2454:
2443:
103:
1098:
The mechanism responsible for the event originated in the deep oceans, and made its way into the shallower shelf seas. Correspondingly, shallow-water reefs were barely affected, while pelagic and hemipelagic organisms such as the graptolites,
830:
The end of the
Ordovician–Silurian extinction event occurred when melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise and eventually stabilize. Biodiversity, with the sustained re-flooding of continental shelves at the onset of the
1019:
was at first described as the earliest fossil land animal in 2020. It was originally described as the oldest known scorpion (437 million years old), but was later re-described as an enigmatic, marine arthropod.
1086:
obliquity cycle. The fifth and sixth probably reflect maxima in the precessional cycles, with periods of around 16.5 and 19 ka. The final two data are much further spaced, so harder to link with
1689:
1000:
Spores and plant microfossils have been found in China and
Pennsylvania. There was some movement to the land during the Llandovery but the earliest known vascular plants (
1186:
Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The
Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events".
929:
It has been recommended to place the GSSP at a slightly higher and correlatable level on the
Ireviken datum 2, which coincides approximately with the base of the
608:
1823:
1031:
systems covered a substantially greater percentage of seafloor than reefs today and they also grew at high latitudes. Possibly the evolution of photo
861:
extinction events. Nevertheless, a large number of taxa disappeared from the Earth over a short time interval, eliminating and changing diversity.
1663:
Jeppsson, L (1997). "The anatomy of the Mid-Early
Silurian Ireviken Event and a scenario for P-S events". In Brett, C.E.; Baird, G.C. (eds.).
874:
842:
Following the major loss of diversity as the end-Ordovician, Silurian communities were initially less complex and broader niched. Highly
1570:"Stranger than a scorpion: a reassessment of Parioscorpio venator, a problematic arthropod from the Llandoverian Waukesha Lagerstätte"
1816:
1696:
858:
919:
at Dob's Linn, but was later discovered to be imprecise. It is currently placed between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of
548:
490:
1568:
Anderson, Evan P; Schiffbauer, James D.; Jacquet, Sarah M.; Lamsdell, James C.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; Mikulic, Donald G. (2021).
2492:
1448:
854:
777:
1347:
Harper, D. A. T.; Hammarlund, E. U.; Rasmussen, C. M. Ø. (May 2014). "End
Ordovician extinctions: A coincidence of causes".
1809:
1063:
events) during the
Silurian Period. The Ireviken overlapped the Llandovery/Wenlock boundary. The event is best recorded at
1082:
It comprises eight extinction "datum points"—the first four being regularly spaced, every 31,000 years, and linked to the
1541:
Strother, Paul K.; Traverse, Alfred (1979). "Plant microfossils from
Llandoverian and Wenlockian rocks of Pennsylvania".
846:
faunas, which characterized the Late
Ordovician, were replaced by faunas that were amongst the most cosmopolitan in the
723:
630:
1396:
1107:
were hit hardest. 50% of trilobite species and 80% of the global conodont species become extinct in this interval.
909:
Shale, which consist predominantly of black graptolitic shale with subordinate gray mudstones and meta-bentonites.
2482:
1438:
1832:
537:
2487:
1152:
Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The
Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events".
893:
Shale (48 metres (157 ft) thick), consisting chiefly of pale gray mudstone with subordinate black
772:(from 443.8 ± 1.5 million years ago to 433.4 ± 0.8 million years ago) occurred at the beginning of the
2477:
1464:
1494:"Llandovery sporomorphs and graptolites from the Manbo Formation, the Mojiang County, Yunnan, China"
1682:
881:(southern Scotland) in an artificial excavation created just north of the Linn Branch Stream. Two
2105:
2100:
600:
1569:
582:
107:
Map of Earth as it appeared 440 million years ago during the Llandovery epoch, Aeronian stage
1123:
records are observed; δC rises from +1.4‰ to +4.5‰, while δO increases from −5.6‰ to −5.0‰.
1628:
1356:
1273:
1244:
886:
765:
8:
2436:
1293:
1043:. Rising water temperatures in the Devonian might have led to bleaching of these corals.
1632:
1360:
1248:
1597:
1518:
1493:
1199:
2234:
2198:
1601:
1589:
1523:
1444:
1392:
1083:
890:
1412:
2328:
2203:
1969:
1636:
1581:
1550:
1513:
1505:
1364:
1324:
1288:
1252:
1195:
1161:
1132:
1087:
1052:
1554:
853:
These end Ordovician–Silurian events had nothing like the long-term impact of the
2428:
2424:
2420:
2297:
2193:
2131:
2026:
1995:
1964:
906:
836:
796:
572:
30:
2453:
1665:
Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications
2447:
2266:
2136:
2031:
2000:
1641:
1617:"The Silurian mesophotic coral ecosystems: 430 million years of photosymbiosis"
1616:
1079:
The event lasted around 200,000 years, spanning the base of the Wenlock Epoch.
1036:
921:
811:
675:
673:
Imprecise. Currently placed between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of
475:
343:
1801:
1165:
1154:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2471:
2167:
2157:
2126:
2089:
2021:
1990:
1733:
1723:
1593:
1368:
1257:
1232:
878:
738:
725:
712:
645:
632:
619:
336:
319:
61:
2458:
2389:
2239:
2162:
1764:
1728:
1527:
1509:
1028:
1015:
898:
781:
371:
328:
2384:
2253:
2229:
2074:
1869:
1056:
961:
In North America a different suite of regional stages is sometimes used:
850:, biogeographic patterns that persisted throughout most of the Silurian.
847:
457:
36:
2379:
2339:
2282:
2182:
2079:
1953:
1853:
1785:
1743:
1585:
942:
913:
870:
785:
604:
392:
350:
302:
274:
81:
46:
2442:
2394:
2344:
2318:
2277:
2224:
2069:
2045:
1926:
1916:
1905:
1753:
1104:
1060:
1002:
950:
902:
882:
815:
439:
364:
264:
86:
1185:
799:
when rising water temperatures are thought to have bleached out the
2354:
2349:
2313:
2213:
2146:
2115:
2010:
1979:
1940:
1890:
1864:
1840:
1780:
1769:
1748:
1705:
1100:
1064:
1032:
946:
832:
819:
804:
773:
385:
378:
357:
294:
284:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1674:
1567:
2368:
2308:
2058:
1895:
1879:
1213:
1068:
1040:
973:
843:
716:
102:
91:
66:
1120:
1116:
2404:
2287:
1921:
912:
The base was originally defined as the first appearance of the
623:
894:
800:
692:
A conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the
1387:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
1051:
The Ireviken event was the first of three relatively minor
792:
1233:"The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review"
1346:
1667:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 451–492.
1006:) have only been found in rocks of the middle Silurian.
1498:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1115:
Subsequent to the first extinctions, excursions in the
795:
building started in this period and continued into the
1151:
941:
The Llandovery Epoch is subdivided into three stages:
776:Period. The Llandoverian Epoch follows the massive
119:
1342:
1340:
1338:
983:Raikküla stage (Early Silurian: middle Llandovery)
905:. Above this is the 43 metres (141 ft) thick
1614:
1386:
1188:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
986:Juuru stage (Earliest Silurian: early Llandovery)
968:Alexandrian (Earliest Silurian: early Llandovery)
2469:
1615:Zapalski, Mikołaj K.; Berkowski, Błażej (2019).
1540:
1437:Ogg, James; Ogg, Gabi; Gradstein, Felix (2016).
976:the following suite of regional stages is used:
1831:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1436:
1335:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
980:Adavere stage (Early Silurian: late Llandovery)
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1817:
1690:
1561:
489:Subdivision of the Silurian according to the
1649:
1308:
889:) occur near the boundary. The lower is the
877:for the Silurian is located in a section at
1662:
1220:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1172:
1145:
496:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
1824:
1810:
1697:
1683:
1274:"Series and Stages of the Silurian System"
965:Ontarian (Early Silurian: late Llandovery)
1640:
1517:
1491:
1292:
1256:
1329:International Commission on Stratigraphy
825:
701:Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
1465:"Silurian Stratigraphy Of Estonia 2015"
1382:
1380:
1378:
1271:
1074:
2470:
810:The Llandoverian Epoch ended with the
486:
1805:
1678:
1608:
1485:
1230:
778:Ordovician-Silurian extinction events
1534:
1375:
689:Upper boundary definition candidates
465:
447:
429:
2423:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1704:
1405:
780:, which led to a large decrease in
13:
2427:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1492:Wang, Yi; Zhang, Yuandong (2010).
1231:Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018).
956:
14:
2504:
2431:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1046:
1035:started in the Llandovery Epoch.
1023:
835:, rebounded within the surviving
2452:
2441:
990:
101:
34:
1457:
1430:
1325:"GSSP for the Rhuddanian Stage"
1110:
1009:
936:
818:species, and 80% of the global
1294:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005
1265:
1224:
1206:
1039:mostly developed as prominent
428:
1:
1870:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1555:10.1080/01916122.1979.9989181
1440:A Concise Geologic Time Scale
1200:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3
1138:
1093:
2493:Llandovery first appearances
16:First Series of the Silurian
7:
1833:Geological history of Earth
1126:
487:
259:
10:
2509:
2106:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2101:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1865:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1642:10.1007/s00338-018-01761-w
1389:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
1237:Frontiers in Earth Science
869:The epoch was named after
29:443.8 ± 1.5 – 433.4 ± 0.8
2418:
2403:
2390:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2367:
2327:
2296:
2265:
2252:
2240:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2212:
2181:
2145:
2114:
2088:
2057:
2044:
2009:
1978:
1952:
1939:
1904:
1878:
1852:
1839:
1712:
1272:Holland, C. (June 1985).
1166:10.1017/S0263593300000377
995:
754:
708:
700:
688:
681:
670:Upper boundary definition
669:
661:
615:
597:Lower boundary definition
596:
588:
578:
568:
563:
555:
543:
533:
528:
520:
512:
507:
117:
112:
100:
26:
21:
2385:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2230:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2075:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1927:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1917:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1413:"Silurian: Stratigraphy"
1369:10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.021
1258:10.3389/feart.2018.00191
814:which killed off 50% of
122:
2380:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2345:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2340:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2283:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2173:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2080:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1891:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
864:
803:by killing their photo
255:−418 —
245:−420 —
235:−422 —
225:−424 —
215:−426 —
205:−428 —
195:−430 —
185:−432 —
175:−434 —
165:−436 —
155:−438 —
145:−440 —
135:−442 —
125:−444 —
2483:Silurian geochronology
2350:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2319:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2278:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2225:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2070:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1896:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1510:10.1098/rspb.2009.0214
2355:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2314:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2235:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1922:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
917:Akidograptus ascensus
826:Beginning of Silurian
784:and an opening up of
609:Akidograptus ascensus
2395:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2288:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2168:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2158:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1218:www.stratigraphy.org
1075:Anatomy of the event
1016:Parioscorpio venator
933:Graptolite Biozone.
859:Cretaceous-Paleogene
766:geological timescale
2450: •
2439: •
2437:Geologic time scale
2199:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2163:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2132:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2027:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1996:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1633:2019CorRe..38..137Z
1361:2014GondR..25.1294H
1249:2018FrEaS...6..191L
755:Upper GSSP ratified
735: /
709:Upper boundary GSSP
696:graptolite biozone.
662:Lower GSSP ratified
642: /
616:Lower boundary GSSP
589:Time span formality
2448:Geology portal
2309:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2204:Early (470–485 Ma)
2137:Early (393–419 Ma)
2032:Early (247–252 Ma)
2001:Early (174–201 Ma)
1970:Early (100–145 Ma)
1965:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1586:10.1111/pala.12534
1472:Stratigraafia.info
1214:"Chart/Time Scale"
1088:Milankovic changes
739:52.5811°N 2.6389°W
646:55.4400°N 3.2700°W
579:Stratigraphic unit
569:Chronological unit
556:Time scale(s) used
2488:Geological epochs
2465:
2464:
2363:
2362:
2329:Paleoproterozoic
2248:
2247:
2194:Late (444–458 Ma)
2127:Late (359–383 Ma)
2040:
2039:
2022:Late (201–237 Ma)
1991:Late (145–164 Ma)
1935:
1934:
1856:(present–2.58 Ma)
1844:(present–66.0 Ma)
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1504:(1679): 267–275.
1450:978-0-444-63771-0
1349:Gondwana Research
1053:extinction events
924:amorphognathoides
762:
761:
678:amorphognathoides
529:Usage information
502:
501:
482:
481:
464:
463:
446:
445:
2500:
2478:Llandovery epoch
2459:World portal
2457:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2408:
2372:
2332:
2301:
2298:Mesoproterozoic
2270:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2217:
2186:
2150:
2119:
2093:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2014:
1983:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1909:
1883:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1715:
1714:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1355:(4): 1294–1307.
1344:
1333:
1332:
1321:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1149:
1133:Acacus Sandstone
855:Permian–Triassic
770:Llandovery Epoch
750:
749:
747:
746:
745:
744:52.5811; -2.6389
740:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
657:
656:
654:
653:
652:
651:55.4400; -3.2700
647:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
471:
466:
453:
448:
435:
430:
331:
322:
313:
287:
267:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
105:
96:
33:
19:
18:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2440:
2432:
2414:
2406:
2399:
2370:
2359:
2330:
2323:
2299:
2292:
2268:
2267:Neoproterozoic
2257:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2256:
2255:
2254:Proterozoic Eon
2244:
2215:
2208:
2184:
2177:
2148:
2141:
2117:
2110:
2091:
2084:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2012:
2005:
1981:
1974:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1907:
1900:
1881:
1874:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1774:
1758:
1708:
1706:Silurian Period
1703:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1613:
1609:
1566:
1562:
1539:
1535:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1385:
1376:
1345:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1184:
1173:
1160:(02): 135–154.
1150:
1146:
1141:
1129:
1113:
1096:
1077:
1055:(the Ireviken,
1049:
1037:Tabulate corals
1026:
1012:
998:
993:
959:
957:Regional stages
939:
873:in Wales. The
867:
828:
797:Devonian Period
743:
741:
737:
734:
729:
726:
724:
722:
721:
720:
650:
648:
644:
641:
636:
633:
631:
629:
628:
627:
503:
498:
497:
495:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
426:
425:
421:
420:
416:
415:
411:
410:
406:
405:
401:
400:
396:
395:
389:
388:
382:
381:
375:
374:
368:
367:
361:
360:
354:
353:
347:
346:
340:
339:
333:
332:
327:
324:
323:
318:
315:
314:
309:
306:
305:
299:
298:
290:
289:
283:
279:
278:
270:
269:
263:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
108:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2463:
2462:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2090:Carboniferous
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1908:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1882:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1648:
1627:(1): 137–147.
1607:
1580:(3): 429–474.
1560:
1533:
1484:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1404:
1397:
1374:
1334:
1307:
1287:(2): 101–103.
1264:
1223:
1205:
1171:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1109:
1095:
1092:
1076:
1073:
1048:
1047:Ireviken event
1045:
1025:
1024:Reef expansion
1022:
1011:
1008:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
981:
970:
969:
966:
958:
955:
938:
935:
922:Pterospathodus
866:
863:
827:
824:
812:Ireviken event
760:
759:
756:
752:
751:
710:
706:
705:
702:
698:
697:
690:
686:
685:
684:for more info.
676:Pterospathodus
671:
667:
666:
663:
659:
658:
617:
613:
612:
598:
594:
593:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
565:
561:
560:
559:ICS Time Scale
557:
553:
552:
545:
544:Regional usage
541:
540:
535:
534:Celestial body
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
513:Name formality
510:
509:
505:
504:
500:
499:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:Ireviken event
474:
472:
462:
461:
456:
454:
444:
443:
438:
436:
427:
423:
422:
418:
417:
413:
412:
408:
407:
403:
402:
398:
397:
391:
390:
384:
383:
377:
376:
370:
369:
363:
362:
356:
355:
349:
348:
342:
341:
335:
334:
326:
325:
317:
316:
308:
307:
301:
300:
292:
291:
281:
280:
272:
271:
261:
260:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
98:
97:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2505:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2264:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2046:Paleozoic Era
2043:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:(66.0–145 Ma)
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:(66.0–252 Ma)
1938:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:Palaeontology
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1418:
1417:UCMP Berkeley
1414:
1408:
1400:
1398:9780521786737
1394:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1194:(1): 99–124.
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1004:
991:Palaeontology
985:
982:
979:
978:
977:
975:
967:
964:
963:
962:
954:
952:
948:
944:
934:
932:
927:
925:
923:
918:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
862:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
757:
753:
748:
718:
714:
713:Hughley Brook
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
574:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
527:
523:
521:Name ratified
519:
515:
511:
506:
494:
493:, as of 2021.
492:
485:
477:
473:
468:
467:
459:
455:
450:
449:
441:
437:
432:
431:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
330:
321:
312:
304:
297:
296:
288:
286:
277:
276:
268:
266:
121:
116:
111:
104:
99:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
2433:
2369:Archean Eon
2331:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2216:(485–539 Ma)
2185:(444–485 Ma)
2172:
2149:(419–444 Ma)
2118:(359–419 Ma)
2092:(299–359 Ma)
2061:(252–299 Ma)
2049:(252–539 Ma)
2013:(201–252 Ma)
1982:(145–201 Ma)
1941:Mesozoic Era
1841:Cenozoic Era
1765:Sheinwoodian
1718:
1664:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1459:
1439:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1388:
1352:
1348:
1328:
1298:. Retrieved
1284:
1280:
1267:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1191:
1187:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1114:
1111:Geochemistry
1097:
1081:
1078:
1050:
1029:Barrier reef
1027:
1014:
1013:
1010:Land animals
1001:
999:
971:
960:
940:
937:Subdivisions
930:
928:
920:
916:
911:
897:and several
883:lithological
868:
852:
841:
829:
809:
790:
782:biodiversity
769:
763:
693:
674:
607:
488:
372:Sheinwoodian
310:
293:
282:
273:
262:
2405:Hadean Eon
2183:Ordovician
1954:Cretaceous
1854:Quaternary
1621:Coral Reefs
1300:11 December
899:interbedded
848:Phanerozoic
791:Widespread
742: /
649: /
458:Mulde event
2472:Categories
2407:(4–4.6 Ga)
2371:(2.5–4 Ga)
2300:(1–1.6 Ga)
1906:Paleogene
1786:Ludfordian
1744:Rhuddanian
1719:Llandovery
1543:Palynology
1477:3 February
1139:References
1105:trilobites
1094:Casualties
1084:Milankovic
943:Rhuddanian
931:murchisoni
914:graptolite
903:bentonites
887:formations
879:Dob's Linn
871:Llandovery
786:ecosystems
727:52°34′52″N
694:murchisoni
634:55°26′24″N
620:Dob's Linn
605:Graptolite
564:Definition
393:Ludfordian
351:Rhuddanian
311:Llandovery
113:Chronology
22:Llandovery
2434:See also:
2214:Cambrian
2147:Silurian
2116:Devonian
2011:Triassic
1980:Jurassic
1754:Telychian
1602:234812878
1594:1475-4983
1101:conodonts
1033:symbionts
1003:Cooksonia
951:Telychian
822:species.
816:trilobite
805:symbionts
730:2°38′20″W
637:3°16′12″W
508:Etymology
440:Lau event
365:Telychian
265:Paleozoic
2059:Permian
1880:Neogene
1781:Gorstian
1770:Homerian
1749:Aeronian
1549:: 1–21.
1528:19439443
1281:Episodes
1127:See Also
1065:Ireviken
1041:bioherms
947:Aeronian
907:Birkhill
891:Hartfell
833:Silurian
820:conodont
774:Silurian
682:See text
547:Global (
386:Gorstian
379:Homerian
358:Aeronian
285:Silurian
1734:Pridoli
1724:Wenlock
1629:Bibcode
1519:2842664
1357:Bibcode
1245:Bibcode
1243:: 191.
1069:Gotland
974:Estonia
885:units (
844:endemic
764:In the
717:Apedale
603:of the
470:←
452:←
434:←
344:Early D
337:Přídolí
320:Wenlock
250:–
240:–
230:–
220:–
210:–
200:–
190:–
180:–
170:–
160:–
150:–
140:–
130:–
2413:
1729:Ludlow
1600:
1592:
1526:
1516:
1447:
1422:9 June
1395:
1059:, and
996:Plants
895:shales
837:orders
768:, the
624:Moffat
592:Formal
583:Series
516:Formal
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
329:Ludlow
303:Late O
1598:S2CID
1468:(PDF)
1277:(PDF)
1057:Mulde
901:meta-
801:coral
573:Epoch
538:Earth
1590:ISSN
1524:PMID
1479:2019
1445:ISBN
1424:2019
1393:ISBN
1302:2020
1119:and
1103:and
949:and
875:GSSP
865:GSSP
857:and
793:reef
758:1980
719:, UK
704:None
665:1984
626:, UK
524:1984
37:PreꞒ
1637:doi
1582:doi
1551:doi
1514:PMC
1506:doi
1502:277
1365:doi
1289:doi
1253:doi
1196:doi
1192:195
1162:doi
1061:Lau
972:In
601:FAD
549:ICS
491:ICS
2474::
2429:Ga
2425:Ma
2421:ka
1651:^
1635:.
1625:38
1623:.
1619:.
1596:.
1588:.
1578:64
1576:.
1572:.
1545:.
1522:.
1512:.
1500:.
1496:.
1470:.
1443:.
1415:.
1391:.
1377:^
1363:.
1353:25
1351:.
1337:^
1327:.
1310:^
1283:.
1279:.
1251:.
1239:.
1235:.
1216:.
1190:.
1174:^
1158:93
1156:.
1121:δO
1117:δC
1090:.
1071:.
1067:,
953:.
945:,
926:.
839:.
807:.
788:.
715:,
680:.
622:,
87:Pg
31:Ma
1825:e
1818:t
1811:v
1698:e
1691:t
1684:v
1645:.
1639::
1631::
1604:.
1584::
1557:.
1553::
1547:3
1530:.
1508::
1481:.
1453:.
1426:.
1401:.
1371:.
1367::
1359::
1331:.
1304:.
1291::
1285:8
1261:.
1255::
1247::
1241:6
1202:.
1198::
1168:.
1164::
551:)
295:D
275:O
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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