973:
phonological representation of that word is first activated. However, since this is an ambiguous stimulus, a matching at the orthographic/lexical ("mental dictionary") level is necessary before the stimulus can be disambiguated, and the correct pronunciation can be chosen. In contrast, in a language (such as
Chinese) where many characters with the same reading exists, it is hypothesized that the person reading the character will be more familiar with homophones, and that this familiarity will aid the processing of the character, and the subsequent selection of the correct pronunciation, leading to shorter reaction times when attending to the stimulus. In an attempt to better understand homophony effects on processing, Hino et al. conducted a series of experiments using Japanese as their target language. While controlling for familiarity, they found a processing advantage for homophones over non-homophones in Japanese, similar to what has previously been found in Chinese. The researchers also tested whether orthographically similar homophones would yield a disadvantage in processing, as has been the case with English homophones, but found no evidence for this. It is evident that there is a difference in how homophones are processed in logographically coded and alphabetically coded languages, but whether the advantage for processing of homophones in the logographically coded languages Japanese and Chinese (i.e. their writing systems) is due to the logographic nature of the scripts, or if it merely reflects an advantage for languages with more homophones regardless of script nature, remains to be seen.
961:. No effect of phonologically related context pictures were found for the reaction times for reading Chinese words. A comparison of the (partially) logographically coded languages Japanese and Chinese is interesting because whereas the Japanese language consists of more than 60% homographic heterophones (characters that can be read two or more different ways), most Chinese characters only have one reading. Because both languages are logographically coded, the difference in latency in reading aloud Japanese and Chinese due to context effects cannot be ascribed to the logographic nature of the writing systems. Instead, the authors hypothesize that the difference in latency times is due to additional processing costs in Japanese, where the reader cannot rely solely on a direct orthography-to-phonology route, but information on a lexical-syntactical level must also be accessed in order to choose the correct pronunciation. This hypothesis is confirmed by studies finding that Japanese
943:
phonetically/phonemically spelled languages has yielded insights into how different languages rely on different processing mechanisms. Studies on the processing of logographically coded languages have amongst other things looked at neurobiological differences in processing, with one area of particular interest being hemispheric lateralization. Since logographically coded languages are more closely associated with images than alphabetically coded languages, several researchers have hypothesized that right-side activation should be more prominent in logographically coded languages. Although some studies have yielded results consistent with this hypothesis there are too many contrasting results to make any final conclusions about the role of hemispheric lateralization in orthographically versus phonetically coded languages.
947:
Japanese and
Chinese homophones were examined. Whereas word production of alphabetically coded languages (such as English) has shown a relatively robust immunity to the effect of context stimuli, Verdschot et al. found that Japanese homophones seem particularly sensitive to these types of effects. Specifically, reaction times were shorter when participants were presented with a phonologically related picture before being asked to read a target character out loud. An example of a phonologically related stimulus from the study would be for instance when participants were presented with a picture of an elephant, which is pronounced
88:
1205:
1219:
135:
47:
594:
250:
590:
created from assembling different characters. Despite being called "compounds", these logograms are still single characters, and are written to take up the same amount of space as any other logogram. The final two types are methods in the usage of characters rather than the formation of characters themselves.
946:
Another topic that has been given some attention is differences in processing of homophones. Verdonschot et al. examined differences in the time it took to read a homophone out loud when a picture that was either related or unrelated to a homophonic character was presented before the character. Both
589:
The first two types are "single-body", meaning that the character was created independently of other characters. "Single-body" pictograms and ideograms make up only a small proportion of
Chinese logograms. More productive for the Chinese script were the two "compound" methods, i.e. the character was
829:
after the initial consonant. In earlier times, greater phonetic freedom was generally allowed. During Middle
Chinese times, newly created characters tended to match pronunciation exactly, other than the tone – often by using as the phonetic component a character that itself is a radical-phonetic
565:
Typical
Egyptian usage was to augment a logogram, which may potentially represent several words with different pronunciations, with a determinate to narrow down the meaning, and a phonetic component to specify the pronunciation. In the case of Chinese, the vast majority of characters are a fixed
557:
All historical logographic systems include a phonetic dimension, as it is impractical to have a separate basic character for every word or morpheme in a language. In some cases, such as cuneiform as it was used for
Akkadian, the vast majority of glyphs are used for their sound values rather than
1164:
where the word is entered as pronounced and then selected from a list of logograms matching it. While the former method is (linearly) faster, it is more difficult to learn. With the
Chinese alphabet system however, the strokes forming the logogram are typed as they are normally written, and the
925:
Many
Chinese words, composed of Chinese morphemes, were borrowed into Japanese and Korean together with their character representations; in this case, the morphemes and characters were borrowed together. In other cases, however, characters were borrowed to represent native Japanese and Korean
1030:
This separation, however, also has the great disadvantage of requiring the memorization of the logograms when learning to read and write, separately from the pronunciation. Though not from an inherent feature of logograms but due to its unique history of development, Japanese has the added
972:
have found an advantage for homophone processing in
Chinese, and a disadvantage for processing homophones in English. The processing disadvantage in English is usually described in terms of the relative lack of homophones in the English language. When a homophonic word is encountered, the
942:
has centered on
English and other alphabetically written languages, many theories of language processing have stressed the role of phonology in producing speech. Contrasting logographically coded languages, where a single character is represented phonetically and ideographically, with
748:(lit. 'improvised-borrowed-words') come into use when a native spoken word has no corresponding character, and hence another character with the same or a similar sound (and often a close meaning) is "borrowed"; occasionally, the new meaning can supplant the old meaning. For example,
1031:
complication that almost every logogram has more than one pronunciation. Conversely, a phonetic character set is written precisely as it is spoken, but with the disadvantage that slight pronunciation differences introduce ambiguities. Many alphabetic systems such as those of
754:
used to be a pictographic word meaning 'nose', but was borrowed to mean 'self', and is now used almost exclusively to mean the latter; the original meaning survives only in stock phrases and more archaic compounds. Because of their derivational process, the entire set of
1184:
requires up to three bytes. On the other hand, English words, for example, average five characters and a space per word and thus need six bytes for every word. Since many logograms contain more than one grapheme, it is not clear which is more memory-efficient.
986:
The main difference between logograms and other writing systems is that the graphemes are not linked directly to their pronunciation. An advantage of this separation is that understanding of the pronunciation or language of the writer is unnecessary, e.g.
926:
morphemes, on the basis of meaning alone. As a result, a single character can end up representing multiple morphemes of similar meaning but with different origins across several languages. Because of this, kanji and hanja are sometimes described as
566:
combination of a radical that indicates its nominal category, plus a phonetic to give an idea of the pronunciation. The Mayan system used logograms with phonetic complements like the Egyptian, while lacking ideographic components.
833:
Due to the long period of language evolution, such component "hints" within characters as provided by the radical-phonetic compounds are sometimes useless and may be misleading in modern usage. As an example, based on
1051:
make the practical compromise of standardizing how words are written while maintaining a nearly one-to-one relation between characters and sounds. Orthographies in some other languages, such as
902:
in the intervening 3,000 years or so (including two different dialectal developments, in the case of the last two characters) have resulted in radically different pronunciations.
356:
Logographic systems include the earliest writing systems; the first historical civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Mesoamerica used some form of logographic writing.
443:
Logosyllabic scripts have graphemes which represent morphemes, often polysyllabic morphemes, but when extended phonetically represent single syllables. They include cuneiform,
914:) by and large represent words and morphemes rather than pure ideas; however, the adoption of Chinese characters by the Japanese and Korean languages (where they are known as
391:
Logoconsonantal scripts have graphemes that may be extended phonetically according to the consonants of the words they represent, ignoring the vowels. For example, Egyptian
1168:
Also due to the number of glyphs, in programming and computing in general, more memory is needed to store each grapheme, as the character set is larger. As a comparison,
383:
and phonetic" characters make up the bulk of the script. Ancient Egyptian and Chinese relegated the active use of rebus to the spelling of foreign and dialectical words.
340:: their individual symbols represent sounds directly and lack any inherent meaning. However, all known logographies have some phonetic component, generally based on the
1136:
education. Education after elementary school includes not as many new characters as new words, which are mostly combinations of two or more already learned characters.
793:
The most productive method of Chinese writing, the radical-phonetic, was made possible by ignoring certain distinctions in the phonetic system of syllables. In
1752:
Haigh, C. A.; Jared, D. (2007). "The activation of phonological representations by bilinguals while reading silently: Evidence from interlingual homophones".
689:, in which one component (the radical) indicates the general meaning of the character, and the other (the phonetic) hints at the pronunciation. An example is
1115:
419:'son', though it is likely that these words were not pronounced the same except for their consonants. The primary examples of logoconsonantal scripts are
1299:"Determinative" is the more generic term, however, and some authors use it for Chinese as well (e.g. William Boltz, in Daniels and Bright, 1996, p. 194).
379:, which are combined with logograms to narrow down their possible meaning. In Chinese, they are fused with logographic elements used phonetically; such "
1087:
2737:
2221:
1385:
367:
to extend a relatively limited set of logograms: A subset of characters is used for their phonetic values, either consonantal or syllabic. The term
3167:
3157:
2732:
1144:
Entering complex characters can be cumbersome on electronic devices due to a practical limitation in the number of input keys. There exist various
3147:
3137:
2727:
2722:
2717:
1608:
1457:
817:, and voiced vs. unvoiced sonorants); the Old Chinese difference between type-A and type-B syllables (often described as presence vs. absence of
1572:
Hino, Y.; Kusunose, Y.; Lupker, S. J.; Jared, D. (2012). "The Processing Advantage and Disadvantage for Homophones in Lexical Decision Tasks".
813:, which were likewise ignored when new characters were created. Also ignored were differences in aspiration (between aspirated vs. unaspirated
1079:
in order to increase literacy. The latter is now rarely used, but retains some currency in South Korea, sometimes in combination with hangul.
4863:
3152:
1193:
to use only the bytes necessary to represent a character, reducing the overhead that results merging large character sets with smaller ones.
1788:
2296:
1067:, are all more complicated than that; character combinations are often pronounced in multiple ways, usually depending on their history.
2028:
1516:
Verdonschot, R. G.; LaHeij, W.; Schiller, N. O. (2010). "Semantic context effects when naming Japanese kanji, but not Chinese hànzì".
4895:
1954:
1399:
1100:) cover 99.48% of a two-million-word sample. As for the case of traditional Chinese characters, 4,808 characters are listed in the "
371:
is used to emphasize the partially phonetic nature of these scripts when the phonetic domain is the syllable. In Ancient Egyptian
1716:
Sasanuma, S.; Sakuma, N.; Kitano, K. (1992). "Reading kanji without semantics: Evidence from a longitudinal study of dementia".
401:
965:
patients whose comprehension of characters had deteriorated still could read the words out loud with no particular difficulty.
4085:
5965:
2214:
4534:
6072:
1101:
3971:
2283:
2043:
1358:
Li, Y.; Kang, J. S. (1993). "Analysis of phonetics of the ideophonetic characters in modern Chinese". In Chen, Y. (ed.).
1007:
may not understand each other in speaking, but may do so to a significant extent in writing even if they do not write in
2507:
714:('wood') indicates its meaning of 'supporting beam'. Characters of this type constitute around 90% of Chinese logograms.
199:
5733:
5719:
5689:
4828:
2188:
1911:
1890:
1871:
1852:
236:
218:
171:
74:
5951:
4668:
4065:
2207:
939:
575:
2512:
4391:
3652:
178:
5958:
4524:
4163:
156:
4633:
4158:
3216:
2137:
1947:
1083:
3495:
5944:
5923:
3211:
2986:
2502:
2278:
2038:
887:
883:
879:
826:
802:
798:
185:
5824:
5803:
4483:
4478:
4173:
4075:
2597:
2288:
662:
380:
348:
is considered to be a key innovation in enabling the writing system to adequately encode human language.
1075:'s writing system, is an example of an alphabetic script that was designed to replace the logogrammatic
5891:
4488:
4055:
3468:
2529:
1972:
818:
3221:
2539:
1324:
4141:
3863:
3416:
3003:
2183:
1082:
According to government-commissioned research, the most commonly used 3,500 characters listed in the
532:
167:
152:
100:
60:
17:
1413:
Hanavan, Kevin; Jeffrey Coney (2005). "Hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of Japanese script".
30:"Logography" and "Lexigraphy" redirect here. For the printing system invented by Henry Johnson, see
5641:
5627:
4932:
3515:
3318:
2534:
1940:
1177:
528:
5246:
2662:
5930:
4958:
3915:
3592:
3571:
3451:
3431:
3263:
2934:
2838:
2315:
2273:
2230:
2096:
2076:
2053:
2022:
1996:
1186:
1148:
for entering logograms, either by breaking them up into their constituent parts such as with the
145:
1667:
Nakamura, K.; Meguro, K.; Yamazaki, H.; Ishizaki, J.; Saito, H.; Saito, N.; et al. (1998).
1011:. Therefore, in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan before modern times, communication by writing (
4648:
3587:
3577:
3510:
3020:
2453:
1286:, though Egyptian had predominantly consonantal or poly-consonantal values, and is thus called
962:
643:'down'. Also considered ideograms are pictograms with an ideographic indicator; for instance,
6032:
5937:
5726:
5675:
5135:
5057:
4821:
4760:
4745:
4314:
4193:
3935:
3895:
3627:
3303:
2487:
2475:
2448:
2433:
969:
444:
31:
4740:
3945:
5796:
5547:
5224:
4720:
4375:
4339:
3744:
3667:
3500:
3248:
3238:
3077:
3060:
2376:
2033:
1149:
1004:
420:
313:
933:
562:), called "determinatives" in the case of Egyptian and "radicals" in the case of Chinese.
558:
logographically. Many logographic systems also have a semantic/ideographic component (see
8:
4623:
4519:
4241:
3764:
2470:
1064:
1052:
536:
2786:
6077:
5782:
5759:
5393:
5282:
5272:
5164:
5107:
5093:
5050:
4755:
4638:
4473:
4365:
4324:
4278:
4273:
4168:
4150:
3818:
3749:
3714:
3662:
3475:
3463:
2874:
2796:
2697:
2252:
2142:
1991:
1815:
1698:
1685:
1668:
1649:
1551:
1498:
1438:
1224:
1056:
1008:
878:
in Mandarin. Three of these characters were pronounced very similarly in Old Chinese –
806:
522:
460:
448:
428:
305:
5015:
4673:
1609:"Homophonic context effects when naming Japanese kanji: Evidence for processing costs"
1458:"Homophonic context effects when naming Japanese kanji: evidence for processing costs"
192:
5905:
5898:
5634:
5620:
5532:
5421:
5331:
5310:
5289:
5217:
5149:
5008:
4966:
4918:
4653:
4643:
4288:
4283:
4188:
4183:
4090:
4045:
3868:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3759:
3754:
3682:
3617:
3602:
3552:
3547:
3490:
3426:
3384:
3226:
3112:
3035:
2551:
2546:
2423:
1907:
1886:
1867:
1848:
1769:
1690:
1641:
1589:
1543:
1490:
1430:
1373:
1129:
1111:
1024:
891:
845:
822:
756:
432:
360:
289:
1702:
1607:
Vedonschot, R. G.; La Heij, W.; Paolieri, D.; Zhang, Q. F.; Schiller, N. O. (2011).
1555:
1529:
1456:
Vedonschot, R. G.; La Heij, W.; Paolieri, D.; Zhang, Q. F.; Schiller, N. O. (2011).
1442:
720:
are characters which were originally the same character but have bifurcated through
6039:
5977:
5870:
5831:
5817:
5775:
5650:
5596:
5577:
5511:
5503:
5489:
5482:
5407:
5203:
5178:
5114:
5086:
5001:
4987:
4904:
4877:
4814:
4725:
4628:
4450:
4293:
3920:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3769:
3525:
3458:
3446:
3411:
3406:
3389:
3328:
3293:
3253:
3055:
3050:
2998:
2949:
2833:
2767:
2707:
2657:
2602:
2519:
2497:
2482:
2428:
2418:
2352:
2167:
2006:
1761:
1725:
1680:
1653:
1631:
1623:
1581:
1533:
1525:
1502:
1480:
1472:
1422:
1381:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1040:
508:
496:
317:
258:
5877:
5072:
4698:
4349:
3719:
105:
5863:
5555:
5496:
5442:
5435:
5414:
5400:
5384:
5362:
5317:
5210:
5185:
5157:
5142:
5065:
5043:
5036:
4994:
4954:
4925:
4613:
4583:
4406:
4329:
4095:
4025:
3930:
3878:
3858:
3794:
3784:
3774:
3739:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3607:
3562:
3557:
3441:
3436:
3283:
3273:
3127:
3092:
3087:
3067:
2961:
2919:
2859:
2742:
2712:
2622:
2582:
2524:
2458:
2438:
2386:
2369:
2357:
1901:
1627:
1476:
1210:
1072:
540:
504:
488:
341:
309:
4060:
3243:
825:); and sometimes, voicing of initial obstruents and/or the presence of a medial
6000:
5884:
5768:
5748:
5657:
5525:
5456:
5355:
5303:
5296:
5128:
5121:
5100:
5079:
4980:
4973:
4780:
4735:
4663:
4658:
4509:
4493:
4468:
4411:
4401:
4396:
4236:
4110:
4070:
4040:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3950:
3925:
3873:
3813:
3779:
3729:
3677:
3642:
3597:
3567:
3520:
3480:
3379:
3333:
3288:
3206:
3142:
3097:
3082:
3045:
3025:
2993:
2981:
2929:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2816:
2801:
2791:
2757:
2747:
2692:
2677:
2642:
2492:
2396:
2344:
2234:
2106:
2091:
1963:
1840:
1765:
1377:
1232:
1032:
895:
810:
500:
472:
321:
4210:
1729:
1426:
6066:
6007:
5856:
5789:
5712:
5682:
5540:
5518:
5449:
5345:
5324:
5171:
5029:
4947:
4940:
4911:
4870:
4785:
4775:
4770:
4557:
4251:
3910:
3853:
3505:
3278:
3162:
3117:
3072:
3040:
2889:
2806:
2779:
2752:
2682:
2667:
2652:
2607:
2364:
2132:
1133:
927:
602:
The first type, and the type most often associated with Chinese writing, are
552:
376:
364:
266:
109:
66:
2826:
5463:
5428:
5369:
4856:
4618:
4514:
4427:
4319:
4220:
4030:
3843:
3808:
3789:
3724:
3612:
3374:
3298:
3107:
3102:
3013:
3008:
2944:
2884:
2864:
2821:
2811:
2762:
2647:
2627:
2617:
2465:
2443:
2401:
2199:
2162:
1773:
1645:
1593:
1547:
1494:
1434:
1145:
899:
476:
468:
35:
3672:
1694:
683:), with the intended idea of someone leaning against a tree, i.e. resting.
87:
6046:
5810:
5741:
5022:
4713:
4573:
4334:
4178:
4035:
3940:
3709:
3637:
3622:
3530:
3323:
3233:
3132:
3122:
2976:
2939:
2894:
2879:
2854:
2774:
2702:
2687:
2391:
1252:
1153:
910:
Within the context of the Chinese language, Chinese characters (known as
794:
721:
464:
375:, Ch'olti', and in Chinese, there has been the additional development of
333:
1927:
968:
Studies contrasting the processing of English and Chinese homophones in
4703:
4678:
4246:
3689:
3179:
3174:
3030:
2971:
2612:
2147:
1014:
934:
Differences in processing of logographic and phonologic writing systems
759:
kana can be considered to be of this type of character, hence the name
582:
580:
Chinese scholars have traditionally classified the Chinese characters (
372:
345:
1636:
1538:
1485:
507:; the logograms were composed of letters that spelled out the word in
6014:
5993:
5986:
4765:
4602:
4298:
4265:
4100:
3991:
3540:
3268:
3184:
2909:
2116:
2111:
2101:
1585:
1257:
1125:
1020:
922:, respectively) have resulted in some complications to this picture.
814:
725:
604:
275:
269:
4708:
520:
513:
134:
4730:
4693:
4688:
4568:
4529:
4370:
4014:
3905:
3647:
3535:
3485:
3356:
2869:
2672:
2632:
2413:
2406:
2257:
2081:
2071:
2001:
1986:
1754:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1574:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1218:
1204:
1169:
1157:
623:
609:
559:
456:
452:
424:
329:
301:
293:
4750:
1932:
4837:
4344:
4215:
4105:
4080:
3966:
3803:
3657:
3632:
3401:
3308:
2956:
2570:
2381:
2066:
1190:
905:
628:
593:
511:
but were pronounced as in Persian (for instance, the combination
5838:
3582:
3394:
3313:
3258:
2966:
2637:
2152:
1247:
1161:
1068:
951:
in Japanese, before being presented with the Chinese character
1666:
1606:
1455:
249:
4205:
4200:
4050:
3833:
3734:
3421:
2332:
2061:
1360:
Information Analysis of Usage of Characters in Modern Chinese
1262:
1237:
1181:
1076:
1036:
919:
915:
911:
708:
indicates the pronunciation of the character and the radical
492:
1742:
See Hino et al. (2012) for a brief review of the literature.
1282:
Most have glyphs with predominantly syllabic values, called
4683:
4578:
2157:
1778:
Citing Ferrand & Grainger 2003, Haigh & Jared 2004.
1362:(in Chinese). Shanghai Education Publisher. pp. 84–98.
1242:
1173:
761:
297:
1669:"Kanji predominant alexia in advanced Alzheimer's disease"
1400:
Reconstructions of Old Chinese § Baxter–Sagart (2014)
1265:, the use of pictures to represent words or parts of words
1515:
1883:
In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language
1571:
1139:
981:
597:
Print excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters
1156:
of typing Chinese, or using phonetic systems such as
1116:
List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters
1102:
Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters
519:
would be pronounced "shah"). These logograms, called
1715:
1415:
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition
1412:
1200:
1189:
allow a unified character encoding standard such as
487:
A peculiar system of logograms developed within the
1003:by its reader. Likewise, people speaking different
671:'rest' is composed of the characters for 'person' (
546:
344:, and the addition of a phonetic component to pure
159:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
890: (海) according to a recent reconstruction by
1900:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996).
1128:, both of which are intended to be taught during
991:is understood regardless of whether it be called
661:, in which each element of the character (called
312:as well as other languages are logograms, as are
6064:
1616:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1465:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
789:is the Chinese name for this type of characters.
976:
1567:
1565:
906:Chinese characters used in Japanese and Korean
772:
766:
27:Grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme
4822:
2215:
1948:
1899:
1119:
1105:
1091:
1012:
952:
861:
855:
849:
835:
805:were typically ignored; these developed into
784:
778:
749:
729:
709:
700:
690:
678:
672:
666:
650:
644:
638:
632:
613:
608:, which are pictorial representations of the
2229:
1386:École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
1372:
1088:Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese
531:), were dispensed with altogether after the
1562:
765:(lit. 'borrowed names'). Example: Japanese
328:. Non-logographic writing systems, such as
253:Egyptian hieroglyphs, examples of logograms
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4829:
4815:
2222:
2208:
1955:
1941:
1751:
1382:"Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction"
1124:) by the Education and Manpower Bureau of
324:that primarily uses logograms is called a
1839:
1684:
1635:
1537:
1484:
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
1165:corresponding logogram is then entered.
1023:international trade and diplomacy using
592:
280:'that which is drawn or written'), also
248:
2027:Languages by writing system /
1880:
14:
6065:
1881:Hoffman, Joel M. (2004). "Chapter 3".
1861:
1845:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
1357:
1325:"Writing – History of writing systems"
1110:) by the Ministry of Education of the
649:is a pictogram meaning 'knife', while
359:All logographic scripts ever used for
5966:American Printing House for the Blind
5742:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5394:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4810:
4600:
4555:
4448:
4127:
4012:
3354:
2568:
2330:
2313:
2203:
1936:
665:) hints at the meaning. For example,
569:
4449:
1140:Characters in information technology
982:Separating writing and pronunciation
157:adding citations to reliable sources
128:
81:
40:
4836:
1962:
1348:Cuneiform was kind of a logography.
627:that attempt to visualize abstract
475:, and the first five phases of the
296:component of a language, such as a
24:
4556:
2034:Ancient languages corpuses by size
1813:
1686:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1998.tb00644.x
386:
25:
6089:
1921:
351:
56:This article has multiple issues.
1217:
1203:
777:is a simplified form of Chinese
576:Chinese character classification
547:Semantic and phonetic dimensions
133:
86:
45:
4601:
1928:古代文字資料館 Ancient Writing Library
1807:
1781:
1745:
1736:
1709:
1660:
1600:
1530:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.03.005
866:'sea', pronounced respectively
797:, post-final ending consonants
655:is an ideogram meaning 'blade'.
586:) into six types by etymology.
438:
144:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
2295:Languages by writing system /
1866:. University of Hawaii Press.
1847:. University of Hawaii Press.
1509:
1449:
1406:
1398:For summary information, see:
1366:
1351:
1342:
1317:
1293:
1276:
1098:Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòngzì Biǎo
13:
1:
5734:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5690:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4128:
4013:
3355:
1885:. New York University Press.
1673:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
1306:
1176:for each grapheme, while the
783:used in Korea and Japan, and
718:Changed-annotation characters
5945:National Braille Association
5924:Braille Institute of America
5642:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
2569:
2039:Undeciphered writing systems
1628:10.1080/17470218.2011.585241
1477:10.1080/17470218.2011.585241
1311:
977:Advantages and disadvantages
521:
514:
276:
270:
7:
6073:Logographic writing systems
5825:Refreshable braille display
5804:Optical braille recognition
5401:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4933:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4076:New Epoch Notation Painting
2044:Creators of writing systems
1906:. Oxford University Press.
1903:The World's Writing Systems
1864:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma
1862:Hannas, William C. (1997).
1397:
1196:
99:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
6094:
5892:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
2331:
1973:Index of language articles
1833:
1816:"Sentence and word length"
1789:"현판 글씨들이 한글이 아니라 한자인 이유는?"
1766:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.623
1084:People's Republic of China
746:Improvisational characters
687:Radical–phonetic compounds
573:
550:
393:
29:
6024:
5975:
5915:
5848:
5758:
5704:
5667:
5628:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
5607:
5588:
5569:
5474:
5380:
5341:
5268:
5195:
4894:
4887:
4848:
4806:
4609:
4596:
4564:
4551:
4502:
4461:
4457:
4444:
4420:
4384:
4358:
4307:
4264:
4229:
4149:
4142:Chinese family of scripts
4140:
4136:
4123:
4021:
4008:
3959:
3367:
3363:
3350:
3212:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
3199:
2847:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2564:
2339:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2297:by first written accounts
2266:
2245:
2241:
2176:
2125:
2052:
2015:
1979:
1970:
1730:10.1080/02643299208252068
1718:Cognitive Neuropsychology
1427:10.1080/13576500442000184
1120:
1106:
1092:
1013:
953:
938:Because much research on
862:
856:
850:
836:
785:
779:
773:
767:
750:
730:
710:
701:
691:
679:
673:
667:
659:Radical–radical compounds
651:
645:
639:
633:
614:
482:
5615:Chinese semi-syllabaries
4878:Unicode braille patterns
4864:International uniformity
3319:Thomas Natural Shorthand
2029:by first written account
1269:
1187:Variable-width encodings
1178:Basic Multilingual Plane
621:The second type are the
112:may contain suggestions.
97:may need to be rewritten
34:. For dictionaries, see
5952:Blindness organizations
5931:Braille Without Borders
5720:Canadian currency marks
5342:Egyptian lineage family
4525:Southwest Paleohispanic
1997:History of the alphabet
734:can mean both 'music' (
533:Arab conquest of Persia
411:was used to write both
5269:Russian lineage family
4669:Great Lakes Algonquian
3578:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3511:Gabelsberger shorthand
2454:Inscriptional Parthian
1114:, while 4,759 in the "
970:lexical decision tasks
699:), where the phonetic
598:
535:and the adoption of a
254:
6033:Accessible publishing
5959:Schools for the blind
5938:Japan Braille Library
5727:Computer Braille Code
5381:Indian lineage family
4761:Old Persian cuneiform
3628:Carolingian minuscule
2434:Ancient North Arabian
957:, which is also read
848:, are the characters
728:drift. For instance,
596:
551:Further information:
445:Anatolian hieroglyphs
252:
32:Logography (printing)
5797:Mountbatten Brailler
5152:(largely reassigned)
4935:(largely reassigned)
4484:Southeastern Iberian
4479:Northeastern Iberian
2377:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1380:(20 February 2011).
1005:varieties of Chinese
491:(developed from the
421:Egyptian hieroglyphs
314:Egyptian hieroglyphs
153:improve this article
5749:Nemeth braille code
5535:(reassigned vowels)
5060:(extended to 8-dot)
4634:Canadian Aboriginal
4520:Khitan small script
4242:Khitan large script
3432:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
963:Alzheimer's disease
940:language processing
840:'each', pronounced
503:during much of the
5783:Braille translator
5760:Braille technology
5736:(science; GS8/GS6)
5705:Symbols in braille
5635:Taiwanese Mandarin
5150:Taiwanese Mandarin
4756:Nwagu Aneke script
4308:Other logosyllabic
4230:Chinese-influenced
4169:Oracle bone script
4151:Chinese characters
4086:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3476:Eclectic shorthand
3464:Duployan shorthand
3417:Caucasian Albanian
3217:Canadian syllabics
2253:History of writing
2138:Canadian syllabics
2007:Scripts in Unicode
1992:History of writing
1374:Baxter, William H.
1225:Linguistics portal
1172:requires only one
1019:) was the norm of
738:) and 'pleasure' (
612:represented, e.g.
599:
570:Chinese characters
461:Chinese characters
449:Cretan hieroglyphs
316:and characters in
306:Chinese characters
292:that represents a
255:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6055:
5978:tactile alphabets
5906:William Bell Wait
5899:Sabriye Tenberken
5700:
5699:
5565:
5564:
5550:(Japanese vowels)
5348:-mediated scripts
5275:-mediated scripts
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4654:Ditema tsa Dinoko
4592:
4591:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4440:
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4436:
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4260:
4259:
4119:
4118:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3195:
3194:
2560:
2559:
2547:Teeline Shorthand
2305:
2304:
2197:
2196:
2189:In Southeast Asia
1793:RoyalPalace.go.kr
1112:Republic of China
1025:Classical Chinese
930:writing systems.
892:William H. Baxter
860:'to regret', and
846:Standard Mandarin
823:pharyngealization
409:
408:
405:
404:
361:natural languages
290:written character
247:
246:
239:
229:
228:
221:
203:
127:
126:
101:quality standards
79:
16:(Redirected from
6085:
6049:
6042:
6040:Braille literacy
6035:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5841:
5834:
5832:Slate and stylus
5827:
5820:
5818:Perkins Brailler
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5776:Braille embosser
5771:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5693:
5685:
5678:
5660:
5653:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5600:
5597:American Braille
5581:
5578:Algerian Braille
5558:
5551:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5467:
5459:
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5403:
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5068:
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5046:
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5018:
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5004:
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4990:
4983:
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4936:
4928:
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4907:
4892:
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4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4842:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4808:
4807:
4598:
4597:
4553:
4552:
4459:
4458:
4451:Semi-syllabaries
4446:
4445:
4147:
4146:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4124:
4010:
4009:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3254:Japanese Braille
2839:Zanabazar square
2708:Nepalese scripts
2598:Bengali–Assamese
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2483:Pitman shorthand
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2243:
2242:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2126:Current examples
2107:Semi-syllabaries
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1917:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1818:. self-published
1811:
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1804:
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1800:
1785:
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1734:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
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1658:
1657:
1639:
1622:(9): 1836–1849.
1613:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1586:10.1037/a0029122
1569:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1488:
1471:(9): 1836–1849.
1462:
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1410:
1404:
1403:
1396:
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1370:
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1300:
1297:
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1227:
1222:
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1213:
1208:
1207:
1134:junior secondary
1123:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1018:
1017:
1009:Standard Chinese
956:
955:
889:
885:
881:
865:
864:
859:
858:
854:'to humiliate',
853:
852:
839:
838:
828:
804:
800:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
769:
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733:
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694:
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669:
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:
617:
616:
526:
517:
499:) used to write
433:Ancient Egyptian
398:
397:
394:
318:cuneiform script
279:
273:
259:written language
242:
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224:
217:
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90:
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49:
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21:
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5992:
5985:
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5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5864:Charles Barbier
5862:
5855:
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5809:
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5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
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5725:
5718:
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5696:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5603:
5595:
5589:Frequency-based
5584:
5576:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5470:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:Bharati Braille
5382:
5376:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5343:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
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5078:
5071:
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5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4959:Unified English
4953:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4888:Braille scripts
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4790:
4605:
4588:
4584:Stokoe notation
4560:
4539:
4498:
4453:
4432:
4416:
4380:
4359:Logoconsonantal
4354:
4303:
4256:
4225:
4132:
4115:
4096:Siglas poveiras
4017:
3996:
3955:
3859:Younger Futhark
3563:Gregg shorthand
3359:
3338:
3191:
2843:
2573:
2556:
2335:
2318:
2301:
2274:Writing systems
2262:
2237:
2235:writing systems
2228:
2198:
2193:
2172:
2121:
2048:
2023:Writing systems
2011:
1975:
1966:
1964:Writing systems
1961:
1924:
1914:
1893:
1874:
1855:
1841:DeFrancis, John
1836:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1814:Hearle, David.
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
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1510:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1411:
1407:
1390:
1388:
1378:Sagart, Laurent
1371:
1367:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:logoconsonantal
1281:
1277:
1272:
1223:
1216:
1211:Language portal
1209:
1202:
1199:
1142:
1073:Korean language
984:
979:
936:
908:
886: (悔), and
618:for 'mountain'.
578:
572:
555:
549:
541:Arabic alphabet
505:Sassanid period
489:Pahlavi scripts
485:
441:
389:
387:Logoconsonantal
365:rebus principle
354:
342:rebus principle
243:
232:
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28:
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15:
12:
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5:
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6036:
6028:
6026:
6025:Related topics
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6004:
6001:New York Point
5997:
5990:
5982:
5980:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
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5955:
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5941:
5934:
5927:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5885:Harris Mowbray
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5769:Braille e-book
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5278:
5276:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4898:
4896:French-ordered
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:Linear Elamite
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4558:Sign languages
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4535:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Espanca script
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4469:Linear Elamite
4465:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4350:Yi (Classical)
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4174:Bronze scripts
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3987:Flag semaphore
3984:
3982:New York Point
3979:
3977:Telegraph code
3974:
3972:Maritime flags
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Visible Speech
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Sorang Sompeng
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Galik alphabet
3777:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3678:Tironian notes
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3521:Garay alphabet
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Sorang Sompeng
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:Déné syllabics
3224:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Proto-Sinaitic
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2177:Related topics
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:External links
1920:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1878:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1806:
1780:
1760:(4): 623–644.
1744:
1735:
1724:(6): 465–486.
1708:
1679:(4): 237–243.
1659:
1599:
1580:(2): 529–551.
1561:
1524:(3): 512–518.
1508:
1448:
1421:(5): 413–428.
1405:
1365:
1350:
1341:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:Dongba symbols
1229:
1228:
1214:
1198:
1195:
1141:
1138:
983:
980:
978:
975:
935:
932:
907:
904:
896:Laurent Sagart
819:palatalization
811:Middle Chinese
791:
790:
743:
715:
684:
677:) and 'tree' (
656:
619:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
548:
545:
501:Middle Persian
484:
481:
440:
437:
407:
406:
403:
402:
388:
385:
377:determinatives
353:
352:Classification
350:
322:writing system
245:
244:
227:
226:
141:
139:
132:
125:
124:
94:
92:
85:
80:
54:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6090:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6008:Night writing
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:Organisations
5914:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5878:Valentin Haüy
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5857:Louis Braille
5854:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5790:Braille watch
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5713:Braille music
5710:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5676:Luxembourgish
5673:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:Other scripts
5473:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5267:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5247:Northern Sámi
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:Nordic family
5194:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:South African
5133:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5058:Luxembourgish
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:ASCII braille
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Attic (Greek)
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Proto-Elamite
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
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4079:
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4069:
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4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
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4007:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3980:
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3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Elder Futhark
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
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3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Old Hungarian
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
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3542:
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3534:
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3529:
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3524:
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3519:
3517:
3514:
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3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Masaram Gondi
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Gunjala Gondi
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:Old Sundanese
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:Old Maldivian
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:Bilang-bilang
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Sylheti Nagri
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Brahmi script
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:South Arabian
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Inscriptional
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1913:9780195079937
1909:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1892:0-8147-3690-4
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:0-8248-1892-X
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1854:0-8248-1068-6
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1810:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1387:
1384:. ver. 1.00.
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:input methods
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
974:
971:
966:
964:
960:
950:
944:
941:
931:
929:
928:morphographic
923:
921:
917:
913:
903:
901:
900:sound changes
897:
893:
877:
873:
869:
847:
843:
831:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
796:
764:
763:
758:
747:
744:
741:
737:
727:
723:
719:
716:
707:
698:
688:
685:
664:
660:
657:
630:
626:
625:
620:
611:
607:
606:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
585:
584:
577:
567:
563:
561:
554:
553:Determinative
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
524:
518:
516:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
473:Mixtec script
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:logosyllabary
366:
362:
357:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
272:
268:
267:Ancient Greek
264:
260:
251:
241:
238:
223:
220:
212:
209:December 2023
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170: –
169:
165:
164:Find sources:
158:
154:
148:
147:
142:This article
140:
136:
131:
130:
121:
118:December 2023
111:
107:
102:
98:
95:This article
93:
89:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5548:Thai and Lao
5225:Scandinavian
4857:1829 braille
4849:Braille cell
4649:Cypro-Minoan
4515:Pahawh Hmong
4428:Sitelen Pona
4392:Hindu-Arabic
4129:
3725:Mundari Bani
3299:Pahawh Hmong
3108:Tamil-Brahmi
3014:Eveyla Akuru
3009:Dhives Akuru
2476:Paleo-Hebrew
2343:
2279:undeciphered
2102:Pictographic
2097:Phonogrammic
2086:
1902:
1882:
1863:
1844:
1820:. Retrieved
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1783:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1468:
1464:
1451:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1389:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1319:
1295:
1287:
1284:logosyllabic
1283:
1278:
1167:
1154:Wubi methods
1143:
1097:
1081:
1029:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:
967:
958:
948:
945:
937:
924:
909:
875:
871:
867:
841:
832:
792:
760:
745:
739:
735:
722:orthographic
717:
705:
696:
686:
658:
622:
603:
588:
581:
579:
564:
556:
512:
486:
477:Bamum script
469:Aztec script
442:
439:Logosyllabic
416:
412:
410:
390:
368:
363:rely on the
358:
355:
337:
325:
285:
281:
274:'word', and
262:
256:
233:
215:
206:
196:
189:
182:
175:
163:
151:Please help
146:verification
143:
115:
106:You can help
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
36:lexicography
6047:RoboBraille
5871:Róża Czacka
5811:Perforation
5608:Independent
5506:(Bhutanese)
5241:Greenlandic
4912:Azerbaijani
4714:Jindai moji
4603:Syllabaries
4574:SignWriting
4474:Celtiberian
4376:Hieroglyphs
4179:Seal script
4164:Traditional
4036:Blissymbols
3941:Warang Citi
3916:Tolong Siki
3869:Marcomannic
3849:Dalecarlian
3839:Anglo-Saxon
3819:Pau Cin Hau
3710:Medefaidrin
3663:Merovingian
3623:Blackletter
3531:Asomtavruli
3324:Warang Citi
3133:Ulu scripts
3078:New Tai Lue
3021:Mon–Burmese
2875:Bhattiprolu
2703:Nandinagari
2530:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2289:constructed
2117:Syllabaries
2087:Logographic
2082:Ideogrammic
1799:26 November
1795:(in Korean)
1253:Syllabogram
1180:encoded in
882: (每),
795:Old Chinese
529:heterograms
527:(a form of
465:Maya script
415:'duck' and
373:hieroglyphs
334:syllabaries
308:as used in
6067:Categories
5599:(obsolete)
5580:(obsolete)
5372:(Pakistan)
5283:Belarusian
5165:Vietnamese
5108:Portuguese
5094:Philippine
5051:Lithuanian
4704:Hentaigana
4699:Man'yōgana
4159:Simplified
4046:Ersu Shaba
3960:Non-linear
3765:Old Uyghur
3755:Old Permic
3750:Old Italic
3683:Visigothic
3618:Beneventan
3553:Glagolitic
3516:Gadabuursi
3180:Kolezhuthu
3175:Vatteluttu
3113:Tanchangya
3036:Saurashtra
2613:Devanagari
2471:Phoenician
2424:Manichaean
2148:Devanagari
1637:1887/18428
1539:1887/15874
1486:1887/18428
1329:Britannica
1307:References
1130:elementary
1021:East Asian
830:compound.
815:obstruents
724:and often
631:, such as
605:pictograms
523:hozwārishn
346:ideographs
326:logography
179:newspapers
168:"Logogram"
61:improve it
6078:Graphemes
6015:Vibratese
5994:Moon type
5987:Decapoint
5668:Eight-dot
5621:Cantonese
5570:Reordered
5533:Inuktitut
5422:Malayalam
5332:Ukrainian
5311:Mongolian
5290:Bulgarian
5253:Norwegian
5218:Icelandic
5009:Hungarian
4967:Esperanto
4919:Cantonese
4503:Redundant
4315:Anatolian
4266:Cuneiform
4194:bird-worm
4130:Logograms
4101:Testerian
4015:Ideograms
3992:Moon type
3879:Staveless
3770:Mongolian
3715:Molodtsov
3673:Sütterlin
3541:Mkhedruli
3407:Bassa Vah
3357:Alphabets
3329:Mwangwego
3294:Mwangwego
3269:Kharosthi
3222:Blackfoot
3185:Malayanma
3056:Sundanese
3051:Sukhothai
2999:Malayalam
2950:Khom Thai
2910:Goykanadi
2834:Tocharian
2787:ʼPhags-pa
2658:Khudabadi
2603:Bhaiksuki
2498:Samaritan
2429:Nabataean
2284:inventors
2184:In Africa
2168:Mongolian
2112:Shorthand
2072:Alphabets
2002:Graphemes
1518:Cognition
1312:Citations
1258:Wingdings
1126:Hong Kong
1107:常用國字標準字體表
637:'up' and
624:ideograms
330:alphabets
286:lexigraph
282:logograph
110:talk page
67:talk page
18:Logograms
5651:Japanese
5512:Georgian
5504:Dzongkha
5490:Armenian
5408:Gujarati
5273:Cyrillic
5204:Estonian
5179:Yugoslav
5115:Romanian
5087:Nigerian
5002:Hawaiian
4988:Ghanaian
4905:Albanian
4766:Sumerian
4731:Linear B
4694:Katakana
4689:Hiragana
4639:Cherokee
4569:ASLwrite
4530:Bopomofo
4385:Numerals
4371:Hieratic
4330:Isthmian
4299:Sumerian
4279:Assyrian
4274:Akkadian
3931:Vithkuqi
3906:Tifinagh
3874:Medieval
3829:Pisidian
3824:Phrygian
3795:Vagindra
3740:Ol Chiki
3648:Interlac
3603:Kayah Li
3593:Jenticha
3548:Veso Bey
3536:Nuskhuri
3526:Georgian
3496:Formosan
3491:Etruscan
3486:Enochian
3442:Cyrillic
3427:Coelbren
3385:Armenian
3284:Meroitic
3274:Mandombe
3264:Jenticha
3128:Tigalari
3093:Tai Viet
3088:Tai Tham
3068:Tagbanwa
2920:Javanese
2870:Baybayin
2860:Balinese
2848:Southern
2743:Pracalit
2738:Pachumol
2713:Bhujimol
2673:Mahajani
2633:Gurmukhi
2623:Gujarati
2591:Northern
2571:Abugidas
2552:Ugaritic
2540:Maḏnḥāyā
2414:Tifinagh
2407:Solitreo
2345:Numerals
2258:Grapheme
2246:Overview
2077:Featural
2067:Abugidas
1987:Language
1980:Overview
1843:(1984).
1774:17576144
1703:45244075
1646:21722063
1594:22905930
1556:13841933
1548:20338551
1495:21722063
1443:20404324
1435:16191812
1391:12 April
1334:10 April
1197:See also
1170:ISO 8859
1158:Bopomofo
1093:现代汉语常用字表
757:Japanese
726:semantic
629:concepts
610:morpheme
560:ideogram
457:Linear B
453:Linear A
425:hieratic
338:phonemic
302:morpheme
294:semantic
263:logogram
5556:Tibetan
5497:Burmese
5483:Amharic
5466:(India)
5443:Sinhala
5436:Punjabi
5415:Kannada
5363:Persian
5318:Russian
5258:Swedish
5236:Finnish
5211:Faroese
5186:Zambian
5158:Turkish
5143:Spanish
5066:Maltese
5044:Latvian
5037:Italian
5016:Iñupiaq
4995:Guarani
4955:English
4926:Catalan
4843:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
4838:Braille
4721:Kikakui
4659:Eskayan
4644:Cypriot
4494:Dunging
4366:Demotic
4345:Tenevil
4289:Hittite
4284:Elamite
4237:Jurchen
4216:Sawndip
4211:Chữ Nôm
4111:Zapotec
4106:Yerkish
4081:Nsibidi
4066:Miꞌkmaw
4056:Isotype
4026:Adinkra
3967:Braille
3951:Zaghawa
3921:Vellara
3901:Sunuwar
3891:Sidetic
3886:Shavian
3814:Osmanya
3804:Ol Onal
3658:Kurrent
3643:Insular
3633:Fraktur
3608:Klingon
3598:Kaddare
3572:Archaic
3481:Elbasan
3469:Chinook
3459:Deseret
3447:Bosnian
3402:Avoiuli
3390:Avestan
3380:Ariyaka
3309:Tengwar
3207:Bharati
3168:Serawai
3158:Pasemah
3143:Lampung
3098:Lai Tay
3083:Tai Noi
3046:Sinhala
3026:Pallava
2994:Makasar
2982:Lontara
2957:Kulitan
2930:Kannada
2925:Kadamba
2915:Hanunoo
2905:Grantha
2900:Fakkham
2817:Tibetan
2802:Soyombo
2797:Siddhaṃ
2792:Sharada
2768:Litumol
2758:Tirhuta
2748:Ranjana
2733:Kvemmol
2693:Multani
2678:Marchen
2643:Kalinga
2583:Brahmic
2520:Sogdian
2459:Psalter
2439:Pahlavi
2419:Mandaic
2397:Cursive
2382:Elymaic
2353:Aramaic
2143:Chinese
2092:Numeral
1834:Sources
1695:9576638
1654:8557066
1503:8557066
1191:Unicode
1150:Cangjie
1065:Tibetan
1053:English
1049:Finnish
1045:Spanish
1041:Italian
888:/m̥ˤəʔ/
884:/m̥ˤəʔ/
663:radical
539:of the
537:variant
509:Aramaic
497:Aramaic
429:demotic
381:radical
310:Chinese
288:, is a
193:scholar
5976:Other
5849:People
5839:Braigo
5658:Korean
5526:Hebrew
5457:Telugu
5356:Arabic
5346:Arabic
5304:Kyrgyz
5297:Kazakh
5231:Danish
5129:Slovak
5122:Samoan
5101:Polish
5080:Navajo
4981:German
4974:French
4841:
4786:Yugtun
4776:Woleai
4726:Kpelle
4709:Sōgana
4629:Byblos
4407:Muisca
4325:Cretan
4294:Luwian
4252:Tangut
4071:Mixtec
4041:Dongba
3946:Yezidi
3936:Wancho
3911:Todhri
3864:Gothic
3844:Cipher
3785:Manchu
3775:Evenki
3760:Orkhon
3705:Manchu
3700:Lydian
3695:Lycian
3638:Gaelic
3588:Hanifi
3583:Hangul
3558:Gothic
3506:Fraser
3501:Fox II
3437:Coptic
3412:Carian
3395:Pazend
3368:Linear
3314:Thaana
3259:Sarati
3200:Others
3163:Rejang
3148:Lembak
3138:Incung
3118:Telugu
3073:Tai Le
2967:Langdi
2890:Chakma
2780:Karani
2753:Tamyig
2728:Kummol
2723:Himmol
2718:Golmol
2698:Nagari
2683:Meitei
2668:Lepcha
2653:Khojki
2638:Kaithi
2525:Syriac
2513:Musnad
2392:Ashuri
2387:Hebrew
2370:Elifba
2365:Arabic
2358:Hatran
2333:Abjads
2153:Hangul
2133:Arabic
2062:Abjads
1910:
1889:
1870:
1851:
1822:27 May
1772:
1701:
1693:
1652:
1644:
1592:
1554:
1546:
1501:
1493:
1441:
1433:
1248:Symbol
1162:Pinyin
1121:常用字字形表
1071:, the
1069:Hangul
1057:French
1047:, and
898:– but
880:/mˤəʔ/
874:, and
483:Others
427:, and
336:, are
277:gramma
265:(from
195:
188:
181:
174:
166:
108:. The
5692:(GS8)
5683:Kanji
5541:Khmer
5519:Greek
5450:Tamil
5383:i.e.
5344:i.e.
5325:Tatar
5271:i.e.
5172:Welsh
5073:Māori
5030:Irish
4948:Dutch
4941:Czech
4751:Nüshu
4619:Bamum
4614:Afaka
4421:Other
4412:Roman
4397:Abjad
4320:Bagam
4221:Bowen
4206:Kanji
4201:Hanja
4189:small
4184:large
4091:Olmec
4061:Kaidā
4051:Emoji
4031:Aztec
3834:Runic
3809:Osage
3790:Oirat
3735:Ogham
3668:Sigla
3613:Latin
3568:Greek
3452:Early
3422:Cirth
3375:Adlam
3244:Geʽez
3239:Fox I
3103:Tamil
2962:Lanna
2945:Khmer
2935:Karen
2885:Buhid
2865:Batak
2822:Uchen
2812:Takri
2763:Limbu
2663:Laṇḍā
2648:Khema
2628:Gupta
2618:Dogri
2535:Serṭā
2508:Zabur
2493:Punic
2466:Pegon
2402:Rashi
2316:Types
2267:Lists
2231:Types
2163:Latin
2054:Types
2016:Lists
1699:S2CID
1650:S2CID
1612:(PDF)
1552:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1461:(PDF)
1439:S2CID
1270:Notes
1263:Rebus
1238:Emoji
1182:UTF-8
1077:hanja
1037:Latin
1033:Greek
1001:wāḥid
920:hanja
916:kanji
912:hanzi
807:tones
731:樂 / 乐
706:liáng
697:liáng
583:hànzì
515:m-l-k
493:abjad
271:logos
257:In a
200:JSTOR
186:books
5464:Urdu
5429:Odia
5370:Urdu
4746:Loma
4741:Lisu
4684:Kana
4674:Iban
4664:Geba
4624:Bété
4579:si5s
4489:Khom
4462:Full
4335:Maya
3730:N'Ko
3289:Miao
3234:Dham
3153:Ogan
3123:Thai
3041:Shan
2977:Leke
2940:Kawi
2895:Cham
2880:Buda
2855:Ahom
2775:Odia
2688:Modi
2444:Book
2158:Kana
1908:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1824:2007
1801:2017
1770:PMID
1691:PMID
1642:PMID
1590:PMID
1544:PMID
1491:PMID
1431:PMID
1393:2011
1336:2022
1243:Logo
1174:byte
1152:and
1132:and
1086:'s "
1063:and
1061:Thai
997:ichi
918:and
894:and
801:and
762:kana
455:and
332:and
320:. A
298:word
261:, a
172:news
5023:IPA
4771:Vai
4679:Idu
4247:Sui
3720:Mru
3690:Luo
3653:IPA
3334:Rma
3031:Pyu
2972:Lao
2827:Umê
2233:of
1762:doi
1726:doi
1681:doi
1632:hdl
1624:doi
1582:doi
1534:hdl
1526:doi
1522:115
1481:hdl
1473:doi
1423:doi
1160:or
1118:" (
1104:" (
1090:" (
999:or
993:one
959:zou
949:zou
876:hǎi
872:huǐ
844:in
842:měi
827:/r/
821:or
809:in
803:/ʔ/
799:/s/
736:yuè
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300:or
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870:,
868:wǔ
786:假借
771:;
768:仮名
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740:lè
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989:1
954:造
863:海
857:悔
851:侮
837:每
780:假
774:仮
751:自
711:木
702:梁
695:(
692:樑
680:木
674:人
668:休
652:刃
646:刀
640:下
634:上
615:山
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