992:
1182:
999:
1234:
792:
324:
1073:
781:
842:
1175:
125:
509:
1112:
530:
42:
1066:
80:
1105:
102:
1824:
621:
above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), 1 to 5 needles occur per short shoot. A population with a high proportion of three-needled short shoots occurs in the Yukon. Needles live an average of four to six years, with a maximum of 13 years. The foliage of lodgepole pine is yellow-green as compared to shore
908:
also leeches off the species. Both the threat of pine beetles and dwarf mistletoe are curbed by wildfires, which occurred less in the 20th century due to firefighting. More recently, unthreatening lightning-sparked fires have been allowed to burn in wilderness areas in Idaho and
Montana. Exceptional
763:
to maintain healthy populations of diverse ages. The thin bark of the lodgepole pine minimizes its defense to fire, although the heat of fire opens the cones to release the seeds. This allows the species to regenerate and maintain its place in the forest habitat. It otherwise fares poorly in crowds
497:
The bark of lodgepole pine is thin, scaly and grayish brown. Shore pine bark is somewhat thick and corky, fissuring into a checkered pattern. Some lodgepole pines have been reported in low elevations with features closer to those of the shore pine, including the bark.
838:(ENSO). A combination of these oscillations being in effect (+) or not in effect (−) have a global effect on the water available to these forests. The combination of AMO +, ENSO − and PDO − means there is going to be a drought and likely a severe subalpine fire.
579: in) long. They are short pointed, slightly rotated, and very resinous. Spring growth starts in beginning of April and the annual growth is completed by early July. The dark and mostly shiny needles are pointed and 4 to 8 centimeters (
814:
The natural fire regime for this species is primarily driven by climate. The fires occur most often after years of drought. Forests in the upper montane to subalpine region experience much moisture in the winter via snow. The density of
717:) and thin soils on the eastern slope of the Cascades. Further south, the species can be found in higher elevations up to 3,350 m (10,990 ft) above sea level, particularly in southern Colorado. It is rare in lowland
1269:) in the Rocky Mountain area. Lodgepole pine was used by European settlers to build log cabins. Logs are still used in rural areas as posts, fences, lumber, and firewood. Shore pine pitch has historically been used as glue.
450:
and is approximately 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 ft) high. The thin and narrow-crowned tree can grow 40 to 50 m (130 to 160 ft) high and achieve up to 2 m (7 ft) in diameter at chest height. The
1307:
Native
Americans consumed the inner bark of lodgepole pine to prevent starvation for themselves and their horses. The lodgepole pine cambium layer's edibility is dependent on thickness, consistency, and sweetness.
653:
cones. This means that the cones are closed and must be exposed to high temperatures, such as from forest fires, in order to open and release their seeds. The variation in their serotiny has been correlated with
826:
An example of the climate that plays a huge role in the fire regime of the species is quite complex. There are three different oscillations that play a major role in droughts. These are the
3559:
1299:, such as timber uses. In Iceland it is used for reforestation and afforestation purposes. It is also commonly used for pressure-treated lumber throughout North America.
634:
of lodgepole and shore pine begin to be produced when the trees are about ten years old. The cones are 3–7 cm (1–3 in) long, with prickles on the scales.
459:
is rounded and the top of the tree is flattened. In dense forests, the tree has a slim, conical crown. The formation of twin trees is common in some populations in
713:, except where it is too high and dry. Lodgepole pine can tolerate relatively hostile environments such as high-elevation volcanic rock in Central Oregon (e.g.
516:. Notice the use of wire to position the branches of the tree. This is a yamadori (wild collected specimen) and has been styled by American bonsai artist
1437:
2852:
1975:
Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel
Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008).
3360:
3499:
2723:"Lodgepole Pine Cambium ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.): A Springtime First Peoples' Food in British Columbia"
3208:
1672:
463:. The elastic branches stand upright or overhang and are difficult to break. The branches are covered with short shoots that are easy to remove.
547:
to 3 in) long in fascicles of two, alternate on twigs. The female cones are 3 to 7 cm (1 to 3 in) long with sharp-tipped scales.
3286:
3484:
3534:
2922:
1317:
2376:
3381:
1613:
3156:
3234:
3169:
2971:
2622:
2613:
2576:
2567:
2498:
2489:
2452:
2443:
1549:
1540:
2889:
2420:
3564:
3309:
2636:
2911:
2679:
1984:
1808:
1770:
1655:
3239:
2291:
1868:
736:. Less dependent on fire, tamarack pine can be found in California's upper mountains and mingled with lodgepole in Oregon.
3489:
1964:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
1920:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
1901:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
3569:
3519:
3117:
2938:
2893:
2424:
1683:. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Archived from
3514:
2188:"Evidence that Northern Pioneering Pines with Tuberculate Mycorrhizae are Unaffected by Varying Soil Nitrogen Levels"
1262:
831:
124:
2696:
3448:
2139:"Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Suillus tomentosus Tuberculate Ectomycorrhizae on Pinus contorta var. latifolia"
1321:
57:
3291:
3195:
109:
3399:
2057:
2040:
1504:
3544:
3539:
3443:
3314:
2953:
2802:
17:
3273:
2618:
2572:
2494:
2448:
1545:
2353:
3524:
3135:
2967:
2945:
2243:
Coops, Nicholas C.; Waring, Richard H. (March 2011). "A process-based approach to estimate lodgepole pine (
1567:
3070:
2590:
2466:
3407:
3221:
3045:
2928:
2081:
1593:
1421:
827:
2562:
2484:
2438:
823:
to form), and surface fire is rare regardless. Thus, infrequent but severe fires dominate this species.
3394:
3174:
2608:
2381:
2004:
1535:
944:
2860:
2516:
1684:
991:
3509:
3301:
2903:
2082:"Death Rides the Forest: Perceptions of Fire, Land Use and Ecological Restoration of Western Forests"
1957:
1913:
1894:
1589:
1181:
805:
502:
3529:
3504:
3036:
2827:
1149:
998:
299:
256:
3265:
2722:
1481:
1233:
3554:
2885:
2404:
741:
3386:
3148:
2640:
791:
3549:
3213:
3130:
2998:
2898:
1249:
470:
because of the twisted, bent pines (shore pine) found at coastal areas and the tree's twisted
3340:
2532:
1425:
1344:
283:
240:
2979:
2912:
Guardian (U.K.) article: "Plague of beetles raises climate change fears for
American beauty"
613: in) wide. The needle edge is weakly to strongly serrated. The needles are in pairs on
3252:
3091:
2734:
2256:
2199:
2096:
1936:
1325:
889:
718:
659:
478:
is occasionally known under several
English names: black pine, scrub pine, and coast pine.
416:
8:
2984:
1376:
1328:
for various ailments. The gum of shore pine was used medicinally as well as for chewing.
1145:
1133:
726:
69:
3373:
2738:
2367:
2260:
2203:
2100:
732:
Lodgepole and shore pine can be found intermingled (and apparently hybridized) north of
323:
3456:
3143:
2766:
2391:
2349:
2272:
2220:
2187:
2163:
2138:
2112:
1762:
853:
119:
61:
3335:
3078:
2758:
2750:
2675:
2544:
2536:
2225:
2168:
2108:
2062:
2036:
1980:
1804:
1776:
1766:
1651:
1153:
1141:
897:
846:
614:
224:
2916:
2276:
2116:
1974:
1575:
1458:
943:, along with several other western North American pine species. It is listed on the
3461:
3083:
2963:
2770:
2742:
2512:
2264:
2215:
2207:
2158:
2150:
2104:
2052:
1476:
1380:
1161:
1052:
964:
932:
722:
706:
460:
3050:
1072:
3412:
3322:
2746:
1846:
1756:
1368:
1340:
1199:
1157:
1056:
936:
905:
870:
690:
408:
3435:
3278:
3494:
3368:
2385:
1215:
917:
858:
765:
638:
517:
456:
412:
149:
2317:
2268:
2211:
1780:
1174:
841:
3478:
3247:
3122:
3021:
2754:
2330:
2066:
1467:
1348:
1219:
1137:
1129:
893:
780:
702:
698:
404:
89:
84:
3350:
1803:. Vol. 2. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 654–655.
869:). These structures have been shown to be the location of concentrations of
670:, are typically non-serotinous, and those of the inland Pacific subspecies,
3425:
3226:
2762:
2548:
2229:
2172:
1372:
1245:
1211:
756:
631:
508:
2784:
2041:"The Interaction of Fire, Fuels and Climate across Rocky Mountain Forests"
1758:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
721:. Shore pine can be found in very infertile soils in coastal regions from
3260:
3182:
3030:
2154:
940:
820:
733:
714:
471:
3327:
3060:
1111:
3161:
2528:
1869:"Forests of Crater Lake National Park: Lodgepole Pine (Pinus Contorta)"
1095:
1065:
956:
947:
and is prohibited from sale, commercial propagation, and distribution.
816:
650:
529:
162:
41:
1104:
835:
819:
with the species inhibit the establishment of an understory (allowing
3187:
3104:
2934:
2721:
Dilbone, Megan; Turner, Nancy J.; von
Aderkas, Patrick (March 2013).
2247:
Dougl.) distribution in the
Pacific Northwest under climate change".
1935:
as a function of mixed-severity and stand-replacement fire regimes".
1390:
1272:
694:
655:
487:
447:
428:
3200:
2992:
1379:. The shore pine's smaller varieties and cultivars are also used in
877:
to tree growth and allow the pines to colonize nutrient-poor sites.
3420:
3015:
1941:
1296:
1203:
874:
760:
202:
3109:
1977:
National
Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America
501:
Tamarack pine can grow up to centuries old and lodgepole pines in
2921:– information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
1324:
used different parts of the plant internally and externally as a
1288:
1048:
710:
618:
431:
192:
182:
172:
3096:
2669:
2540:
1681:
E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of
British Columbia
1384:
1284:
1280:
1165:
1091:
967:. The subspecies are sometimes treated at the rank of variety.
916:
could experience significant reductions in distribution due to
857:, a fungus, produces specialized structures called tuberculate
513:
804:
forest 23 years before (above) and 10 years after (below) the
1207:
136:
2058:
10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:TIOFFA]2.0.CO;2
1580:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1450:
1266:
420:
400:
212:
1261:
The common name "lodgepole pine" comes from the custom of
769:
552:
2720:
2315:
2035:
1646:
Schütt, Weisgerber; Schuck, Lang; Stimm, Roloff (2008).
904:), which the mountain pine beetle carries in its mouth.
1574:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1292:
446:
grows as an evergreen shrub or tree. The shrub form is
2672:
Plants of the
Western Boreal Forest and Aspen Parkland
2651:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1013:
Bolander's beach pine, Bolander pine, Also treated as
963:, and one of them is sometimes considered to have two
662:
attacks. The cones of the coastal Pacific subspecies,
1931:
Feduck, Mike. "The genetic basis of cone serotiny in
880:
Porcupines consume the inner bark of lodgepole pine.
555:
are reddish-brown and between 20 and 30 millimeters (
2952:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
2833:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
1888:
1886:
1265:
using the tall, straight trees to construct lodges (
617:
and rotated about the shoots' longitudinal axes. In
3560:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
1607:
1605:
1603:
2136:
873:bacteria which contribute a significant amount of
2944:Lotan, James E.; Critchfield, William B. (1990).
2899:University of Wisconsin: Lodgepole forest webpage
2292:"Climate Change Takes Toll on the Lodgepole Pine"
2137:Paul, L.R.; Chapman, B.K.; Chanway, C.P. (2007).
1883:
1645:
3476:
2943:
2674:. Edmonton AB: Lonepine Publishing. p. 27.
2402:
1600:
1998:
1996:
1755:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
896:but can be overwhelmed. It is also affected by
407:. It is common near the ocean shore and in dry
2597:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
2525:Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains
2473:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
2390:Note that this website has been superseded by
2309:
2296:Green: A Blog About Energy and the Environment
2031:
2029:
1664:
888:Larger members of the species are attacked by
2974:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
1798:
1650:. Hamburg, Germany: Nikol. pp. 365–367.
1482:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42351A2974612.en
701:. It can be found on the western side of the
1993:
1754:
1577:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2923:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
2670:Johnson, Kershaw; MacKinnon, Pojar (1995).
2242:
2185:
2026:
1670:
1502:
1420:The cultivar "Chief Joseph" has gained the
1318:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest
2635:
2396:
2377:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1861:
1847:"Pinus contorta var. contorta: Shore Pine"
1794:
1792:
1790:
1496:
1456:
845:A cluster of pollen-bearing male cones at
322:
100:
78:
40:
2845:
2290:Rudolf, John Collins (28 February 2011).
2219:
2179:
2162:
2056:
1968:
1940:
1480:
923:
593:to 3 in) long and 0.9 to 2 mm (
2079:
2002:
1911:
1641:
1639:
1624:. Burke Museum, University of Washington
1232:
1025:, in which case what is treated here as
912:A study released in 2011 concluded that
840:
528:
507:
486:will hybridise with the closely related
3500:Flora of the Northwestern United States
2972:United States Department of Agriculture
2623:United States Department of Agriculture
2614:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2577:United States Department of Agriculture
2568:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2499:United States Department of Agriculture
2490:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2453:United States Department of Agriculture
2444:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1787:
1550:United States Department of Agriculture
1541:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1126:tamarack pine, or Sierra lodgepole pine
14:
3477:
2694:
2629:
2289:
2130:
1962:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1924:
1918:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1899:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1611:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1055:on the northwestern California coast;
2997:
2996:
2795:
2649:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
2511:
1817:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1636:
1561:
1559:
3449:fefd369a-efe6-49b7-a665-049027672712
3302:09496106-973f-45c0-8720-20e76bdee50c
1958:"Pinus contorta var. murrayana"
1955:
1914:"Pinus contorta var. latifolia"
1892:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1565:
1408:"Spaan's Dwarf", a dwarf variety of
3485:IUCN Red List least concern species
2331:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1895:"Pinus contorta var. contorta"
1523:
1468:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1416:that grows wider than it grows tall
1405:grown for its yellow winter needles
1397:"Chief Joseph", a dwarf variety of
1371:, and as smaller selections of the
909:cold can kill some of the beetles.
24:
3535:Flora of the Northwest Territories
3400:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000492-2
2939:University of California, Berkeley
2904:Virginia Tech dendrology website:
2894:University of California, Berkeley
2425:University of California, Berkeley
2186:Chapman, W.K.; Paul, L.R. (2012).
2080:Kauffman, J. Boone (August 2004).
1979:. New York: Sterling. p. 91.
1930:
1825:"Plants and Trees: lodgepole pine"
1801:A Handbook of the World's Conifers
1556:
861:with the roots of lodgepole pine (
25:
3581:
2879:
2316:Conifer Specialist Group (1998).
1761:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
1699:
1279:have been planted extensively in
832:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
678:, are completely non-serotinous.
2109:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.545_1.x
1671:Klinkenberg, Brian, ed. (2014).
1180:
1173:
1110:
1103:
1071:
1064:
997:
990:
790:
779:
772:) are more susceptible to fire.
709:, and on the Rocky Mountains in
533:The needles are 4 to 8 cm (
512:Lodgepole pine being trained as
123:
58:Anacortes Community Forest Lands
2820:
2777:
2714:
2688:
2663:
2609:"Pinus contorta var. latifolia"
2601:
2591:"Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana"
2583:
2563:"Pinus contorta var. murrayana"
2555:
2505:
2477:
2459:
2439:"Pinus contorta var. bolanderi"
2431:
2360:
2283:
2236:
2073:
1949:
1905:
1839:
1256:
920:by the late 21st century.
681:
455:subspecies is the tallest. The
314:
2859:. 14 June 2017. Archived from
2485:"Pinus contorta var. contorta"
2467:"Pinus contorta ssp. contorta"
1912:Anderson, Michelle D. (2003).
1622:WTU Herbarium Image Collection
1331:
505:have survived over 300 years.
437:
13:
1:
3565:Provincial symbols of Alberta
2727:Ecology of Food and Nutrition
2619:Agricultural Research Service
2573:Agricultural Research Service
2495:Agricultural Research Service
2449:Agricultural Research Service
2003:Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015).
1546:Agricultural Research Service
1443:
950:
423:(member species of the genus
2968:United States Forest Service
2747:10.1080/03670244.2012.706013
2521:(Tamarack, Lodge-pole-pine)"
2403:Jepson Flora Project (ed.).
1311:
7:
2857:Alberta Culture and Tourism
1612:Giblin, David, ed. (2015).
1594:Harvard University Herbaria
1422:Royal Horticultural Society
1367:for use in traditional and
828:Pacific decadal oscillation
622:pine, which is dark green.
10:
3586:
3490:NatureServe secure species
2531:(illustrations). Chicago:
2382:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
945:National Pest Plant Accord
883:
764:as other species are more
747:
524:
3570:Trees of Northern America
3520:Flora of British Columbia
3005:
2828:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2269:10.1007/s10584-010-9861-2
2212:10.1007/s00248-012-0076-0
1849:. Oregon State University
1590:Missouri Botanical Garden
1588:– via eFloras.org,
1431:
1393:of this species include:
1059:by fires and development
806:Yellowstone fires of 1988
442:Depending on subspecies,
415:, but is rare in lowland
330:
321:
311:
306:
289:
282:
120:Scientific classification
118:
98:
76:
67:
48:
39:
34:
3515:Flora of Baja California
2960:Silvics of North America
2039:; Thomas Veblen (2004).
1150:San Bernardino Mountains
1090:Pacific Coast, southern
931:is considered a serious
637:Many populations of the
625:
383:, with the common names
1871:. Crater Lake Institute
1302:
1228:
892:, which it fights with
744:of coastal California.
742:closed-cone pine forest
689:occurs from upper, dry
2533:A.C. McClurg & Co.
1799:Farjon, Aljos (2010).
1648:Lexikon der Nadelbäume
1592:, St. Louis, MO &
1436:Lodgepole pine is the
1253:
1250:Yosemite National Park
924:As an invasive species
849:
768:, although some (e.g.
757:fire-dependent species
551:The egg-shaped growth
548:
521:
3545:Flora of South Dakota
3540:Flora of Saskatchewan
2697:"Forestry in Iceland"
1956:Cope, Amy B. (1993).
1893:Cope, Amy B. (1993).
1827:. U.S. Forest Service
1566:Kral, Robert (1993).
1511:. Arlington, Virginia
1426:Award of Garden Merit
1383:, including as large
1345:horticulture industry
1236:
890:mountain pine beetles
844:
532:
511:
2890:The Jepson Herbarium
2853:"Emblems of Alberta"
2421:The Jepson Herbarium
2089:Conservation Biology
1503:NatureServe (2024).
1475:: e.T42351A2974612.
1440:of Alberta, Canada.
1339:is cultivated as an
1326:traditional medicine
902:Grosmannia clavigera
740:can be found in the
660:mountain pine beetle
466:The species name is
391:, and also known as
3525:Flora of California
2985:Plants for a Future
2803:"RHS Plantfinder –
2739:2013EcoFN..52..130D
2261:2011ClCh..105..313C
2204:2012MicEc..64..964C
2101:2004ConBi..18..878K
1687:on 26 February 2015
1457:Farjon, A. (2013).
1381:container gardening
1377:natural landscaping
1146:southern California
1134:northern California
727:Northern California
70:Conservation status
2392:World Flora Online
2352:}}: old-form url (
2155:10.1093/aob/mcm061
2037:Schoennagel, Tania
1765:. pp. 61–70.
1763:Mountaineers Books
1254:
854:Suillus tomentosus
850:
697:region of western
549:
522:
331:Distribution map:
3472:
3471:
3336:Open Tree of Life
2999:Taxon identifiers
2681:978-1-55105-058-4
2513:Chase, J. Smeaton
2192:Microbial Ecology
2013:Wildflower Search
1986:978-1-4027-3875-3
1810:978-90-04-17718-5
1772:978-1-68051-329-5
1657:978-3-933203-80-9
1226:
1225:
1154:Peninsular Ranges
1142:Transverse Ranges
1132:from Oregon into
898:blue stain fungus
847:Mount San Antonio
376:
375:
113:
93:
16:(Redirected from
3577:
3510:Flora of Alberta
3465:
3464:
3452:
3451:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3279:NBNSYS0000004786
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3026:
3025:
3024:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2980:"Pinus contorta"
2975:
2964:Washington, D.C.
2937:photo database,
2918:Picea sitchensis
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2255:(1–2): 313–328.
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2149:(6): 1101–1109.
2143:Annals of Botany
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1752:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1609:
1598:
1597:
1596:, Cambridge, MA.
1587:
1585:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1536:"Pinus contorta"
1532:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1454:
1369:wildlife gardens
1273:Tree plantations
1263:Native Americans
1184:
1177:
1162:Spring Mountains
1114:
1107:
1075:
1068:
1053:Mendocino County
1001:
994:
970:
969:
933:invasive species
794:
783:
723:Southeast Alaska
707:British Columbia
612:
611:
607:
602:
601:
597:
592:
591:
587:
584:
578:
577:
573:
570:
564:
563:
559:
546:
545:
541:
538:
503:Yellowstone Park
461:British Columbia
370:
357:
344:
326:
295:
275:P. contorta
128:
127:
107:
104:
103:
87:
82:
81:
44:
32:
31:
27:Species of plant
21:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3530:Flora of Nevada
3505:Flora of Alaska
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3323:Observation.org
3321:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3001:
2978:
2962:. Vol. 1.
2882:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2863:on 8 April 2017
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2807:'Chief Joseph'"
2801:
2800:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2634:
2630:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2519:Pinus murrayana
2510:
2506:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2401:
2397:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2320:Pinus contorta
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2249:Climatic Change
2241:
2237:
2184:
2180:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2034:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1929:
1925:
1910:
1906:
1891:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1797:
1788:
1773:
1753:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1644:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1601:
1583:
1581:
1564:
1557:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1438:provincial tree
1434:
1410:Pinus contorta
1399:Pinus contorta
1349:Plant nurseries
1341:ornamental tree
1334:
1314:
1305:
1259:
1244:near summit of
1231:
1200:Rocky Mountains
1158:Baja California
1148:(including the
1057:near threatened
1033:is the variety
955:There are four
953:
937:wilding conifer
926:
906:Dwarf mistletoe
886:
871:nitrogen-fixing
859:ectomycorrhizae
812:
811:
810:
809:
808:
795:
786:
785:
784:
750:
691:montane forests
684:
628:
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
582:
580:
575:
571:
568:
566:
561:
557:
556:
543:
539:
536:
534:
527:
440:
409:montane forests
360:
347:
334:
302:
297:
291:
278:
122:
114:
105:
101:
94:
83:
79:
72:
35:Lodgepole pine
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Flora of Yukon
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:wfo-0000481330
3453:
3440:
3430:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3361:pinus-contorta
3355:
3351:Pinus_contorta
3345:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3149:Pinus contorta
3140:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3042:
3037:Pinus contorta
3027:
3011:
3009:
3007:Pinus contorta
3003:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2948:Pinus contorta
2941:
2930:Pinus contorta
2926:
2914:
2909:
2906:Pinus contorta
2901:
2896:
2881:
2880:External links
2878:
2875:
2874:
2844:
2819:
2805:Pinus contorta
2794:
2776:
2733:(2): 130–147.
2713:
2687:
2680:
2662:
2643:Pinus contorta
2628:
2600:
2582:
2554:
2504:
2476:
2458:
2430:
2407:Pinus contorta
2395:
2386:The Plant List
2370:Pinus contorta
2359:
2308:
2282:
2245:Pinus contorta
2235:
2178:
2129:
2072:
2025:
2007:Pinus contorta
1992:
1985:
1967:
1948:
1942:10.1101/023267
1933:Pinus contorta
1923:
1904:
1882:
1860:
1838:
1816:
1809:
1786:
1771:
1698:
1675:Pinus contorta
1663:
1656:
1635:
1616:Pinus contorta
1599:
1570:Pinus contorta
1555:
1522:
1507:Pinus contorta
1495:
1461:Pinus contorta
1448:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1361:Pinus contorta
1353:Pinus contorta
1337:Pinus contorta
1333:
1330:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1277:Pinus contorta
1258:
1255:
1238:Pinus contorta
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:boreal forests
1216:aspen parkland
1197:
1196:lodgepole pine
1194:
1188:Pinus contorta
1185:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1156:into northern
1127:
1124:
1118:Pinus contorta
1115:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1085:
1079:Pinus contorta
1076:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1035:Pinus contorta
1027:Pinus contorta
1015:Pinus contorta
1011:
1005:Pinus contorta
1002:
995:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
961:Pinus contorta
952:
949:
929:Pinus contorta
925:
922:
918:climate change
914:Pinus contorta
885:
882:
863:Pinus contorta
796:
789:
788:
787:
778:
777:
776:
775:
774:
766:shade tolerant
753:Pinus contorta
749:
746:
738:Pinus contorta
687:Pinus contorta
683:
680:
639:Rocky Mountain
627:
624:
526:
523:
518:Bjorn Bjorholm
476:Pinus contorta
444:Pinus contorta
439:
436:
399:, is a common
385:lodgepole pine
380:Pinus contorta
374:
373:
372:
371:
358:
345:
337:Pinus contorta
328:
327:
319:
318:
309:
308:
304:
303:
298:
293:Pinus contorta
287:
286:
280:
279:
272:
270:
266:
265:
254:
250:
249:
238:
234:
233:
222:
218:
217:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
116:
115:
99:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
50:Pinus contorta
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
18:Lodgepole Pine
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3582:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Flora of Utah
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:Jepson eFlora
2884:
2883:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2829:
2823:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Jepson eFlora
2414:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:(4): 964–72.
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:(4): 878–82.
2094:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2051:(7): 661–76.
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1870:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:of California
1319:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:Sierra Nevada
1135:
1131:
1130:Cascade Range
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:to northwest
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
988:
985:Distribution
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
968:
966:
962:
958:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
921:
919:
915:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
881:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
848:
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
807:
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724:
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708:
704:
700:
699:North America
696:
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402:
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394:
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284:Binomial name
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150:Tracheophytes
148:
145:
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138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
111:
97:
91:
86:
85:Least Concern
75:
71:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3006:
2983:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2856:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2804:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2695:Skógræktin.
2690:
2671:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2648:
2642:
2631:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2566:
2557:
2535:p. 36.
2524:
2518:
2507:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2442:
2433:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2384:– via
2375:
2369:
2362:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2285:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2092:
2088:
2075:
2048:
2044:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:
2006:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1951:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1907:
1898:
1873:. Retrieved
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1819:
1800:
1757:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1680:
1674:
1666:
1647:
1626:. Retrieved
1621:
1615:
1584:12 September
1582:. Retrieved
1576:
1569:
1539:
1515:11 September
1513:. Retrieved
1506:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1472:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1435:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1373:native plant
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1336:
1335:
1315:
1306:
1276:
1271:
1260:
1257:Construction
1246:Pywiack Dome
1241:
1237:
1212:Saskatchewan
1191:
1187:
1164:of southern
1121:
1117:
1082:
1078:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
960:
954:
928:
927:
913:
911:
901:
887:
879:
866:
862:
852:
851:
825:
813:
801:
797:
759:, requiring
752:
751:
737:
731:
719:rain forests
705:, in inland
686:
685:
682:Distribution
675:
671:
667:
663:
646:
642:
641:subspecies,
636:
629:
615:short shoots
550:
500:
496:
492:P. banksiana
491:
483:
479:
475:
467:
465:
452:
443:
441:
427:), it is an
424:
417:rain forests
396:
393:twisted pine
392:
388:
384:
379:
378:
377:
366:
362:
361:
353:
349:
348:
340:
336:
335:
312:
292:
290:
274:
273:
261:
257:
253:Subsection:
245:
241:
229:
225:
213:
163:Gymnospermae
156:
143:
53:
49:
29:
3374:kew-2561967
3261:NatureServe
3183:iNaturalist
3031:Wikispecies
2529:Eytel, Carl
2122:24 February
1488:11 November
1403:. latifolia
1387:specimens.
1332:Cultivation
982:Common name
941:New Zealand
821:ladder fuel
817:tree stands
798:P. contorta
734:Puget Sound
715:Crater Lake
672:P. contorta
664:P. contorta
643:P. contorta
480:P. contorta
438:Description
419:. Like all
403:in western
363:P. contorta
350:P. contorta
307:Subspecies
110:NatureServe
3479:Categories
3369:Plant List
3201:30000492-2
3068:Calflora:
2925:(EUFORGEN)
2701:Skógræktin
2655:24 January
2637:USDA, NRCS
2045:BioScience
2018:24 January
1781:1141235469
1691:24 January
1628:24 January
1444:References
1414:. contorta
1160:, and the
1096:California
1087:shore pine
979:Subspecies
957:subspecies
951:Subspecies
834:(AMO) and
651:serotinous
389:shore pine
221:Subgenus:
169:Division:
62:Washington
3136:233500927
2935:CalPhotos
2789:umich.edu
2755:0367-0244
2411:bolanderi
2350:cite iucn
2324:bolanderi
2067:0006-3568
1875:12 August
1853:12 August
1831:12 August
1391:Cultivars
1365:murrayana
1312:Medicinal
1242:murrayana
1192:latifolia
1122:murrayana
1023:bolanderi
1009:bolanderi
965:varieties
867:latifolia
802:latifolia
761:wildfires
695:subalpine
676:murrayana
656:wildfires
647:latifolia
488:jack pine
484:latifolia
453:murrayana
448:krummholz
429:evergreen
413:subalpine
367:murrayana
354:latifolia
269:Species:
262:Contortae
260:subsect.
246:Trifoliae
237:Section:
183:Pinopsida
173:Pinophyta
133:Kingdom:
3444:VicFlora
3433:VASCAN:
3426:24900183
3421:Tropicos
3348:PalDat:
3266:2.147775
3214:11008706
3058:BioLib:
3016:Wikidata
2970:(USFS),
2955:Conifers
2763:23445392
2639:(n.d.).
2595:Calflora
2541:11004975
2515:(1911).
2471:Calflora
2277:54177131
2230:22677953
2173:17468111
2117:32063636
1357:contorta
1297:forestry
1291:and the
1204:Colorado
1083:contorta
1043:contorta
1039:contorta
1031:contorta
1019:contorta
875:nitrogen
703:Cascades
668:contorta
468:contorta
341:contorta
203:Pinaceae
199:Family:
90:IUCN 3.1
54:contorta
3341:1044477
3162:5285750
3097:1061758
3022:Q165091
2933:in the
2867:10 July
2837:2 April
2771:7570681
2735:Bibcode
2549:3477527
2409:subsp.
2301:1 March
2257:Bibcode
2221:3474912
2200:Bibcode
2164:3243579
2097:Bibcode
1937:bioRxiv
1363:subsp.
1355:subsp.
1343:by the
1289:Ireland
1240:subsp.
1190:subsp.
1120:subsp.
1081:subsp.
1049:endemic
1037:subsp.
1029:subsp.
1017:subsp.
1007:subsp.
884:Threats
836:El Niño
830:(PDO),
800:subsp.
748:Ecology
711:Alberta
693:to the
674:subsp.
666:subsp.
649:, have
645:subsp.
619:Alberta
608:⁄
598:⁄
588:⁄
574:⁄
560:⁄
542:⁄
525:Foliage
482:subsp.
472:needles
432:conifer
411:to the
365:subsp.
352:subsp.
339:subsp.
313:4, see
300:Douglas
209:Genus:
193:Pinales
189:Order:
179:Class:
137:Plantae
108: (
106:Secure
88: (
52:subsp.
3382:PLANTS
3299:NZOR:
3240:183327
3123:150579
3051:171467
2785:"NAEB"
2769:
2761:
2753:
2706:17 May
2678:
2547:
2539:
2341:12 May
2275:
2228:
2218:
2171:
2161:
2115:
2065:
1983:
1939:
1807:
1779:
1769:
1654:
1432:Emblem
1385:bonsai
1285:Sweden
1281:Norway
1267:tepees
1166:Nevada
1152:, the
1140:, the
1136:; the
1092:Alaska
514:bonsai
395:, and
244:sect.
228:subg.
3495:Pinus
3413:13066
3358:PPE:
3310:NZPCN
3253:42351
3227:41577
3209:IRMNG
3188:48934
3175:28435
3144:FoAO2
3118:EUNIS
3110:PIUCN
3084:4J24Y
2831:(PDF)
2812:2 May
2767:S2CID
2273:S2CID
2113:S2CID
2085:(PDF)
1351:grow
1208:Yukon
1041:var.
1021:var.
976:Image
894:pitch
865:var.
755:is a
632:cones
626:Cones
457:crown
425:Pinus
421:pines
230:Pinus
214:Pinus
157:Clade
144:Clade
3436:7184
3395:POWO
3387:PICO
3328:7193
3315:3075
3292:3339
3287:NCBI
3248:IUCN
3235:ITIS
3196:IPNI
3170:GRIN
3157:GBIF
3105:EPPO
3071:6508
3061:2332
3046:APNI
2869:2017
2839:2018
2814:2018
2759:PMID
2751:ISSN
2708:2021
2676:ISBN
2657:2015
2545:OCLC
2537:LCCN
2354:help
2343:2006
2336:1998
2322:var.
2303:2011
2226:PMID
2169:PMID
2124:2010
2063:ISSN
2020:2015
1981:ISBN
1877:2014
1855:2014
1833:2014
1805:ISBN
1777:OCLC
1767:ISBN
1693:2015
1652:ISBN
1630:2015
1586:2010
1517:2024
1490:2021
1473:2013
1375:for
1359:and
1320:and
1316:The
1303:Food
1295:for
1229:Uses
1218:and
1210:and
973:Cone
770:firs
658:and
630:The
565:and
553:buds
401:tree
387:and
315:text
3457:WFO
3408:RHS
3274:NBN
3222:ISC
3131:FNA
3092:EoL
3079:CoL
2743:doi
2265:doi
2253:105
2216:PMC
2208:doi
2159:PMC
2151:doi
2105:doi
2053:doi
1477:doi
1424:'s
1412:var
1401:var
1275:of
1248:in
1206:to
1168:).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
