Loch Ness Monster - Knowledge

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this comparison was filmed under different lighting conditions, with a white boat. JARIC's estimates of the size and speed of the object are now believed to be overestimates, due to miscalculations of the angle of the camera and cuts in the film, and overlaying multiple frames seems to show a pale blob towards the rear end of the object, which appears in multiple frames and matches with the position of the helmsman of a boat as demonstrated in Dinsdale's boat comparison. It has also been noted that the object in his film does not actually submerge as often perceived but blends into the greyer reflections on the water. Additionally, Dick Raynor has noted that Dinsdale's binoculars were actually a wider field of view than his telephoto camera. Additionally, critics consider the dark shape noticed by the Discovery documentary analysis unlikely to be the shadow or a body underwater due to the low angle of view, and it is more likely to be reflections of the shore behind the object.

827:, and Adomnán's tale probably recycles a common motif attached to a local landmark. According to skeptics, Adomnán's story may be independent of the modern Loch Ness Monster legend and became attached to it by proximity and by believers seeking to bolster their claims. Ronald Binns considers that this is the most serious of various alleged early sightings of the monster, but all other claimed sightings before 1933 are dubious and do not prove a monster tradition before that date. Christopher Cairney uses a specific historical and cultural analysis of Adomnán to separate Adomnán's story about St. Columba from the modern myth of the Loch Ness Monster, but finds an earlier and culturally significant use of Celtic "water beast" folklore along the way. In doing so he also discredits any strong connection between 911:

and a long, wavy, narrow neck, slightly thicker than an elephant's trunk and as long as the 10–12-foot (3–4 m) width of the road. They saw no limbs. It lurched across the road toward the loch 20 yards (18 m) away, leaving a trail of broken undergrowth in its wake. Spicer described it as "the nearest approach to a dragon or pre-historic animal that I have ever seen in my life," and as having "a long neck, which moved up and down in the manner of a scenic railway." It had "an animal" in its mouth and had a body that "was fairly big, with a high back, but if there were any feet they must have been of the web kind, and as for a tail I cannot say, as it moved so rapidly, and when we got to the spot it had probably disappeared into the loch." Though he was the first to describe the creature as a

1474:, near the midpoint of the loch. With the mobile units in laybys about 80% of the loch surface was covered. The society's name was later shortened to the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau (LNIB), and it disbanded in 1972. The LNIB had an annual subscription charge, which covered administration. Its main activity was encouraging groups of self-funded volunteers to watch the loch from vantage points with film cameras with telescopic lenses. From 1965 to 1972 it had a caravan camp and viewing platform at Achnahannet, and sent observers to other locations up and down the loch. According to the bureau's 1969 annual report it had 1,030 members, of whom 588 were from the UK. 2296: 2176: 897:"The creature disported itself, rolling and plunging for fully a minute, its body resembling that of a whale, and the water cascading and churning like a simmering cauldron. Soon, however, it disappeared in a boiling mass of foam. Both onlookers confessed that there was something uncanny about the whole thing, for they realised that here was no ordinary denizen of the depths, because, apart from its enormous size, the beast, in taking the final plunge, sent out waves that were big enough to have been caused by a passing steamer." 994: 1418: 1254:, camping next to Urquhart Castle, took what were alleged to be the clearest picture of the monster then available. Shiels, a magician, claimed to have summoned the animal out of the water. He later described it as an "elephant squid", claiming the long neck shown in the photograph is the squid's "trunk" and that a white spot at the base of the neck is its eye. Due to the lack of ripples, it has been declared a hoax by many people and received its name because of its staged look. 887:, about a large "beast" or "whale-like fish". The article by Alex Campbell, water bailiff for Loch Ness and a part-time journalist, discussed a sighting by Aldie Mackay of an enormous creature with the body of a whale rolling in the water in the loch while she and her husband John were driving on the A82 on 15 April 1933. The word "monster" was reportedly applied for the first time in Campbell's article, although some reports claim that it was coined by editor Evan Barron. 1568:

plesiosaur-like animal, but sceptics argue the object is a log due to the lump on its "chest" area, the mass of sediment in the full photo, and the object's log-like "skin" texture. Another photograph seemed to depict a horned "gargoyle head", consistent with that of some sightings of the monster; however, sceptics point out that a tree stump was later filmed during Operation Deepscan in 1987, which bore a striking resemblance to the gargoyle head.

2115: 2056: 1231:, with a digital enhancement of the Dinsdale film. A person who enhanced the film noticed a shadow in the negative that was not obvious in the developed film. By enhancing and overlaying frames, he found what appeared to be the rear body of a creature underwater: "Before I saw the film, I thought the Loch Ness Monster was a load of rubbish. Having done the enhancement, I'm not so sure." 1678:, said he could not rule out the possibility of eels of extreme size, though none were found, nor were any ever caught. The other possibility is that the large amount of eel DNA simply comes from many small eels. No evidence of any reptilian sequences were found, he added, "so I think we can be fairly sure that there is probably not a giant scaly reptile swimming around in Loch Ness". 1611:, donated a number of echosounder units used in the operation. After examining a sonar return indicating a large, moving object at a depth of 180 metres (590 ft) near Urquhart Bay, Lowrance said: "There's something here that we don't understand, and there's something here that's larger than a fish, maybe some species that hasn't been detected before. I don't know." 1716:, and exotic species of large animals. A reviewer wrote that Binns had "evolved into the author of ... the definitive, skeptical book on the subject". Binns does not call the sightings a hoax, but "a myth in the true sense of the term" and states that the "'monster is a sociological ... phenomenon. ...After 1983 the search ... (for the) possibility that there just 1005:(near the north-eastern end of the loch) at about 1 a.m. on a moonlit night. According to Grant, it had a small head attached to a long neck; the creature saw him, and crossed the road back to the loch. Grant, a veterinary student, described it as a cross between a seal and a plesiosaur. He said he dismounted and followed it to the loch, but saw only ripples. 1537:, the photos were retouched to superimpose the flipper; the original enhancement showed a considerably less-distinct object. No one is sure how the originals were altered. During a meeting with Tony Harmsworth and Adrian Shine at the Loch Ness Centre & Exhibition, Rines admitted that the flipper photo may have been retouched by a magazine editor. 51: 6346:, Wednesday, 11 June 1879 "This kelpie had been in the habit of appearing as a beautiful black horse... No sooner had the weary unsuspecting victim seated himself in the saddle than away darted the horse with more than the speed of the hurricane and plunged into the deepest part of Loch Ness, and the rider was never seen again." 1340:

location and weather conditions that day. According to Raynor, Edwards told him he had faked a photograph in 1986 that he claimed was genuine in the National Geographic documentary. Although Edwards admitted in October 2013 that his 2011 photograph was a hoax, he insisted that the 1986 photograph was genuine.

2235:. Robert Rines explained that the "horns" in some sightings function as breathing tubes (or nostrils), allowing it to breathe without breaking the surface. Also new discoveries have shown that plesiosaurs had the ability to swim in fresh waters, but the cold temperatures would make it hard for it to live. 1486:, volunteered his services as a sonar developer and expert at Loch Ness in 1968. His gesture, part of a larger effort led by the LNPIB from 1967 to 1968, involved collaboration between volunteers and professionals in a number of fields. Tucker had chosen Loch Ness as the test site for a prototype sonar 1234:

However, additional analyses of the Dinsdale film have indicated that his sighting was a case of mistaken identity and that he likely filmed a boat under poor lighting conditions. Although Dinsdale attempted to rule this out by organizing for a fishing boat to sail a similar route later that morning,

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and Maurice Burton) consider it a picture of a diving bird or otter that Wilson mistook for the monster. According to Morrison, when the plates were developed, Wilson was uninterested in the second photo; he allowed Morrison to keep the negative, and the photo was rediscovered years later. When asked

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In August 1933, Italian journalist Francesco Gasparini submitted what he said was the first news article on the Loch Ness Monster. In 1959, he reported sighting a "strange fish" and fabricated eyewitness accounts: "I had the inspiration to get hold of the item about the strange fish. The idea of the

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producer) and Ira Dyer of MIT's Department of Ocean Engineering were on hand to examine the data. P. Skitzki of Raytheon suggested that the data indicated a 3-metre (10 ft) protuberance projecting from one of the echoes. According to author Roy Mackal, the shape was a "highly flexible laterally

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with a maximum range of 800 m (2,600 ft). The device was fixed underwater at Temple Pier in Urquhart Bay and directed at the opposite shore, drawing an acoustic "net" across the loch through which no moving object could pass undetected. During the two-week trial in August, multiple targets

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Little is known of the second photo; it is often ignored by researchers, who believe its quality too poor and its differences from the first photo too great to warrant analysis. It shows a head similar to the first photo, with a more turbulent wave pattern, and possibly taken at a different time and

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approaching, Wetherell sank the model with his foot and it is "presumably still somewhere in Loch Ness". Chambers gave the photographic plates to Wilson, a friend of his who enjoyed "a good practical joke". Wilson brought the plates to Ogston's, an Inverness chemist, and gave them to George Morrison

814:. They explained that the man was swimming in the river when he was attacked by a "water beast" that mauled him and dragged him underwater despite their attempts to rescue him by boat. Columba sent a follower, Luigne moccu Min, to swim across the river. The beast approached him, but Columba made the 2044:

as having "a bear's head and a brown scaly body with clawlike fins." The creature was placed in a van to be carried away for testing, but police seized the cadaver under an act of parliament prohibiting the removal of "unidentified creatures" from Loch Ness. It was later revealed that Flamingo Park

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Modern interest in the monster was sparked by a sighting on 22 July 1933, when George Spicer and his wife saw "a most extraordinary form of animal" cross the road in front of their car. They described the creature as having a large body (about 4 feet (1.2 m) high and 25 feet (7.6 m) long)

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Wakes have been reported when the loch is calm, with no boats nearby. Bartender David Munro reported a wake he believed was a creature zigzagging, diving, and reappearing; there were reportedly 26 other witnesses from a nearby car park. Although some sightings describe a V-shaped wake similar to a

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In a 1979 article, California biologist Dennis Power and geographer Donald Johnson claimed that the "surgeon's photograph" was the top of the head, extended trunk and flared nostrils of a swimming elephant photographed elsewhere and claimed to be from Loch Ness. In 2006, palaeontologist and artist

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In August 2023, a weekend of high-tech searching was done in observance of the 90th anniversary of the 1933 Aldie Mackay sighting. The event was coordinated by Loch Ness Exploration volunteers in collaboration with the Loch Ness visitor’s centre. The technology used included "sonar for mapping the

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In 2001, Rines' Academy of Applied Science videotaped a V-shaped wake traversing still water on a calm day. The academy also videotaped an object on the floor of the loch resembling a carcass and found marine clamshells and a fungus-like organism not normally found in freshwater lochs, a suggested

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conducted a search for the monster involving sonar examination of the loch depths for unusual activity. Rines took precautions to avoid murky water with floating wood and peat. A submersible camera with a floodlight was deployed to record images below the surface. If Rines detected anything on the

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on 21 April 1934. Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with it led to it being known as the "surgeon's photograph". According to Wilson, he was looking at the loch when he saw the monster, grabbed his camera and snapped four photos. Only two exposures came out clearly; the first reportedly

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For 60 years, the photo was considered evidence of the monster's existence, although skeptics dismissed it as driftwood, an elephant, an otter or a bird. The photo's scale was controversial; it is often shown cropped (making the creature seem large and the ripples like waves), while the uncropped

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the scientists had made sonar contact with an unidentified object of unusual size and strength. The researchers returned, re-scanning the area. Analysis of the echosounder images seemed to indicate debris at the bottom of the loch, although there was motion in three of the pictures. Adrian Shine

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filmed what he believed to be a dark hump that left a wake crossing Loch Ness on 23 April 1960. Dinsdale, who reportedly had the sighting on his final day of search, described it as mahogany red with a blotch on its side when viewed through binoculars. He said that when he mounted his camera the

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In 2003, the BBC sponsored a search of the loch using 600 sonar beams and satellite tracking. The search had sufficient resolution to identify a small buoy. No animal of substantial size was found and, despite their reported hopes, the scientists involved admitted that this proved the Loch Ness

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financed a search. Twenty men with binoculars and cameras positioned themselves around the loch from 9 am to 6 pm for five weeks, beginning on 13 July 1934. Although 21 photographs were taken, none was considered conclusive. Supervisor James Fraser remained by the loch, filming, on 15

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Other researchers consider the photograph a hoax. Roy Mackal requested to use the photograph in his 1976 book. He received the original negative from MacNab, but discovered it differed from the photograph that appeared in Whyte's book. The tree at the bottom left in Whyte's was missing from the

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According to a 2013 article, Mackay said that she had yelled, "Stop! The Beast!" when viewing the spectacle. In the late 1980s, a naturalist interviewed Aldie Mackay and she admitted to knowing that there had been an oral tradition of a "beast" in the loch well before her claimed sighting. Alex

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A second search was conducted by Rines in 1975. Some of the photographs, despite their obviously murky quality and lack of concurrent sonar readings, did indeed seem to show unknown animals in various positions and lightings. One photograph appeared to show the head, neck, and upper torso of a

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analyzed the uncropped image and found a white object visible in every version of the photo (implying that it was on the negative). It was believed to be the cause of the ripples, as if the object was being towed, although the possibility of a blemish on the negative could not be ruled out. An

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documentary in which Edwards had participated. Researcher Dick Raynor has questioned Edwards' claim of discovering a deeper bottom of Loch Ness, which Raynor calls "Edwards Deep". He found inconsistencies between Edwards' claims for the location and conditions of the photograph and the actual

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It has been claimed that sightings of the monster increased after a road was built along the loch in early 1933, bringing workers and tourists to the formerly isolated area. However, Binns has described this as "the myth of the lonely loch", as it was far from isolated before then, due to the

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flipper, although sceptics have dismissed the images as depicting the bottom of the loch, air bubbles, a rock, or a fish fin. The apparent flipper was photographed in different positions, indicating movement. The first flipper photo is better-known than the second, and both were enhanced and

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From 2018 to 2019, scientists from New Zealand undertook a massive project to document every organism in Loch Ness based on DNA samples. Their reports confirmed that European eels are still found in the Loch. No DNA samples were found for large animals such as catfish, Greenland sharks, or

725:. It is often described as large, long-necked, and with one or more humps protruding from the water. Popular interest and belief in the creature has varied since it was brought to worldwide attention in 1933. Evidence of its existence is anecdotal with a number of disputed photographs and 1989:

legends. According to Sjögren, accounts of loch monsters have changed over time; originally describing horse-like creatures, they were intended to keep children away from the loch. Sjögren wrote that the kelpie legends have developed into descriptions reflecting a modern awareness of

1579:, citing the lack of significant sonar readings and a decline in eyewitness accounts. He undertook a final expedition, using sonar and an underwater camera in an attempt to find a carcass. Rines believed that the animals may have failed to adapt to temperature changes resulting from 1712:. In these he contends that an aspect of human psychology is the ability of the eye to see what it wants, and expects, to see. They may be categorised as misidentifications of known animals, misidentifications of inanimate objects or effects, reinterpretations of Scottish folklore, 1669:

survey of the lake in June 2018, looking for unusual species. The results were published in 2019; no DNA of large fish such as sharks, sturgeons and catfish could be found. No otter or seal DNA were obtained either, though there was a lot of eel DNA. The leader of the study, Prof

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Believers in the monster point to this story, set in the River Ness rather than the loch itself, as evidence for the creature's existence as early as the 6th century. Skeptics question the narrative's reliability, noting that water-beast stories were extremely common in medieval

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shot shows the other end of the loch and the monster in the centre. The ripples in the photo were found to fit the size and pattern of small ripples, rather than large waves photographed up close. Analysis of the original image fostered further doubt. In 1993, the makers of the

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A number of explanations have been suggested to account for sightings of the creature. According to Ronald Binns, a former member of the Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau, there is probably no single explanation of the monster. Binns wrote two sceptical books, the 1983

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pier on the south-western end of the loch, when he captured the movement. He said, "The water was very still at the time and there were no ripples coming off the wave and no other activity on the water." Sceptics suggested that the wave may have been caused by a wind gust.

1224:(JARIC) who published a 1966 report analyzing the film, the object was "probably animate". After the film, Dinsdale continued to pursue finding the Loch Ness Monster but while he claimed to have had additional sightings he was unable to produce more photographic evidence. 1511:

DE-725C sonar unit, operating at a frequency of 200 kHz and anchored at a depth of 11 metres (36 ft), identified a moving target (or targets) estimated by echo strength at 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) in length. Specialists from Raytheon, Simrad (now

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On 26 May 2007, 55-year-old laboratory technician Gordon Holmes videotaped what he said was "this jet black thing, about 14 metres (46 ft) long, moving fairly fast in the water.", Loch Ness monster watchers described it as among "the best footage ever seen."

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was an early suggestion for what the "monster" was. Eels are found in Loch Ness, and an unusually large one would explain many sightings. Dinsdale dismissed the hypothesis because eels undulate side to side like snakes. Sightings in 1856 of a "sea-serpent" (or

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level. Gas pressure would eventually rupture a resin seal at one end of the log, propelling it through the water (sometimes to the surface). According to Burton, the shape of tree logs (with their branch stumps) closely resembles descriptions of the monster.

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published the account of George Spicer's alleged sighting. Public interest skyrocketed, with countless letters being sent in detailing different sightings describing a "monster fish," "sea serpent," or "dragon," with the final name ultimately settling on

1969:, and this could be a description of an earthquake. Many reports consist only of a large disturbance on the surface of the water; this could be a release of gas through the fault, although it may be mistaken for something swimming below the surface. 1357:

On 27 August 2013, tourist David Elder presented a five-minute video of a "mysterious wave" in the loch. According to Elder, the wave was produced by a 4.5 m (15 ft) "solid black object" just under the surface of the water. Elder, 50, from

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reportedly saw an object resembling a log or an upturned boat "wriggling and churning up the water," moving slowly at first before disappearing at a faster speed. The account was not published until 1934, when Mackenzie sent his story in a letter to

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In 1972, a team of zoologists from Yorkshire's Flamingo Park Zoo, searching for the monster, discovered a large body floating in the water. The corpse, 4.9–5.4 m (16–18 ft) long and weighing as much as 1.5 tonnes, was described by the

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Neil Clark suggested that travelling circuses might have allowed elephants to bathe in the loch; the trunk could be the perceived head and neck, with the head and back the perceived humps. In support of this, Clark provided an example painting.

1915:); the Loch Ness oscillation period is 31.5 minutes. Earthquakes in Scotland are too weak to cause observable seiches, but extremely massive earthquakes far away could cause large waves. The seiche created in Loch Ness by the catastrophic 2574: 1012:, who stated it was consistent with the appearance and behavior of an otter. Regarding the long size of the creature reported by Grant, it has been suggested that this was a faulty observation due to the poor light conditions. Paleontologist 1186:. Its crew noted a large object keeping pace with the vessel at a depth of 146 metres (479 ft). It was detected for 800 m (2,600 ft) before contact was lost and regained. Previous sonar attempts were inconclusive or negative. 1809:. It is dark in colour, with a small dorsal fin. According to biologist Bruce Wright, the Greenland shark could survive in fresh water (possibly using rivers and lakes to find food) and Loch Ness has an abundance of salmon and other fish. 1695:(underwater microphones)" which did record some sounds, but were "probably ducks". Despite a large turnout of searchers onsite and hundreds more viewing Internet livestream cameras pointed at the loch, there were no conclusive sightings. 1383:

showed what appeared to be a large creature (thought by some to be the Loch Ness Monster) just below the surface of Loch Ness. At the loch's far north, the image appeared about 30 metres (98 ft) long. Possible explanations were the

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image of a 1.5-metre-wide (4.9 ft), unidentified object that seemed to follow his boat for two minutes at a depth of 23 m (75 ft) and ruled out the possibility of a small fish or seal. In April 2012, a scientist from the

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On 3 August 2012, skipper George Edwards claimed that a photo he took on 2 November 2011 shows "Nessie". Edwards claims to have searched for the monster for 26 years, and reportedly spent 60 hours per week on the loch aboard his boat,

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In 2005, two students claimed to have found a large tooth embedded in the body of a deer on the loch shore. They publicised the find, setting up a website, but expert analysis soon revealed that the "tooth" was the antler of a

1657:. Wally Veevers had designed the prop initially with a neck and two humps but Wilder disliked the humps and ordered them removed. This change altered the buoyancy and the prop promptly sank into the loch during a filming test. 4062: 1198:

on 29 July 1955 took a photograph that depicted two long black humps in the water. The photograph was not made public until it appeared in Constance Whyte's 1957 book on the subject. On 23 October 1958 it was published by the

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Another sonar contact was made, this time with two objects estimated to be about 9 metres (30 ft). The strobe camera photographed two large objects surrounded by a flurry of bubbles. Some interpreted the objects as two

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and said: "Go no further. Do not touch the man. Go back at once." The creature stopped as if it had been "pulled back with ropes" and fled, and Columba's men and the Picts gave thanks for what they perceived as a miracle.

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Muir-Wood, Robert; Mignan, Arnaud (2009). "A Phenomenological Reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Earthquake Source". In Mendes-Victor, Luiz A.; Sousa Oliveira, Carlos; Azevedo, João; Ribeiro, António (eds.).

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published a report of Spicer's sighting. This sighting triggered a massive amount of public interest and an uptick in alleged sightings, leading to the solidification of the actual name "Loch Ness Monster."

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or water-horses and the modern "media-augmented" creation of the Loch Ness Monster. He also concludes that the story of Saint Columba may have been impacted by earlier Irish myths about the Caoránach and an

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on 12 November 1933 was the first photograph alleged to depict the monster. It was slightly blurred, and it has been noted that if one looks closely the head of a dog can be seen. Gray had taken his

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came into "possession of two lantern slides, contact positives from th original negative" and when projected onto a screen they revealed an "otter rolling at the surface in characteristic fashion."

1841:, and photos of them and deer swimming in the loch, which were cited by author Ronald Binns, may have been misinterpreted. According to Binns, birds may be mistaken for a "head and neck" sighting. 865:

sighted "a large stubby-legged animal" surfacing from the loch and propelling itself within 50 yd (46 m) of the shore where Macdonald stood. Macdonald reported his sighting to Loch Ness

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A number of hoax attempts have been made, some of which were successful. Other hoaxes were revealed rather quickly by the perpetrators or exposed after diligent research. A few examples follow.

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monster had never dawned on me, but then I noted that the strange fish would not yield a long article, and I decided to promote the imaginary being to the rank of monster without further ado."

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shows a small head and back, and the second shows a similar head in a diving position. The first photo became well known, and the second attracted little publicity because of its blurriness.

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to fund a 2-year programme of daylight watches from May to October. The principal equipment was 35 mm movie cameras on mobile units with 20-inch lenses, and one with a 36-inch lens at

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article. The creature was reportedly a toy submarine built by Christian Spurling, the son-in-law of actor, screenwriter, director, producer, and -- perhaps most saliently -- big-game hunter

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On 2 July 2003, Gerald McSorely discovered a fossil, supposedly from the creature, when he tripped and fell into the loch. After examination, it was clear that the fossil had been planted.

1548:(Greek for "Ness inhabitant with diamond-shaped fin"). Scott intended that the name would enable the creature to be added to the British register of protected wildlife. Scottish politician 5978: 2032:

went to Loch Ness to look for the monster. Wetherell claimed to have found footprints, but when casts of the footprints were sent to scientists for analysis they turned out to be from a

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and Constance Whyte "to study Loch Ness to identify the creature known as the Loch Ness Monster or determine the causes of reports of it". In 1967 it received a grant of $ 20,000 from

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Italian geologist Luigi Piccardi has proposed geological explanations for ancient legends and myths. Piccardi noted that in the earliest recorded sighting of a creature (the

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Other researchers have questioned the photograph's authenticity, and Loch Ness researcher Steve Feltham suggested that the object in the water is a fibreglass hump used in a

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for a walk that day and it is suspected that the photograph depicts his dog fetching a stick from the loch. Others have suggested that the photograph depicts an

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European Eels may reach an estimated maximal length of 1–1.3 meters. R. P. Mackal (1976) The Monsters of Loch Ness page 216, see also chapter 9 and appendix G

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as an example of the shape. According to Holiday, this explains the land sightings and the variable back shape; he likened it to the medieval description of

1104:. After testing it in a local pond the group went to Loch Ness, where Ian Marmaduke Wetherell took the photos near the Altsaigh Tea House. When they heard a 6493: 5948: 4978: 3489: 1935:

appearance to the water with calm patches appearing dark from the shore (reflecting the mountains and clouds). In 1979, W. H. Lehn showed that atmospheric

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If creatures similar to plesiosaurs lived in Loch Ness they would be seen frequently, since they would have to surface several times a day to breathe.

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for "Monster hoax by Sir Peter S". However, Rines countered that when rearranged, the letters could also spell "Yes, both pix are monsters – R."

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September 1934; the film is now lost. Zoologists and professors of natural history concluded that the film showed a seal, possibly a grey seal.

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documentary team, using cinematic special-effects experts, tried to convince people that there was something in the loch. They constructed an

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It is difficult to judge the size of an object in water through a telescope or binoculars with no external reference. Loch Ness has resident

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The loch is only about 10,000 years old, dating to the end of the last ice age. Before then, it was frozen for about 20,000 years.

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is a large oscillation of a lake, caused by water reverting to its natural level after being blown to one end of the lake (resulting in a

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Campbell's 1933 article also stated that "Loch Ness has for generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster".

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Concurrent with the sonar readings, the floodlit camera obtained a pair of underwater photographs. Both depicted what appeared to be a

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An international team consisting of researchers from the universities of Otago, Copenhagen, Hull and the Highlands and Islands, did a

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logs rising to the surface of the loch. A decomposing log could not initially release gases caused by decay because of its high

6432: 6515: 1126:, Spurling "... was vague, thought it might have been a piece of wood they were trying out as a monster, but not sure." 6902: 6149: 4748: 3292: 2923: 2584: 2284:

as "worms". Although this theory was considered by Mackal, he found it less convincing than eels, amphibians or plesiosaurs.

1517: 1491:

were identified. One was probably a shoal of fish, but others moved in a way not typical of shoals at speeds up to 10 knots.

6454: 4666: 3407: 6000: 5880: 2390: 684: 418: 4350: 3100: 1081:. Spurling admitted the photograph was a hoax in January 1991. Wetherell had been publicly ridiculed by his employer, the 4835: 3806: 3672: 2138: 1653: 3832: 1404:

In September 2021, it was reported that a 20 ft (6.1 m) creature was captured on a live-stream near the loch.

4775:<!-anonymous letter commenting on news: name and address supplied--> (1 June 1972). "Take a Lesson from Nessie". 4296: 3605: 3449: 3336: 458: 31: 4174: 923:

suggested that Spicer's sighting was fictionalized and inspired by a long-necked dinosaur that rises out of a lake in

881:

The best-known article that first attracted a great deal of attention about a creature was published on 2 May 1933 in

802:, written in the 7th century AD. According to Adomnán, writing about a century after the events described, Irish monk 6794: 6752: 6738: 6730: 6384: 6364: 6328: 4823: 4799: 4728: 4695: 3514: 2992: 2789: 2663: 2206: 2157: 1093:(his son, himself a future actor, who bought the material for the fake), and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent). 17: 5850: 5298: 4996: 2250:; Roy Mackal examined the possibility, giving it the highest score (88 percent) on his list of possible candidates. 2217:

of the neck makes it absolutely certain that the plesiosaur could not lift its head up swan-like out of the water".

1459: 1056:

analysis of the full photograph indicated that the object was small, about 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) long.

5604: 3544: 2514: 1817:

In July 2015 three news outlets reported that Steve Feltham, after a vigil at the loch that was recognized by the

6489: 3526: 443: 5940: 4381: 3486: 1564:-like animals, suggesting several large animals living in Loch Ness. This photograph has rarely been published. 2375: 2231:, Peter Scott and Roy Mackal postulate a trapped marine creature that evolved from a plesiosaur directly or by 5828: 4148:"stv News North Tonight – Loch Ness Monster sighting report and interview with Gordon Holmes – tx 28 May 2007" 3598:"Loch Ness Monster Surface Photographs. Pictures of Nessie taken by Monster Hunters and Loch Ness Researchers" 1028:

The "surgeon's photograph" is reportedly the first photo of the creature's head and neck. Supposedly taken by

2555: 1171: 893:

in 2017 published excerpts from the Campbell article, which had been titled "Strange Spectacle in Loch Ness".

6409: 4414: 4125: 3996: 6404: 1720:

be continues to enthrall a small number for whom eye-witness evidence outweighs all other considerations".

1296: 3036:

2 May 1933 "Loch Ness has for generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster"

1919:

was reportedly "so violent as to threaten destruction to some houses built on the sides of it", while the

1001:

On 5 January 1934 a motorcyclist, Arthur Grant, claimed to have nearly hit the creature while approaching

4151: 3390: 1789:. The Greenland shark, which can reach up to 20 feet in length, inhabits the North Atlantic Ocean around 1336: 1251: 356: 236: 3867: 1647:. While investigating the depths of the loch, they found the resting place of a Nessie prop created for 1117:

location in the loch. Some believe it to be an earlier, cruder attempt at a hoax, and others (including

6892: 3966:"Books on the Loch Ness Monster 3: The Man Who Filmed Nessie: Tim Dinsdale and the Enigma of Loch Ness" 1907:

Loch Ness, because of its long, straight shape, is subject to unusual ripples affecting its surface. A

1329: 2576:

The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions

1069:

article that fell into obscurity. Details of how the photo was taken were published in the 1999 book,

4592: 4206:"Scottish Sailor Claims To Have Best Picture Yet of Loch Ness Monster | ABC News Blogs – Yahoo!" 3935: 3284: 2694:

So "Nessie" is at her tricks again. After a long, she has by all accounts bobbed up in home waters...

2639: 2420: 1134:

On 29 May 1938, South African tourist G. E. Taylor filmed something in the loch for three minutes on

6541: 4566: 2183:

In 1933, it was suggested that the creature "bears a striking resemblance to the supposedly extinct

6297: 4242: 2455: 2259: 1483: 774: 702: 677: 326: 6198:"Nessie and Noctilucent Clouds: A Meteorological Explanation for Some Loch Ness Monster Sightings" 5706: 5535: 5411: 4386: 1544:

announced in 1975, on the basis of the photographs, that the creature's scientific name would be

1467: 1345: 1097: 566: 508: 246: 35: 6197: 4323: 1923:

caused two-foot (60 cm) waves. However, no sightings of the monster were reported in 1755.

5767: 3206: 1939:

could distort the shape and size of objects and animals, and later published a photograph of a

1920: 1916: 1818: 1471: 1343:

A survey of the literature about other supposed sightings, including photographs, published in

978: 591: 533: 361: 231: 196: 5503: 4415:"Loch Ness Monster Sighting? Photographer Claims 'Black Object' Glided Beneath Lake's Surface" 2984: 2977: 2913: 1758:. Many scientists now believe that giant eels account for many, if not most of the sightings. 2335: 1029: 925: 883: 571: 503: 483: 301: 286: 4792:

The Great Orm of Loch Ness: A Practical Inquiry into the Nature and Habits of Water-monsters

3782: 3078:"Report of strange spectacle on Loch Ness in 1933 leaves unanswered question – what was it?" 1320:, taking tourists for rides. Edwards said, "In my opinion, it probably looks kind of like a 6618: 6259: 5104: 5055: 2626:, 11 August 1933 "Loch Ness, which is becoming famous as the supposed abode of a dragon..." 2440: 2415: 2355: 2263: 2232: 2133: 1608: 1146:, who did not show it to other researchers. A single frame was published in his 1961 book, 1065: 586: 581: 528: 266: 3234: 2678:

for the monsters of Lochs Shiel, Ness and Morag, adding that they are feminine diminutives

1482:

D. Gordon Tucker, chair of the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at the

8: 5508: 4268: 3728: 3566: 1675: 1085:, after he found "Nessie footprints" that turned out to be a hoax. To get revenge on the 916: 670: 636: 478: 139: 6263: 5736: 5375: 5222: 5108: 5059: 2195:. A popular explanation at the time, the following arguments have been made against it: 1869:

published a picture with the caption: "This queerly-shaped tree-trunk, washed ashore at

1238:

Although most researchers do not believe Dinsdale to be a hoaxer, his susceptibility to

1207:

negative. It is suspected that the photograph was doctored by re-photographing a print.

50: 6459: 6275: 5444: 5167: 5120: 3904: 2485:

The date is inferred from the oldest written source reporting a monster near Loch Ness.

1932: 1750:

were explained as those of an oversized eel, also believed common in "Highland lakes".

1644: 1549: 1513: 1089:, Wetherell perpetrated his hoax with co-conspirators Spurling (sculpture specialist), 966: 953:. In the 1930s, the existing road by the side of the loch was given a serious upgrade. 722: 346: 296: 127: 6857: 2535: 6897: 6852: 6790: 6748: 6734: 6726: 6428: 6380: 6360: 6324: 6145: 5073: 4972: 4918: 4819: 4795: 4744: 4724: 4691: 4087: 3510: 3332: 3288: 2988: 2919: 2785: 2782:

Monsters of Film, Fiction and Fable, the Cultural Links Between the Human and Inhuman

2659: 2580: 2350: 2310: 2041: 1363: 1239: 815: 714: 641: 351: 216: 171: 161: 5150:

Fairbairn, Nicholas (18 December 1975). "Loch Ness monster". Letters to the Editor.

6619:"Legend of Nessie – Ultimate and Official Loch Ness Monster Site – About Loch Ness" 6519: 6279: 6267: 6205: 5112: 5063: 4095: 3766: 3754: 3324: 2360: 2330: 2097: 2045:

education officer John Shields shaved the whiskers and otherwise disfigured a bull

1966: 1870: 1275: 1269: 1220:

object began to move, and he shot 40 ft (12 m) of film. According to the

962: 950: 737: 576: 473: 463: 76: 2175: 6416: 5851:"'River Monsters' Finale: Hunt For Loch Ness Monster And Greenland Shark (Video)" 5229: 4628: 4238: 3789: 3493: 3414: 3276: 2852: 2542: 2049:

that had died the week before and dumped it in Loch Ness to dupe his colleagues.

2029: 1978: 1786: 1688: 1534: 1525:

flattened tail" or the misinterpreted return from two animals swimming together.

1521: 1500: 1455: 1434: 1389: 1195: 1163: 1159: 1139: 1078: 1048: 930: 518: 321: 256: 191: 6250:

Lehn, W. H.; Schroeder, I. (1981). "The Norse merman as an optical phenomenon".

3597: 3008: 2009:. A study of pre-1933 Highland folklore references to kelpies, water horses and 993: 732:

The scientific community explains alleged sightings of the Loch Ness Monster as

226: 6839: 6240:

vol 205. No. 4402 pages 183–185 "Atmospheric Refraction and Lake Monsters"

5679: 5600: 3650: 3382: 3360: 3303: 2445: 2385: 2072: 1887: 1838: 1781: 1747: 1604:

speculated, based on size, that they might be seals that had entered the loch.

1580: 1451: 1385: 1143: 1009: 982: 970: 606: 601: 538: 496: 341: 336: 201: 3802: 1595:

equipment were deployed across the width of the loch, and simultaneously sent

1349:

blog network on 10 July 2013, indicates all of them are not actual sightings.

833: 6886: 5077: 4922: 4661: 3828: 3369: 3311: 3272: 2450: 2410: 2340: 2276: 2201: 2046: 1957: 1944: 1912: 1882: 1640: 1596: 1592: 1367: 1359: 1279: 1105: 920: 866: 810:

with his companions when he encountered local residents burying a man by the

794:

The earliest report of a monster in the vicinity of Loch Ness appears in the

749: 741: 631: 543: 386: 331: 311: 261: 211: 5881:"Scientist wonders if Nessie-like monster in Alaska lake is a sleeper shark" 5674: 3445: 1873:

may, it is thought, be responsible for the reported appearance of a 'Monster

5573: 5480: 4445:"Do new pictures from amateur photographer prove Loch Ness Monster exists?" 4001: 3403: 3105: 2885: 2430: 2301: 2267: 2228: 2184: 2060: 2033: 2002: 1982: 1865: 1822: 1755: 1734: 1671: 1648: 1499:

In 1972, a group of researchers from the Academy of Applied Science led by

1426: 1264: 1216: 1013: 850: 656: 646: 626: 621: 561: 438: 371: 306: 186: 66: 6210: 3281:

Abominable Science! Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and Other Famous Cryptids

1890:

proposed that sightings of Nessie and similar creatures may be fermenting

1591:

Operation Deepscan was conducted in 1987. Twenty-four boats equipped with

5630: 5140:

Dinsdale, T. "Loch Ness Monster" (Routledge and Kegan Paul 1976), p. 171.

4246: 2435: 2243: 2205:

article, "Why the Loch Ness Monster is no plesiosaur", Leslie Noè of the

2092: 2076: 1998: 1776: 1541: 1463: 1304: 1290:

On 24 August 2011, Loch Ness boat captain Marcus Atkinson photographed a

1167: 1033: 824: 651: 376: 84: 5683:. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 10 June 1856. p. 3. 5171:. Vol. 125, no. 43,063. Reuters. 19 December 1975. p. 78. 5124: 3695:"Police chief William Fraser demanded protection for Loch Ness Monster" 3540: 2506: 2405: 2365: 2271: 2188: 2080: 2010: 2001:

in Loch Ness was mentioned in an 1879 Scottish newspaper, and inspired

1991: 1936: 1891: 1855:

boat's, others report something not conforming to the shape of a boat.

1692: 1576: 1561: 1487: 1441: 1380: 1135: 1118: 1101: 1038: 1008:

Grant produced a sketch of the creature that was examined by zoologist

912: 870: 811: 745: 611: 431: 366: 271: 221: 176: 147: 5030:

Loch Ness, Nessie & Me: Loch Ness Understood and Monster Explained

799: 6835: 6357:

Project Water Horse. The true story of the monster quest at Loch Ness

6271: 5068: 5043: 2370: 2214: 2210: 2179:

Reconstruction of Nessie as a plesiosaur outside the Museum of Nessie

1844: 1794: 1643:

supported a survey of the Loch using an underwater robot operated by

1090: 1002: 862: 718: 381: 206: 166: 123: 5116: 4232:

Scottish Sailor Claims To Have Best Picture Yet Of Loch Ness Monster

3687: 5540: 5416: 4324:"An examination of the claims and pictures taken by George Edwards" 2395: 2345: 1806: 1743: 1600: 1529: 1508: 1417: 1393: 1017: 616: 523: 448: 251: 241: 113: 6001:"Loch Ness Monster is just a 'giant catfish' – says Nessie expert" 3408:"Hunting Monsters: Cryptozoology and the Reality Behind the Myths" 2709:, (1950) Abbey Press, Fort Augustus, cited by Tim Dinsdale (1961) 1150:. His analysis concluded it was a floating object, not an animal. 5737:"New DNA evidence may prove what the Loch Ness Monster really is" 2460: 2425: 2400: 2320: 2315: 2088: 1798: 1628: 1553: 1321: 845: 803: 596: 391: 316: 276: 80: 57:

The "surgeon's photograph" of 1934, now known to have been a hoax

6789:, London, Geoffrey Bles, 1934 and paperback, Lyle Stuart, 1976, 3527:"Loch Ness-odjuret – Historien bakom bilden » Moderskeppet" 1533:

retouched from the original negatives. According to team member

1494: 1274:

aired it on 28 May 2007 and interviewed Holmes. Adrian Shine, a

1182:

In December 1954, sonar readings were taken by the fishing boat

769:." Since the 1940s, the creature has been affectionately called 6759:

The Elusive Monster: An Analysis of the Evidence from Loch Ness

5261: 4657:"'Loch Ness Monster' spotted again! This time on drone footage" 4624:"'Loch Ness monster' spotted lurking near shore by wild camper" 4593:"Loch Ness Monster on Apple Maps? Why Satellite Images Fool Us" 3655:

The Elusive Monster: An Analysis of the Evidence From Loch Ness

2780:

Bro, Lisa; O'Leary-Davidson, Crystal; Gareis, Mary Ann (2018).

2325: 2281: 2091:. The tooth was a publicity stunt to promote a horror novel by 2055: 1986: 1940: 1908: 1821:, theorised that the monster is an unusually large specimen of 1802: 1790: 1739: 1325: 1282:, suggested that the footage was an otter, seal or water bird. 828: 513: 281: 181: 5911:"'Alaska lake monster' may be a sleeper shark, biologist says" 5476:"Loch Ness monster: remains of film model discovered by robot" 5243:"Veteran Loch Ness Monster Hunter Gives Up – The Daily Record" 4794:. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 30–60, 98–117, 160–173. 2881:"Adrian Shine on making sense of the Loch Ness monster legend" 1829:), which may have been released during the late 19th century. 1242:

and trusting dubious sources as evidence has been criticized.

5971:"Nessie hunter believes Loch Ness monster is 'giant catfish'" 4567:"Fallen branches 'could explain Loch Ness Monster sightings'" 2779: 1895: 1634: 1614: 1572:

connection to the sea and a possible entry for the creature.

1300: 1291: 1113:, who then announced that the monster had been photographed. 807: 726: 291: 4899:

40 (1968): 564–566; "Sonar Picks Up Stirrings in Loch Ness"

4760:

Spector, Leo (14 September 1967). "The Great Monster Hunt".

1379:

On 19 April 2014, it was reported that a satellite image on

1016:

has suggested that Grant may have seen either an otter or a

869:

Alex Campbell, and described the creature as looking like a

6775:, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961, SBN 7100 1279 9 6114:"Movement of Water in Lakes: Long standing waves (Seiches)" 2247: 2036:; a prankster had used a hippopotamus-foot umbrella stand. 1713: 1575:

In 2008, Rines theorised that the creature may have become

1060: 974: 733: 453: 3487:

Book review of Nessie – The Surgeon's Photograph – Exposed

1227:

In 1993, Discovery Communications produced a documentary,

1023: 6831: 3009:"Loch Ness Monster: Is Nessie just a tourist conspiracy?" 2642:

gives 9 June 1933 as the first usage of the exact phrase

1681: 1666: 1332:, they're probably just seeing three separate monsters." 937:

as evidently an influence on the Loch Ness Monster myth.

853:

shortly after popular interest in the monster increased.

5569:"Loch Ness monster could be a giant eel, say scientists" 3440: 3438: 3436: 2013:

indicated that Ness was the loch most frequently cited.

1779:

investigated the creature in 2013 as part of the series

919:

in 2013 proved his story to be fake. The university and

1981:

and author Bengt Sjögren wrote that present beliefs in

1059:

Since 1994, most agree that the photo was an elaborate

6815:

More Than a Legend: The Story of the Loch Ness Monster

5707:"Loch Ness Monster may be a giant eel, say scientists" 5536:"Loch Ness Monster may be a giant eel, say scientists" 4509:"Finally, is this proof the Loch Ness monster exists?" 4382:"Latest Loch Ness 'Sighting' Causes a Monstrous Fight" 2262:

proposed that Nessie and other lake monsters, such as

1245: 5768:"Loch Ness Contains No 'Monster' DNA, Say Scientists" 3829:"Loch Ness movie film & Loch Ness video evidence" 3433: 1723: 1063:. It had been described as fake in a 7 December 1975 915:-like dinosaur, evidence suggested by researchers at 6294:"Seismotectonic Origins of the Monster of Loch Ness" 6249: 6167:"The Earth-shattering Loch Ness Monster that wasn't" 5504:"First phase of hunt for Loch Ness monster complete" 5440:"Loch Ness Monster Is Found! (Kind of. Not Really.)" 5412:"Film's lost Nessie monster prop found in Loch Ness" 3856:

Discovery Communications, Loch Ness Discovered, 1993

2654:

Campbell, Elizabeth Montgomery & David Solomon,

2291: 1965:" ("with loud roaring"). The Loch Ness is along the 1442:

Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau (1962–1972)

1412: 740:, and the misidentification of mundane objects. The 4088:"Tourist Says He's Shot Video of Loch Ness Monster" 3263:

R. Mackal (1976) "The Monsters of Loch Ness" p. 85.

2784:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 377–399. 1310: 6803:, London, Faber & Faber, 1968, SBN 571 08473 7 6716:The Enigma of Loch Ness: Making Sense of a Mystery 5165:"Loch Ness Monster Shown a Hoax by Another Name". 4721:The Enigma of Loch Ness: Making Sense of a Mystery 3172:"Are Hunters Closing in on the Loch Ness Monster?" 2976: 1985:such as the Loch Ness Monster are associated with 1845:Misidentifications of inanimate objects or effects 5332: 5330: 4868:"The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search" 4351:"Loch Ness Monster: George Edwards 'faked' photo" 3629:, revised edition, Penguin Books, 1975, pp. 44–45 2915:A Monstrous Commotion: The Mysteries of Loch Ness 2579:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 200–201, 1504:sonar, he turned the light on and took pictures. 1450:(LNPIB) was a UK-based society formed in 1962 by 6884: 6830:. Produced & Directed by Christopher Jeans ( 5136: 5134: 4977:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3868:"The Dinsdale Loch Ness Film. An Image Analysis" 3717: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3101:"Has the internet killed the Loch Ness monster?" 2968: 1109:for development. He sold the first photo to the 752:has placed particular emphasis on the creature. 6138: 5941:"Loch Ness Monster 'Most Likely Large Catfish'" 5633:(2017). "Loch Ness Solved – Even More Fully!". 5365:(1988) by the Editors of Time-Life Books, p. 90 4723:, p. 163 (University of Illinois Press, 1986). 3446:"The Loch Ness Monster and the Surgeon's Photo" 3235:"How scientists debunked the Loch Ness Monster" 2911: 1374: 6098:Burton, Maurice (1982). "The Loch Ness Saga". 6083:Burton, Maurice (1982). "The Loch Ness Saga". 6068:Burton, Maurice (1982). "The Loch Ness Saga". 5327: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4959:. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011 4710:5 October 1934, p. 12 Loch Ness "Monster" Film 4479:"New photo of Loch Ness Monster sparks debate" 4175:"Does sonar image show the Loch Ness Monster?" 2238: 2104: 839: 6718:, Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1986 6455:"Loch Ness 'Monster' Is an April Fool's Joke" 5641:(6). Committee for Skeptical Inquiry: 59, 61. 5502:Gemmell, Neil; Rowley, Ellie (28 June 2018). 5501: 5131: 4836:"1969 Annual Report: Loch Ness Investigation" 4472: 4470: 4315: 3125: 2733: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2381:List of topics characterised as pseudoscience 2187:", a long-necked aquatic reptile that became 2142:that contextualizes different points of view. 1961:), the creature's emergence was accompanied " 1495:Robert Rines studies (1972, 1975, 2001, 2008) 856: 678: 30:"Nessie" redirects here. For other uses, see 6768:, Buffalo, New York, Prometheus Books, 1985. 6585:"Why the Loch Ness Monster is no plesiosaur" 6516:"Loch Ness monster: The Ultimate Experiment" 6429:"Birth of a legend: Famous Photo Falsified?" 5765: 5469: 5467: 5405: 5403: 5401: 4764:. Cleveland, Ohio: The Penton Publishing Co. 4342: 4264:"Photos of the Loch Ness Monster, revisited" 4025:"Photos of the Loch Ness Monster, revisited" 3852: 3850: 3821: 2905: 2740: 1586: 1222:Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre 6865:"Loch Ness: Fiction Is Stranger Than Truth" 5175: 5017: 4783: 4768: 3988: 3669:"Loch Ness Monster is real, says policeman" 3595: 3505:David S. Martin & Alastair Boyd (1999) 3027: 1775:Zoologist, angler and television presenter 1352: 844:In October 1871 (or 1872), D. Mackenzie of 6780:The encyclopaedia of the Loch Ness Monster 6484: 6482: 5799:"The Loch Ness Monster is still a mystery" 5041: 5035: 4911:"Scientists Plan All-Out Loch Ness Search" 4860: 4467: 4203: 3727:. Sansilke.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2728: 2716: 2066:Loch Ness Monster: The Ultimate Experiment 1639:Adrian Shine of The Loch Ness Project and 1635:Adrian Shine and Kongsberg Maritime (2016) 1607:Sonar expert Darrell Lowrance, founder of 1477: 685: 671: 6209: 5605:"Letter to America: The Benefit of Doubt" 5464: 5398: 5149: 5067: 4995:Townend, Lorne (writer/director) (2001). 4701: 3905:"Reflections on Tim Dinsdale's 1960 film" 3847: 3507:Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed 3150: 3148: 2803: 2801: 2158:Learn how and when to remove this message 1832: 1073:, which contains a facsimile of the 1975 1071:Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed 5599: 5473: 5409: 4990: 4988: 4564: 4536:"Loch Ness Monster found on Apple Maps?" 4412: 4257: 4255: 3936:"Views from Cyberspace a sort of f.a.q." 3666: 3469: 3467: 3045: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2830:The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2174: 2054: 1448:Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau 1416: 1388:of a boat (with the boat itself lost in 1366:, was taking a picture of a swan at the 1177: 1153: 1020:and exaggerated his sighting over time. 992: 6862: 6518:. Crawley-creatures.com. Archived from 6479: 6318: 6164: 5629: 5245:. Dailyrecord.co.uk. 13 February 2008. 5217: 5215: 4998:Loch Ness Monster: Search for the Truth 4908: 4890: 4789: 4759: 4753: 4476: 4297:"Follow up to the George Edwards Photo" 3994: 3773:. Aberdeen University Press. pp. 43–44. 3341: 3232: 2918:. Orion Publishing Group. p. 105. 2848:"Monster mania on Nessie's anniversary" 2845: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2814: 2699: 2572: 2556:"(Ann) an tòir air uilebheist Loch Nis" 1421:Loch Ness, reported home of the monster 1399: 1210: 1100:, and its head and neck were made from 905: 14: 6885: 6629:from the original on 29 September 2018 6097: 6082: 6067: 5778:from the original on 10 September 2019 5747:from the original on 11 September 2019 5566: 5437: 5154:. No. 59,581. London. p. 13. 5090: 4533: 4527: 4515:from the original on 28 September 2013 4489:from the original on 24 September 2015 4294: 4082: 4080: 3902: 3145: 2974: 2878: 2798: 2648: 2617: 2604: 1682:High-Tech 2023 90th Anniversary Search 1516:), Hydroacoustics, Marty Klein of the 1257: 1189: 988: 876: 861:In 1888, mason Alexander Macdonald of 789: 6599:from the original on 23 February 2007 6195: 6142:The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited 5717:from the original on 6 September 2019 5581:from the original on 6 September 2019 5548:from the original on 6 September 2019 4985: 4743:, p. 35 (Infobase Publishing, 2010). 4654: 4565:McKenzie, Steven (21 November 2014). 4379: 4261: 4252: 3963: 3865: 3809:from the original on 26 December 2017 3608:from the original on 13 February 2015 3464: 3166: 3164: 3113:from the original on 12 December 2019 3098: 3058:from the original on 11 December 2019 2959: 2944: 2893:from the original on 15 February 2020 2860:from the original on 11 December 2019 2753: 2193:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 2064:model used in the Five TV programme, 1518:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1285: 1129: 755: 469:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal 6766:The Loch Ness Monster – The Evidence 6447: 6116:. Biology.qmul.ac.uk. Archived from 5891:from the original on 23 January 2015 5687:from the original on 28 October 2021 5567:Weaver, Matthew (5 September 2019). 5376:"BBC 'proves' Nessie does not exist" 5212: 5042:Scott, Peter; Rines, Robert (1975). 4878:from the original on 28 October 2021 4621: 4425:from the original on 28 October 2020 4348: 4185:from the original on 17 October 2021 4172: 3976:from the original on 6 November 2023 3915:from the original on 5 November 2023 3884:from the original on 5 November 2023 3705:from the original on 28 October 2021 2834: 2634: 2632: 2593:from the original on 16 October 2021 2391:Loch Ness Monster in popular culture 2108: 1902: 1660: 1267:broadcast the video on 29 May 2007. 6810:, Santa Barbara, Capra Press, 1974. 6725:, Great Britain, Open Books, 1983, 6552:from the original on 29 August 2007 5796: 4909:Wilford, John Noble (28 May 1976). 4741:Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? 4413:Jauregui, Andres (26 August 2013). 4330:from the original on 8 October 2018 4204:McLaughlin, Erin (15 August 2012). 4077: 3771:The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence 3639:Ness Information Service Newsletter 3577:from the original on 4 January 2015 3329:The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence 3245:from the original on 13 August 2023 3084:. 11 September 2017. Archived from 3046:Campbell, Steuart (14 April 2013). 2562:from the original on 3 August 2020. 2504: 1931:Wind conditions can give a choppy, 1654:The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes 1625:Searching for the Loch Ness Monster 1616:Searching for the Loch Ness Monster 1396:-caused ripples, or floating wood. 1158:On 15 August 1938, William Fraser, 1124:Ness Information Service Newsletter 997:Sketch of the Arthur Grant sighting 956: 24: 6542:"Nessie swims in Loch for TV Show" 6496:from the original on 21 April 2010 5516:from the original on 21 April 2019 5474:Siddique, Haroon (13 April 2016). 5410:McKenzie, Steven (13 April 2016). 5340:. Firstscience.com. Archived from 5315:from the original on 11 March 2018 5279:from the original on 24 April 2015 5249:from the original on 24 March 2010 5200:from the original on 3 August 2020 5005:from the original on 20 April 2018 4848:from the original on 26 March 2021 4816:The Story of the Loch Ness Monster 4573:from the original on 22 April 2015 4534:Gander, Kashmira (19 April 2014). 4477:Baillie, Claire (27 August 2013). 4321: 4276:from the original on 23 April 2015 4035:from the original on 23 April 2015 3945:from the original on 24 April 2015 3933: 3835:from the original on 17 March 2010 3452:from the original on 6 August 2014 3387:Loch Ness Monster: A Burst Bubble? 3161: 3137:"Is this the Loch Ness Monster?". 3048:"Say goodbye to Loch Ness mystery" 2983:. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 2932:from the original on 5 August 2020 1926: 1770: 1724:Misidentification of known animals 1299:said that the image is a bloom of 1096:The toy submarine was bought from 961:Hugh Gray's photograph taken near 459:James Randi Educational Foundation 49: 32:Loch Ness Monster (disambiguation) 25: 6914: 6846: 6761:, London, Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961 6467:from the original on 24 June 2021 6177:from the original on 4 April 2022 6011:from the original on 18 July 2015 5981:from the original on 18 July 2015 5951:from the original on 17 July 2015 5921:from the original on 5 March 2016 5861:from the original on 2 April 2015 5766:Tom Metcalfe (9 September 2019). 5386:from the original on 28 July 2018 4655:Linge, Mary (25 September 2021). 4603:from the original on 5 April 2015 4546:from the original on 30 July 2018 4455:from the original on 30 July 2018 4394:from the original on 10 July 2015 4295:Watson, Roland (20 August 2012). 4212:from the original on 7 March 2016 4150:. Scotlandontv.tv. Archived from 4022: 3995:Darwent, Charles (31 July 2024). 3214:from the original on 20 July 2023 2879:Searle, Maddy (3 February 2017). 2629: 2227:In response to these criticisms, 1880:In a 1982 series of articles for 1413:Edward Mountain expedition (1934) 6787:The Loch Ness Monster and Others 6692: 6679: 6666: 6654: 6641: 6611: 6577: 6564: 6534: 6508: 6435:from the original on 4 June 2011 6421: 6403:. 1 January 2009. Archived from 6397:"Invention of Loch Ness monster" 6389: 6369: 6349: 6337: 6312: 6296:. Gsa.confex.com. Archived from 6286: 6243: 6230: 6218:from the original on 6 July 2023 6189: 6171:Scientific American Blog Network 6158: 6132: 6106: 6091: 6076: 6061: 6049: 6036: 6023: 5993: 5963: 5933: 5903: 5873: 5843: 5813: 5790: 5759: 5729: 5699: 5667: 5654: 5645: 5623: 5593: 5560: 5528: 5495: 5438:Victor, Daniel (13 April 2016). 5431: 5368: 5356: 5338:"What is the Loch Ness Monster?" 5291: 5235: 5158: 5143: 5084: 4949: 4936: 4902: 4774: 4622:Gill, Kate (24 September 2021). 4361:from the original on 11 May 2015 4303:from the original on 6 July 2017 4122:"Fabled monster caught on video" 4102:from the original on 14 May 2013 4065:from the original on 10 May 2019 3964:Naish, Darren (24 August 2019). 3667:Casciato, Paul (28 April 2010). 3509:(East Barnet: Martin and Boyd). 2962:The Loch Ness Monster and Others 2294: 2128:to fringe sources and hypotheses 2113: 1947:that resembled a head and neck. 1691:drones to scan the surface; and 1431:The Loch Ness Monster and Others 1311:George Edwards photograph (2011) 1278:at the Loch Ness 2000 Centre in 6863:Darnton, John (20 March 1994). 6817:, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1957 6708: 6165:Bressan, David (30 June 2013). 6144:. Springer. pp. 130, 138. 6005:International Business Times UK 4828: 4808: 4733: 4713: 4681: 4648: 4615: 4585: 4558: 4511:. news.com.au. 28 August 2013. 4501: 4437: 4406: 4380:Gross, Jenny (5 October 2013). 4373: 4288: 4224: 4197: 4166: 4140: 4114: 4047: 4016: 3957: 3927: 3896: 3859: 3795: 3776: 3760: 3743: 3660: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3589: 3559: 3547:from the original on 8 May 2019 3533: 3519: 3499: 3480: 3420: 3397: 3376: 3354: 3318: 3297: 3266: 3257: 3233:Edwards, Phil (21 April 2015). 3226: 3202:"Did King Kong inspire Nessie?" 3194: 3092: 3070: 3039: 3001: 2872: 2846:Bignell, Paul (14 April 2013). 2773: 2681: 2517:from the original on 8 May 2019 2253: 1812: 1698: 806:was staying in the land of the 444:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 6821: 6808:The Loch Ness Monster Watchers 6747:, London, Zoilus Press, 2017, 6745:The Loch Ness Mystery Reloaded 5044:"Naming the Loch Ness monster" 4262:Naish, Darren (10 July 2013). 3903:Raynor, Dick (23 April 2010). 2573:Carroll, Robert Todd (2011) , 2566: 2548: 2529: 2498: 2479: 2376:List of reported lake monsters 2028:In the 1930s, big-game hunter 1950: 1710:The Loch Ness Mystery Reloaded 1520:(MIT) and Klein Associates (a 1122:about the second photo by the 13: 1: 6377:The Water Horses of Loch Ness 6359:(Routledge & Kegan Paul) 5232:. Academy of Applied Science. 4173:Love, David (21 April 2012). 4124:. 1 June 2007. Archived from 2492: 2170: 1849: 1785:, and concluded that it is a 1172:National Archives of Scotland 1091:Ian Colin Marmaduke Wetherell 1024:"Surgeon's photograph" (1934) 398:Reportedly haunted locations: 27:Mythical creature in Scotland 6903:Scottish legendary creatures 6723:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 6572:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 6044:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 6031:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 4689:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 3805:. YouTube. 19 January 2007. 3751:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 3365:A Fast Moving, Agile Beastie 3099:Hoare, Philip (2 May 2013). 2768:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 2748:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 2612:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 2467: 1742:) in a freshwater lake near 1706:The Loch Ness Mystery Solved 1375:Apple Maps photograph (2014) 1297:National Oceanography Centre 981:was lost. However, in 1963, 784: 713:, is a mythical creature in 7: 6782:, London, Robert Hale, 1999 4946:p. 307, see also appendix E 3391:The Illustrated London News 3331:. Prometheus Books. p. 33. 2287: 2239:Long-necked giant amphibian 2105:Exotic large-animal species 1972: 1761: 1407: 1337:National Geographic Channel 1138:. The film was obtained by 840:D. Mackenzie (1871 or 1872) 237:Electronic voice phenomenon 10: 6919: 6853:Nova Documentary On Nessie 6801:The Great Orm of Loch Ness 6687:The Great Orm of Loch Ness 6490:"Loch Ness Monster Hoaxes" 5821:"National Geographic News" 3567:"Nessie's Secret Revealed" 3473:"A Fresh Look at Nessie", 2692:. 14 May 1945. p. 1. 1036:, it was published in the 857:Alexander Macdonald (1888) 29: 6700:The Monsters of Loch Ness 6674:The Monsters of Loch Ness 6649:The Monsters of Loch Ness 5713:. BBC. 5 September 2019. 5091:Lawton, John H. (1996). " 4944:The Monsters of Loch Ness 3939:lochnessinvestigation.com 3909:lochnessinvestigation.com 3875:lochnessinvestigation.com 3866:Shine, Adrian J. (2003). 3671:. reuters. Archived from 3428:The Monsters of Loch Ness 3285:Columbia University Press 2960:Gould, Rupert T. (1934). 2809:The Monsters of Loch Ness 2707:Loch Ness and its Monster 2640:Oxford English Dictionary 2421:Nahuel Huapi Lake Monster 2016: 1587:Operation Deepscan (1987) 1246:"Loch Ness Muppet" (1977) 119: 109: 98: 90: 72: 62: 48: 6702:pp. 141–142, chapter XIV 6415:13 November 2013 at the 4632:. London. Archived from 2964:. London: Geoffrey Bles. 2912:Gareth Williams (2015). 2725:Adomnán, p. 176 (II:27). 2472: 2456:Zegrze Reservoir Monster 2246:suggested a long-necked 1858: 1819:Guinness Book of Records 1484:University of Birmingham 1353:David Elder video (2013) 1328:. When people see three 1049:Discovery Communications 717:that is said to inhabit 509:Apparitional experiences 6858:Smithsonian Institution 6344:Aberdeen Weekly Journal 6323:(in Swedish). Settern. 6319:Sjögren, Bengt (1980). 5273:www.lochnessproject.com 5093:Nessiteras Rhombopteryx 4790:Holiday, F. W. (1968). 4387:The Wall Street Journal 3803:"The Loch Ness Monster" 3792:. The Museum of Hoaxes. 3783:"The MacNab Photograph" 3749:Binns, Ronald. (1983). 3657:. Hart-Davis. pp. 83–84 3492:14 January 2012 at the 3308:A Ring of bright water? 2975:Delrio, Martin (2002). 2274:; he cited the extinct 1728: 1546:Nessiteras rhombopteryx 1478:Sonar study (1967–1968) 1468:World Book Encyclopedia 1346:The Scientific American 567:Argument from ignorance 534:Out-of-body experiences 247:Extrasensory perception 104:Nessiteras rhombopteryx 36:Nessie (disambiguation) 6733:and Star Books, 1984, 6689:(Faber and Faber 1968) 6676:, pp. 138–139, 211–213 6663:9 December 1933, p. 14 6492:. Museumofhoaxes.com. 6196:Smith, Oliver (2023). 5228:23 August 2006 at the 3997:"Tony Shiels obituary" 3725:"Searching for Nessie" 3541:"Loch Ness Hoax Photo" 3448:. Museumofhoaxes.com. 3315:. 24 June 1982. p. 872 3207:The New Zealand Herald 2541:17 August 2016 at the 2180: 2068: 1917:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1833:Other resident animals 1422: 1215:Aeronautical engineer 1136:16 mm colour film 998: 899: 778: 706: 592:Communal reinforcement 54: 6647:Roy P. Mackal (1976) 6211:10.1344/co20233425-45 5809:on 22 September 2019. 5609:skepticlainquirer.org 5603:(11 September 2023). 3788:19 April 2017 at the 3413:5 August 2020 at the 3373:. 1 July 1982. p. 41. 3082:The Inverness Courier 2979:The Loch Ness Monster 2336:Chessie (sea monster) 2178: 2136:by rewriting it in a 2058: 1958:Life of Saint Columba 1420: 1178:Sonar readings (1954) 1154:William Fraser (1938) 1030:Robert Kenneth Wilson 996: 940:On 4 August 1933 the 895: 884:The Inverness Courier 572:Argumentum ad populum 504:Anomalous experiences 484:Scientific skepticism 302:Paranormal television 53: 6828:Secrets of Loch Ness 6698:R. P. Mackal (1976) 6672:R. P. Mackal (1976) 6407:on 27 December 2011. 6355:Tim Dinsdale (1975) 6058:17 August 1933 p. 12 5885:Alaska Dispatch News 5743:. 6 September 2019. 5660:Tim Dinsdale (1961) 5611:. Center for Inquiry 5544:. 5 September 2019. 5363:Mysterious Creatures 5269:"Operation Deepscan" 4957:"Photographic image" 4814:Tim Dinsdale (1973) 4237:7 March 2016 at the 3477:, v. 83, pp. 358–359 3426:R. P. Mackal (1976) 3088:on 21 February 2020. 2656:The Search for Morag 2507:"The Surgeon's Hoax" 2441:Selma (lake monster) 2356:Lake Tianchi Monster 2233:convergent evolution 1623:Monster was a myth. 1609:Lowrance Electronics 1507:On 8 August, Rines' 1400:Drone footage (2021) 1252:Anthony "Doc" Shiels 1229:Loch Ness Discovered 1211:Dinsdale film (1960) 1053:Loch Ness Discovered 949:construction of the 906:George Spicer (1933) 760:In August 1933, the 587:Cognitive dissonance 582:Begging the question 529:Ideomotor phenomenon 6764:Campbell, Steuart. 6570:R. J. Binns (1983) 6264:1981Natur.289..362L 5855:The Huffington Post 5825:National Geographic 5803:The Washington Post 5509:University of Otago 5188:"Martin Klein Home" 5109:1996Oikos..77..378L 5060:1975Natur.258..466S 4269:Scientific American 4230:McLaughlin, Erin, " 4029:Scientific American 3627:The Loch Ness Story 3154:T. Dinsdale (1961) 2558:. Am Faclair Beag. 2536:Life of St. Columba 2199:In an October 2006 2030:Marmaduke Wetherell 2007:Project Water Horse 1963:cum ingenti fremitu 1676:University of Otago 1552:called the name an 1540:British naturalist 1258:Holmes video (2007) 1190:Peter MacNab (1955) 1148:The Elusive Monster 989:Arthur Grant (1934) 917:Columbia University 877:Aldie Mackay (1933) 796:Life of St. Columba 790:Saint Columba (565) 707:Uilebheist Loch Nis 637:Scientific evidence 479:Scientific literacy 45: 6869:The New York Times 6813:Whyte, Constance, 6548:. 16 August 2005. 6460:The New York Times 6236:W. H. Lehn (1979) 5635:Skeptical Inquirer 5445:The New York Times 5301:educational.rai.it 5223:Loch Ness Findings 5168:The New York Times 5028:Harmsworth, Tony. 4942:Roy Mackal (1976) 4915:The New York Times 4451:. 26 August 2013. 4055:"Nessie sightings" 3210:. 17 August 2014. 2690:Edinburgh Scotsman 2658:(Tom Stacey 1972) 2181: 2069: 1645:Kongsberg Maritime 1550:Nicholas Fairbairn 1514:Kongsberg Maritime 1423: 1392:or low contrast), 1286:Sonar image (2011) 1272:News North Tonight 1174:on 27 April 2010. 1130:Taylor film (1938) 999: 756:Origin of the name 723:Scottish Highlands 347:Spirit photography 297:Paranormal fiction 217:Demonic possession 128:Scottish Highlands 55: 43: 6893:Loch Ness Monster 6773:Loch Ness Monster 6757:Burton, Maurice, 6151:978-1-4020-8608-3 6102:. 07–08: 112–113. 5662:Loch Ness Monster 5221:Robert H. Rines. 4749:978-0-7910-9779-3 4599:. 22 April 2014. 4349:Alistair, Munro. 4208:. Gma.yahoo.com. 4061:. 21 April 2015. 3831:. Loch-ness.org. 3767:Campbell, Steuart 3701:. 27 April 2010. 3596:Tony Harmsworth. 3571:yowieocalypse.com 3394:. May, 27. p. 896 3349:Loch Ness Monster 3325:Campbell, Steuart 3293:978-0-231-15321-8 3156:Loch Ness Monster 3139:Inverness Courier 3034:Inverness Courier 2925:978-1-4091-5875-2 2711:Loch Ness Monster 2644:Loch Ness monster 2586:978-0-471-27242-7 2311:Bear Lake Monster 2266:, may be a large 2168: 2167: 2160: 2122:This article may 2042:Press Association 1903:Seiches and wakes 1661:DNA survey (2018) 1364:South Lanarkshire 1240:confirmation bias 816:sign of the cross 767:Loch Ness monster 715:Scottish folklore 709:), also known as 699:Loch Ness Monster 695: 694: 642:Scientific method 352:Spirit possession 162:Astral projection 133: 132: 44:Loch Ness Monster 18:Loch Ness monster 16:(Redirected from 6910: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6806:Perera, Victor, 6799:Holiday, F. W., 6714:Bauer, Henry H. 6703: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6623:www.nessie.co.uk 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6463:. 2 April 1972. 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6425: 6419: 6408: 6393: 6387: 6373: 6367: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6321:Berömda vidunder 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6272:10.1038/289362a0 6247: 6241: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6213: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6042:R. Binns (1983) 6040: 6034: 6033:plates 15(a)–(f) 6029:R. Binns (1983) 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6007:. 16 July 2015. 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5827:. Archived from 5817: 5811: 5810: 5805:. Archived from 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5452:on 17 April 2016 5448:. Archived from 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5407: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5382:. 27 July 2003. 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5239: 5233: 5219: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5069:10.1038/258466a0 5039: 5033: 5026: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4737: 4731: 4719:Henry H. Bauer, 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4665:. Archived from 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4474: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4259: 4250: 4249:, 16 August 2012 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4096:Associated Press 4084: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3970:Tetrapod Zoology 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3872: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3799: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3764: 3758: 3755:Prometheus Books 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3664: 3658: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3543:. The UnMuseum. 3537: 3531: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3503: 3497: 3496:Douglas Chapman. 3484: 3478: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3401: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3322: 3316: 3301: 3295: 3277:Prothero, Donald 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3178:. Archived from 3168: 3159: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3141:. 4 August 1933. 3134: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2982: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2843: 2832: 2827: 2812: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2726: 2723: 2714: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2679: 2666:, page 28 gives 2652: 2646: 2636: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2552: 2546: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2502: 2486: 2483: 2361:Lake Van Monster 2331:Champ (folklore) 2304: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2139:balanced fashion 2117: 2116: 2109: 1997:The kelpie as a 1977:In 1980 Swedish 1967:Great Glen Fault 1876: 1318:Nessie Hunter IV 1276:marine biologist 1250:On 21 May 1977, 1194:Peter MacNab at 1075:Sunday Telegraph 1066:Sunday Telegraph 957:Hugh Gray (1933) 951:Caledonian Canal 738:wishful thinking 687: 680: 673: 577:Bandwagon effect 474:Pseudoskepticism 464:Magical thinking 135: 134: 102:Nessie, Niseag, 73:Similar entities 46: 42: 21: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6883: 6882: 6873: 6871: 6849: 6840:A&E Network 6824: 6778:Harrison, Paul 6771:Dinsdale, Tim, 6743:Binns, Ronald, 6721:Binns, Ronald, 6711: 6706: 6697: 6693: 6684: 6680: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6602: 6600: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6417:Wayback Machine 6401:The Irish Times 6395: 6394: 6390: 6375:Watson, Roland, 6374: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6248: 6244: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6096: 6092: 6087:. 07–01: 41–42. 6081: 6077: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5857:. 28 May 2013. 5849: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5831:on 20 July 2009 5819: 5818: 5814: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5772:livescience.com 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5601:Grossman, Wendy 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5472: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5408: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5230:Wayback Machine 5220: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5176: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5117:10.2307/3545927 5089: 5085: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4872:news.google.com 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4788: 4784: 4773: 4769: 4758: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4687:R. Binns (1983) 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4669:on 10 July 2023 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4636:on 10 July 2023 4629:The Independent 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4540:The Independent 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4260: 4253: 4239:Wayback Machine 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4154:on 17 July 2010 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4128:on 18 June 2007 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4098:. 1 June 2007. 4086: 4085: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4023:Naish, Darren. 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3790:Wayback Machine 3781: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3661: 3651:Burton, Maurice 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3494:Wayback Machine 3485: 3481: 3472: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3415:Wayback Machine 3402: 3398: 3383:Burton, Maurice 3381: 3377: 3361:Burton, Maurice 3359: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3323: 3319: 3304:Burton, Maurice 3302: 3298: 3287:. pp. 142–144. 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3182:on 29 July 2019 3170: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3146: 3136: 3135: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3097: 3093: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3015:. 12 April 2013 3007: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2973: 2969: 2958: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2853:The Independent 2844: 2835: 2828: 2815: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2737:Adomnán p. 330. 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2704: 2700: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2653: 2649: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2543:Wayback Machine 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2256: 2241: 2207:Sedgwick Museum 2173: 2164: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2134:help improve it 2131: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2019: 1975: 1953: 1929: 1927:Optical effects 1921:1761 aftershock 1905: 1874: 1861: 1852: 1847: 1835: 1815: 1805:, and possibly 1787:Greenland shark 1773: 1771:Greenland shark 1764: 1731: 1726: 1708:, and his 2017 1701: 1689:thermal imaging 1684: 1663: 1637: 1620: 1599:. According to 1589: 1535:Charles Wyckoff 1522:side-scan sonar 1501:Robert H. Rines 1497: 1480: 1456:R. S. R. Fitter 1444: 1435:Edward Mountain 1415: 1410: 1402: 1390:image stitching 1377: 1355: 1313: 1288: 1260: 1248: 1213: 1201:Weekly Scotsman 1196:Urquhart Castle 1192: 1180: 1164:Inverness-shire 1160:chief constable 1156: 1140:popular science 1132: 1098:F. W. Woolworth 1079:M. A. Wetherell 1026: 991: 977:. The original 959: 931:Donald Prothero 908: 879: 859: 842: 792: 787: 775:Scottish Gaelic 758: 703:Scottish Gaelic 691: 662: 661: 557: 549: 548: 519:False awakening 499: 489: 488: 434: 424: 423: 322:Psychic reading 257:Fortune-telling 192:Close encounter 157: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6881: 6880: 6860: 6855: 6848: 6847:External links 6845: 6844: 6843: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6785:Gould, R. T., 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6741: 6719: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6691: 6685:Holiday, F.T. 6678: 6665: 6653: 6640: 6610: 6576: 6563: 6533: 6507: 6478: 6446: 6420: 6388: 6368: 6348: 6336: 6329: 6311: 6300:on 15 May 2010 6285: 6242: 6229: 6188: 6157: 6150: 6131: 6120:on 31 May 2009 6105: 6090: 6075: 6060: 6048: 6035: 6022: 5992: 5962: 5932: 5917:. 9 May 2012. 5902: 5887:. 3 May 2012. 5872: 5842: 5812: 5789: 5758: 5741:www.popsci.com 5728: 5698: 5680:Colonial Times 5666: 5653: 5644: 5622: 5592: 5559: 5527: 5494: 5463: 5430: 5397: 5367: 5355: 5344:on 4 June 2009 5326: 5290: 5260: 5234: 5211: 5174: 5157: 5142: 5130: 5103:(3): 378–380. 5083: 5034: 5016: 4984: 4948: 4935: 4901: 4889: 4859: 4827: 4807: 4800: 4782: 4767: 4762:Machine Design 4752: 4732: 4712: 4700: 4680: 4647: 4614: 4584: 4557: 4526: 4500: 4466: 4436: 4405: 4372: 4341: 4322:Raynor, Dick. 4314: 4287: 4251: 4223: 4196: 4165: 4139: 4113: 4076: 4046: 4015: 3987: 3956: 3934:Raynor, Dick. 3926: 3895: 3858: 3846: 3820: 3794: 3775: 3759: 3742: 3731:on 31 May 2009 3716: 3686: 3675:on 2 June 2016 3659: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3588: 3558: 3532: 3518: 3498: 3479: 3463: 3432: 3419: 3396: 3375: 3353: 3351:pp. 44–45 3340: 3337:978-1573921787 3317: 3296: 3273:Loxton, Daniel 3265: 3256: 3225: 3193: 3160: 3144: 3124: 3091: 3069: 3038: 3026: 3000: 2993: 2967: 2943: 2924: 2904: 2871: 2833: 2813: 2797: 2790: 2772: 2752: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2698: 2680: 2647: 2628: 2616: 2603: 2585: 2565: 2547: 2528: 2505:Krystek, Lee. 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2446:Stronsay Beast 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2386:Living fossils 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2289: 2286: 2255: 2252: 2240: 2237: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2121: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2018: 2015: 1974: 1971: 1952: 1949: 1928: 1925: 1904: 1901: 1888:Maurice Burton 1860: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1827:Silurus glanis 1814: 1811: 1782:River Monsters 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1748:Outer Hebrides 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1700: 1697: 1683: 1680: 1662: 1659: 1636: 1633: 1619: 1613: 1597:acoustic waves 1588: 1585: 1581:global warming 1496: 1493: 1479: 1476: 1452:Norman Collins 1443: 1440: 1425:After reading 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1376: 1373: 1354: 1351: 1312: 1309: 1287: 1284: 1259: 1256: 1247: 1244: 1212: 1209: 1191: 1188: 1179: 1176: 1155: 1152: 1144:Maurice Burton 1131: 1128: 1025: 1022: 1010:Maurice Burton 990: 987: 983:Maurice Burton 958: 955: 907: 904: 878: 875: 858: 855: 841: 838: 791: 788: 786: 783: 757: 754: 693: 692: 690: 689: 682: 675: 667: 664: 663: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 607:Fringe science 604: 602:Falsifiability 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 541: 539:Parapsychology 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 497:Parapsychology 495: 494: 491: 490: 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