1357:
834:
42:
544:
473:"Non-phonographic" imperfections may involve noises that are generated by the performance ("coughing, sniffing, page-turning and chair sounds") or the environment ("passing vehicles, household noises, the sounds of neighbours and animals"). Harper acknowledges that the "appreciation of distortion and noise is not limited to lo-fi aesthetics, of course, and lo-fi aesthetics ... does not extend to all appreciations for distortion and noise. The difference lies in the ways in which distortion and noise are
410:
1034:
438:, or room acoustics). Musicologist Adam Harper identifies the difference as "phonographic" and "non-phonographic imperfections". He defines the former as "elements of a recording that are perceived (or imagined to be perceived) as detrimental to it and that originate in the specific operation of the recording medium itself. Today, they are usually the first characteristics people think about when the subject of 'lo-fi' is brought up."
913:
3799:
1140:. The most widely-read article was published by the same paper in August 1994 with the headline "Lo-Fi Rockers Opt for Raw Over Slick". In contrast to a similar story ran in the paper seven years earlier, which never deployed "lo-fi" in the context of an unprofessional recording, writer Matt Deihl conflated "lo-fi" with "DIY" and "a rough sound quality". He wrote:
292:" (DIY) qualities. Afterward, "DIY" was often used interchangeably with "lo-fi". By the end of the 1980s, qualities such as "home-recorded", "technically primitive", and "inexpensive equipment" were commonly associated with the "lo-fi" label, and throughout the 1990s, such ideas became central to how "lo-fi" was popularly understood. Consequently, in 2003, the
458:, to give a recording a feeling of "analogue warmth". Distortion that is generated as a byproduct of the recording process ("phonographic distortion") is typically avoided in professional contexts. "Tape saturation" and "saturation distortion" alternately describe the harmonic distortion that occurs when a
868:
wrote that "Moore might not have been the first rock musician to go entirely solo, recording every part from drums to guitar ... However, he was the first to explicitly aestheticize the home recording process itself ... making him the great-grandfather of lo-fi." Asked if he supported the "DIY/lo-fi
651:
was among the best-selling albums of 1970, but was critically panned. In 2005, after an interviewer suggested that it was possibly "one of the first big lo-fi records of its day", McCartney commented that it was "interesting" that younger fans were "looking back at something like that with some kind
1163:
denied having any association to its supposed movement. He said that although the band was being "championed as the pioneers of the lo-fi movement," he was not familiar with the term, and explained that " lot of people were picking up machines at the time ... Using a four-track became common enough
477:
to be imperfections in lo-fi." He also distinguishes between "recording imperfections" and "sonic imperfections occur as a result of imperfect sound-reproduction or - modulation equipment... Hypothetically, at least, lo-fi effects are created during recording and production itself, and perceptibly
1144:
Alternately called lo-fi, referring to the rough sound quality resulting from such an approach, or D.I.Y., an acronym for "do it yourself", this tradition is distinguished by an aversion to state-of-the-art recording techniques. ... In a world of sterile, digitally recorded Top 40, lo-fi elucidates
1371:
dissolved a theoretical technological division between professional and non-professional artists. Many of the prominent lo-fi acts of the 1990s adapted their sound to more professional standards and "bedroom" musicians began looking toward vintage equipment as a way to achieve an authentic lo-fi
896:
cited Moore as "one of the most famous" of the "few artists in cassetteland established a reputation, if even a cult one." From 1979 until the early 1980s, Moore was a staff member on WFMU, hosting a weekly "Bedroom Radio" show. Berger's "Low-Fi" program followed thereafter and effectively
969:
bands, were the most prominent exports of lo-fi music. According to AllMusic, the stylistic variety of their music often "fluctuated from simple pop and rock songs to free-form song structures to pure noise and arty experimentalism." Similar scenes also developed among DIY cassette-trading
1384:, and later recorded a cover version of one of the tracks included in a CD that came with the book ("Bright Lit Blue Skies"). At the time of his label debut, Pink was viewed as a novelty act, as there were virtually no other contemporary indie artists with a similar retro lo-fi sound.
678:, a record "which mimics aspects of Brian's compositional style in its abrupt transitions, mixture of various pop styles, and unusual production effects. But it must be remembered that the commercial failure of the Beach Boys' experiments was hardly motivation for imitation." In 2018,
1014:' mid-1980s records are credited with anticipating the lo-fi sound. AllMusic wrote that Tall Dwarfs' home-recorded releases presaged "the rise of what was ultimately dubbed 'lo-fi' as the sound began to grow in prominence and influence over the course of the decades to follow."
339:. Since then, there had been an increasing tendency to group all home-recorded music under the umbrella of "lo-fi". From these developments came "bedroom pop", a loosely-defined music genre referring to artists who record at home, rather than at traditional recording spaces.
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from a major label. Lo-fi musicians and fans were predominantly white, male and middle-class, and while most of the critical discourse interested in lo-fi was based in New York or London, the musicians themselves were largely from lesser metropolitan areas of the US.
299:
The identity of the party or parties who popularized the use of "lo-fi" cannot be determined definitively. It is generally suggested that the term was popularized through
William Berger's weekly half-hour radio show on the New Jersey-based independent radio station
441:
Recording imperfections may "fall loosely into two categories, distortion and noise", in Harper's view, although he acknowledges that definitions of "distortion" and "noise" vary and sometimes overlap. The most prominent form of distortion in lo-fi aesthetics is
489:(a thin, cheap sound), and might include noise such as hiss or record scratches. They could be distorted or wobbly in pitch." He offers the following methods for replicating lo-fi sounds: mixing levels so that they are unbalanced; placing obstructions between a
433:
or fluctuations in tape speed. The aesthetic may also extend to substandard or disaffected musical performances. Recordings deemed unprofessional or "amateurish" are usually with respect to performance (out-of-tune or out-of-time notes) or mixing (audible hiss,
348:
identified "bedroom pop" as "bloglike music that tries to make the world a better place through a perfect homemade song". By the 2010s, journalists would indiscriminately apply the term to any music with a "fuzzy" production quality,
660:(released in February 1972) was recorded almost entirely by Rundgren alone. The album included many of his best-known songs, as well as a spoken-word track ("Intro") in which he teaches the listener about recording flaws for an
308:, which lasted from 1986 to 1987. The program's contents consisted entirely of contributions solicited via mail and ran during a thirty-minute prime time evening slot every Friday. In the fall 1986 issue of the WFMU magazine
1048:
During the 1990s, the media's usage of the word "indie" evolved from music "produced away from the music industry's largest record labels" to a particular style of rock or pop music viewed in the US as the "alternative to
1319:
From the late 1990s to 2000s, "lo-fi" was absorbed into regular indie discourse, where it mostly lost its connotations as an indie rock subcategory evoking "the slacker generation", "looseness", or "self-consciousness".
1171:
interpreted the seeming-movement as a reaction against grunge music, "and a weak one, since lo-fi is just grunge with even grungier production values." In turn, he said, lo-fi inspired its own reaction in the form of
1009:
and the lo-fi indie rock of the 1990s. ... both musicians introduced the notion that lo-fi was not just acceptable but the special context of some extraordinary and brilliant musicians." Hailing from New
Zealand, the
326:
s
Anthony Carew argued that the term "lo-fi" had been commonly misused as a synonym for "warm" or "punchy" when it should be reserved for music that "sounds like it's recorded onto a broken answering-machine".
370:
called "bedroom pop" almost synonymous with "lo-fi", having been traditionally used as "a flattering way to dress up homespun demos and slacker aesthetics" before being recontextualized in later years as
1418:. Adam Harper reflected in 2013 that there was a growing tendency among critics such as Simon Reynolds to overstate Pink's influence by failing to acknowledge predecessors such as R. Stevie Moore and
873:
reporter referenced Moore as the progenitor of "bedroom pop", Moore responded that the notion was "hilarious" in light of his "bitter struggle to make a living and get some notoriety, I scoff at it."
869:
pioneer label", Moore explained that his approach resulted from "happenstance" rather than a calculated artistic decision, although he agreed that he "should be recognized as a pioneer". When a 2006
2834:
664:-type game he calls "Sounds of the Studio". He used the money gained from the album's success to build a personal recording studio in New York, where he recorded the less successful 1973 follow-up
1437:" or "chillhop" became popular among YouTube music streamers. Several of these YouTube channels attracted millions of followers. The foundation of this style came mainly from producers such as
990:
label. They were rarely known as a "lo-fi" group during their active years, and were only noted for their pioneering role in the movement after the term's definition evolved in the mid 1990s.
586:
was initially met with confusion and disappointment, appreciation for the album grew after other artists released albums that reflected a similarly flawed and stripped-down quality, including
1387:
Previous lo-fi artists generally rejected the influence of 1980s pop radio that informed most of Pink's sound. Afterward, a type of music dubbed "hypnagogic pop" emerged among lo-fi and post-
470:
tools). Effects include a decrease in high-frequency signals and an increase in noise. Generally, lo-fi recordings are likely to have little or no frequency information above 10 kilohertz.
80:) and music production have evolved over the decades, meaning that some older examples of lo-fi may not have been originally recognized as such. Lo-fi began to be recognized as a style of
95:
Traditionally, lo-fi has been characterized by the inclusion of elements normally viewed as undesirable in professional contexts, such as misplayed notes, environmental interference, or
1257:
and "the community of like-minded critics and fans surrounding him" were especially pivotal in establishing modern notions of the lo-fi aesthetic. According to Adam Harper: "In short,
905:, according to critic Ned Raggett, could also be regarded as a forerunner to "any number of" independent lo-fi artists, including R. Stevie Moore and the underground Texas musician
1222:
of punk". Additionally, virtually every journalist referenced an increasing media coverage of lo-fi music while failing to acknowledge themselves as contributors to the trend.
92:"). Some subsets of lo-fi music have become popular for their perceived nostalgic and/or relaxing qualities, which originate from the imperfections that define the genre.
1063:(1991), alternative rock became a cultural talking point, and subsequently, the concept of a lo-fi movement coalesced between 1992 and 1994. Centered on artists such as
72:
quality in which elements usually regarded as imperfections in the context of a recording or performance are present, sometimes as a deliberate choice. The standards of
3158:
825:
and recording studios, and many guitar bands were formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music instead of having to procure a
532:
writes that the genre's recordings were made "cheaply and quickly, often on substandard equipment. In that sense, the earliest rock & roll records, most of the
2530:
1261:
bridges the interests of the and the
Generation and those of , providing an early sketch, a portent – a 'leftfield blueprint', perhaps – of 00s movements like
892:. This technology allowed a broad range of musicians from underground circles to build fan bases through the dissemination of their cassette tapes. Music critic
1908:
1875:
284:
There was virtually no appreciation for the imperfections of lo-fi music among critics until the 1980s, during which there was an emergent romanticism for
862:
that any of his recordings were issued on a record label. The album achieved some notoriety among New York's punk and new wave circles. Matthew Ingram of
1159:
top 10, ultimately became the most recognizable artist associated with the "lo-fi" tag. As a response to the "lo-fi" label, Guided by Voices bandleader
633:
In the early 1970s, there were a few other major recording artists who released music recorded with portable multi-tracking equipment; examples included
1149:
The main focus in the piece was Beck and Guided by Voices, who had recently become popular acts in the indie rock subculture. Beck, whose 1994 single "
2294:
358:
defined the term in 2020 as a genre of home-recorded music with a "dreamy, introspective and intimate" sound, and one which spans "across indie, pop,
188:
disc jockey
William Berger is usually credited with popularizing the term in 1986. At various points since the 1980s, "lo-fi" has been connected with
1407:
as new acts that were associated with him (aesthetically, personally, geographically, or professionally) attracted notice from critics. According to
1316:
and Royal Trux have been largely omitted owing either to the comparative paucity of their reception or to its lesser relevance to lo-fi aesthetics."
1816:
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as creating "quirky, slightly lo-fi homemade production married to simple pop songs with heavy echoes of both '50s rock & roll and
British
450:
of a device. However, this effect is not usually considered to be an imperfection. The same process is used for the electric guitar sounds of
425:
Lo-fi aesthetics are idiosyncrasies associated with the recording process. More specifically, those that are generally viewed in the field of
2337:
708:(1969) as "a progenitor of both the loner/stoner and lo-fi movements", adding that the album "would not find a real audience for decades."
296:
added a second definition for the term—"a genre of rock music characterized by minimal production, giving a raw and unsophisticated sound".
2217:
1376:
and analog synthesizers. R. Stevie Moore was increasingly cited by emerging lo-fi acts as a primary influence. His most vocal advocate,
1225:
Several books were published that helped to "canonize" lo-fi acts, usually by comparing them favorably to older musicians. For example,
3372:
335:
The notion of "bedroom musicians" first emerged in the 21st century following the rise of laptop computers in many forms of popular or
2630:
3843:
3779:
251:
At its most crudely sketched, lo-fi was primitivist and realist in the 1980s, postmodern in the 1990s, and archaicist in the 2000s.
312:, the program was described as "home recordings produced on inexpensive equipment. Technical primitivism coupled with brilliance."
2323:
652:
of respect", before adding that the album's "sort of ... hippie simplicity ... kind of resonates at this point in time, somehow."
3489:
717:
s Jamie Atkins wrote in 2018 that many lo-fi acts would be indebted to the reverb-saturated sound of the Beach Boys' 1970 song "
1522:
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3042:
2792:
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2436:
2397:
2258:
2160:
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became the leading publications on music, while blogs and smaller websites took on the role previously occupied by fanzines.
497:
in an unusual spot, such as in a wastebasket; recording with older, lower-quality instruments or equipment; and highlighting
718:
128:
2338:"Beatles Timeline: The Fab Four's 50 Most Memorable Moments" > "038. April, 1970: McCartney releases self-titled debut"
947:, featuring stark instrumentation, including a primitive drum machine, and a decidedly "bedroom" aura. Davyd Smith of the
3179:
2520:
1403:, which included Pink among his examples. Pink was frequently referred to as the "godfather" of hypnagogic, chillwave or
2471:
319:
in 2008: "unpolished, amateurish, or technologically unsophisticated, esp. as a deliberate aesthetic choice." In 2017,
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3620:
2007:
1885:
395:
1795:
3883:
3878:
3873:
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3858:
3853:
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magazine "managed to label every other band it featured in the first half as somehow lo-fi." One journalist in
729:, a 1970s Los Angeles musician, as "the weirdo king of bedroom pop, decades before the genre existed." In 2016,
3365:
3333:
Unknown
Legends of Rock 'n' Roll: Psychedelic Unknowns, Mad Geniuses, Punk Pioneers, Lo-Fi Mavericks & More
1255:
Unknown
Legends of Rock 'n' Roll: Psychedelic Unknowns, Mad Geniuses, Punk Pioneers, Lo-Fi Mavericks & More
671:
3754:
3407:
1945:
1285:
575:
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2553:
953:
later wrote, "It's hard to imagine a more lo-fi, unambitious sound." Throughout the following decade, the
3774:
2493:
2720:
2579:
342:"Bedroom pop" has also been invoked to describe a distinct aesthetic. Writing in 2006, Tammy LaGorce of
2177:
1835:
1817:"Bedroom Pop is Dead: Listen to Mini Dresses' new 'Sad Eyes' EP, recorded by the duo in their kitchen"
817:
in the late 1970s, some sectors of popular music began to espouse a DIY ethos that heralded a wave of
3528:
3513:
3504:
3358:
2928:
2366:
1368:
916:
221:
1551:
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2421:
1423:
745:(1971) as "pretty much the blueprint for every lo-fi indie pop album of the last 25 years", citing
2903:
1134:
In April 1993, the term "lo-fi" gained mainstream currency after it was featured as a headline in
3888:
3479:
1465:
1419:
884:, the first portable multi-track recorder of its kind to incorporate an "all-in-one" approach to
642:
3615:
2809:
1234:
20:
3159:"Bedroom Cassette Masters Want That Lo-Fi Electronica Your Uncle Graham Recorded Back in 1984"
3032:
2672:
2150:
2084:
1997:
3439:
2782:
1730:
666:
519:
278:
2848:
2638:
1395:, childhood memory, and outdated recording technology. The label was invented by journalist
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3833:
3828:
3823:
3539:
3509:
2525:
2342:
2152:
Practical
Recording Techniques: The Step- By- Step Approach to Professional Audio Recording
1277:
1155:
1131:
genre, believing that the imperfections of lo-fi was what gave the music its authenticity.
1001:" category — much of it overlapping with lo-fi. Adam Harper credits the outsider musicians
731:
656:
8:
3454:
3204:
3058:
2701:
2454:
2402:
1116:
938:
889:
864:
858:
694:
606:
601:
592:
528:, but "lo-fi" as it was understood after the 1990s can be traced to 1950s rock and roll.
443:
359:
205:
3253:
1927:
1568:
1017:
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3519:
3327:
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2607:
1859:
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1136:
893:
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had been recording full-length albums on reel-to-reel tape in his parents' basement in
762:
570:
486:
435:
344:
119:
1292:. "Other significant artists often aligned with 1990s lo-fi", Harper wrote, "such as
3412:
3402:
3337:
3313:
3289:
3184:
3137:
3038:
2788:
2432:
2254:
2244:
2156:
2090:
2003:
1909:"'My studio is an extra limb right now': bedroom pop, the perfect genre for lockdown"
1762:
1415:
1150:
1098:
818:
786:
754:
750:
647:
619:
551:
455:
426:
336:
270:
137:
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3625:
3544:
2477:
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2198:
1880:
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1088:
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189:
158:
69:
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aesthetic, mirroring a similar trend in the 1990s concerning the revival of 1960s
3706:
3569:
3564:
3524:
3464:
3381:
3331:
3307:
3283:
3163:
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1756:
1485:
1347:
1297:
1208:
1076:
1002:
849:
837:
826:
525:
170:
154:
124:
41:
27:
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Although "lo-fi" has been in the cultural lexicon for approximately as long as "
107:, and so on). Pioneering, influential, or otherwise significant artists include
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3764:
3711:
3691:
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2222:
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1337:
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1103:
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998:
979:
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841:
833:
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802:
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559:
547:
391:
376:
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289:
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233:
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132:
108:
89:
413:
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3721:
3635:
3574:
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3499:
3432:
2299:
1434:
1373:
1253:, Guided By Voices, Daniel Johnston, Beck and Pavement. Richie Unterberger's
1238:
1202:
1196:"Lo-fi" was applied inconsistently throughout the 1990s. Writing in the book
1185:
975:
971:
958:
897:
established lo-fi as a distinct movement associated with the spirit of punk.
766:
638:
579:
498:
463:
451:
447:
266:
181:
142:
81:
73:
2250:
Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall, and
Redemption of the Beach Boys' Brian Wilson
543:
3759:
3726:
3701:
3696:
3579:
3459:
3422:
3417:
3397:
3303:
3199:
1796:"Meet Rubber Tracks Boston: The Studio That Lets Musicians Record For Free"
1475:
1396:
1351:
1230:
1112:
1108:
1080:
1028:
994:
792:
781:
564:
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remain in master recordings that are then identically copied for release."
430:
354:
213:
113:
100:
35:
31:
220:. The notion of "bedroom" musicians expanded following the rise of modern
197:
3749:
3733:
3676:
3666:
3630:
3449:
3237:
1470:
1388:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1214:
1177:
1120:
1011:
898:
881:
736:
726:
704:
699:
597:
533:
193:
146:
46:
3254:"How 'Lofi Hip Hop Radio to Relax/Study to' Became a YouTube Phenomenon"
2324:"Tips from the Top: The Making of Todd Rundgren's 'Something/Anything?'"
1176:". A reaction against both grunge and lo-fi, according to AllMusic, was
1033:
3681:
3640:
3559:
3444:
2452:"100 Records That Set the World on Fire (While No One Was Listening)".
1490:
1377:
1360:
1309:
1289:
1281:
1262:
1246:
1124:
954:
746:
741:
494:
490:
467:
174:
96:
1229:(1995) contained a chapter titled "The Lo-Fi Top 10", which mentioned
614:
with inventing "the kind of lo-fi bedroom pop that would later propel
3494:
3469:
2521:"David Bowie Influenced More Musical Genres Than Any Other Rock Star"
1552:"Beats to Relax/Study To: Contradiction and Paradox in Lo-Fi Hip Hop"
1480:
1455:
1430:
1392:
1341:
1250:
1219:
1173:
1059:
1006:
987:
983:
966:
927:
853:
808:
587:
537:
459:
229:
217:
104:
2218:"Busy Doin' Somethin': Uncovering Brian Wilson's Lost Bedroom Tapes"
3549:
3427:
3350:
3062:
2813:
2724:
2615:
2202:
1460:
1180:, which drew heavily from the rich orchestrations of Brian Wilson,
1128:
912:
840:(pictured in 2011) is frequently referred to as the "godfather" of
758:
661:
529:
77:
1079:, most of the writing about alternative and lo-fi aligned it with
578:; the albums were later referred to as part of Wilson's so-called
3534:
1996:
Jenkins III, Henry; Shattuc, Jane; McPherson, Tara, eds. (2003).
1495:
1442:
1438:
1084:
1068:
885:
822:
776:
615:
466:(a common aspect of tape recorder maintenance that is fixed with
228:. In the late 2000s, lo-fi aesthetics served as the basis of the
209:
162:
1414:
s Marc Hogan, each of those tags described what was essentially
1218:(1991) with "inventing" lo-fi, characterizing the genre as "the
1164:
that they had to find a category for it: DIY, lo-fi, whatever."
2367:"Paul McCartney Walks the Fine Line Between Chaos and Creation"
1964:
1800:
1731:"Shit From an Old Cardboard Box, incl. Uncle Wiggly Tour Diary"
1404:
962:
906:
877:
446:, which can occur when an audio signal is amplified beyond the
150:
2958:
3784:
3014:
3012:
2086:
Audio Engineering 101: A Beginner's Guide to Music Production
513:
1928:"What even is Bedroom Pop, and why is now the time to care?"
1331:
1127:, there was a faction of indie rock that viewed grunge as a
1022:
1995:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1293:
1072:
301:
185:
166:
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1123:
was well known for being fond of Johnston, K Records, and
1107:(both released 1991) which led to the genre being called "
1999:
Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture
363:
224:, leading to the invention of the nearly synonymous term
3113:
3111:
3098:
3096:
2064:
1597:
1576:
793:
1970s–1980s: Indie, cassette culture, and outsider music
382:
Many of the associated artists have rejected the label.
84:
in the 1990s, when it became alternately referred to as
3686:
2987:
2985:
2946:
2645:
2103:
2040:
1712:
1710:
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1629:
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2859:
3081:
2982:
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2127:
2115:
2052:
2028:
2016:
1775:
997:
was responsible for inventing and popularizing the "
2422:"After Sundown: The Beach Boys' Experimental Music"
1705:
1618:
957:spheres of the American underground (bands such as
2776:
2774:
2470:
1655:
1643:
1550:Winston, Emma; Saywood, Lawrence (December 2019).
3133:Dawn of the DAW: The Studio As Musical Instrument
2781:Mantie, Roger; Smith, Gareth Dylan, eds. (2017).
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1018:1990s: Changed definitions of "lo-fi" and "indie"
689:remain "evident on bedroom auteurs to this day".
244:
3815:
2835:"Meltdown Festival, Young Marble Giants, review"
2512:
2178:"DIY Music: How Musicians Did It For Themselves"
1946:"Don't Call it Bedroom Pop: The New Wave of DIY"
485:, states that "lo-fi sounds might have a narrow
2784:The Oxford Handbook of Music Making and Leisure
2771:
2144:
2142:
2849:"R.E.M.'s Radio Free Europe | Studio 360"
2429:Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis
2193:
2191:
1976:
1549:
1272:The "lo-fi" tag also extended to acts such as
685:s Sam Sodsky noted that the "fingerprints" of
674:compared the Beach Boys' late-1960s albums to
3366:
3024:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2209:
1005:and Jandek with "form a bridge between 1980s
978:acts. One of the most recognizable bands was
3156:
2427:. In Covach, John; Boone, Graeme M. (eds.).
2139:
1153:" was recorded in a kitchen and reached the
1115:and lo-fi came with respect to the music's "
540:of the late '70s could be tagged as Lo-Fi."
414:Todd Rundgren's "Sounds of the Studio" from
239:
19:"Lo-fi" redirects here. For other uses, see
3326:
2780:
2714:
2712:
2606:
2545:
2458:. No. 175. September 1998. p. 38.
2188:
2076:
2002:. Duke University Press. pp. 357–367.
1761:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 106.
1524:Lo-Fi Aesthetics in Popular Music Discourse
1514:
429:as undesirable effects, such as a degraded
258:Lo-Fi Aesthetics in Popular Music Discourse
3373:
3359:
3224:
2683:
2155:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 229–233.
514:1950s–1970s: Origins and influential works
3780:Music technology (electronic and digital)
3030:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2472:"Wake The World: The Beach Boys 1967-'73"
2391:
2389:
2215:
1748:
1567:
1332:2000s–2010s: Hypnagogic pop and chillwave
692:Among other notable examples, writers of
3177:
2807:
2759:"In Their Rooms, Shrinking Violets Sing"
2709:
2602:
2600:
2416:
2395:
2148:
1925:
1855:"In Their Rooms, Shrinking Violets Sing"
1355:
1200:(2003), Tony Grajeda said that by 1995,
1191:
1032:
911:
832:
630:with originating "the idea of DIY pop".
542:
40:
3281:
3136:. Oxford University Press. p. 29.
2787:. Oxford University Press. p. 93.
2756:
2750:
2737:
2577:
2554:"AllMusic Review by Richie Unterberger"
2551:
2431:. Oxford University Press. p. 53.
2175:
2082:
1852:
1836:"Call & Response: Foxes In Fiction"
1815:Morotta, Michael (September 12, 2016).
1814:
1808:
1793:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
3816:
3302:
3251:
3233:"Why Glo-Fi's Future Is Not Ephemeral"
3230:
3218:
3198:
3117:
3102:
3087:
3075:
3018:
3003:
2991:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2694:
2657:
2651:
2631:"Twee as Fuck: The Story of Indie Pop"
2578:Heatley, Michael (February 25, 2015).
2468:
2462:
2398:"Todd Rundgren: A Wizard, a True Star"
2386:
2321:
2243:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1970:
1900:
1781:
1722:
1716:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1612:
1591:
1520:
1391:who engaged with elements of cultural
1145:the raw seams of the artistic process.
641:. Produced shortly after the Beatles'
550:(pictured in 1967) recorded albums at
3354:
2901:
2738:Stevens, Andrew (December 13, 2006).
2718:
2628:
2597:
2518:
2491:
2295:"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"
2169:
1873:
1833:
1754:
1684:
574:were lo-fi albums recorded mostly in
3380:
3245:
3192:
3129:
2492:Bloom, Madison (November 15, 2019).
1906:
1667:
813:With the emergence of punk rock and
749:as a descendant. Active since 1969,
622:, and other characters." Editors at
576:Brian Wilson's makeshift home studio
315:A third definition was added to the
277:, defined the term as "unfavourable
273:, in the glossary for his 1977 book
2731:
2622:
2533:from the original on August 9, 2016
2494:"Peter Ivers: Becoming Peter Ivers"
2364:
2322:Simons, Dace (September 15, 2006).
1926:Williams, Jenessa (June 12, 2020).
1111:". Some of the delineation between
1087:" stereotypes that originated from
493:and the sound sources; placing the
13:
3275:
3202:(August 2009). "Childhood's End".
2902:Abebe, Nitsuh (January 18, 2006).
2629:Abebe, Nitsuh (October 24, 2005),
2396:Sodomsky, Sam (January 20, 2018).
2275:"The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s"
2216:Chidester, Brian (March 7, 2014).
2176:Chilton, Martin (August 1, 2018).
1834:Taroy, Aldrin (February 5, 2011).
1787:
1728:
481:Bruce Bartlett, in his 2013 guide
385:
14:
3905:
3621:Recording studio as an instrument
2810:"JW Farquhar – The Formal Female"
1794:Diplano, Michael (July 1, 2015).
1689:. About.com Guide. Archived from
645:, the home-recorded solo release
462:approaches its limit of residual
396:Recording studio as an instrument
49:set-up with 1980s–1990s equipment
3797:
3178:Reynolds, Simon (June 6, 2010).
3157:Noisey Staff (August 18, 2016).
2580:"Original Album Series Roy Wood"
1874:Adams, Sean (January 22, 2015).
1685:Carew, Anthony (March 8, 2017).
1119:". Even though Nirvana frontman
610:writer Mark Richardson credited
408:
3309:The A to X of Alternative Music
3171:
3150:
3123:
3051:
2921:
2895:
2841:
2827:
2801:
2757:LaGorce, Tammy (May 21, 2006).
2671:Harper, Adam (April 23, 2014).
2571:
2519:Lynch, Joe (January 14, 2016).
2485:
2445:
2410:
2365:Day, Brent (October 26, 2005).
2358:
2330:
2315:
2287:
2267:
2237:
1938:
1919:
1867:
1853:LaGorce, Tammy (May 21, 2006).
1846:
1827:
1569:10.5429/2079-3871(2019)v9i2.4en
1227:Rolling Stone's Alt-Rock-a-Rama
1023:Relation to "alternative" music
129:the godfather of home recording
3285:DIY: The Rise of Lo-fi Culture
3252:Winkie, Luke (July 15, 2022).
3231:Pounds, Ross (June 30, 2010).
3037:. A&C Black. p. 122.
3034:Guided By Voices' Bee Thousand
1543:
856:, but it was not until 1976's
483:Practical Recording Techniques
330:
1:
2695:Ingram, Matthew (June 2012).
2673:"Essay: Shades of Ariel Pink"
1907:Wray, Daniel (May 12, 2020).
1507:
1429:In the late 2010s, a form of
1053:'". Following the success of
920:
725:writer Madison Bloom crowned
536:of the '60s, and much of the
3844:Cassette culture 1970s–1990s
3804:Record production portal
1399:in an August 2009 piece for
901:'s home-recorded 1973 album
7:
3775:Music technology (electric)
3336:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
3130:Bell, Adam Patrick (2018).
2740:"extreme stylistic variety"
2469:Atkins, Jamie (July 2018).
1448:
965:), along with some British
941:released their only album,
735:writer Joe Lynch described
10:
3910:
2089:. CRC Press. p. 241.
1369:digital audio workstations
1345:
1335:
1167:At the time, music critic
1026:
806:
796:
753:, and their spinoff group
552:Brian Wilson's home studio
517:
508:
454:, and since the advent of
389:
379:without the braggadocio."
265:Lo-fi is the opposite of
222:digital audio workstations
216:stereotypes, and cultural
25:
18:
3793:
3742:
3649:
3588:
3478:
3388:
1973:, pp. 15–16, 21, 29.
1735:WFMU's Beware of the Blog
821:, distribution networks,
407:
402:
240:Definitions and etymology
3894:American styles of music
3031:Woodworth, Marc (2006).
2967:, pp. 273–274, 294.
2149:Bartlett, Bruce (2013).
937:In 1980, the Welsh trio
785:(1973) as "lo-fi, retro
99:imperfections (degraded
26:Not to be confused with
3884:2020s in American music
3879:2010s in American music
3874:2000s in American music
3869:1990s in American music
3864:1980s in American music
3859:1970s in American music
3854:1960s in American music
3849:1950s in American music
2719:Mason, Stewart (n.d.).
2253:. Rodale. p. 126.
1876:"The DiS Class of 2015"
1758:An Alternative Internet
1687:"Genre Profile – Lo-Fi"
1466:List of lo-fi musicians
1420:the Cleaners from Venus
375:without the thrashing;
366:". Jenessa Williams of
275:The Tuning of the World
2904:"Tall Dwarfs Weeville"
2697:"Here Comes the Flood"
1364:
1235:the Velvet Underground
1147:
1045:
934:
845:
769:." Michael Heatley of
555:
253:
50:
21:Lo-fi (disambiguation)
3692:Ghostwriters in music
3282:Spencer, Amy (2005).
2552:Unterberger, Richie.
2083:Dittmar, Tim (2013).
1755:Atton, Chris (2004).
1521:Harper, Adam (2014).
1359:
1192:Genre crystallization
1142:
1036:
915:
836:
667:A Wizard, a True Star
546:
520:Rock and roll revival
279:signal-to-noise ratio
249:
44:
3221:, pp. 334, 338.
3021:, pp. 276, 283.
2641:on February 24, 2011
2303:. September 22, 2020
1278:Nothing Painted Blue
757:, were described by
245:Evolution of "lo-fi"
3328:Unterberger, Richie
2608:Unterberger, Richie
1615:, pp. 44, 117.
1594:, pp. 3–4, 10.
1367:The rise of modern
1212:credited Sebadoh's
993:Elsewhere, WFMU DJ
939:Young Marble Giants
657:Something/Anything?
593:John Wesley Harding
524:DIY music predates
444:harmonic distortion
416:Something/Anything?
3606:Hip hop production
2837:. August 28, 2015.
2764:The New York Times
2612:"Cassette Culture"
2346:. February 7, 2014
2283:. August 22, 2017.
2245:Carlin, Peter Ames
2073:, pp. 20, 25.
1860:The New York Times
1531:. pp. 2–3, 44
1365:
1363:performing in 2010
1286:Alastair Galbraith
1274:the Mountain Goats
1245:, Beat Happening,
1137:The New York Times
1046:
1044:(pictured in 2006)
935:
930:and co-founder of
894:Richie Unterberger
846:
819:independent labels
763:Richie Unterberger
558:Released in 1967,
556:
554:from 1967 to 1972.
487:frequency response
345:The New York Times
51:
3811:
3810:
3413:Critical distance
3343:978-1-61774-469-3
3319:978-0-8264-8217-4
3312:. A&C Black.
3295:978-0-7145-3105-2
3288:. Marion Boyars.
3185:Los Angeles Times
3143:978-0-19-029660-5
3044:978-0-8264-1748-0
2955:, pp. 36–39.
2794:978-0-19-024470-5
2721:"R. Stevie Moore"
2654:, pp. 33–34.
2438:978-0-19-988012-6
2260:978-1-59486-320-2
2162:978-1-136-12534-8
2112:, pp. 26–27.
2096:978-1-136-11174-7
2049:, pp. 18–19.
1768:978-0-7486-1769-2
1729:Berger, William.
1433:music tagged as "
1416:psychedelic music
1099:Richard Linklater
986:, an influential
982:(1984–1992) from
903:The Formal Female
755:Lieutenant Pigeon
751:Stavely Makepeace
620:Animal Collective
503:sound reflections
456:digital recording
427:audio engineering
423:
422:
337:avant-garde music
317:Oxford Dictionary
294:Oxford Dictionary
271:R. Murray Schafer
269:. Music educator
56:(also typeset as
3901:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3717:Session musician
3382:Music production
3375:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3323:
3299:
3269:
3268:
3266:
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3228:
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3209:
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2716:
2707:
2706:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2637:, archived from
2626:
2620:
2619:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2584:Record Collector
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2478:Record Collector
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2426:
2418:Harrison, Daniel
2414:
2408:
2407:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
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2100:
2080:
2074:
2068:
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2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1993:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:. April 17, 2018
1942:
1936:
1935:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1888:on April 1, 2018
1884:. Archived from
1881:Drowned in Sound
1871:
1865:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
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1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:on April 4, 2015
1682:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1616:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1518:
1413:
1089:Douglas Coupland
1065:Guided by Voices
1042:Guided by Voices
950:Evening Standard
925:
922:
799:Cassette culture
772:Record Collector
716:
711:Record Collector
684:
412:
411:
400:
399:
325:
261:
190:cassette culture
159:Guided by Voices
68:) is a music or
3909:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3789:
3738:
3707:Record producer
3660:
3656:
3645:
3599:
3595:
3584:
3525:Double tracking
3481:
3474:
3465:Sound recording
3403:Audio mastering
3384:
3379:
3344:
3320:
3296:
3278:
3276:Further reading
3273:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3250:
3246:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3208:. No. 306.
3197:
3193:
3176:
3172:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
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3057:
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2795:
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2772:
2755:
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2736:
2732:
2717:
2710:
2705:. No. 340.
2693:
2684:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2635:Pitchfork Media
2627:
2623:
2605:
2598:
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2210:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:UDiscover Music
2174:
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2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
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2116:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2081:
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1515:
1510:
1505:
1486:Noise reduction
1451:
1411:
1389:noise musicians
1382:Unknown Legends
1354:
1348:Chill-out music
1344:
1336:Main articles:
1334:
1259:Unknown Legends
1194:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1003:Daniel Johnston
923:
880:introduced the
850:R. Stevie Moore
838:R. Stevie Moore
827:record contract
811:
805:
797:Main articles:
795:
779:'s debut album
714:
682:
672:Daniel Harrison
670:. Musicologist
526:written history
522:
516:
511:
419:, YouTube video
409:
403:External videos
398:
388:
386:Characteristics
352:Daniel Wray of
333:
323:
263:
255:
247:
242:
155:Daniel Johnston
127:(often called "
125:R. Stevie Moore
39:
28:Chill-out music
24:
17:
16:Music aesthetic
12:
11:
5:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3889:Outsider music
3886:
3881:
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3871:
3866:
3861:
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3730:
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3719:
3714:
3712:Rhythm section
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Audio engineer
3669:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Overproduction
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
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3557:
3552:
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3545:Exciter effect
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3270:
3244:
3223:
3211:
3191:
3170:
3149:
3142:
3122:
3120:, p. 318.
3107:
3105:, p. 316.
3092:
3080:
3078:, p. 295.
3068:
3050:
3043:
3023:
3008:
3006:, p. 273.
2996:
2981:
2979:, p. 307.
2969:
2957:
2945:
2920:
2894:
2892:, p. 180.
2882:
2870:
2868:, p. 246.
2858:
2840:
2826:
2808:Raggett, Ned.
2800:
2793:
2770:
2749:
2730:
2708:
2682:
2656:
2644:
2621:
2596:
2570:
2544:
2511:
2484:
2461:
2444:
2437:
2409:
2385:
2357:
2329:
2314:
2286:
2266:
2259:
2236:
2208:
2187:
2168:
2161:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2095:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2008:
1975:
1963:
1937:
1932:The Forty-Five
1918:
1899:
1866:
1845:
1826:
1807:
1786:
1774:
1767:
1747:
1721:
1704:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1617:
1596:
1575:
1542:
1529:Wadham College
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1501:SoundCloud rap
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1338:Hypnagogic pop
1333:
1330:
1267:hypnagogic pop
1243:Billy Childish
1193:
1190:
1182:Burt Bacharach
1169:Simon Reynolds
1161:Robert Pollard
1038:Robert Pollard
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
999:outsider music
980:Beat Happening
944:Colossal Youth
932:Beat Happening
926:), founder of
917:Calvin Johnson
888:, mixing, and
871:New York Times
842:home recording
803:Outsider music
794:
791:
719:All I Wanna Do
635:Paul McCartney
560:the Beach Boys
548:The Beach Boys
515:
512:
510:
507:
421:
420:
405:
404:
392:Noise in music
387:
384:
377:Soundcloud rap
373:midwestern emo
368:The Forty-Five
332:
329:
290:do-it-yourself
286:home-recording
256:—Adam Harper,
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:music genres.
234:hypnagogic pop
202:outsider music
133:Paul McCartney
109:the Beach Boys
90:do it yourself
47:bedroom studio
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3906:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Interpolation
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:Backup singer
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Wall of Sound
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Octave effect
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Chorus effect
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:Wah-wah pedal
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3304:Taylor, Steve
3301:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3263:September 13,
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3090:, p. 46.
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3059:"Chamber pop"
3054:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2994:, p. 44.
2993:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2934:
2930:
2929:"Tall Dwarfs"
2924:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2880:, p. 48.
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2744:3:AM Magazine
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2378:September 13,
2374:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2345:
2344:
2343:billboard.com
2339:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2307:September 22,
2302:
2301:
2300:Rolling Stone
2296:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2136:, p. 16.
2135:
2130:
2124:, p. 29.
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2061:, p. 20.
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2037:, p. 18.
2036:
2031:
2025:, p. 12.
2024:
2019:
2011:
2009:0-8223-8350-0
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1784:, p. 47.
1783:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1740:September 19,
1736:
1732:
1725:
1719:, p. 10.
1718:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1640:, p. 11.
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:IASPM Journal
1553:
1546:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:lo-fi hip hop
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:Martin Newell
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:space age pop
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:, Liz Phair,
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Half Japanese
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:Rolling Stone
1199:
1189:
1187:
1186:Lee Hazlewood
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:hardcore punk
973:
968:
964:
960:
959:college radio
956:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
933:
929:
918:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
867:
866:
861:
860:
855:
851:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
804:
800:
790:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
773:
768:
767:novelty music
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
733:
728:
724:
720:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
697:
696:
690:
688:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
650:
649:
644:
640:
639:Todd Rundgren
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:Rolling Stone
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
580:Bedroom Tapes
577:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
521:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
471:
469:
465:
464:magnetization
461:
457:
453:
452:rock and roll
449:
448:dynamic range
445:
439:
437:
432:
428:
418:
417:
406:
401:
397:
393:
383:
380:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
350:
347:
346:
340:
338:
328:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:High fidelity
262:
259:
252:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:high fidelity
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Todd Rundgren
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
115:
110:
106:
102:
101:audio signals
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
82:popular music
79:
75:
74:sound quality
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3795:
3760:Loudness war
3727:Ghost singer
3702:Orchestrator
3697:Horn section
3610:
3580:Reverse echo
3540:Equalization
3510:Delay effect
3460:Punch in/out
3455:Ping-ponging
3423:Effects unit
3418:Effects loop
3408:Audio mixing
3398:Audio filter
3332:
3308:
3284:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:
3247:
3236:
3226:
3214:
3203:
3200:Keenan, Dave
3194:
3183:
3180:"Ariel Pink"
3173:
3162:
3152:
3132:
3125:
3083:
3071:
3053:
3033:
3026:
2999:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2932:
2923:
2911:. Retrieved
2907:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2829:
2819:February 22,
2817:. Retrieved
2803:
2783:
2762:
2752:
2743:
2733:
2700:
2676:
2647:
2639:the original
2634:
2624:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2500:. Condé Nast
2497:
2487:
2476:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2428:
2412:
2401:
2376:. Retrieved
2370:
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2341:
2332:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2278:
2269:
2249:
2239:
2229:December 11,
2227:. Retrieved
2221:
2211:
2181:
2171:
2151:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2085:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
1998:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1949:
1940:
1931:
1921:
1913:The Guardian
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1879:
1869:
1858:
1848:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1810:
1799:
1789:
1777:
1757:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1724:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1664:, p. 9.
1657:
1652:, p. 5.
1645:
1562:(2): 40–54.
1559:
1555:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1523:
1516:
1476:Minimal wave
1428:
1408:
1400:
1397:David Keenan
1386:
1381:
1366:
1352:Lofi hip hop
1325:
1321:
1318:
1298:the Grifters
1271:
1258:
1254:
1231:Hasil Adkins
1226:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1166:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1117:authenticity
1109:slacker rock
1102:
1094:Generation X
1092:
1081:Generation X
1058:
1047:
1029:Slacker rock
995:Irwin Chusid
992:
948:
942:
936:
924: 2000s
902:
875:
870:
863:
857:
848:Since 1968,
847:
812:
782:Wizzard Brew
780:
770:
740:
730:
722:
709:
703:
693:
691:
686:
679:
675:
665:
655:
654:
646:
632:
627:
623:
612:Smiley Smile
611:
605:
591:
584:Smiley Smile
583:
569:
565:Smiley Smile
563:
557:
523:
482:
480:
474:
472:
440:
431:audio signal
424:
415:
381:
367:
355:The Guardian
353:
351:
343:
341:
334:
320:
316:
314:
309:
305:
298:
293:
283:
274:
264:
257:
254:
250:
225:
214:Generation X
206:authenticity
179:
136:
118:
114:Smiley Smile
112:
97:phonographic
94:
85:
66:low fidelity
65:
64:; short for
61:
57:
53:
52:
36:Slacker rock
32:Lofi hip hop
3839:Noise music
3834:DIY culture
3829:Indie music
3824:Lo-fi music
3750:Click track
3734:Vocal coach
3677:Backup band
3657:professions
3631:Turntablism
3505:Compression
3490:Pitch shift
3450:Overdubbing
3390:Engineering
3238:The Quietus
3219:Harper 2014
3118:Harper 2014
3103:Harper 2014
3088:Harper 2014
3076:Harper 2014
3019:Harper 2014
3004:Harper 2014
2992:Harper 2014
2977:Harper 2014
2965:Harper 2014
2953:Harper 2014
2890:Harper 2014
2878:Harper 2014
2866:Harper 2014
2652:Harper 2014
2589:January 25,
2350:November 1,
2134:Harper 2014
2122:Harper 2014
2110:Harper 2014
2071:Harper 2014
2059:Harper 2014
2047:Harper 2014
2035:Harper 2014
2023:Harper 2014
1971:Harper 2014
1782:Harper 2014
1717:Harper 2014
1662:Harper 2014
1650:Harper 2014
1638:Harper 2014
1613:Harper 2014
1592:Harper 2014
1471:Microgenres
1380:, had read
1314:Portastatic
1302:Silver Jews
1249:, Sebadoh,
1215:Sebadoh III
1178:chamber pop
1121:Kurt Cobain
1051:alternative
1012:Tall Dwarfs
1007:primitivism
899:JW Farquhar
886:overdubbing
882:Portastudio
859:Phonography
787:rock'n'roll
737:David Bowie
727:Peter Ivers
700:Skip Spence
602:White Album
598:the Beatles
596:(1967) and
582:. Although
534:garage rock
331:Bedroom pop
226:bedroom pop
198:primitivism
147:Peter Ivers
3818:Categories
3682:Bandleader
3641:Xenochrony
3596:aesthetics
3560:Noise gate
3520:Distortion
3482:processing
3445:Microphone
1508:References
1491:Noise rock
1378:Ariel Pink
1361:Ariel Pink
1346:See also:
1310:Superchunk
1290:Lou Barlow
1282:Chris Knox
1263:hauntology
1247:Royal Trux
1198:Hop on Pop
1125:the Shaggs
1027:See also:
955:indie rock
919:(pictured
807:See also:
775:describes
747:Ariel Pink
742:Hunky Dory
628:Wild Honey
571:Wild Honey
518:See also:
495:microphone
491:microphone
475:understood
468:degaussing
436:distortion
390:See also:
175:Ariel Pink
120:Wild Honey
70:production
45:A minimal
3592:Practices
3495:Auto-Tune
3470:Tape loop
3440:Diffusion
2933:All Music
2908:Pitchfork
2677:Dummy Mag
2526:Billboard
2504:April 21,
2498:Pitchfork
2403:Pitchfork
2280:Pitchfork
1821:Vanyaland
1535:March 10,
1481:Noise pop
1456:Cloud rap
1431:downtempo
1409:Pitchfork
1393:nostalgia
1342:Chillwave
1322:Pitchfork
1251:Liz Phair
1220:soft rock
1174:post-rock
1156:Billboard
1091:'s novel
1060:Nevermind
988:indie pop
984:K Records
967:post-punk
961:favorite
928:K Records
876:In 1979,
854:Tennessee
809:Indie pop
732:Billboard
723:Pitchfork
680:Pitchfork
648:McCartney
626:credited
607:Pitchfork
588:Bob Dylan
562:' albums
538:punk rock
460:tape head
321:About.com
304:, titled
230:chillwave
218:nostalgia
196:of punk,
194:DIY ethos
138:McCartney
105:tape hiss
86:DIY music
3667:Arranger
3626:Sampling
3550:Flanging
3428:Talk box
3330:(1998).
3306:(2006).
3205:The Wire
3063:AllMusic
2938:March 2,
2913:March 2,
2814:AllMusic
2725:AllMusic
2702:The Wire
2616:AllMusic
2610:(1999).
2563:March 9,
2558:AllMusic
2537:July 25,
2531:Archived
2455:The Wire
2420:(1997).
2247:(2006).
2203:AllMusic
1892:March 9,
1697:March 9,
1461:Dolewave
1449:See also
1401:The Wire
1326:The Wire
1129:sell-out
1101:'s film
1077:Pavement
890:bouncing
865:The Wire
823:fanzines
815:new wave
759:AllMusic
695:The Wire
662:egg hunt
643:break-up
604:(1968).
530:AllMusic
171:Pavement
78:fidelity
3570:Pumping
3535:Ducking
3480:Signal
2199:"Lo-Fi"
1956:June 4,
1950:Complex
1527:(PDF).
1496:Skiffle
1443:J Dilla
1439:Nujabes
1104:Slacker
1085:slacker
1069:Sebadoh
1055:Nirvana
972:hip-hop
777:Wizzard
698:credit
616:Sebadoh
509:History
360:R&B
210:slacker
163:Sebadoh
88:(from "
3770:Medley
3765:Mashup
3575:Reverb
3565:Phaser
3340:
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3258:Jambox
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1801:Uproxx
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1405:glo-fi
1288:, and
1184:, and
1113:grunge
1075:, and
963:R.E.M.
907:Jandek
878:Tascam
687:Wizard
676:Wizard
306:Low-Fi
260:(2014)
192:, the
173:, and
151:Jandek
62:low-fi
3785:Remix
3743:Other
3653:Roles
3611:Lo-fi
3514:STEED
2425:(PDF)
2372:Paste
2223:Paste
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1151:Loser
1083:and "
715:'
683:'
499:spill
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288:and "
54:Lo-fi
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3338:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3265:2022
3164:Vice
3138:ISBN
3039:ISBN
2940:2021
2915:2021
2853:WNYC
2821:2015
2789:ISBN
2591:2024
2565:2018
2539:2016
2506:2023
2433:ISBN
2380:2018
2352:2017
2309:2020
2255:ISBN
2231:2014
2157:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1958:2023
1894:2018
1763:ISBN
1742:2014
1699:2018
1537:2018
1441:and
1350:and
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1294:Ween
1265:and
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1097:and
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