Building insulation

1739:

however, must not hinder the primary function of windows: transparency. Typically, aerogels have low transmission and appear hazy, even amongst those considered transparent, which is why they have generally been reserved to wall insulation applications. Eldho Abraham, a researcher at the University of Colorado Boulder, recently demonstrated the capabilities of aerogels by designing a silanized cellulose aerogel (SiCellA) which offers near 99% visible transmission in addition to thermal conductivities which effectively reject or retain heat depending on the interior environment, akin to heating/cooling alterations. This is due to the designed 97.5% porosity of the SiCellA: pores are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, leading to transmission; the pores also minimize contact between the cellulose fibers, leading to lower thermal conductivities. The use of cellulose fibers lends itself to sustainability, as this is a naturally derived fiber sourced from wood pulps. This opens the door not only to aerogels, but also more general wood-based materials implementation in an effort to assist sustainable design alternatives with compounding energy saving effects.

2015:

materials work by creating tiny air cavities between molecules, these air cavities can largely reduce the heat exchange through the materials. But there are two exceptions which don't use air cavities as their functional element to prevent heat transfer. One is reflective thermal insulation, which creates a great airspace by forming a radiation barrier by attaching metal foil on one side or both sides, this thermal insulation mainly reduces the radiation heat transfer. Although the polished metal foil attached on the materials can only prevent the radiation heat transfer, its effect to stop heat transfer can be dramatic. Another thermal insulation that doesn't apply air cavities is vacuum insulation, the vacuum-insulated panels can stop all kinds of convection and conduction and it can also largely mitigate the radiation heat transfer. But the effectiveness of vacuum insulation is also limited by the edge of the material, since the edge of the vacuum panel can form a thermal bridge which leads to a reduction of the effectiveness of the vacuum insulation. The effectiveness of the vacuum insulation is also related to the area of the vacuum panels.

779: 771: 795: 1382:

walls, and various components of the building (such as Veranda roofs in the hot climate, Bulkhead, Floors). Bulkheads (wall section between ceilings which are in different heights) should have the same insulated level as the ceilings since they suffer the same temperature levels. And the external walls of Australia's building should be insulated to decrease all kinds of heat transfer. Besides the walls and ceilings, the Australia energy code also requires insulation for floors (not all floors). Raised timber floors must have around 400mm soil clearance below the lowest timbers to provide sufficient space for insulation, and concrete slab such as suspended slabs and slab-on-ground should be insulated in the same way.

4169: 871:

ceilings, walls, floors, windows, and doors. This heat reduction and acquisition are usually unwelcome. It not only increases the load on the HVAC system resulting in more energy wastes but also reduces the thermal comfort of people in the building. Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor in achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow sense, insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such as:

4180: 1503:

of the integral building is changed or enlarged is also considered to be a new build. Therefore, during thorough renovations, there's a chance that the new construction must meet the new building requirement for insulation of the Netherlands. If the renovation is of a smaller nature, the renovation directive applies. Examples of renovation are post-insulation of a cavity wall and post-insulation of a sloping roof against the roof boarding or under the tiles. Note that every renovation must meet the minimum Rc value of 1.3 W/(m⋅K). If the current insulation has a higher insulation value (the legally obtained level), then this value counts as a lower limit.

1703:

insulation materials that displayed high insulated performance was very expensive. With the development of material industry and the booming of science technologies, more and more insulation materials and insulated technologies have emerged during the 20th century, which gives us various options for building insulation. Especially in the cold climate areas, a large amount of thermal insulation is needed to deal with the heat losses caused by cold weather (infiltration, ventilation, and radiation). There are two technologies that are worth discussing:

1666: 1775:

shortage of electricity in the summer due to the increasing use of cooling machines. A new technology called Cool Roof has been introduced to ameliorate this situation. In the past, architects used thermal mass materials to improve thermal comfort, the heavy thermal insulation could cause the time-lag effect which might slow down the speed of heat transfer during the daytime and keep the indoor temperature in a certain range (Hot and dry climate regions usually have a large temperature difference between the day and night).

4475: 1718:

composed of core panels and metallic enclosures. The common materials that used to produce Core panels are fumed and precipitated silica, open-cell polyurethane (PU), and different types of fiberglass. And the core panel is covered by the metallic enclosure to create a vacuum environment, the metallic enclosure can make sure that the core panel is kept in the vacuum environment. Although this material has a high thermal performance, it still maintains a high price in the last twenty years.

1086:

some mandatory thermal insulation requirements. All thermal insulation requirements in ASHRAE 90.1 are divided by the climate zone, it means that the amount of insulation needed for a building is determined by which climate zone the building locates. The thermal insulation requirements are shown as R-value and continuous insulation R-value as the second index. The requirements for different types of walls (wood framed walls, steel framed walls, and mass walls) are shown in the table.

1779:

also improve the effectiveness of the thermal insulation since around 30% solar radiation is reflected back to the sky. The shape of the roof is also under consideration, the curved roof can receive less solar energy compared with conventional shapes. Meanwhile, the drawback of this technology is obvious that the high reflectivity will cause visual discomfort. On the other hand, the high reflectivity and thermal emittance of the roof will increase the heating load of the building.

113: 1363:

energy codes of Russia were established by experts of government institutes or nongovernmental organization like ABOK. The energy code of Russia have been revised several times since 1955, the 1995 versions reduced energy depletion per square meter for heating by 20%, and the 2000 version reduced by 40%. The code also has a mandatory requirement on thermal insulation of buildings accompany with some voluntary provisions, mainly focused on heat loss from the building shell.

1022:

thermal insulation. So, people began to search for substitutes which are more durable. In the 19th century, people were no longer satisfied with using natural materials for thermal insulation, they processed the organic materials and produced the first insulated panels. At the same time, more and more artificial materials start to emerge, and a large range of artificial thermal insulation materials were developed, e.g. rock wool, fiberglass, foam glass, and hollow bricks.

704: 718: 968:, of which there are two – metric (SI) (with unit K⋅W⋅m) and US customary (with unit °F⋅ft⋅h/BTU), the former being 0.176 times the latter numerically, or the reciprocal quantity the thermal conductivity or U-value W⋅K⋅m. For example, in the US the insulation standard for attics, is recommended to be at least R-38 US units, (equivalent to R-6.7 or a U value of 0.15 in SI units). The equivalent standard in the UK are technically comparable, the 973:

or U-value does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors for each building. Construction quality issues can include inadequate vapor barriers and problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the properties and density of the insulation material itself are critical. Most countries have some regime of either inspections or certification of approved installers to make sure that good standards are maintained.

78: 2101: 1927: 2089:(LCA). A number of studies compared the environmental impact of insulation materials in their application. The comparison shows that most important is the insulation value of the product meeting the technical requirements for the application. Only in a second order step, a differentiation between materials becomes relevant. The report commissioned by the Belgian government to VITO is a good example of such a study. 1321:. However, you can sometimes perform a self-assessment in certain areas of the home, such as attics. Here, a visual inspection, along with use of a ruler, can give you a sense of whether you may benefit from additional insulation. Residential energy audits are often initiated due homeowners being alerted by a gradual increase in their utility bills which often reflects the buildings attic as being poorly insulated. 36: 853:, especially when buildings are heated by oil, natural gas, or coal-based electricity. Local and national governments and utilities often have a mix of incentives and regulations to encourage insulation efforts on new and renovated buildings as part of efficiency programs in order to reduce grid energy use and its related environmental impacts and infrastructure costs. 1002:, these materials were first used as clothing materials, because their dwellings were temporary, they were more likely to use the materials they used in clothing, which were easy to obtain and process. The materials of animal furs and plant products can hold a large amount of air between molecules which can create an air cavity to reduce the heat exchange. 1730:

conventional plastic foam insulation materials, due to their designed high porosity. But the difficulties in processing and low productivity limit the development of Aerogels, the cost price of this material still remains at a high level. Only two companies in the United States offer the commercial Aerogel product for wall insulation purposes.

1494:

insulation of the building shell and introduced requirements for air-tightness tests. The Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) 2013 clarified the requirement of thermal insulation of the ceiling. And it mentioned that if the ceiling was not fulfilled, thermal insulation will be needed in accessible ceilings over upper floor's heated rooms.

1031:

insulation is the fundamental task that ensures a healthy indoor environment and against structure damages. It is also a key factor in dealing with high energy consumption, it can reduce the heat flow through the building envelope. Good thermal insulation can also bring the following benefits to the building:

763: 2056:

heat flow tends to be dominated by convection. This means that for attics, ceilings, and roofs, they are most effective in hot climates. They also have a role in reducing heat losses in cool climates. However, much greater insulation can be achieved through the addition of bulk insulators (see above).

2014:

According to three ways of heat exchange, most thermal insulation we use in our buildings can be divided into two categories: Conductive and convective insulators and radiant heat barriers. And there are more detailed classifications to distinguish between different materials. Many thermal insulation

1765:

If refrigerative air-conditioning is employed in a hot, humid climate, then it is particularly important to seal the building envelope. Dehumidification of humid air infiltration can waste significant energy. On the other hand, some building designs are based on effective cross-ventilation instead of

1381:

The thermal insulation requirements of Australia follow the climate of the building location, the table below is the minimum insulation requirements based on climate, which is determined by the Building Code of Australia (BCA). The building in Australia applies insulation in roofs, ceilings, external

1362:

start to establish in 1955, norms and rules first mentioned the performance of the building envelope and heat losses, and they formed norms to regulate the energy characteristics of the building envelope. And the most recent version of Russia energy code (SP 50.13330.2012) was published in 2003. The

1076:

The insulation strategy of a building needs to be based on a careful consideration of the mode of energy transfer and the direction and intensity in which it moves. This may alter throughout the day and from season to season. It is important to choose an appropriate design, the correct combination of

1035:

Preventing building damage caused by the formation of moisture on the inside of the building envelope. Thermal insulation makes sure that the temperatures of room surface don't fall below a critical level, which avoids condensation and the formation of mould. According to the Building Damage reports,

1017:

dwellings began to emerge. The high density of these materials can cause a time lag effect in thermal transfer, which can make the inside temperature change slowly. This effect keep inside of the buildings warm in winter and cool in summer, also because of the materials like earth or stone is easy to

2023:

Bulk insulators block conductive heat transfer and convective flow either into or out of a building. Air is a very poor conductor of heat and therefore makes a good insulator. Insulation to resist conductive heat transfer uses air spaces between fibers, inside foam or plastic bubbles and in building

2005:

There are essentially two types of building insulation - bulk insulation and reflective insulation. Most buildings use a combination of both types to make up a total building insulation system. The type of insulation used is matched to create maximum resistance to each of the three forms of building

1778:

The cool roof is low-cost technology based on solar reflectance and thermal emittance, which uses reflective materials and light colors to reflect the solar radiation. The solar reflectance and the thermal emittance are two key factors that determine the thermal performance of the roof, and they can

1702:

The vacuum panels and aerogel wall surface insulation are two technologies that can enhance the energy performance and thermal insulating effectiveness of the residential buildings and commercial buildings in cold climate regions such as New England and Boston. In the past time, the price of thermal

1642:

Document L defines thermal requirements, and while setting minimum standards can allow for the U values for elements such as roofs and walls to be traded off against other factors such as the type of heating system in a whole building energy use assessment. Scotland and Northern Ireland have similar

1021:

Organic materials were the first available to build a shelter for people to protect themselves from bad weather conditions and to help keep them warm. But organic materials like animal and plant fiber cannot exist for a long time, so these natural materials cannot satisfy people's long-term need for

981:

The history of thermal insulation is not so long compared with other materials, but human beings have been aware of the importance of insulation for a long time. In the prehistoric time, human beings began their activity of making shelters against wild animals and heavy weather, human beings started

972:

would normally require an average U value over the roof area of 0.11 to 0.18 depending on the age of the property and the type of roof construction. Newer buildings have to meet a higher standard than those built under previous versions of the regulations. It is important to realise a single R-value

953:

Most of the materials in the above list only retain a large amount of air or other gases between the molecules of the material. The gas conducts heat much less than the solids. These materials can form gas cavities, which can be used to insulate heat with low heat transfer efficiency. This situation

1752:

In hot conditions, the greatest source of heat energy is solar radiation. This can enter buildings directly through windows or it can heat the building shell to a higher temperature than the ambient, increasing the heat transfer through the building envelope. The Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient (SHGC)

1717:

VIPs are noted for their ultra-high thermal resistance, their ability of thermal resistance is four to eight times more than conventional foam insulation materials which lead to a thinner thickness of thermal insulation to the building shell compared with traditional materials. The VIPs are usually

1673:

In cold conditions, the main aim is to reduce heat flow out of the building. The components of the building envelope—windows, doors, roofs, floors/foundations, walls, and air infiltration barriers—are all important sources of heat loss; in an otherwise well insulated home, windows will

1502:

The building decree (Bouwbesluit) of the Netherlands makes a clear distinction between home renovation or newly built houses. New builds count as completely new homes, but also new additions and extensions are considered to be new builds. Furthermore, renovations whereby at least 25% of the surface

3923:

rarely falls below 1kWh/m/day and may rise above 7kWh/m/day during summer. (Source:www.gaisma.com) In comparison the power output of an average domestic bar radiator is about 1kW. Therefore the amount of thermal radiation falling upon a 200m house could vary between 200-1400 home heaters operating

2066:

Thermal emissivity values probably best reflect the effectiveness of radiant barriers. Some manufacturers quote an 'equivalent' R-value for these products but these figures can be difficult to interpret, or even misleading, since R-value testing measures total heat loss in a laboratory setting and

2055:

Radiant barriers work in conjunction with an air space to reduce radiant heat transfer across the air space. Radiant or reflective insulation reflects heat instead of either absorbing it or letting it pass through. Radiant barriers are often seen used in reducing downward heat flow, because upward

1774:

In hot dry climate regions like Egypt and Africa, thermal comfort in the summer is the main question, nearly half of energy consumption in urban area is depleted by air conditioning systems to satisfy peoples' demand for thermal comfort, many developing countries in hot dry climate region suffer a

1493:

Germany established its requirements of building energy efficiency in 1977, and the first energy code-the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) which based on the building performance was introduced in 2002. And the 2009 version of the Energy Saving Ordinance increased the minimum R-values of the thermal

1085:

The thermal insulation requirements in the USA follow the ASHRAE 90.1 which is the U.S. energy standard for all commercial and some residential buildings. ASHRAE 90.1 standard considers multiple perspectives such as prescriptive, building envelope types and energy cost budget. And the standard has

844:

Since prehistoric times, humans have created thermal insulation with materials such as animal fur and plants. With the agricultural development, earth, stone, and cave shelters arose. In the 19th century, people started to produce insulated panels and other artificial materials. Now, insulation is

1990:

Depending on the country there are different regulations as to which type of insulation is the best alternative for buildings, considering energy efficiency and environmental factors. Geographical location also affects the type of insulation needed as colder climates will need a bigger investment

1484:

China has various climatic characters, which are divided by geographical areas. There are five climate zones in China to identify the building design include thermal insulation. (The very cold zone, cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone and cold winter zone).

1729:

was first discovered by Samuel Stephens Kistle in 1931. It is a kind of gel of which the liquid component of the material is replaced by a gas, thus creating a material that is 99% air. This material has a relatively high R-value of around R-10 per inch which is considerably higher compared with

1761:

are highly effective for attic spaces in hot climates. In this application, they are much more effective in hot climates than cold climates. For downward heat flow, convection is weak and radiation dominates heat transfer across an air space. Radiant barriers must face an adequate air-gap to be

1030:

Thermal insulation can play a significant role in buildings, great demands of thermal comfort result in a large amount of energy consumed for full-heating for all rooms. Around 40% of energy consumption can be attributed to the building, mainly consumed by heating or cooling. Sufficient thermal

1738:

The DOE estimates thermal losses nearing 30% through windows, and thermal gains from sunlight leading to unwanted heating. Due to the high R associated with aerogels, their use for glazing applications has become an area of interest explored by many research institutions. Their implementation,

870:

and gain. The transfer of heat is caused by the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. Heat may be transferred either by conduction, convection, or radiation. The rate of transmission is closely related to the propagating medium. Heat is lost or gained by transmission through the

1894:

with metal. Notable areas that most commonly lack sufficient insulation are the corners of buildings, and areas where insulation has been removed or displaced to make room for system infrastructure, such as electrical boxes (outlets and light switches), plumbing, fire alarm equipment, etc.

4277: 1039:

Producing a comfortable thermal environment for people living in the building. Good thermal insulation allows sufficiently high temperatures inside the building during the winter, and it also achieves the same level of thermal comfort by offering relatively low air temperature in the

1898:

Thermal bridges can also be created by uncoordinated construction, for example by closing off parts of external walls before they are fully insulated. The existence of inaccessible voids within the wall cavity which are devoid of insulation can be a source of thermal bridging.

2063:(low-e) windows will transmit light and short-wave infra-red energy into a building but reflect the long-wave infra-red radiation generated by interior furnishings. Similarly, special heat-reflective paints are able to reflect more heat than visible light, or vice versa. 848:

Insulation is an important economic and environmental investment for buildings. By installing insulation, buildings use less energy for heating and cooling and occupants experience less thermal variability. Retrofitting buildings with further insulation is an important

2032:

Fibrous materials are made by tiny diameter fibers which evenly distribute the airspace. The commonly used materials are silica, glass, rock wool, and slag wool. Glass fiber and mineral wool are two insulation materials that are most widely used in this type.

1912:

One method of reducing thermal bridge effects is the installation of an insulation board (e.g. foam board EPS XPS, wood fibre board, etc.) over the exterior outside wall. Another method is using insulated lumber framing for a thermal break inside the wall.

1316:

To determine whether you should add insulation, you first need to find out how much insulation you already have in your home and where. A qualified home energy auditor will include an insulation check as a routine part of a whole-house

1043:

Reducing unwanted heating or cooling energy input. Thermal insulation reduces the heat exchange through the building envelope, which allows the heating and cooling machines to achieve the same indoor air temperature with less energy

4222:

Peeters, Karolien; Van de moortel, Els; Spirinckx, Carolin; Thoelen, Peter; Debacker, Wim; Vanleemput, Sigrid; De Troyer, Frank; Dewulf, Wim; Norton, Andrew; Schmidt, Jannick; Temmerman, Liesbet; De Lathauwer, Dieter (2013-11-05).

1036:

12.7% and 14% of building damage was caused by mould problems. If there is no sufficient thermal insulation in the building, high relative humidity inside the building will lead to condensation and finally result in mould problems.

1825:

defines the conditioned or living space in a house. The attic or basement may or may not be included in this area. Reducing airflow from inside to outside can help to reduce convective heat transfer significantly.

2024:

cavities like the attic. This is beneficial in an actively cooled or heated building, but can be a liability in a passively cooled building; adequate provisions for cooling by ventilation or radiation are needed.

3237: 1873:

is created when materials create a continuous path across a temperature difference, in which the heat flow is not interrupted by thermal insulation. Common building materials that are poor insulators include

1885:

A building design may have limited capacity for insulation in some areas of the structure. A common construction design is based on stud walls, in which thermal bridges are common in wood or steel studs and

1868:

Thermal bridges are points in the building envelope that allow heat conduction to occur. Since heat flows through the path of least resistance, thermal bridges can contribute to poor energy performance. A

2041:

Cellular insulation is composed of small cells which are separated from each other. The commonly cellular materials are glass and foamed plastic like polystyrene, polyolefin, and polyurethane.

2705: 2670: 1686:, bulk insulation, and minimising the amount of non-insulative (particularly non-solar facing) glazing. Indoor thermal radiation can also be a disadvantage with spectrally selective (low-e, 1344: 1643:

systems but the detail technical standards are not identical. The standards have been revised several times in recent years, requiring more efficient use of energy as the UK moves towards a

3462: 3421: 3380: 2789: 2858: 1987:

Insulating buildings during construction is much easier than retrofitting, as generally the insulation is hidden, and parts of the building need to be deconstructed to reach them.

1757:, spectrally selective (heat-reflective) paints and coatings and, various types of insulation for the rest of the envelope. Specially coated glazing can reduce SHGC to around 10%. 3023: 2985: 2950: 2914: 866:

Thermal insulation usually refers to the use of appropriate insulation materials and design adaptations for buildings to slow the transfer of heat through the enclosure to reduce

1053:

How much insulation a house should have depends on building design, climate, energy costs, budget, and personal preference. Regional climates make for different requirements.

969: 3308: 1347:

found that Russian buildings are either over- or under-heated, and often consume up to 50 percent more heat and hot water than needed. 53 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO

961:

The effectiveness of reflective insulation (radiant barrier) is commonly evaluated by the reflectivity (emittance) of the surface with airspace facing to the heat source.

2888: 2810: 1639: 4272: 2740: 1006: 4053:"Page 144 of Reducing cooling demands in a hot dry climate: A simulation study for non-insulated passive cool roof thermal performance in residential buildings" 4035:"Page 143 of Reducing cooling demands in a hot dry climate: A simulation study for non-insulated passive cool roof thermal performance in residential buildings" 4012:"Page 142 of Reducing cooling demands in a hot dry climate: A simulation study for non-insulated passive cool roof thermal performance in residential buildings" 2059:

Some radiant barriers are spectrally selective and will preferentially reduce the flow of infra-red radiation in comparison to other wavelengths. For instance,

57: 4304: 2716: 2681: 1753:(a measure of solar heat transmittance) of standard single glazing can be around 78–85%. Solar gain can be reduced by adequate shading from the sun, 2085:. The commonly accepted approach to determine whether or not an insulation product, or in fact any product or service is eco-friendly is by doing a 3183: 3145: 4100: 1797:

on the building and the prevailing breezes. Reflective laminates can help reduce passive solar heat in pole barns, garages, and metal buildings.

3473: 3432: 3391: 4224: 4259: 1793:

Optimal placement of building elements (e.g. windows, doors, heaters) can play a significant role in insulation by considering the impact of

1070: 4071: 749: 4141: 2862: 3034: 2996: 2961: 2925: 4534: 4508: 1635: 1511:

Insulation requirements for new houses and small buildings in New Zealand are set out in the Building Code and standard NZS 4128:2009.

44: 3735:

Abraham, Eldho; Cherpak, Vladyslav; Senyuk, Bohdan; ten Hove, Jan Bart; Lee, Taewoo; Liu, Qingkun; Smalyukh, Ivan I. (April 2023).

778: 3690:"Aerogels with 3D Ordered Nanofiber Skeletons of Liquid-Crystalline Nanocellulose Derivatives as Tough and Transparent Insulators" 3305: 1678:

corresponds to an R-value of about 0.17 m⋅K⋅W or more than twice that for typical double glazing (compared to 2–4 m⋅K⋅W for

1343:, the availability of abundant and cheap gas has led to poorly insulated, overheated, and inefficient consumption of energy. The 1005:

Later, human beings' long life spans and the development of agriculture determined that they needed a fixed place of residence,

4297: 2638: 2620: 2602: 2571: 2398: 244: 3126:

Li, Baizhan. Page 2 of The Chinese Evaluation Standard for the Indoor Thermal Environment in Free-running Buildings (Report).

3107:

Li, Baizhan. Page 1 of The Chinese Evaluation Standard for the Indoor Thermal Environment in Free-running Buildings (Report).

2892: 2814: 770: 3218: 4086: 774:

A semi-detached house with one half of the facade in the original state and the other half after insulation with polystyrene

1948: 1902:

Some forms of insulation transfer heat more readily when wet, and can therefore also form a thermal bridge in this state.

4610: 3087: 3345: 2744: 4519: 4290: 2765: 1974: 571: 391: 112: 1956: 845:

divided into two main categories: bulk insulation and reflective insulation. Buildings typically use a combination.

4116: 742: 179: 2315: 4600: 4524: 4497: 4377: 4347: 3093: 1856:. Moisture can also drastically reduce the effectiveness of insulation by creating a thermal bridge (see below). 1473:* These minimum insulation levels are higher if the roof has an upper surface absorbance value of more than 0.4. 435: 17: 3288: 1324:

An initial estimate of insulation needs in the United States can be determined by the US Department of Energy's

794: 2427: 2370: 1952: 1376: 3946: 2835: 4786: 3855:

Xia, Qinqin; Chen, Chaoji; Li, Tian; He, Shuaiming; Gao, Jinlong; Wang, Xizheng; Hu, Liangbing (2021-01-29).

2210: 2143: 2000: 1788: 1674:

then become an important source of heat transfer. The resistance to conducted heat loss for standard single

982:

their exploration of thermal insulation. Prehistoric peoples built their dwellings by using the materials of

838: 264: 4801: 3971: 2067:

does not control the type of heat loss responsible for the net result (radiation, conduction, convection).

1386:

Minimum roof insulation level by climate – cool temperate; Alpine reducing heat loss is the main priority

4811: 4796: 4382: 3947:"Comparative Evaluation of the Impact of Roofing Systems on Residential Cooling Energy Demand in Florida" 735: 4097: 3737:"Highly transparent silanized cellulose aerogels for boosting energy efficiency of glazing in buildings" 3194: 3156: 4740: 4679: 3560: 2294: 1837: 605: 1351:) emissions in Russia are produced through heating and generating electricity for buildings. However, 4735: 4720: 4453: 4337: 850: 708: 284: 4233: 4725: 4669: 4438: 4423: 4397: 4313: 2115: 2078: 2070:

A film of dirt or moisture can alter the emissivity and hence the performance of radiant barriers.

1937: 1619: 1352: 1062: 657: 595: 269: 224: 214: 144: 3933:

Re-radiation of heat into the roof space during summer can cause sol-air temperatures to reach 60C

4448: 4433: 4418: 3325:"Climate change Home Page | Department of the Environment and Energy, Australian Government" 1941: 722: 600: 590: 294: 229: 49: 4052: 4034: 4011: 3497:

Lu, X.; Arduini-Schuster, M. C.; Kuhn, J.; Nilsson, O.; Fricke, J.; Pekala, R. W. (1992-02-21).

4806: 4715: 4443: 4412: 4402: 4327: 4068: 3324: 2173: 2163: 1712: 686: 495: 480: 428: 289: 209: 4145: 4627: 4594: 4463: 4170:"Thermal Insulation Materials Material Characterization, Phase Changes, Thermal Conductivity" 3785: 2247: 2235: 2086: 1066: 821:) to reduce the flow of thermal energy. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for 530: 475: 465: 304: 219: 2811:"Russian Apartment Building Thermal Response Models for Retrofit Selection and Verification" 1706: 4765: 4695: 4685: 4622: 4558: 4372: 4342: 3987: 3868: 3797: 3748: 3654: 3597: 3510: 3498: 2339: 2262: 2257: 2230: 2215: 2120: 2082: 1909:

of the bridges, increasing the bridge length, or decreasing the number of thermal bridges.

1906: 1595: 1058: 965: 955: 664: 559: 403: 309: 169: 8: 4791: 4750: 4745: 4700: 4589: 2790:"Maximizing Energy Efficiency: An In-depth Look at Attic Insulation in Hamilton, Ontario" 2200: 1607: 946:) but it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of 826: 485: 351: 334: 279: 122: 3872: 3801: 3752: 3658: 3601: 3514: 1829:

Ensuring low convective heat transfer also requires attention to building construction (

4568: 4550: 4539: 4503: 4458: 4428: 3897: 3856: 3837: 3542: 3127: 3108: 3061: 2220: 2126: 1665: 1644: 822: 366: 194: 104: 1766:

refrigerative air-conditioning to provide convective cooling from prevailing breezes.

4615: 4492: 4265: 4226:

Life cycle assessment of ten insulation products in different types of building walls

3902: 3884: 3841: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3766: 3717: 3709: 3670: 3623: 3534: 3526: 2531: 2495: 2453: 2252: 2168: 2153: 1822: 1810: 1691: 954:

also occurs in the fur of animals and birds feathers, animal hair can employ the low

888: 818: 440: 356: 3642: 3546: 3131: 3112: 4710: 4664: 4631: 4605: 4579: 4529: 4513: 4367: 4362: 4332: 3892: 3876: 3805: 3756: 3701: 3666: 3662: 3613: 3605: 3585: 3518: 3306:

Reduce Your Heating Bills This Winter – Overlooked Sources of Heat Loss in the Home

3264: 2543: 2507: 2465: 2284: 1675: 1603: 1018:

get, this design is really popular in many places like Russia, Iceland, Greenland.

924: 547: 542: 376: 361: 322: 274: 249: 189: 4474: 4273:

Best Practice Guide Air Sealing & Insulation Retrofits for Single Family Homes

3609: 3068:. Commonwealth of Australia Department of the Environment and Energy. 29 July 2013 799: 4730: 4705: 4573: 4563: 4104: 4075: 3975: 3522: 3312: 2431: 2225: 2178: 2050: 1806: 1758: 1623: 943: 935: 920: 299: 254: 184: 4654: 4636: 4407: 4387: 4352: 3761: 3736: 3352: 2267: 2060: 1870: 1857: 1830: 1794: 1687: 1683: 1599: 1591: 669: 642: 615: 583: 566: 445: 234: 204: 1328: 841:

will be chosen for its ability to perform several of these functions at once.

4780: 4392: 4357: 3888: 3817: 3770: 3713: 3674: 3627: 3530: 3346:"Pink Batts & Pink Wall Batts: Thermal Insulation for Ceilings and Walls" 2205: 2106: 1860:

systems can be actively or passively incorporated to address these problems.

1849: 1054: 958:

of small pockets of gas, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing heat loss.

947: 681: 647: 554: 537: 418: 408: 259: 3689: 2548: 2512: 2470: 4755: 4674: 4282: 3906: 3880: 3833: 3809: 3721: 3705: 3538: 3235: 2279: 2158: 2131: 1905:

The heat conduction can be minimized by any of the following: reducing the

1848:, rotting construction materials, and encouraging microbial growth such as 1845: 1615: 1587: 1359: 1318: 991: 830: 620: 505: 174: 139: 4690: 3857:"Solar-assisted fabrication of large-scale, patternable transparent wood" 1707:

Exterior insulation system (EIFS) based on Vacuum insulation panels (VIP)

983: 904: 892: 884: 625: 500: 450: 413: 396: 381: 199: 86: 4120: 1721: 762: 3920: 3618: 2195: 1754: 1679: 900: 876: 834: 635: 460: 455: 423: 386: 371: 154: 3825: 3643:"Review of building energy-use performance benchmarking methodologies" 2532:"Page 3 of The historical development of thermal insulation materials" 2496:"Page 2 of The historical development of thermal insulation materials" 2454:"Page 1 of The historical development of thermal insulation materials" 4760: 4483: 4221: 2190: 2148: 2009: 1611: 1372: 1077:

materials, and building techniques to suit the particular situation.

880: 872: 867: 783: 490: 470: 239: 149: 82: 77: 2424: 1926: 1844:

can be a significant issue associated with lack of airflow, causing

1650: 717: 1891: 1853: 1841: 1325: 1090:

Prescriptive insulation minimum R-value requirements (°F⋅ft⋅h/BTU)

908: 814: 630: 515: 510: 164: 159: 129: 4144:. ThinkCycle Open Collaborative Design. 2002-02-10. Archived from 3786:"Thermal Management by Engineering the Alignment of Nanocellulose" 2706:"ASHRAE 90.1 Prescriptive Insulation Minimum R-value Requirements" 964:

The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its

837:(e.g. for vibrations caused by industrial applications). Often an 4584: 3066:

Your Home: Australia's Guide to Environmentally Sustainable Homes

2671:"Page 1 of ASHRAE 90.1 Prescriptive Wall Insulation Requirements" 2100: 1726: 896: 652: 610: 346: 329: 90: 3968: 2836:"Infiltration and Ventilation in Russian Multi-Family Buildings" 35: 2081:

insulation is a term used for insulating products with limited

1638:

and in England and Wales the technical content is published as

1355:

from the former Soviet Bloc are still below their 1990 levels.

1340: 939: 916: 803: 787: 341: 3688:

Kobayashi, Yuri; Saito, Tsuguyuki; Isogai, Akira (July 2014).

3496: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1010: 999: 931: 927: 576: 3734: 1610:

north of 39°50′ latitude south (i.e. north of and including

942:, and earth or soil, reflective insulation (also known as a 2289: 1014: 995: 912: 674: 3584:

Pérez-Lombard, Luis; Ortiz, José; Pout, Christine (2008).

2340:"Building Retrofitting @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions" 1061:, which can be voluntarily exceeded within the context of 987: 1833:) and the correct installation of insulative materials. 2018: 2006:

heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation.

861: 3586:"A review on buildings energy consumption information" 3583: 4204: 3499:"Thermal Conductivity of Monolithic Organic Aerogels" 3463:"Page 4 of Cold Climate Building Enclosure Solutions" 3422:"Page 3 of Cold Climate Building Enclosure Solutions" 3381:"Page 1 of Cold Climate Building Enclosure Solutions" 3351:. Insulation Solutions Pty. Ltd. 2004. Archived from 1782: 1722:

Aerogel exterior and interior wall surface insulation

1025: 4087:

DOE Building Technologies Program: Building Envelope

3687: 2096: 3184:"Page 8 of Building Code Implementation in germany" 2639:"Page 35 of The significance of thermal insulation" 2603:"Page 27 of The significance of thermal insulation" 2399:"Page 21 of The significance of thermal insulation" 1836:The less natural airflow into a building, the more 950:- conduction, radiation, and convection materials. 3289:"Green Deal: energy saving for your home - GOV.UK" 2621:"Page 8 of The significance of thermal insulation" 2572:"Page 7 of The significance of thermal insulation" 2316:"Avoiding the Global Warming Impact of Insulation" 2010:The classification of thermal insulation materials 3941: 3939: 3236:Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. 1651:Technologies and strategies in different climates 1394:Minimum insulation level (total R-value (m⋅K/W)) 806:, during the implementation of thermal insulation 4778: 3146:"Building Code Implementation - Country Summary" 2036: 1840:will be required to support human comfort. High 1057:often set minimum standards for fire safety and 976: 4278:insulate surfaces from water, heat and moisture 2889:"Page 1 of Russia building code implementation" 2027: 1697: 3936: 2948: 2912: 2123:– includes a list of insulations with R-values 1769: 27:Material to reduce heat transfer in structures 4298: 4232:. Avnir LCA conference. Lille. Archived from 3265:"NZS 4218:2009 :: Standards New Zealand" 2715:. EPS Industry Alliance. 2013. Archived from 2680:. EPS Industry Alliance. 2013. Archived from 1660: 1634:Insulation requirements are specified in the 743: 4312: 4142:"Design of Low Cost Passive Cooling Systems" 1747: 4268:. solarhousehistory.com. 27 September 2023. 3854: 2368: 1955:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4305: 4291: 3919:At latitudes less than 45 degrees, winter 2073: 750: 736: 111: 4205:"Vision on technology for a better world" 3896: 3760: 3617: 2741:"US Department of Energy - Energy Savers" 2547: 2511: 2469: 1975:Learn how and when to remove this message 4398:Environmentally healthy community design 4266:"Resources on the History of Insulation" 3783: 2766:"Attic Insulation | How Much Do I Need?" 2044: 1991:than warmer ones on installation costs. 1664: 1048: 793: 777: 769: 761: 81:Common insulation application inside an 76: 60:of all important aspects of the article. 3694:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2529: 2493: 2451: 1733: 1694:systems can double to triple R values. 1682:batts). Losses can be reduced by good 14: 4779: 4164: 4162: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3374: 3372: 3259: 3257: 3178: 3176: 2313: 1515:Minimum construction R-values (m⋅K/W) 245:List of low-energy building techniques 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 4286: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3640: 3056: 3054: 3018: 3016: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2859:"A Green Foundation for Architecture" 2665: 2663: 2661: 2596: 2594: 3969:Windows Energy Ratings Scheme – WERS 2636: 2618: 2600: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2525: 2523: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2396: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2019:Conductive and convective insulators 1953:adding citations to reliable sources 1920: 1816: 1345:Russian Center for Energy Efficiency 862:The definition of thermal insulation 29: 4159: 4050: 4032: 4021: 4009: 3561:"Energy Efficient Window Coverings" 3449: 3408: 3369: 3254: 3173: 2536:Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 2500:Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 2458:Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 825:purposes, the term also applies to 24: 4535:waste-water treatment technologies 4260:Tips for Selecting Roof Insulation 3998: 3051: 3013: 2876: 2743:. Energysavers.gov. Archived from 2658: 2591: 1783:Orientation – passive solar design 1586:Zones 1 and 2 include most of the 1026:Significance of thermal insulation 25: 4823: 4520:agricultural wastewater treatment 4253: 3460: 3419: 3378: 3225:. www.isolatiemateriaal.nl. 2019. 2556: 2520: 2478: 2436: 2357: 1863: 1669:Cross-section of home insulation. 1629: 4473: 2099: 1925: 1655: 1080: 851:climate change mitigation tactic 716: 703: 702: 180:Energy efficiency implementation 34: 4601:List of energy storage projects 4525:industrial wastewater treatment 4378:Environmental impact assessment 4348:Environmental impact assessment 4215: 4197: 4134: 4109: 4091: 4080: 4062: 4044: 3980: 3962: 3927: 3913: 3848: 3784:Smalyukh, Ivan I. (July 2021). 3777: 3728: 3681: 3634: 3577: 3553: 3490: 3338: 3317: 3299: 3281: 3238:"House insulation requirements" 3229: 3211: 3138: 3119: 3100: 3094:Australian Building Codes Board 3089:National Construction Code 2012 3080: 2978: 2942: 2906: 2851: 2828: 2803: 2782: 2758: 2733: 2698: 2630: 2612: 1916: 1800: 1742: 436:Ocean thermal energy conversion 48:may be too short to adequately 3667:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.022 3125: 3106: 2418: 2390: 2332: 2307: 1506: 1497: 1377:Energy Efficient Homes Package 58:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 3610:10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.03.007 2949:admin_yourhome (2013-07-29). 2913:admin_yourhome (2013-07-29). 2530:Bozsaky, David (2010-01-01). 2494:Bozsaky, David (2010-01-01). 2452:Bozsaky, David (2010-01-01). 2301: 2211:Passive solar building design 2144:Building insulation materials 2037:Cellular insulation materials 2001:Building insulation materials 1789:Passive solar building design 977:History of thermal insulation 856: 265:Passive solar building design 4177:dcyd0ggl1hia3.cloudfront.net 3523:10.1126/science.255.5047.971 2891:. 2016-08-10. Archived from 2028:Fibrous insulation materials 1994: 1698:Technologies in cold climate 1366: 790:, insulated with polystyrene 7: 4383:Environmental impact design 3641:Chung, William (May 2011). 2314:Wilson, Alex (2010-06-01). 2092: 1813:for discussion of windows. 1770:Technologies in hot climate 1614:) in the North Island, the 990:, and plant materials like 723:Renewable energy portal 441:Renewable energy transition 10: 4828: 4741:High-performance buildings 4103:November 28, 2007, at the 3924:continuously for one hour. 3762:10.1038/s41560-023-01226-7 2048: 1998: 1786: 1710: 1661:Strategies in cold climate 1488: 1370: 4736:Heat recovery ventilation 4721:Environmental remediation 4646: 4549: 4482: 4471: 4338:Climate smart agriculture 4320: 3974:January 20, 2008, at the 3311:November 7, 2006, at the 2430:February 9, 2013, at the 1748:Strategies in hot climate 1472: 1393: 1390: 1334: 1102: 1099: 1096: 798:A single-family house in 285:Sustainable refurbishment 4726:Glass in green buildings 4670:sustainable architecture 4314:Environmental technology 4074:August 28, 2010, at the 3024:"Page 165 of insulation" 2986:"Page 164 of insulation" 2951:"Page 162 of insulation" 2915:"Page 160 of Insulation" 2369:Tawfeeq Wasmi M, Salih. 2116:External wall insulation 1479: 1353:greenhouse gas emissions 1063:sustainable architecture 270:Sustainable architecture 225:Glass in green buildings 215:Environmental technology 145:Compact fluorescent lamp 2770:insulationinstitute.org 2549:10.3311/pp.ar.2010-2.02 2513:10.3311/pp.ar.2010-2.02 2471:10.3311/pp.ar.2010-2.02 2074:Eco-friendly insulation 766:Mineral wool insulation 591:Human-powered transport 295:Tropical green building 230:Green building and wood 4716:Environmental movement 4413:Sustainability science 4403:Public interest design 4328:Appropriate technology 3881:10.1126/sciadv.abd7342 3810:10.1002/adma.202001228 3706:10.1002/anie.201405123 3470:www.cse.fraunhofer.org 3429:www.cse.fraunhofer.org 3388:www.cse.fraunhofer.org 3327:. Climatechange.gov.au 2378:uomustansiriyah.edu.iq 2371:"Insulation materials" 2174:Window insulation film 2164:Packing (firestopping) 1890:, which are typically 1838:mechanical ventilation 1755:light coloured roofing 1713:Vacuum insulated panel 1670: 1598:. Zone 3 includes the 1007:earth-sheltered houses 813:is material used in a 807: 791: 775: 767: 687:Personal rapid transit 429:Tidal stream generator 290:Thermal energy storage 210:Environmental planning 93: 4595:hydrogen technologies 4509:Solid waste treatment 4117:"Dow Product Summary" 3269:www.standards.govt.nz 2248:Building construction 2236:Zero heating building 2087:life-cycle assessment 2045:Radiant heat barriers 1668: 1329:insulation calculator 1049:Planning and examples 797: 781: 773: 765: 531:Sustainable transport 476:Floating wind turbine 305:Zero heating building 220:Fossil fuel phase-out 80: 4787:Sustainable building 4766:Water heat recycling 4696:Efficient energy use 4686:Conservation biology 4623:Sustainable lighting 4559:Efficient energy use 4373:Environmental Design 4343:Environmental design 3590:Energy and Buildings 3242:Building Performance 2263:Deep energy retrofit 2258:Building performance 2231:Zero energy building 2216:Passive solar design 2121:R-value (insulation) 2083:environmental impact 1949:improve this section 1907:cross sectional area 1734:Aerogels for glazing 1636:Building regulations 1596:Great Barrier Island 1563:Windows and glazing 1358:Energy codes in the 1067:green certifications 956:thermal conductivity 782:Old brick houses in 665:Personal transporter 560:Wind-powered vehicle 404:Marine current power 310:Zero-energy building 170:Efficient energy use 4802:Energy conservation 4751:Nature conservation 4746:Land rehabilitation 4701:Energy conservation 4590:carbon-neutral fuel 4498:dispersion modeling 4069:BERC – Airtightness 3873:2021SciA....7.7342X 3802:2021AdM....3301228S 3753:2023NatEn...8..381A 3700:(39): 10394–10397. 3659:2011ApEn...88.1470C 3602:2008EneBu..40..394P 3515:1992Sci...255..971L 3031:www.yourhome.gov.au 2993:www.yourhome.gov.au 2958:www.yourhome.gov.au 2922:www.yourhome.gov.au 2713:www.epsindustry.org 2678:www.epsindustry.org 2425:Sir Home Green Tips 2201:Low-energy building 1608:Rangitikei District 1516: 1387: 1100:Steel Framed walls 1091: 970:approved document L 839:insulation material 827:acoustic insulation 811:Building insulation 352:Carbon-neutral fuel 280:Sustainable habitat 135:Building insulation 123:Energy conservation 99:Part of a series on 4812:Building materials 4797:Thermal protection 4569:Energy development 4551:Sustainable energy 4540:water purification 4504:Industrial ecology 3790:Advanced Materials 2637:Kienzlen, Volker. 2619:Kienzlen, Volker. 2601:Kienzlen, Volker. 2570:Kienzlen, Volker. 2397:Kienzlen, Volker. 2221:Solar architecture 2127:Thermal insulation 1671: 1645:low-carbon economy 1640:Approved Documents 1514: 1391:Example locations 1385: 1097:Wood Framed walls 1089: 817:(specifically the 808: 792: 776: 768: 367:Geothermal heating 195:Energy saving lamp 105:Sustainable energy 94: 4774: 4773: 4611:commercialization 3509:(5047): 971–972. 3223:Isolatiemateriaal 3219:"rc and rd value" 2253:Building Envelope 2169:Quadruple glazing 2154:Insulated glazing 1985: 1984: 1977: 1817:Building envelope 1811:quadruple glazing 1692:insulated glazing 1584: 1583: 1477: 1476: 1314: 1313: 1059:energy efficiency 889:polyurethane foam 835:impact insulation 819:building envelope 760: 759: 357:Geothermal energy 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 4819: 4711:Energy recycling 4632:electric vehicle 4606:Renewable energy 4580:alternative fuel 4530:sewage treatment 4514:Waste management 4477: 4368:Energy recycling 4363:Electric vehicle 4333:Clean technology 4307: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4269: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4231: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4179:. Archived from 4174: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4119:. Archived from 4113: 4107: 4095: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4051:Dabaieh, Marwa. 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4033:Dabaieh, Marwa. 4030: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4010:Dabaieh, Marwa. 4007: 3996: 3995: 3984: 3978: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3943: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3861:Science Advances 3852: 3846: 3845: 3796:(28): e2001228. 3781: 3775: 3774: 3764: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3653:(5): 1470–1479. 3638: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3472:. Archived from 3467: 3458: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3431:. Archived from 3426: 3417: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3390:. Archived from 3385: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3321: 3315: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3193:. Archived from 3188: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3155:. Archived from 3150: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3033:. Archived from 3028: 3020: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2995:. Archived from 2990: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2960:. Archived from 2955: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2924:. Archived from 2919: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2885: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2861:. Archived from 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2813:. Archived from 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2710: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2675: 2667: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2491: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2449: 2434: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2344:Project Drawdown 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2311: 2285:Draught excluder 2109: 2104: 2103: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1929: 1921: 1823:thermal envelope 1759:Radiant barriers 1690:) glazing. Some 1604:Ruapehu District 1517: 1513: 1388: 1384: 1123:Non-Residential 1117:Non-Residential 1111:Non-residential 1092: 1088: 934:, animal fiber ( 752: 745: 738: 725: 721: 720: 711: 706: 705: 543:Electric vehicle 392:Run-of-the-river 377:Hydroelectricity 362:Geothermal power 323:Renewable energy 275:Sustainable city 250:Low-energy house 190:Energy recycling 115: 96: 95: 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4731:Green computing 4706:Energy recovery 4642: 4574:Energy recovery 4564:Electrification 4545: 4491:Air pollution ( 4478: 4469: 4316: 4311: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4105:Wayback Machine 4096: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4076:Wayback Machine 4067: 4063: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4031: 4022: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3976:Wayback Machine 3967: 3963: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3914: 3853: 3849: 3782: 3778: 3733: 3729: 3686: 3682: 3639: 3635: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3424: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3313:Wayback Machine 3304: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3234: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3124: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2557: 2528: 2521: 2492: 2479: 2450: 2437: 2432:Wayback Machine 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2226:Superinsulation 2179:Wool insulation 2105: 2098: 2095: 2076: 2053: 2051:Radiant barrier 2047: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1981: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1946: 1930: 1919: 1866: 1819: 1807:insulated glass 1803: 1795:solar radiation 1791: 1785: 1772: 1750: 1745: 1736: 1724: 1715: 1709: 1700: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1632: 1624:Chatham Islands 1509: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1440:Mt Gambier, SA 1407:Melbourne, Vic 1379: 1369: 1350: 1337: 1083: 1051: 1028: 979: 944:radiant barrier 925:recycled cotton 864: 859: 831:fire insulation 756: 715: 714: 701: 694: 693: 533: 523: 522: 325: 315: 314: 300:Waste-to-energy 255:Microgeneration 185:Energy recovery 125: 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Loft insulation 15: 12: 11: 5: 4825: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4637:hybrid vehicle 4634: 4628:Transportation 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4410: 4408:Sustainability 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:Green building 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353:Eco-innovation 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4255: 4254:External links 4252: 4250: 4249: 4214: 4196: 4158: 4133: 4108: 4090: 4079: 4061: 4043: 4020: 3997: 3979: 3961: 3935: 3926: 3912: 3847: 3776: 3747:(4): 381–396. 3727: 3680: 3647:Applied Energy 3633: 3596:(3): 394–398. 3576: 3552: 3489: 3448: 3407: 3368: 3337: 3316: 3298: 3280: 3253: 3228: 3210: 3172: 3137: 3118: 3099: 3079: 3050: 3012: 2977: 2941: 2905: 2875: 2850: 2827: 2802: 2781: 2757: 2732: 2697: 2657: 2646:www.buildup.eu 2629: 2611: 2590: 2579:www.buildup.eu 2555: 2519: 2477: 2435: 2417: 2406:www.buildup.eu 2389: 2356: 2331: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2268:Weatherization 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2094: 2091: 2075: 2072: 2061:low-emissivity 2049:Main article: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2008: 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1965:September 2021 1933: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1871:thermal bridge 1865: 1864:Thermal bridge 1862: 1831:weatherization 1818: 1815: 1802: 1799: 1787:Main article: 1784: 1781: 1771: 1768: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1688:low-emissivity 1684:weatherisation 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1631: 1630:United Kingdom 1628: 1620:Stewart Island 1600:Taupo District 1592:Waiheke Island 1582: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451:Ballarat, Vic 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418:Canberra, ACT 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399:Roof/ceiling* 1396: 1395: 1392: 1368: 1365: 1348: 1336: 1333: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1082: 1079: 1055:Building codes 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1027: 1024: 978: 975: 863: 860: 858: 855: 758: 757: 755: 754: 747: 740: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 712: 696: 695: 692: 691: 690: 689: 679: 678: 677: 670:Rail transport 667: 662: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 643:Roller skating 640: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 616:Cycle rickshaw 613: 603: 598: 588: 587: 586: 581: 580: 579: 572:Human-electric 567:Hybrid vehicle 564: 563: 562: 557: 552: 551: 550: 534: 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 458: 453: 448: 446:Renewable heat 443: 438: 433: 432: 431: 426: 421: 411: 406: 401: 400: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 338: 337: 326: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 235:Green building 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 205:Energy storage 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 126: 121: 120: 117: 116: 108: 107: 101: 100: 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4824: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Heat transfer 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4680:New Classical 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454:refurbishment 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417:Sustainable ( 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Green vehicle 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358:Ecotechnology 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4239:on 2014-11-27 4235: 4228: 4227: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4186:on 2018-12-10 4182: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4148:on 2007-12-20 4147: 4143: 4137: 4123:on 2011-01-09 4122: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4054: 4047: 4036: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4013: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741:Nature Energy 3738: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3479:on 2018-12-10 3475: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3438:on 2018-12-10 3434: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3397:on 2018-12-10 3393: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3358:on 2007-08-29 3354: 3347: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3294: 3293:direct.gov.uk 3290: 3284: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3200:on 2018-12-10 3196: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3162:on 2018-12-10 3158: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3096:. 1 May 2012. 3095: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3040:on 2019-11-23 3036: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3002:on 2019-11-23 2998: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2967:on 2019-11-23 2963: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2931:on 2019-11-23 2927: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2895:on 2016-08-10 2894: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865:on 2010-06-05 2864: 2860: 2854: 2837: 2831: 2817:on 2016-08-10 2816: 2812: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2747:on 2012-08-14 2746: 2742: 2736: 2722:on 2018-08-26 2718: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2687:on 2018-08-26 2683: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2622: 2615: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2524: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2321: 2320:BuildingGreen 2317: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206:Passive house 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2107:Energy portal 2102: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2042: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1976: 1968: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1934:This section 1932: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1780: 1776: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1740: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1714: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1656:Cold climates 1648: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1530:Roof/ceiling 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522:Zone 1 and 2 1521: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1462:Thredbo, NSW 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1081:United States 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 974: 971: 967: 962: 959: 957: 951: 949: 948:heat transfer 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 854: 852: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 805: 801: 800:Bielsko-Biała 796: 789: 785: 780: 772: 764: 753: 748: 746: 741: 739: 734: 733: 731: 730: 724: 719: 713: 710: 700: 699: 698: 697: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682:Rapid transit 680: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 666: 663: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 648:Skateboarding 646: 644: 641: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 592: 589: 585: 582: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 569: 568: 565: 561: 558: 556: 555:Solar vehicle 553: 549: 546: 545: 544: 541: 540: 539: 538:Green vehicle 536: 535: 532: 527: 526: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 419:Tidal barrage 417: 416: 415: 412: 410: 409:Marine energy 407: 405: 402: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 336: 333: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 319: 318: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 260:Passive house 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 124: 119: 118: 114: 110: 109: 106: 103: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 84: 79: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4756:Permaculture 4675:New Urbanism 4659: 4647:Conservation 4439:food systems 4424:architecture 4241:. Retrieved 4234:the original 4225: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4188:. Retrieved 4181:the original 4176: 4150:. Retrieved 4146:the original 4136: 4125:. Retrieved 4121:the original 4111: 4093: 4082: 4064: 4046: 3991: 3988:"FSEC-EN-15" 3982: 3964: 3953:. Retrieved 3929: 3915: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3568:. Retrieved 3564: 3555: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3481:. Retrieved 3474:the original 3469: 3461:Kosny, Jan. 3440:. Retrieved 3433:the original 3428: 3420:Kosny, Jan. 3399:. Retrieved 3392:the original 3387: 3379:Kosny, Jan. 3360:. Retrieved 3353:the original 3340: 3329:. Retrieved 3319: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3272:. Retrieved 3268: 3245:. Retrieved 3241: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3202:. Retrieved 3195:the original 3191:www.gbpn.org 3190: 3164:. Retrieved 3157:the original 3153:www.gbpn.org 3152: 3140: 3121: 3102: 3088: 3082: 3070:. Retrieved 3065: 3062:"Insulation" 3042:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3030: 3004:. Retrieved 2997:the original 2992: 2980: 2969:. Retrieved 2962:the original 2957: 2944: 2933:. Retrieved 2926:the original 2921: 2908: 2897:. Retrieved 2893:the original 2867:. Retrieved 2863:the original 2853: 2842:. Retrieved 2830: 2819:. Retrieved 2815:the original 2805: 2795:December 20, 2793:. Retrieved 2784: 2773:. Retrieved 2769: 2760: 2749:. Retrieved 2745:the original 2735: 2724:. Retrieved 2717:the original 2712: 2700: 2689:. Retrieved 2682:the original 2677: 2649:. Retrieved 2645: 2632: 2614: 2582:. Retrieved 2578: 2539: 2535: 2503: 2499: 2461: 2457: 2420: 2409:. Retrieved 2405: 2392: 2381:. Retrieved 2377: 2348:. Retrieved 2346:. 2020-02-06 2343: 2334: 2323:. Retrieved 2319: 2309: 2280:Condensation 2242:Construction 2159:Mineral wool 2132:Thermal mass 2079:Eco-friendly 2077: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2054: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1989: 1986: 1971: 1962: 1947:Please help 1935: 1917:Installation 1911: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1884: 1867: 1858:Air exchange 1846:condensation 1835: 1828: 1820: 1804: 1801:Construction 1792: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1751: 1743:Hot climates 1737: 1725: 1716: 1701: 1672: 1633: 1616:South Island 1590:, including 1588:North Island 1585: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1429:Hobart, Tas 1380: 1360:Soviet Union 1357: 1338: 1323: 1319:energy audit 1315: 1126:Residential 1120:Residential 1114:Residential 1084: 1075: 1052: 1029: 1020: 1013:houses, and 1004: 984:animal skins 980: 963: 960: 952: 936:sheep's wool 865: 847: 843: 810: 809: 621:Kick scooter 606:Land vehicle 175:Energy audit 140:Cogeneration 134: 63: 47: 45:lead section 4691:Ecoforestry 4449:procurement 4434:development 4419:agriculture 4098:V-E Framing 3619:11441/99152 2295:Ventilation 1762:effective. 1507:New Zealand 1498:Netherlands 1103:Mass walls 905:plant fiber 893:vermiculite 885:polystyrene 626:Quadracycle 481:Forecasting 414:Tidal power 397:Small hydro 382:Micro hydro 335:Sustainable 200:Energy Star 87:Mississauga 4792:Insulators 4781:Categories 4660:insulation 4653:Building ( 4616:transition 4459:technology 4444:industries 4243:2014-11-14 4190:2018-12-10 4152:2023-02-01 4127:2010-10-25 3955:2018-07-11 3921:insolation 3570:2023-11-20 3565:Energy.gov 3483:2018-12-10 3442:2018-12-10 3401:2018-12-10 3362:2018-08-10 3331:2018-07-11 3274:2021-07-06 3247:2021-07-06 3204:2018-12-10 3166:2018-12-10 3044:2018-12-10 3006:2018-12-10 2971:2018-12-10 2935:2018-12-10 2899:2018-12-10 2869:2010-01-18 2844:2018-07-11 2821:2016-06-17 2775:2016-04-26 2751:2018-07-11 2726:2018-12-10 2691:2018-12-10 2651:2018-12-10 2584:2018-12-10 2411:2018-12-10 2383:2018-12-10 2350:2021-03-28 2325:2021-03-28 2302:References 2196:Green roof 1680:glass wool 1622:, and the 1606:, and the 1574:Skylights 1371:See also: 901:wood fiber 877:glass wool 857:Insulation 658:Watercraft 636:Velomobile 596:Helicopter 424:Tidal farm 387:Pico hydro 372:Hydropower 155:Eco-cities 66:March 2021 4761:Recycling 4484:Pollution 4464:transport 3889:2375-2548 3842:219562854 3818:0935-9648 3771:2058-7546 3714:1433-7851 3675:0306-2619 3628:0378-7788 3531:0036-8075 2191:Cool roof 2149:Hempcrete 2138:Materials 1995:Materials 1936:does not 1612:Mangaweka 1373:Mr Fluffy 1367:Australia 923:, etc.), 881:rock wool 873:cellulose 868:heat loss 784:Sosnowiec 601:Hydrofoil 466:Community 240:Heat pump 150:Eco hotel 83:apartment 50:summarize 4101:Archived 4072:Archived 3972:Archived 3907:33571122 3834:32519371 3722:24985785 3547:33271077 3539:17793159 3309:Archived 3132:11086774 3113:11086774 2428:Archived 2093:See also 1892:fastened 1854:bacteria 1842:humidity 1326:ZIP code 1304:13+18.8 1298:13+15.6 1295:13+15.6 1281:13+15.6 1069:such as 909:cannabis 815:building 709:Category 631:Tricycle 516:Windpump 511:Windbelt 486:Industry 165:Ecolabel 160:Ecohouse 130:Arcology 4665:natural 4585:biofuel 4518:Water ( 4493:control 4321:General 4209:vito.be 3992:ucf.edu 3898:7840122 3869:Bibcode 3826:1830811 3798:Bibcode 3749:Bibcode 3655:Bibcode 3598:Bibcode 3511:Bibcode 3503:Science 3072:17 June 1957:removed 1942:sources 1727:Aerogel 1676:glazing 1552:Floors 1525:Zone 3 1489:Germany 1301:13+7.5 1278:13+7.5 1275:13+7.5 1272:13+7.5 1258:13+7.5 1255:13+7.5 1252:13+7.5 1249:13+7.5 1235:13+7.5 1232:13+3.8 1229:13+7.5 1226:13+3.8 1212:13+7.5 1209:13+7.5 1206:13+3.8 1189:13+7.5 1186:13+3.8 1166:13+7.5 1040:summer. 966:R-value 897:perlite 823:thermal 653:Walking 611:Bicycle 584:Plug-in 548:Bicycle 506:Turbine 496:Outline 347:Biomass 330:Biofuel 91:Ontario 4578:Fuel ( 4429:design 3905: 3895: 3887: 3840: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3769: 3720: 3712: 3673: 3626: 3545: 3537: 3529: 3130: 3111: 2542:: 49. 2506:: 49. 2464:: 49. 2185:Design 1888:joists 1541:Walls 1341:Russia 1335:Russia 1044:input. 998:, and 940:cement 917:cotton 833:, and 804:Poland 788:Poland 707: 501:Rights 342:Biogas 4655:green 4237:(PDF) 4230:(PDF) 4184:(PDF) 4173:(PDF) 4056:(PDF) 4038:(PDF) 4015:(PDF) 3950:(PDF) 3867:(5). 3838:S2CID 3543:S2CID 3477:(PDF) 3466:(PDF) 3436:(PDF) 3425:(PDF) 3395:(PDF) 3384:(PDF) 3356:(PDF) 3349:(PDF) 3198:(PDF) 3187:(PDF) 3160:(PDF) 3149:(PDF) 3128:S2CID 3109:S2CID 3038:(PDF) 3027:(PDF) 3000:(PDF) 2989:(PDF) 2965:(PDF) 2954:(PDF) 2929:(PDF) 2918:(PDF) 2839:(PDF) 2720:(PDF) 2709:(PDF) 2685:(PDF) 2674:(PDF) 2642:(PDF) 2624:(PDF) 2606:(PDF) 2575:(PDF) 2402:(PDF) 2374:(PDF) 2274:Other 1880:metal 1876:glass 1850:mould 1580:0.31 1577:0.26 1569:0.26 1566:0.26 1480:China 1402:Wall 1310:25.0 1307:15.2 1287:15.2 1284:15.2 1264:15.2 1261:13.3 1241:13.3 1238:11.4 1218:11.4 1108:zone 1011:stone 1000:straw 932:straw 928:denim 577:Twike 451:Solar 3903:PMID 3885:ISSN 3830:PMID 3822:OSTI 3814:ISSN 3767:ISSN 3718:PMID 3710:ISSN 3671:ISSN 3624:ISSN 3535:PMID 3527:ISSN 3074:2018 2797:2023 2290:HVAC 1940:any 1938:cite 1878:and 1852:and 1821:The 1809:and 1805:See 1594:and 1558:1.3 1555:1.3 1547:2.0 1544:1.9 1536:3.3 1533:2.9 1468:3.8 1465:6.3 1457:2.8 1454:4.1 1446:2.8 1443:4.1 1435:2.8 1432:4.1 1424:2.8 1421:4.1 1413:2.8 1410:4.1 1375:and 1215:9.5 1195:9.5 1192:7.6 1172:7.6 1169:5.7 1149:5.7 1071:LEED 1065:for 1015:cave 996:flax 992:reed 921:cork 913:flax 675:Tram 491:Lens 471:Farm 461:Wind 456:Wave 3893:PMC 3877:doi 3806:doi 3757:doi 3702:doi 3663:doi 3614:hdl 3606:doi 3519:doi 3507:255 2544:doi 2508:doi 2466:doi 1951:by 1339:In 1203:13 1183:13 1180:13 1163:13 1160:13 1157:13 1146:NR 1143:13 1140:13 1137:13 1134:13 988:fur 938:), 85:in 4783:: 4207:. 4175:. 4161:^ 4023:^ 4000:^ 3990:. 3938:^ 3901:. 3891:. 3883:. 3875:. 3863:. 3859:. 3836:. 3828:. 3820:. 3812:. 3804:. 3794:33 3792:. 3788:. 3765:. 3755:. 3743:. 3739:. 3716:. 3708:. 3698:53 3696:. 3692:. 3669:. 3661:. 3651:88 3649:. 3645:. 3622:. 3612:. 3604:. 3594:40 3592:. 3588:. 3563:. 3541:. 3533:. 3525:. 3517:. 3505:. 3501:. 3468:. 3451:^ 3427:. 3410:^ 3386:. 3371:^ 3291:. 3267:. 3256:^ 3240:. 3221:. 3189:. 3175:^ 3151:. 3092:. 3064:. 3053:^ 3029:. 3015:^ 2991:. 2956:. 2920:. 2878:^ 2768:. 2711:. 2676:. 2660:^ 2644:. 2593:^ 2577:. 2558:^ 2540:41 2538:. 2534:. 2522:^ 2504:41 2502:. 2498:. 2480:^ 2462:41 2460:. 2456:. 2438:^ 2404:. 2376:. 2359:^ 2342:. 2318:. 1882:. 1647:. 1626:. 1618:, 1602:, 1331:. 1292:8 1269:7 1246:6 1223:5 1200:4 1177:3 1154:2 1131:1 1073:. 1009:, 994:, 986:, 930:, 919:, 915:, 911:, 903:, 899:, 895:, 891:, 887:, 883:, 879:, 875:, 829:, 802:, 786:, 89:, 4682:) 4639:) 4630:( 4597:) 4542:) 4500:) 4466:) 4306:e 4299:t 4292:v 4246:. 4211:. 4193:. 4155:. 4130:. 4058:. 4040:. 4017:. 3994:. 3958:. 3909:. 3879:: 3871:: 3865:7 3844:. 3808:: 3800:: 3773:. 3759:: 3751:: 3745:8 3724:. 3704:: 3677:. 3665:: 3657:: 3630:. 3616:: 3608:: 3600:: 3573:. 3549:. 3521:: 3513:: 3486:. 3445:. 3404:. 3365:. 3334:. 3295:. 3277:. 3250:. 3207:. 3169:. 3134:. 3115:. 3076:. 3047:. 3009:. 2974:. 2938:. 2902:. 2872:. 2847:. 2824:. 2799:. 2778:. 2754:. 2729:. 2694:. 2654:. 2626:. 2608:. 2587:. 2552:. 2546:: 2516:. 2510:: 2474:. 2468:: 2414:. 2386:. 2353:. 2328:. 1978:) 1972:( 1967:) 1963:( 1959:. 1945:. 1349:2 907:( 751:e 744:t 737:v 68:) 64:( 54:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Building insulation

Index