256:
128:
740:
Furthermore, the SPLM-IO which had previously been mostly powerless in the region received a major boost due to these events, and its activity consequently increased in Bahr el Ghazal. The local government also lost trust due to its handling of the crises. All of this contributed to the "more general trend in South Sudan towards fragmentation as each region looks to its own interests". Growing ethnic tensions eventually led to the outbreak of major insurgencies in Bahr el Ghazal, such as Maj. Gen. Thomas
Bazylio Tandro's campaign in 2015, the
494:
604:
198:
181:
168:
149:
114:
690:
235:
224:
665:
joined the mutiny out of fear for their lives and to protest against the massacre at Mapel. Western Bahr el Ghazal governor Rizig
Zachariah ordered his pursuing forces not to kill the deserters, but to surround them and force them to surrender. Despite this, locals reported heavy fighting between deserters and the SPLA at Busseri near Wau on 27 April, causing about 4,000 locals to flee the area.
677:
A small number of the deserters from Mapel and Wau, most notably
Gatwech Gach Makuach and James Ochan Puot, joined the local rebel forces, but most had been motivated in their desertion by fear of ethnic persecution rather than an actual desire to rebel. A substantial number of the deserters were not
664:
By evening, "at least 61" Nuer soldiers were retreating from the town toward the west, with loyalist forces in pursuit. The deserters were led by four brigadier generals, namely Brig. Gen. Gatwech Gach
Makuach, Brig. Gen. James Ochan Puot, Brig Gen. Kuang Cirang, and one unidentified officer, who had
739:
The massacre at Mapel, the desertions of Nuer soldiers, and the destruction that had resulted from the fighting between SPLA and Nuer forces destabilized Bahr el Ghazal. By
September 2014, thousands remained displaced in the area around Wau due to the insecurity that the Long March had caused there.
668:
Following the end of combat at Wau, about 700 Nuer civilians sought protection at Wau's UNMISS base; most of them were family members of the deserted soldiers, while others were students. Some of those who had found shelter at the base claimed that UNMISS had turned away some refugees, though UNMISS
631:
for their lives. Independent sources lent more credibility to the version told by Nuer deserters, though disagreed on how many had died, ranging from about 40 to 150. Between 100 and 500 Nuer SPLA soldiers managed to leave the town. Some joined local SPLM-IO insurgents while the others simply tried
573:
where his authoritarian rule had provided stability. By contrast, his successor as governor, Kuel Aguer Kuel, was "widely seen as ill suited to governing the state in a time of political and military crisis", and instability subsequently grew in
Northern Bahr el Ghazal. Furthermore, ethnic tensions
681:
Hundreds of other Nuer soldiers from Mapel and Wau, however, opted to march north to escape the SPLA. As the deserters entered areas, clashes and insecurity ensued as they raided villages for supplies and food while the government tried to stop them. Instability often remained high even after the
652:
and site of another SPLA base. Nuer soldiers stationed there had not been paid for months and had already been suspected of rebel sympathies. The rumours about a massacre in Mapel further heightened the existing tensions. Several groups of Nuer soldiers mutinied on late 26 April, whereupon heavy
710:
in Wunyik and Majok
Yiiththiou, led by brigadier generals Peter Gatbel and Kuol Tap respectively, deserted in late April, and joined the forces from Wau and Mapel. As result of disagreements with other leaders of the deserters, Gatbel and his followers surrendered to the government soon after.
626:
How many Nuer recruits were killed during the clashes at the training centre is disputed. Government representatives claimed that only three or four were killed, and that the Nuer soldiers had actually planned an uprising or caused the escalation of violence by deserting. Nuer survivors of the
705:
sometime in early July, and raided a medical clinic in Awada
District on 11 July. Meanwhile, the SPLA mobilized its forces in the area to stop the deserters, causing clashes between the two sides at Moiny on 14 July. The deserters broke through, and raided Mayom Akueng on the next day as they
595:
The ethnic tensions gave way to violence on 25 April, when a group of Dinkas attacked an unarmed Nuer trainee of the SPLA on the market of Mapel, a town which hosted a SPLA training centre and served as the headquarters for the SPLA's 5th
Division. The incident was reportedly the result of an
678:
even armed. The government consequently managed to convince elements of the Nuer forces to surrender: Seven deserters from Wau, including Brig Gen. Kuang Cirang, rejoined the SPLA on 28 April, while 255 soldiers from Mapel reportedly returned to their base by 11 July.
730:
theorized that they either wanted to seek protection from the SPLA and ethnic persecution, or planned to join the SPLM-IO rebels of Dau
Aturjong who had defected from the government in late May. His base was believed to be close to the Sudanese border.
706:
travelled further north. Heavy fighting again took place from 15 to 18 July, as the SPLA attempted to block the trek at Gotbulo. Despite this, the deserters continued their march, and were joined by other deserters as they went on. Elements of the
639:
and Baggari District. These displaced people, alongside refugees from other regions of South Sudan, often arrived in poor health and reduced local food availability, causing concerns about the spread of malnutrition in Wau County.
569:, a Dinka, in April 2014. This move caused unrest among Nuer soldiers of the SPLA, who believed that members of their ethnic group were sidelined in the military. Furthermore, Malong had previously served as governor of
1617:
627:
fighting and the SPLM-IO, however, later reported that Dinka troops led by the 5th Division's commander Bak Akoon Bak had shot "about 200 Nuer soldiers in cold blood", causing the rest to flee into
1252:
1296:
1475:
1453:
1208:
1230:
340:
1274:
686:. About 1,500 civilians had been displaced around Wau by 7 July, while the Nuer soldiers moved through Farajallah in the west. Attempts by the SPLA to stop the trek failed.
1100:
600:
intervened. The initial clashes between Nuer trainees and Dinka civilians quickly spread to Mapel's training centre, where Dinka soldiers attacked their Nuer comrades.
1509:
979:
823:
950:
784:
1374:
653:
clashes broke out between government loyalists and the mutineers. Some of the Nuer troopers and about 500 Nuer civilians tried to take refuge at the local
531:
472:
153:
333:
1574:; Western Bahr el Ghazal State Ministry of Health; Wau County Health Department; Western Bahr el Ghazal Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (2014).
682:
fighters had left an area. By late June, fighting took place at Baggari between the deserters and SPLA forces which had received reinforcements from
1575:
1396:
554:
militia which had waged an insurgency against the government since 2012 allied with the SPLM-IO, but its actual military strength was negligible.
326:
722:, at Hadida on 4 August. They had travelled over 400 kilometres (250 mi). After arriving in Sudan, the deserters were disarmed by the
1260:
1304:
1483:
1461:
1216:
596:
altercation between the soldier and his superior which escalated when the families of Dinka soldiers who had been killed in Bentiu and
479:. After covering over 400 kilometres (250 mi), this trek eventually arrived in Sudan on 4 August 2014, where they were disarmed.
1238:
1596:
471:, a large number of Nuer SPLA soldiers deserted to escape ethnic prosecution and loyalist SPLA forces. Though some deserters joined
1282:
17:
1319:
1013:
1537:
1714:
1108:
550:
who generally supported the government. Machar's forces consequently had little political influence in Bahr el Ghazal. A local
535:
448:
1709:
1660:
654:
517:
1689:
1639:
987:
831:
1704:
1699:
1694:
557:
The security situation in the region began to deteriorate, however, when Kiir replaced SPLA Chief of the General Staff
475:
rebels or surrendered to the government, a large number of them marched northward, joined by other SPLA defectors from
379:
1734:
1679:
1588:
1571:
958:
792:
539:
440:
260:
132:
1724:
1719:
1382:
394:
582:. Some of the victims had families in Bahr el Ghazal, contributing the animosity of locals against ethnic Nuer.
488:
460:
42:
1729:
524:
1684:
1347:
745:
707:
597:
266:
467:
and Nuer ethnic groups escalated on 25 April 2014, leading to a massacre of Nuer soldiers at Mapel in
543:
1739:
513:
456:
350:
38:
741:
702:
570:
505:
476:
399:
389:
189:
71:
1577:
Pre-Harvest Anthropometric and Mortality Survey. Wau County, Western Bahr El Ghazal, South Sudan
657:, but were attacked by government loyalists while doing so. Other mutineers reportedly attacked
649:
615:
501:
468:
409:
206:
67:
635:
Many civilians and their families fled from Mapel during and after the clashes, relocating to
723:
497:
384:
1183:"Heavy gunfire erupts in Western Bahr el Ghazal's Wau town amid reports of SPLA defections"
1046:
1041:
575:
369:
8:
520:
694:
1656:
1652:
1630:
1609:
1404:
727:
1545:
1427:
1125:
850:
493:
1584:
1352:
1324:
1018:
661:, but were driven off. A disputed number of fighters were killed in these clashes.
636:
603:
566:
234:
223:
404:
1182:
574:
in the region heightened when it became known that Nuer rebels had committed a
538:
had remained mostly peaceful. The area had served as stronghold of the pro-Kiir
558:
414:
1397:"Map: Major clashes and areas of control, Bahr el Ghazal states, October 2014"
726:. It is unclear why the Nuer soldiers had travelled all the way to Sudan; the
1673:
683:
364:
274:
551:
1514:
547:
464:
318:
715:
658:
562:
527:
437:
197:
180:
167:
148:
140:
119:
75:
689:
1510:"Violence erupts again in South Sudan as faith in peace deal flounders"
619:
851:"High ranking army officers in Aweil area desert their posts: reports"
648:
News of what had happened at Mapel soon reached Wau town, capital of
611:
444:
628:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1538:"South Sudan army denies rebel capture of military base in Aweil"
1297:"'Mounting tensions' between gov and rebels in W. Bahr el Ghazal"
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
607:
1454:"Gen. Dau Aturjong says SPLM/A 'hijacked' after death of Garang"
1253:"Governor claims hundreds of Mapel defectors return to barracks"
1126:"Defecting generals from W. Bahr el Ghazal's Wau town speak out"
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
1648:
1626:
1605:
1209:"Chief says many people displaced in Buseri, W. Bahr el Ghazal"
1061:
579:
1476:"Thousands of conflict-displaced people receive aid near Wau"
869:
719:
452:
1320:"Army Deserters Blamed as Fighting Rocks South Sudan State"
1231:"UNMISS denies that refuge-seekers in Wau were turned away"
693:
The deserters plundered villages (example pictured) around
1619:
The Conflict in Northern and Western Bahrel Ghazal States
1275:"Official says over 4,000 displaced near Wau without aid"
714:
Over 500 Nuer deserters eventually crossed the border to
1156:
1490:
1144:
1345:
1101:"South Sudan: Gunfights within Bahr el Ghazal capital"
672:
1616:
1595:
1076:
928:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
701:The deserters crossed the border from Western to
1671:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
980:"1,500 displaced by W Bahr el Ghazal insecurity"
824:"Governor strongly denies Mapel massacre claims"
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
436:, was an unorganized withdrawal by hundreds of
1014:"Death Toll Rises in New South Sudan Fighting"
799:
1317:
1168:
1011:
334:
1428:"S. Sudanese army general defects to rebels"
1120:
1118:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
758:
348:
58:(3 months, 1 week and 3 days)
1039:
974:
972:
970:
968:
951:"Fighting at South Sudan's Mapel army base"
785:"Four SPLA generals among defectors in Wau"
546:, while its population mostly consisted of
1598:Timeline of Recent Intra-Southern Conflict
1570:
1162:
1150:
341:
327:
1641:A Fractious Rebellion: Inside the SPLM-IO
1346:Lucy Poni; Abraham Agoth (18 July 2014).
1115:
1082:
994:
965:
688:
602:
578:against Dinka civilians and soldiers in
492:
430:2014 retreat from Western Bahr el Ghazal
32:2014 retreat from Western Bahr el Ghazal
1375:"South Sudan army defection in Wunyiik"
845:
843:
841:
618:. The deserters fled into the region's
463:between SPLA soldiers belonging to the
240:One unidentified Nuer brigadier general
14:
1672:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
1637:
1496:
322:
308:Hundreds killed, hundreds surrendered
838:
380:748 Air Services HS 748 crash (2014)
934:
295:Disputed; at least several hundreds
24:
1482:. 6 September 2014. Archived from
1348:"New Violence Rattles South Sudan"
673:March north and further desertions
25:
1751:
1589:Population Services International
590:
395:Operation Sankat Mochan (2016–17)
1281:. 21 August 2014. Archived from
643:
313:Thousands of civilians displaced
254:
233:
222:
196:
179:
166:
147:
126:
112:
1564:
1530:
1502:
1468:
1446:
1420:
1389:
1367:
1339:
1311:
1289:
1267:
1245:
1223:
1201:
1107:. 27 April 2014. Archived from
957:. 25 April 2014. Archived from
830:. 28 April 2014. Archived from
791:. 28 April 2014. Archived from
94:Hundreds of deserters surrender
1544:. 17 June 2017. Archived from
1318:Abraham Agoth (16 July 2014).
1303:. 20 June 2014. Archived from
1259:. 11 July 2014. Archived from
1215:. 14 July 2014. Archived from
1033:
1012:Abraham Agoth (17 July 2014).
540:Sudan People's Liberation Army
512:Following the outbreak of the
489:Ethnic violence in South Sudan
441:Sudan People's Liberation Army
215:Brig Gen. Gatwech Gach Makuach
43:ethnic violence in South Sudan
13:
1:
1715:Battles involving South Sudan
1460:. 4 June 2014. Archived from
1237:. 16 May 2014. Archived from
986:. 7 July 2014. Archived from
751:
669:representatives denied this.
622:after the massacre at Mapel.
482:
375:Bahr el Ghazal retreat (2014)
232:Brig. Gen. Peter Gatbel
1710:August 2014 events in Africa
1381:. 1 May 2014. Archived from
1040:Rajiv Golla (11 July 2016).
734:
221:Brig Gen. Kuang Cirang
7:
1690:April 2014 events in Africa
10:
1756:
1705:July 2014 events in Africa
1700:June 2014 events in Africa
746:South Sudan Patriotic Army
585:
486:
218:Brig Gen. James Ochan Puot
91:Some deserters join rebels
88:500+ deserters reach Sudan
1695:May 2014 events in Africa
1077:Small Arms Survey (2014a)
929:Small Arms Survey (2014b)
748:'s rebellion since 2017.
544:Second Sudanese Civil War
516:between the followers of
360:
312:
299:
286:
271:5th (Mechanized) Division
246:
159:
104:
48:
36:
31:
1735:South Sudanese Civil War
1680:Massacres in South Sudan
632:to hide from the Dinka.
514:South Sudanese Civil War
457:South Sudanese Civil War
447:who sought to flee from
410:Cairo Declaration (2017)
352:South Sudanese Civil War
172:Brig. Gen. Bak Akoon Bak
56:25 April – 4 August 2014
39:South Sudanese Civil War
18:Long March (South Sudan)
1725:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
1042:"A fight to the death?"
703:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
697:to sustain themselves.
571:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
506:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
477:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
190:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
72:Northern Bahr el Ghazal
1720:Western Bahr el Ghazal
698:
650:Western Bahr el Ghazal
623:
616:Western Bahr el Ghazal
509:
502:Western Bahr el Ghazal
469:Western Bahr el Ghazal
405:Pagak offensive (2017)
370:Bentiu massacre (2014)
207:Western Bahr el Ghazal
202:Rizig Zachariah Hassan
160:Commanders and leaders
724:Sudanese Armed Forces
692:
606:
534:rebels in late 2013,
498:States of South Sudan
496:
461:longstanding tensions
390:Wau clashes (2016–19)
385:Battle of Juba (2016)
300:Casualties and losses
175:(Mechanized Division)
1730:Military withdrawals
1638:Young, John (2015).
1548:on 21 September 2021
365:Battle of Bor (2013)
1685:2014 in South Sudan
742:2016–18 Wau clashes
521:Salva Kiir Mayardit
1633:. 16 October 2014.
1499:, pp. 20, 32.
1486:on 11 August 2018.
1464:on 10 August 2018.
1385:on 10 August 2018.
1307:on 11 August 2018.
1285:on 11 August 2018.
1263:on 11 August 2018.
1241:on 11 August 2018.
1219:on 11 August 2018.
990:on 10 August 2018.
961:on 10 August 2018.
699:
624:
542:(SPLA) during the
510:
504:in dark green and
432:, also called the
229:Brig Gen. Kuol Tap
1662:978-2-940548-17-0
1653:Small Arms Survey
1631:Small Arms Survey
1610:Small Arms Survey
1408:. 10 October 2014
1405:Small Arms Survey
1163:PSI et al. (2014)
1151:PSI et al. (2014)
795:on 9 August 2018.
728:Small Arms Survey
423:
422:
317:
316:
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
1747:
1666:
1646:
1634:
1624:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1585:Washington, D.C.
1582:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1353:Voice of America
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1325:Voice of America
1315:
1309:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1111:on 25 July 2018.
1097:
1080:
1074:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1019:Voice of America
1009:
992:
991:
976:
963:
962:
947:
932:
926:
867:
866:
864:
862:
847:
836:
835:
834:on 25 July 2018.
820:
797:
796:
781:
567:Paul Malong Awan
434:long march north
415:Juba raid (2018)
355:
353:
343:
336:
329:
320:
319:
259:
258:
257:
237:
226:
210:
201:
200:
193:
184:
183:
176:
171:
170:
152:
151:
131:
130:
129:
118:
116:
115:
50:
49:
29:
28:
21:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1740:Battles in 2014
1670:
1669:
1663:
1644:
1622:
1612:. 27 June 2014.
1601:
1580:
1572:PSI South Sudan
1567:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1189:. 28 April 2014
1181:
1180:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1132:. 27 April 2014
1124:
1123:
1116:
1099:
1098:
1083:
1075:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1010:
995:
978:
977:
966:
949:
948:
935:
927:
870:
860:
858:
849:
848:
839:
822:
821:
800:
783:
782:
759:
754:
737:
675:
646:
593:
588:
491:
485:
426:
425:
424:
419:
356:
351:
349:
347:
255:
253:
204:
203:
195:
194:
187:
186:
185:Kuel Aguer Kuel
178:
177:
174:
173:
165:
146:
145:
143:SPLA deserters
127:
125:
113:
111:
78:
57:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1635:
1614:
1593:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1529:
1501:
1489:
1467:
1445:
1419:
1388:
1366:
1338:
1310:
1288:
1266:
1244:
1222:
1200:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1114:
1081:
1060:
1032:
993:
964:
933:
868:
837:
798:
756:
755:
753:
750:
736:
733:
674:
671:
645:
642:
592:
591:Mapel massacre
589:
587:
584:
576:major massacre
559:James Hoth Mai
536:Bahr el Ghazal
525:Vice President
500:in 2014, with
484:
481:
449:Bahr el Ghazal
421:
420:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
358:
357:
346:
345:
338:
331:
323:
315:
314:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
284:
283:
282:Several groups
280:
279:
278:
277:reinforcements
272:
269:
249:
248:
247:Units involved
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
230:
227:
219:
216:
211:
162:
161:
157:
156:
137:
136:
135:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:
92:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
64:
60:
59:
54:
46:
45:
34:
33:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1736:
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1518:. 5 July 2016
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1480:Radio Tamazuj
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1434:. 30 May 2014
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1187:Sudan Tribune
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1165:, p. 11.
1164:
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644:Mutiny at Wau
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1565:Bibliography
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1515:The Guardian
1513:
1504:
1497:Young (2015)
1492:
1484:the original
1479:
1470:
1462:the original
1457:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1403:
1391:
1383:the original
1378:
1369:
1359:15 September
1357:. Retrieved
1351:
1341:
1331:15 September
1329:. Retrieved
1323:
1313:
1305:the original
1300:
1291:
1283:the original
1278:
1269:
1261:the original
1256:
1247:
1239:the original
1234:
1225:
1217:the original
1212:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1158:
1153:, p. 4.
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1129:
1109:the original
1104:
1051:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1017:
988:the original
983:
959:the original
954:
859:. Retrieved
857:. 2 May 2014
854:
832:the original
827:
793:the original
788:
738:
713:
708:3rd Division
700:
680:
676:
667:
663:
647:
634:
625:
614:in southern
594:
561:, an ethnic
556:
548:Dinka people
511:
433:
429:
427:
374:
267:3rd Division
252:
139:
110:
105:Belligerents
37:Part of the
1053:5 September
716:East Darfur
684:Lakes State
659:Wau Airport
655:UNMISS base
528:Riek Machar
455:during the
305:Many killed
275:Lakes State
120:South Sudan
76:South Sudan
1674:Categories
752:References
620:wilderness
487:See also:
483:Background
41:, and the
735:Aftermath
612:Jur River
518:President
445:deserters
292:Thousands
209:governor)
192:governor)
1438:9 August
1412:9 August
1193:3 August
1136:9 August
1025:9 August
861:3 August
744:and the
637:Wau town
629:the bush
608:Wetlands
508:in pink
459:. After
287:Strength
63:Location
1552:14 June
1522:12 July
610:of the
586:History
565:, with
532:SPLM-IO
473:SPLM-IO
443:(SPLA)
154:SPLM-IO
68:Western
1659:
1649:Geneva
1627:Geneva
1606:Geneva
580:Bentiu
552:Fertit
117:
83:Result
1645:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1602:(PDF)
1581:(PDF)
1400:(PDF)
720:Sudan
695:Aweil
465:Dinka
453:Sudan
1657:ISBN
1554:2018
1524:2016
1440:2018
1414:2018
1361:2018
1333:2018
1195:2018
1138:2018
1055:2018
1047:IRIN
1027:2018
863:2018
563:Nuer
523:and
438:Nuer
428:The
261:SPLA
141:Nuer
133:SPLA
70:and
53:Date
598:Bor
530:'s
451:to
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1185:.
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865:.
342:e
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205:(
188:(
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