacturing was minor. They also employed advanced metallurgy in following the 2707: 1268:

A complete set of terra-cotta gamesmen, has been found in Lothal—animal figures, pyramids with ivory handles and castle-like objects (similar to the chess set of Queen

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weights has also been debated, as have the source of the estuarine shells from the dock, 5 terracotta models of boats and a circular Persian Gulf seal from Bahrain.

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Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India Offers Surprising New Evidence For Cultural Complexity in Little-known Ahar-banas Culture, Circa 3000-1500 B.C

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and pre-Harappan. Two sub-periods of Harappan culture are distinguished: the same period (between 2400 and 1900 BCE) is identical to the exuberant culture of

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for stone blades. Truncated sandstone weights replaced hexahedron chert weights. The sophisticated painting style reduced itself to wavy lines, loops and fronds.

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for the preservation of ancient monuments, discovered Lothal in 1954. Excavation work in Lothal commenced on 13 February 1955 and continued till 19 May 1960.

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terra-cotta cakes and pottery, bovine remains, beads and other signs that may indicate the practice of the Gavamayana sacrifice, associated with the ancient

7807: 6954: 6870: 3092: 651:, Lothal's river provided direct access to sea routes. Although now sealed off from the sea, Lothal's topography and geology reflects its maritime past. 7802: 603:

to Saragwala via the mound. A silted creek connecting modern Bholad with Lothal and Saragwala represents the ancient flow channel of a river or creek.

1324:, the dockyard's draft has been reduced by 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft) and saline deposits are decaying the bricks. Officials blame the salinity on 6748: 4557: 4279: 1250:

Lothal offers two new types of pottery, a convex bowl with or without stud handle and a small jar with flaring rim, both of which were found in the

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Lothal was one of the most important centres of production for shell-working, owing to the abundance of chank shell of high quality found in the

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were popular in Lothal. A ring of thin copper wire turned into double spirals resembles the gold-wire rings used by modern Hindus for weddings.

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and valuable ornaments reaching the far corners of West Asia and Africa. The techniques and tools they pioneered for bead-making and in

7507: 7487: 4329: 4294: 4284: 4024: 3896: 1945: 5423: 159: 7797: 7767: 7575: 6620: 3942: 3125: 2979:, in M. Perna (Ed.), Studi in Onore di Enrica Fiandra. Contributi di archeologia egea e vicinorientale, Naples 2005, pp. 65–103. 2977:

The Lothal Sealings: Records from an Indus Civilization Town at the Eastern End of the Maritime Trade Circuits across the Arabian Sea

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crystals in the rectangular structure clearly indicating that sea water once filled the structure and it was definitely a dockyard.

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escape of excess water through the outlet channel, 96.5 metres (317 feet) wide and 1.7 metres (5.6 feet) high in the southern arm.

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A block of bricks placed in the main drainage canal with four holes, from which the net to filter out solid waste was installed

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Paleoenvironments around the Harappan port of Lothal, Gujarat, western India, in Journal of the Indian Geophysicists Union

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and carnelian beads are among those attributed as uniquely from Lothal. It was very famous for micro-cylindrical beads of

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shells, ladles and inlays were made for export and local consumption. Components of stringed musical instruments like the

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railway line. It is also connected by all-weather roads to the cities of Ahmedabad (85 km/53 mi), Bhavnagar,

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as well as natural disasters, as suggested by environmental magnetic records. Lothal is based upon a mound that was a

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people (c. 3000 BCE), Lothal was a small village next to the river providing access to the mainland from the

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in 2004 revealed an ancient, meandering river adjacent to Lothal, 30 kilometres (19 miles) in length according to

7254: 6605: 6230: 5372: 5018: 4927: 3160: 5293: 873:. One of the evidence of trade in Lothal is the discovery of typical Persian gulf seals, a circular button seal 58: 7244: 6651: 6630: 4451: 4360: 3639: 2963: 2893: 2804: 2782: 2760: 2676: 2654: 2632: 2494: 2472: 2447: 2425: 2403: 2381: 2356: 2331: 2309: 2284: 2236: 2214: 2192: 2170: 2148: 2126: 2104: 2082: 2060: 2038: 1996: 1967: 1905: 1883: 1840: 1778: 1340:

The dock, with a canal opening to allow water to flow into the river, thereby maintaining a stable water level.

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and point out that cracks are emerging and foundations weakening even as restoration work slowly progresses.

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of the dead. Post-cremation burials have been noted in other Indus sites like Harappa, Mehi and Damb-Bhuti.

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a tank to irrigate vegetables in the adjoining fields, a place to bathe, and a quay to unload river boats.

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from probable sources in the Arabian peninsula. Workers mixed tin with copper for the manufacture of

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has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary.

974:(1900–1700 BCE). Hundreds of ill-equipped settlements have been attributed to this people as 687:

inundated by tide. Remote sensing and topographical studies published by Indian scientists in the

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in plaits of hair. A large disc with holes recovered from a sacrificial altar is compared to the

945:, where scores of villages and townships were washed away. The population fled to inner regions. 833:, and mass distributing to inner villages and towns. It also produced large quantities of bronze 7560: 5984: 2958:. Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 9, Munich, 1982 = AVA-Materialien, 7682: 7550: 7195: 7004: 6999: 6929: 6819: 6662: 6534: 6267: 5697: 5648: 5591: 5536: 5390: 2599: 2573: 1379:

The purpose of the 5 stone weights found around the basin, as to whether they were anchors or

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century

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Lothal: A Harappan Port Town (1955–1962) (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India)

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American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 70, No. 5 (Oct., 1968), pp. 911–922

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typically used by coppersmiths across the rest of the Indus valley. The city imported

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rainfall. Thus the cause for the abandonment of the city may have been changes in the

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A thick ring-like shell object found with four slits each in two margins served as a

692: 587: 473:("ravine", or "gully") connecting the dock with the river. The findings consist of a 400:

and that Lothal was a comparatively small town, and that the "dock" was primarily an

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Prominent city of the ancient Indus valley civilization (present-day Gujarat, India)

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Lothal was a vital and thriving trade centre in ancient times, with its trade of

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also shows signs that at about the time of its demise, the region suffered from

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Leshnik, Lawrence S. (1968). "The Harappan "Port" at Lothal: Another View".

1217:) attest to the popularity of the Indus bead industry across West Asia. The 1165: 1007: 590:

is "the mound of the dead". This is not unusual, as the name of the city of

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Remains of, meter square, sluice gate, south face, built with burnt bricks.

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time, and no encroached structures were built. Householders possessed a

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until very recently in history. Owing to this, and the proximity of the

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worn by Vedic priests. Studs, cogwheel and heart-shaped ornaments of

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river system on the trade route of the ancient peoples from Sindh to

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According to the ASI, arguably Lothal had the world's earliest known

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A coastal route may have existed linking sites such as Lothal and

495:, and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO. 7667: 7114: 6610: 6502: 5899: 5869: 5824: 5809: 5794: 5789: 5742: 5712: 5435: 5242: 5237: 5174: 5114: 5077: 4922: 4901: 4886: 4839: 4715: 4674: 4638: 4567: 4501: 4304: 4243: 4191: 4161: 4156: 4146: 4121: 4070: 3962: 3957: 3906: 3840: 3634: 3534: 3524: 3519: 3499: 3484: 3335: 3285: 3250: 2990: 1421: 1380: 1336: 1244: 1173: 1150: 1142: 1125: 1098: 1064: 1016: 934: 838: 830: 764: 736: 724: 680: 676: 672: 664: 621: 600: 532: 482: 357: 319: 146: 631: 7718: 7363: 7184: 6168: 6074: 5919: 5874: 5819: 5779: 5763: 5737: 5681: 5526: 5453: 5357: 5325: 5315: 5263: 5164: 5097: 4562: 4552: 4435: 4350: 4345: 4201: 4060: 3967: 3514: 3479: 3459: 3429: 1308: 1247:—circular, with motif of a dragon flanked by jumping gazelles. 1231: 1089: 1059:. Animal worship is also evidenced, but not the worship of the 1034: 942: 489: 466: 462: 424: 2509:"Excavation Sites in Gujarat – Archaeological Survey of India" 1450:

on the Makran coast. Lothal also had trade relations with the

1033:

For their renowned draining system, Lothal engineers provided

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A.S. Khadikar, N. Basaviah, T. K. Gundurao and C. Rajshekhar

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The bathroom-toilet structure of the ruler's house in Lothal

380:. However, this interpretation has been challenged by other 46:

Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at Lothal

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by 500 kilometres (310 miles) to the river Kim, where the

5310: 1864:. Journal of the Indian Geophysics Union (Vol. 8, No. 1). 412: 445:

Lothal is situated near the village of Saragwala in the

1525:"Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal" 1194: 756:

A flood destroyed village foundations and settlements (

616:

Red Ware culture also existed, which is believed to be

396:) is older, dating its construction to between 2580 to 348:, which connected the city to an ancient course of the 442:

have stood the test of time for over 4000 years.

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area follow the same technique. Double-eye beads of

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Lothal. Stadt der Harappa-Kultur in Nordwest-Indien

1243:stamped on goods. A unique seal found here is from 488:The Lothal site was nominated, in April 2014, as a 306:) was one of the southernmost sites of the ancient 2882:" (published in "Uttar Pradesh" in November 1961). 1676: 1674: 1499:, a tourism complex under construction near Lothal 3690: 2739:"Shipping and Maritime Trade of the Indus People" 1169:Archaeological Museum of Lothal, replica of seal. 7754: 2920:Rajasthan and Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide 1736:Rajasthan and Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide 1698:. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from 567:. Lothal stands 670 kilometers (420 miles) from 3000:Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization 2566:"Ancient Lothal crumbling under modern neglect" 2257:. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2006 1671: 2018:The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan 1721:https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5918/ 752:Bathing platform and communal drain, acropolis 5019: 3676: 3100: 3086: 2987:The Lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization 2824:. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 167. 2586: 1733:Robert W. Bradnock, Anil Mulchandani (2001). 1624:"The Harappan "Port" at Lothal: Another View" 1255:This scene bears resemblance to the story of 1097:Lothal copper is unusually pure, lacking the 804:An ancient well, and the city drainage canals 876: 787: 7808:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat 3211:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation 3201:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation 2911:The Harappan "Port" at Lothal: Another View 1402: 1084: 1003:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization 7561:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 7508:International Congress of Maritime Museums 7488:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 6780: 5026: 5012: 3683: 3669: 3093: 3079: 2619: 2617: 2296: 2294: 1591:"World's First Port Discovered in Red Sea" 1277:figures, especially stone sculptures from 996: 40: 7803:Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district 7621: 7576:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 2970:Mohenjo-daro and Indus Civilisation I–III 2795: 2773: 2751: 2667: 2645: 2623: 2572:. India. 14 December 1998. Archived from 2485: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2438: 2416: 2394: 2372: 2347: 2322: 2300: 2275: 2227: 2205: 2183: 2161: 2139: 2117: 2095: 2073: 2051: 2029: 1987: 1958: 1896: 1874: 1856: 1831: 1769: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1356:Facilitating the movement of cargo was a 956: 689:Journal of the Indian Geophysicists Union 485:-era antiquities in India are displayed. 2368: 2366: 2343: 2341: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1742:. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 276. 1668:Leshnik, "The Harappan 'Port' at Lothal" 1406: 1343: 1335: 1297: 1172: 1164: 1088: 1045: 1006: 960: 947: 937:, and affected the upper reaches of the 880: 799: 791: 774: 747: 706: 630: 578:The meaning of Lothal (a combination of 510: 502: 285: 7813:World Heritage Tentative List for India 7546:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 2614: 2589:"Harappan mound needs the kiss of life" 2291: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1796: 1621: 1480:List of Indus Valley Civilization sites 1284: 889:While the wider debate over the end of 735:red surface. A new technique of firing 559:site accesses the valley of the rivers 7755: 7498:European Association of Archaeologists 4041:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park 2844: 2811: 2767: 2745: 2661: 2544:. Universities Press. pp. 12–13. 2537: 2454: 2316: 2133: 2111: 2067: 1944:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1852: 1850: 1510: 301: 7620: 6779: 6754:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 6712: 6582: 6581: 5964: 5566: 5045: 5033: 5007: 3664: 3074: 2817: 2789: 2722:"Indian Archaeology 1961-62 A Review" 2639: 2410: 2363: 2338: 2269: 2199: 2155: 2045: 2023: 1952: 1890: 1785: 1562: 1230:and collared or gold-capped beads of 1189:beads and non-etched barrel beads in 643:) peninsula, which was a part of the 527:in 1947, most Indus sites, including 356:. This trade route stretched between 2892:(published by the Director General, 2432: 2388: 2177: 1974: 1868: 1825: 1763: 1726: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 853:supplied semi-precious stones while 635:To the northwest of Lothal lies the 551:peninsulas, extending the limits of 7493:Archaeological Institute of America 2479: 1847: 1696:"Excavations – Important – Gujarat" 1293: 13: 2975:Dennys Frenez & Maurizio Tosi 2851:. Universities Press. p. 15. 2580: 2221: 2089: 1497:National Maritime Heritage Complex 409:National Institute of Oceanography 376:desert of today was a part of the 14: 7829: 7503:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 6893:Coastal defence and fortification 6268:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 5568:Navigation, and ports and harbors 4773:Subrahmanya Temple, Saluvankuppam 3017: 2934:Lothal and the Indus Civilisation 1859:"Paleoenvironments around Lothal" 1608: 290:Lothal Archaeological information 7798:4th-millennium BC establishments 7768:Former populated places in India 7737: 7603: 7528:Society for American Archaeology 6762: 6695: 6564: 5947: 5549: 3849: 1464: 743: 120: 113: 92: 85: 64: 57: 7793:1954 archaeological discoveries 7778:Indus Valley civilisation sites 7763:Archaeological sites in Gujarat 6960:Phoenician discovery of America 3055:"Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization" 2989:(1995), Kusumanjali Prakashan, 2838: 2731: 2714: 2700: 2689:| title = Lothal | publisher = 2683: 2558: 2531: 2501: 2243: 2003: 1912: 1857:Khadkikar; et al. (2004). 6652:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 4452:Anakkara megalithic necropolis 4361:Brahmagiri archaeological site 3640:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 3034:Ancient Civilizations Timeline 2894:Archaeological Survey of India 2805:Archaeological Survey of India 2783:Archaeological Survey of India 2761:Archaeological Survey of India 2677:Archaeological Survey of India 2655:Archaeological Survey of India 2633:Archaeological Survey of India 2495:Archaeological Survey of India 2473:Archaeological Survey of India 2448:Archaeological Survey of India 2426:Archaeological Survey of India 2404:Archaeological Survey of India 2382:Archaeological Survey of India 2357:Archaeological Survey of India 2332:Archaeological Survey of India 2310:Archaeological Survey of India 2285:Archaeological Survey of India 2237:Archaeological Survey of India 2215:Archaeological Survey of India 2193:Archaeological Survey of India 2171:Archaeological Survey of India 2149:Archaeological Survey of India 2127:Archaeological Survey of India 2105:Archaeological Survey of India 2083:Archaeological Survey of India 2061:Archaeological Survey of India 2039:Archaeological Survey of India 1997:Archaeological Survey of India 1968:Archaeological Survey of India 1906:Archaeological Survey of India 1884:Archaeological Survey of India 1841:Archaeological Survey of India 1779:Archaeological Survey of India 1714: 1688: 1662: 1583: 1556: 1542: 825:and semi-precious stones from 515:Extent and major sites of the 498: 332:Archaeological Survey of India 271:Archaeological Survey of India 121: 93: 65: 1: 7818:Water Heritage Sites in India 7571:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 6246:Phoenician maritime expansion 5784: 3692:Archaeological sites in India 2869: 1811:10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00070 1640:10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00070 1622:Leshnik, Lawrence S. (1968). 927: 757: 525:British India was partitioned 7513:Nautical Archaeology Society 3766:Gudiwada Dibba, Vizianagaram 3645:Northern Black Polished Ware 2741:. Expedition Magazine. 1965. 1529:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 659:civilisation had decayed in 325: 7: 7566:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 6943:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 6749:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 6606:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 5965: 5046: 3161:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 1550:"Where does history begin?" 1457: 1331: 1063:that is evidenced in other 1041: 821:raw materials like copper, 215:Approximately 2400 BCE 10: 7834: 7422:Phoenician Ship Expedition 6713: 6263:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 6256:Circumnavigation of Africa 4386:Kallur archaeological site 3847: 2697:| pages = 31 | year = 1982 1000: 711:Location of Lothal in the 702: 18: 7735: 7627: 7616: 7601: 7536: 7478: 7281: 7265: 7013: 6948:Samothrace temple complex 6883: 6838: 6797: 6790: 6786: 6775: 6760: 6719: 6708: 6693: 6591: 6577: 6562: 6515: 6468: 6321: 6288: 6281: 6219: 6020: 5977: 5973: 5960: 5945: 5664: 5577: 5573: 5562: 5547: 5499: 5434: 5371: 5256: 5225: 5058: 5054: 5041: 4915: 4869: 4848: 4822: 4781: 4740: 4724: 4698: 4667: 4591: 4530: 4444: 4338: 4272: 4236: 4215: 4109: 4033: 4012: 3996: 3915: 3889: 3858: 3698: 3650:Painted Grey Ware culture 3627: 3603: 3364: 3240: 3219: 3169: 3108: 3102:Indus Valley Civilisation 3039:The Harappan Civilization 1569:. Routledge. p. 25. 877:Architectural development 788:Economy and urban culture 717:Indus Valley Civilization 517:Indus Valley civilization 308:Indus Valley civilisation 276: 266: 258: 250: 242: 237: 229: 224:Indus Valley Civilization 219: 211: 206: 198: 190: 153: 141: 51: 39: 6236:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 3206:Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro 1503: 1437: 1403:Acropolis and lower town 1185:The discovery of etched 1124:coast. Gamesmen, beads, 1085:Metallurgy and jewellery 1050:Twin burial from Lothal. 7518:RPM Nautical Foundation 7255:Surviving ancient ships 7174:Marsala Punic shipwreck 4512:Thovarimala Ezhuthupara 3004:Oxford University Press 2818:Singh, Upinder (2008). 2255:Encyclopædia Britannica 1799:American Anthropologist 1628:American Anthropologist 997:Science and engineering 965:The warehouse of Lothal 368:) and the peninsula of 7551:Giza Solar boat museum 7005:Underwater exploration 7000:Underwater archaeology 6965:Pre-Columbian theories 6820:John Sinclair Morrison 6781:Research and education 6231:Austronesian Expansion 3604:Indus Valley sites in 3365:Indus Valley sites in 3241:Indus Valley sites in 2845:Achaya, K. T. (2003). 2538:Achaya, K. T. (2003). 1563:Kulke, Herman (2004). 1412: 1349: 1341: 1303: 1182: 1170: 1160: 1094: 1051: 1012: 966: 957:Later Harappan culture 953: 952:Archaeological feature 886: 805: 797: 780: 753: 723:Before the arrival of 720: 669:Topographical analysis 655:After the core of the 652: 520: 508: 372:where the surrounding 291: 132:Show map of South Asia 7622:Legend and literature 7580:Viking ship museums: 7556:Grand Egyptian Museum 7316:Austronesian replicas 7291:Heyerdahl expeditions 7201:Caligula's Giant Ship 7061:Dover Bronze Age Boat 5723:Berenice Troglodytica 3196:Harappan architecture 3029:A Walk through Lothal 2996:Jonathan Mark Kenoyer 2909:Lawrence S. Leshnik, 2880:Harappa Town Planning 2848:The Story of Our Food 2576:on 19 September 2003. 2541:The Story of Our Food 1452:Sumerian civilization 1410: 1347: 1339: 1301: 1176: 1168: 1092: 1070:Vanuvati Sikotarimata 1049: 1010: 1001:Further information: 964: 951: 884: 803: 796:Pot furnace at Lothal 795: 778: 751: 710: 699:for the inhabitants. 634: 553:Harappan civilisation 514: 506: 289: 243:Excavation dates 175:22.52139°N 72.24944°E 7783:Port cities in India 7523:Sea Research Society 6925:Maritime archaeology 6734:Ameinias the Phocian 6729:Mediterranean piracy 4522:Vizhinjam rock caves 3786:Kotturu Dhanadibbalu 3170:Art and architecture 3066:Collection of images 1684:. 25 September 2015. 1285:Cultivation and Diet 1257:The Fox and the Crow 931: 1900 BCE 779:Pottery from Lothal. 761: 2350 BCE 334:(ASI), the official 202:7 ha (17 acres) 73:Shown within Gujarat 6616:Maritime Jade Route 5769:Kaveri Poompattinam 3220:Language and script 3109:History and culture 2968:Sir John Marshall, 2602:on 27 February 2009 2587:Janyala Sreenivas. 926:. A massive flood ( 493:World Heritage Site 388:Red Sea harbour at 171: / 129:Lothal (South Asia) 76:Show map of Gujarat 36: 7788:History of Gujarat 7164:Bajo de la Campana 6866:Peter Throckmorton 6851:Jean-Yves Empereur 6825:William L. Rodgers 6646:Maritime Silk Road 4396:Kupgal petroglyphs 4259:Martand Sun Temple 3156:Cemetery H culture 3061:on 1 January 2007. 2876:S. Srikanta Sastri 2519:on 11 October 2011 2014:F. Raymond Allchin 1926:on 1 February 2018 1702:on 11 October 2011 1552:. 19 October 2017. 1413: 1350: 1342: 1304: 1183: 1171: 1095: 1052: 1013: 967: 954: 891:Indus civilisation 887: 806: 798: 781: 754: 721: 653: 521: 509: 451:Ahmedabad district 303:[loˑt̪ʰəl] 292: 277:Public access 180:22.52139; 72.24944 34: 27:Lothal (Star Wars) 7750: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7612: 7611: 7599: 7598: 7219:Madrague de Giens 6938:Temple of Isthmia 6934:Maritime temples 6920:Marine navigation 6879: 6878: 6871:Shelley Wachsmann 6861:J. Richard Steffy 6771: 6770: 6704: 6703: 6573: 6572: 6560: 6559: 6511: 6510: 6241:Ocean exploration 5956: 5955: 5943: 5942: 5602:Rutter (nautical) 5558: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5401:Mortise and tenon 5035:Ancient seafaring 5001: 5000: 4983:Pandu Rajar Dhibi 4933:Bishnupur temples 4768:Sittanavasal Cave 4237:Jammu and Kashmir 3978:Son Bhandar Caves 3859:Arunachal Pradesh 3761:Gudimallam Lingam 3746:Ghantasala, India 3658: 3657: 3580:Kotla Nihang Khan 3227:Harappan language 2918:Robert Bradnock, 2858:978-81-7371-293-7 2785:. pp. 23–24. 2763:. pp. 19–21. 2679:. pp. 17–18. 2635:. pp. 28–29. 2551:978-81-7371-293-7 2497:. pp. 47–48. 2450:. pp. 45–47. 2428:. pp. 35–36. 2406:. pp. 31–33. 2384:. pp. 33–34. 2334:. pp. 41–42. 2217:. pp. 43–45. 2151:. pp. 39–40. 2129:. pp. 40–41. 2107:. pp. 13–15. 2085:. pp. 13–14. 1999:. pp. 11–17. 1843:. pp. 30–31. 693:satellite imagery 535:, became part of 336:Indian government 310:, located in the 284: 283: 104:Show map of India 7825: 7741: 7740: 7635:Ark of bulrushes 7618: 7617: 7607: 7606: 7245:Oldest surviving 6955:Nusantao network 6830:Chester G. Starr 6795: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6777: 6776: 6766: 6765: 6739:Cilician pirates 6710: 6709: 6699: 6698: 6636:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 6631:Iron Age Britain 6579: 6578: 6568: 6567: 6286: 6285: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5961: 5951: 5950: 5865:Ptolemais Theron 5575: 5574: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5552: 5145:Single-outrigger 5056: 5055: 5043: 5042: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5005: 5004: 4467:Cheraman Parambu 4426:Shravanabelagola 4216:Himachal Pradesh 3853: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3281:Lakhueen-jo-daro 3136:Mehrgarh culture 3131:Bhirrana culture 3095: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3062: 3057:. Archived from 2950:ASIN: B0006E4EAC 2863: 2862: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2598:. Archived from 2584: 2578: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2515:. Archived from 2505: 2499: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2027: 2021: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1985: 1972: 1971: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1922:. Archived from 1916: 1910: 1909: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1844: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1794: 1783: 1782: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1741: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1619: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1595:www.hic-mena.org 1587: 1581: 1580: 1566:History of India 1560: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1521: 1491:Rangpur, Gujarat 1474: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1389:Gulf of Khambhat 1326:capillary action 1294:Excavated Lothal 932: 929: 857:shell came from 762: 759: 729:Gulf of Khambhat 649:Gulf of Khambhat 507:Layout of Lothal 477:, a township, a 305: 300: 186: 185: 183: 182: 181: 176: 172: 169: 168: 167: 164: 133: 124: 123: 117: 105: 96: 95: 89: 77: 68: 67: 61: 44: 37: 33: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7623: 7608: 7604: 7595: 7538: 7532: 7480: 7479:Institutes and 7474: 7429:Viking replicas 7370:Balangay Voyage 7283: 7277: 7261: 7016: 7009: 6885: 6875: 6834: 6782: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6715: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6587: 6569: 6565: 6556: 6507: 6464: 6317: 6277: 6222: 6215: 6016: 5969: 5952: 5948: 5939: 5815:Mueang Phra Rot 5669: 5660: 5569: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5495: 5469:Triangular sail 5430: 5367: 5341:Sail components 5252: 5221: 5195:Tessarakonteres 5050: 5037: 5032: 5002: 4997: 4938:Chandraketugarh 4911: 4865: 4844: 4818: 4777: 4736: 4720: 4694: 4663: 4624:Ghorawadi Caves 4587: 4558:Panguria, India 4526: 4440: 4334: 4280:Barwadi Punkhri 4268: 4232: 4211: 4105: 4029: 4008: 3992: 3973:Saptaparni Cave 3911: 3885: 3854: 3845: 3836:Undavalli caves 3694: 3689: 3659: 3654: 3623: 3599: 3585:Kerala-no-dhoro 3360: 3236: 3215: 3165: 3104: 3099: 3053: 3044:Indus artefacts 3020: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2816: 2812: 2794: 2790: 2772: 2768: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2710:. January 2014. 2706: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2684: 2666: 2662: 2657:. pp. 7–8. 2644: 2640: 2622: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2585: 2581: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2484: 2480: 2462: 2455: 2437: 2433: 2415: 2411: 2393: 2389: 2371: 2364: 2346: 2339: 2321: 2317: 2299: 2292: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2226: 2222: 2204: 2200: 2182: 2178: 2160: 2156: 2138: 2134: 2116: 2112: 2094: 2090: 2072: 2068: 2050: 2046: 2028: 2024: 2008: 2004: 1986: 1975: 1957: 1953: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1920:"Archived copy" 1918: 1917: 1913: 1895: 1891: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1855: 1848: 1830: 1826: 1795: 1786: 1781:. pp. 2–3. 1768: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1620: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1561: 1557: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1511: 1506: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1440: 1405: 1334: 1296: 1287: 1163: 1087: 1044: 1005: 999: 959: 930: 910:and Harappa in 879: 841:valley or from 790: 760: 746: 705: 501: 402:irrigation tank 328: 298: 179: 177: 173: 170: 165: 162: 160: 158: 157: 137: 136: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 125: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 99: 98: 97: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 69: 47: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7831: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7637: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7412: 7404:Mediterranean 7402: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7357:Alingano Maisu 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7300: 7287: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7206:De Meern ships 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7076:Cape Gelidonya 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6839:Archaeologists 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:David Blackman 6801: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6783: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6744:Jewish pirates 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6430:Lake Trasimene 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331:Mediterranean: 6327: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5971: 5970: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5634:Maritime pilot 5631: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5599: 5597:Portolan chart 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5170:Oared warships 5167: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5052: 5051: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4958:Harinarayanpur 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4804:Nelakondapalli 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4583:Udaygiri Caves 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4531:Madhya Pradesh 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4228:Masrur Temples 4225: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3902:Kamakhya Hill 3899: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3806:Pavurallakonda 3803: 3801:Nagarjunakonda 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3699:Andhra Pradesh 3696: 3695: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3628:Related topics 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3351:Judeir-jo-daro 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3326:Pir Shah Jurio 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3184:Pashupati seal 3181: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3018:External links 3016: 3015: 3014: 2993: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2952: 2943: 2930: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2883: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2837: 2830: 2810: 2788: 2766: 2744: 2730: 2713: 2699: 2682: 2660: 2638: 2613: 2595:Indian Express 2579: 2570:Indian Express 2557: 2550: 2530: 2500: 2478: 2453: 2431: 2409: 2387: 2362: 2337: 2315: 2290: 2268: 2242: 2220: 2198: 2176: 2154: 2132: 2110: 2088: 2066: 2044: 2022: 2002: 1973: 1951: 1911: 1889: 1867: 1846: 1824: 1805:(5): 911–922. 1784: 1762: 1748: 1725: 1713: 1687: 1670: 1661: 1634:(5): 911–922. 1607: 1582: 1575: 1555: 1541: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1487:, a small port 1482: 1476: 1475: 1459: 1456: 1439: 1436: 1411:The lower town 1404: 1401: 1376:flood events. 1333: 1330: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1177:Pieces of red 1162: 1159: 1086: 1083: 1061:Mother Goddess 1057:Vedic religion 1043: 1040: 998: 995: 983:oz avoirdupois 977:Late Harappans 958: 955: 878: 875: 869:, Bahrain and 789: 786: 745: 742: 715:and extent of 704: 701: 571:, which is in 500: 497: 382:archaeologists 327: 324: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 260: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 155: 151: 150: 143: 139: 138: 128: 119: 118: 112: 111: 110: 109: 101:Lothal (India) 100: 91: 90: 84: 83: 82: 81: 72: 63: 62: 56: 55: 54: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7830: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7705:Metamorphoses 7702: 7700: 7698: 7697:The Histories 7694: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7675:The Histories 7672: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7477: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7390:Marumaru Atua 7387: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7350:Samudra Raksa 7347: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7336:Te Au o Tonga 7333: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:Blackfriars I 7194: 7192: 7191:Arles Rhône 3 7189: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6995:Thalassocracy 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6980:Shell middens 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6930:Naval warfare 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6882: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:Lionel Casson 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6774: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6641:Incense trade 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6545:South America 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493:Sailing ships 6491: 6489: 6488:Oared vessels 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6410:Cape Hermaeum 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6221:Migration and 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6028:Ancient Egypt 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021:Civilizations 6019: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5561: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:Clinker built 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5381:Boat building 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Navis lusoria 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5006: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870:Uttar Pradesh 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4814:Warangal fort 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763:Mahabalipuram 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4634:Kanheri Caves 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4411:Morera Thatte 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4391:Kanaganahalli 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310:Kalhua Pahari 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4152:Harsh Ka Tila 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020:Arvalem Caves 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3948:Kesaria Stupa 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3938:Giriyak Stupa 3936: 3934: 3933:Barabar Caves 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3816:Ramatheertham 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3731:Bojjannakonda 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3141:Kulli culture 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3121:Periodisation 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3012:0-19-577940-1 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2941:0-210-22278-6 2938: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2928:1-900949-92-X 2925: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2841: 2833: 2831:9788131711200 2827: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2807:. p. 23. 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2475:. p. 46. 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2359:. p. 43. 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2312:. p. 42. 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2287:. p. 45. 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2195:. p. 41. 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2173:. p. 39. 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2063:. p. 13. 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2041:. p. 12. 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2020:, p. 187 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1947: 1941: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1751: 1749:1-900949-92-X 1745: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1578: 1576:9780415329200 1572: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1551: 1545: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1346: 1338: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1302:The main well 1300: 1291: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1175: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120:and near the 1119: 1118:Gulf of Kutch 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1004: 994: 992: 988: 984: 981:(0.3024 979: 978: 973: 963: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 895: 892: 883: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 814: 812: 802: 794: 785: 777: 773: 770: 766: 750: 744:Town planning 741: 738: 734: 730: 726: 718: 714: 709: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 629: 627: 623: 619: 618:autochthonous 615: 610: 604: 602: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 518: 513: 505: 496: 494: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 447:Dholka Taluka 443: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352:River on the 351: 347: 342: 340: 337: 333: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 296: 288: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 184: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 116: 88: 60: 50: 43: 38: 32: 28: 24: 23: 7773:Indian Ocean 7726: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7683:On the Ocean 7681: 7674: 7666: 7663:Literature: 7451: 7433: 7414: 7407: 7397:Aotearoa One 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7282:Experimental 7250:Museum ships 7217: 7210: 7183: 7155:Phoenician: 7146: 7141:Leontophoros 7139: 7103:Butuan boats 7098:Pontian boat 7036:Dufuna canoe 6975:Shipbuilding 6886:and theories 6856:Boris Rankov 6650: 6583:Economy and 6483:Incendiaries 6330: 6117:Indus Valley 6085:Tarumanagara 6012:Ubaid period 5930:Wadi al-Jarf 5845:Ostia Antica 5449:Fore-and-aft 5416:Shipbuilding 5391:Carvel built 5373:Construction 5331:Steering oar 5212:Sailing ship 5135:Obelisk ship 5093:Dugout canoe 4968:Karnasubarna 4758:Keelathooval 4748:Adichanallur 4706:Qila Mubarak 4619:Ellora Caves 4599:Ajanta Caves 4543:Gwalior Fort 4517:Ummichipoyil 4487:Kandanissery 4472:Chermanangad 4421:Sanganakallu 4177:Lohari Ragho 4127:Asigarh Fort 4117:Agroha Mound 4081:Sarkhej Roza 4065: 3997:Chhattisgarh 3988:Vikramashila 3871:Bhismaknagar 3475:Lohari Ragho 3384: 3321:Tharro Hills 3311:Sutkagan Dor 3301:Rehman Dheri 3256:Mohenjo-daro 3232:Indus script 3189: 3178:Dancing Girl 3177: 3151:Bara culture 3146:Amri culture 3059:the original 2999: 2986: 2976: 2969: 2955: 2946: 2933: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2889: 2847: 2840: 2820: 2813: 2800: 2791: 2778: 2769: 2756: 2747: 2733: 2716: 2702: 2685: 2672: 2663: 2650: 2641: 2628: 2604:. 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Rao, 2693:| author = 1600:22 February 1207:Afghanistan 1111:cire perdue 989:instead of 697:fresh water 645:Arabian Sea 499:Archaeology 479:marketplace 415:discovered 378:Arabian Sea 354:trade route 312:Bhal region 178: / 154:Coordinates 145:Saragwala, 7757:Categories 7699:(Polybius) 7343:Hawaiʻiloa 7225:Nemi ships 7110:Black Sea‎ 7056:Khufu ship 7017:and relics 6915:Marine art 6908:Alexandria 6815:Fik Meijer 6798:Historians 6685:Indo-Roman 6498:Greek navy 6400:Salamis II 6390:Hellespont 6350:Artemisium 6340:Nile Delta 6303:Achaemenid 6196:Achaemenid 6065:Langkasuka 6060:Micronesia 5978:Prehistory 5905:Sounagoura 5733:Chittagong 5708:Barbarikon 5687:Alexandria 5629:Pilot boat 5579:Navigation 5411:Sewn-plank 5406:Lashed-lug 5284:Figurehead 5257:Components 5226:Propulsion 5180:Quadrireme 5161:Polyremes 5140:Outriggers 4988:Tamralipta 4978:Moghalmari 4897:Kushinagar 4882:Bhitargaon 4809:Phanigiri 4794:Dhulikatta 4741:Tamil Nadu 4685:Pushpagiri 4680:Kharligarh 4659:Pitalkhora 4507:Tangasseri 4462:Bekal Fort 4416:Pattadakal 4381:Hirebenkal 4249:Awantipura 4197:Rakhigarhi 3866:Bhalukpong 3821:Salihundam 3796:Madakasira 3781:Jwalapuram 3741:Dantapuram 3470:Dher Majra 3440:Rakhigarhi 3420:Alamgirpur 3410:Kalibangan 3400:Jognakhera 3380:Gola Dhoro 3341:Ganeriwala 3316:Sokhta Koh 3271:Ganweriwal 3266:Chanhudaro 2964:3406090583 2870:References 2606:27 October 2513:asi.nic.in 1755:26 October 1706:25 October 1418:wainscoted 1270:Hatshepsut 1219:lapidaries 987:chalcedony 920:Chanhudaro 863:Bet Dwarka 845:in modern 685:salt marsh 639:(see also 609:Saurashtra 549:Saurashtra 440:metallurgy 370:Saurashtra 360:cities in 267:Management 238:Site notes 194:Settlement 166:72°14′58″E 163:22°31′17″N 7712:Geography 7650:Gilgamesh 7539:memorials 7463:Viracocha 7376:Faʻafaite 7329:Sarimanok 7235:Yassi Ada 7148:Syracusia 7071:Canaanite 7046:Moor Sand 6516:By region 6478:Grappling 6450:Naulochus 6440:Myonessus 6395:Echinades 6380:Arginusae 6375:Cynossema 6360:Naupactus 6355:Eurymedon 6189:Classical 6164:Phoenicia 6159:Mycenaean 6122:Tamilakam 6105:Polynesia 6095:Srivijaya 5890:Satingpra 5850:Palembang 5834:Cattigara 5776:(Kadaram) 5759:Jambukola 5753:Guangzhou 5694:(Podouke) 5692:Arikamedu 5654:Polynesia 5587:Celestial 5500:Armaments 5486:Spritsail 5444:Crab claw 5386:Careening 5353:Sternpost 5207:Reed boat 5150:Catamaran 5125:Multihull 4928:Bharatpur 4907:Shravasti 4887:Kaushambi 4877:Ahichatra 4861:Jageshwar 4856:Jagatgram 4830:Devtamura 4799:Kolanpaka 4782:Telangana 4732:Rabdentse 4477:Chowannur 4457:Ariyannur 4339:Karnataka 4320:Nautangwa 4273:Jharkhand 4086:Surkotada 4051:Dholavira 3923:Agam Kuan 3811:Penukonda 3751:Goli fort 3726:Biccavolu 3716:Bavikonda 3706:Amaravati 3619:Shortugai 3540:Babar Kot 3505:Ganeshwar 3490:Loteshwar 3405:Surkotada 3390:Bhagatrav 3375:Dholavira 3346:Nindowari 3331:Allahdino 2886:S. R. Rao 2797:S. R. Rao 2775:S. R. Rao 2753:S. R. Rao 2695:Paul Yule 2691:C.H. Beck 2669:S. R. Rao 2647:S. R. Rao 2625:S. R. Rao 2487:S. R. Rao 2465:S. R. Rao 2440:S. R. Rao 2418:S. R. Rao 2396:S. R. Rao 2374:S. R. Rao 2349:S. R. Rao 2324:S. R. Rao 2302:S. R. Rao 2277:S. R. Rao 2229:S. R. Rao 2207:S. R. Rao 2185:S. R. Rao 2163:S. R. Rao 2141:S. R. Rao 2119:S. R. Rao 2097:S. R. Rao 2075:S. R. Rao 2053:S. R. Rao 2031:S. R. Rao 1989:S. R. Rao 1960:S. R. Rao 1898:S. R. Rao 1876:S. R. Rao 1833:S. R. Rao 1771:S. R. Rao 1648:0002-7294 1485:Bhagatrav 1444:Dholavira 1322:siltation 1252:micaceous 1203:Jalalabad 1187:carnelian 1128:vessels, 1122:Kathiawar 1079:cremation 1035:corbelled 972:Sarasvati 859:Dholavira 851:Bhagatrav 847:Karnataka 769:acropolis 733:micaceous 641:Dholavira 614:micaceous 557:Bhagatrav 545:Dholavira 543:(notably 459:Bhavnagar 455:Ahmedabad 350:Sabarmati 326:Discovery 259:Ownership 251:Condition 246:1955–1960 233:not known 22:Star Wars 7728:Tākitimu 7631:Legend: 7589:Roskilde 7468:Tangaroa 7409:Olympias 7383:Gaualofa 7322:Hōkūleʻa 7297:Kon-Tiki 7130:Ashkelon 7066:Uluburun 7025:Earliest 6791:Scholars 6673:shipping 6473:Boarding 6385:Mytilene 6370:Syracuse 6335:Alashiya 6298:Egyptian 6282:Military 6273:Timeline 6251:Sardinia 6174:Carthage 6090:Kalingga 6050:Sa Huỳnh 5985:Timeline 5935:Zanzibar 5885:Sarapion 5880:Rhacotis 5810:Martaban 5755:(Canton) 5748:Godavaya 5743:Giao Chỉ 5713:Barygaza 5703:Avalites 5624:Piloting 5512:Catapult 5507:Ballista 5481:Mast-aft 5294:Planking 5233:Paddling 5190:Hexareme 5155:Trimaran 5120:Longship 5068:Balangay 4943:Deulpota 4892:Kulpahar 4711:Rupnagar 4644:Lenyadri 4614:Daimabad 4401:Lakkundi 4371:Halebidu 4330:Satpahar 4315:Rajmahal 4295:Guhiapal 4285:Belwadag 4207:Thanesar 4187:Mitathal 4142:Bhirrana 4137:Banawali 4101:Vadnagar 4046:Desalpur 4025:Chandore 3983:Vaishali 3897:Joysagar 3881:Ita Fort 3826:Tadpatri 3791:Lepakshi 3614:Mundigak 3595:Desalpur 3590:Mitathal 3570:Banawali 3565:Bhirrana 3530:Pabumath 3445:Rupnagar 3425:Daimabad 3356:Dabarkot 3296:Kot Diji 3276:Mehrgarh 3261:Nausharo 3243:Pakistan 3126:Religion 2799:(1985). 2777:(1985). 2755:(1985). 2671:(1985). 2649:(1985). 2627:(1985). 2489:(1985). 2467:(1985). 2442:(1985). 2420:(1985). 2398:(1985). 2376:(1985). 2351:(1985). 2326:(1985). 2304:(1985). 2279:(1985). 2231:(1985). 2209:(1985). 2187:(1985). 2165:(1985). 2143:(1985). 2121:(1985). 2099:(1985). 2077:(1985). 2055:(1985). 2033:(1985). 1991:(1985). 1962:(1985). 1940:cite web 1930:25 April 1900:(1985). 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5175:Trireme 5115:Liburna 5078:Coracle 5048:Vessels 4923:Bangarh 4902:Sarnath 4840:Unakoti 4823:Tripura 4789:Alampur 4716:Sanghol 4675:Jaugada 4639:Kharosa 4568:Silhara 4502:Muziris 4356:Bijapur 4305:Itkhori 4244:Ambaran 4192:Narnaul 4162:Kanwari 4157:Jhajjar 4147:Farmana 4122:Assandh 4110:Haryana 4071:Modhera 4034:Gujarat 3963:Nalanda 3958:Kumhrar 3943:Kavadol 3907:Maibong 3841:Yaganti 3635:Meluhha 3555:Bargaon 3535:Nagwada 3525:Sanghol 3520:Sanauli 3500:Farmana 3485:Kuntasi 3395:Rangpur 3336:Balakot 3286:Larkana 3251:Harappa 3002:(1998) 2991:Jodhpur 2985:(ed.), 2896:, 1985) 2261:6 April 2251:"India" 2010:Bridget 1422:latrine 1381:Shadoof 1259:in the 1245:Bahrain 1181:pottery 1151:faience 1143:Gujarat 1126:unguent 1099:arsenic 1024:in the 1017:compass 935:Gujarat 900:Rangpur 843:Bijapur 839:Larkana 831:Harappa 765:citadel 737:pottery 703:History 681:climate 677:monsoon 673:aridity 665:Harappa 622:Harappa 561:Narmada 547:), and 533:Harappa 483:Harappa 386:Khufu's 320:Gujarat 314:of the 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5644:Inuit 5464:Tanja 5424:Egypt 5274:Cabin 5217:Tomol 5060:Types 4993:Tilpi 4953:Gauda 4948:Dihar 4835:Pilak 4548:Mandu 4538:Dhaba 4482:Eyyal 4406:Maski 4376:Hampi 4325:Sidpa 4290:Dalmi 4172:Kunal 3916:Bihar 3890:Assam 3876:Gomsi 3756:Gooty 3711:Anupu 3575:Rojdi 3510:Sothi 3495:Mandi 3455:Hulas 3450:Rupar 3435:Kunal 3415:Manda 3367:India 3291:Pirak 2725:(PDF) 1862:(PDF) 1815:JSTOR 1740:(PHP) 1652:JSTOR 1504:Notes 1438:Trade 1431:flues 1369:draft 1361:wharf 1228:agate 1147:rukma 1130:chank 1107:celts 991:chert 939:Indus 924:Sindh 908:Rupar 904:Rojdi 871:Sumer 867:Egypt 855:chank 835:celts 823:chert 767:, or 657:Indus 637:Kutch 586:) in 573:Sindh 565:Tapti 541:Kutch 523:When 475:mound 432:beads 394:Egypt 374:Kutch 362:Sindh 7584:Oslo 7306:and 7212:Isis 7159:Gozo 6680:Rome 6658:Maya 6540:Rome 6445:Nile 6211:Rome 6149:Maya 6005:Near 5925:Tyre 5677:Aden 5476:Junk 5348:Stem 5336:Sail 5321:Rope 5306:Mast 5301:Keel 5289:Hull 5279:Deck 5202:Raft 5083:Dhow 4973:Kana 4431:Sudi 4366:Byse 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