334:. The capsule was transporting 10 types of organisms in 30 self-contained samples, i.e., each in triplicate. In addition, one or more natural native soil samples were flown in their own self-contained capsule. The Phobos-Soil sample return mission was the only attempted biological science mission that would have returned to Earth from deep space, far beyond the protection of Earth's magnetic field; sending biological samples through deep space is therefore a much better test of interplanetary survivability than sending the samples on a typical Earth-orbiting flight.
2278:
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27:
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sequenced and studied in many other experiments) to make it possible to accurately assess the effects of the long exposure to space. If they had already been studied in space conditions so much the better, since it would enable researchers to pinpoint precisely how organisms were affected by the
604:
The module passed stress tests including a shake test with vibrations at frequencies to 1,100 Hz and an impact test of 4,000 g, designed to simulate the potential impact of the capsule on Earth. The LIFE experiment was launched on
November 8, 2011 on board the
609:. However, the spacecraft failed to depart Earth orbit due to a programming error, and fell back to Earth in the Pacific Ocean. The module was not recovered. The team is seeking out future exploratory opportunities.
960:"Survival of spores of the UV-resistant Bacillus subtilis strain MW01 after exposure to low-earth orbit and simulated martian conditions: data from the space experiment ADAPT on EXPOSE-E"
382:
years-long exposure to the interplanetary environment. Finally, a strong preference was given to organisms that appear to stand the best chance of surviving the journey. These are
1272:
945:
The
Planetary Report, Volume XXIX, number 2, March/April 2009, "We make it happen! Who will survive? Ten hardy organisms selected for the LIFE project, by Amir Alexander
1158:
588:. The bio-module provided 30 small tubes (3 millimeters in diameter) for individual microbe samples. It also accommodated a native sample of bacteria – derived from a
2201:
876:
843:
1721:
1711:
1312:
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1086:
1626:
907:
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743:
Warmflash, David; Ciftcioglu, Neva; Fox, George; McKay, David S.; Friedman, Louis; Betts, Bruce; Kirschvink, Joseph (November 5–7, 2007).
1796:
1352:
697:
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455:
This species is well known from other astrobiological experiments. It has flown to the Moon with Apollo and had multiyear exposure in
2238:
1731:
1646:
958:
Wassmann M, Moeller R, Rabbow E, Panitz C, Horneck G, Reitz G, Douki T, Cadet J, Stan-Lotter H, Cockell CS, Rettberg P (May 2012).
746:
Living interplanetary flight experiment (LIFE): An experiment on the survivalability of microorganisms during interplanetary travel
251:. It consisted of sending selected microorganisms on a three-year interplanetary round-trip in a small capsule aboard the Russian
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1116:
Jönsson, K. Ingemar Jönsson; Elke Rabbow; Ralph O. Schill; Mats Harms-Ringdahl & Petra
Rettberg (9 September 2008).
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The mass of the Bio-Module on board the Fobos-Grunt spacecraft was 100 grams or less. The design is a short
361:
Three fundamental guidelines governed the selection of the organisms: First, the organisms selected represent the
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could survive space travel, if protected inside rocks blasted by impact off one planet to land on another.
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2005:
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877:"Ten Hardy Organisms Selected for the LIFE Experiment: Who will Survive the 3-Year Space Odyssey?"
2101:
1867:
1686:
778:
773:
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423:
295:
915:
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244:
694:
386:, organisms that thrive in conditions that would kill the vast majority of Earthly creatures.
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1007:"Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments"
270:
by flying them through interplanetary space. The experiment would have tested one aspect of
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thrives at about 100 °C, it was supposed to act as a maximum temperature indicator.
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spacecraft in 2011, which was a failed sample-return mission to the
Martian moon
1005:
Nicholson, WL; Munakata, N; Horneck, G; Melosh, HJ; Setlow, P (September 2000).
606:
1995:
1591:
1530:
1505:
1424:
1214:
1134:
1117:
682:"Phobos-Grunt Mission Carrying Yinghuo-1 Space Probe Suffers Technical Glitch"
2310:
1651:
409:'s 'clean' room: Spacecraft Assembly Facility. Might already be on Mars with
256:
101:
16:
The
Planetary Society's contribution to the failed Fobos-Grunt mission (2011)
1676:
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1616:
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383:
44:
983:
1972:
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430:
267:
259:. The Fobos-Grunt mission failed to leave Earth orbit and was destroyed.
252:
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173:
48:
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1949:
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628:
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472:
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2086:
1943:
1904:
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813:"Salvaging Science from Stricken Mars Moon Probe: A Scientist's View"
528:
484:
366:
327:
163:
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prototype was successfully flown in 2011 aboard the final flight of
2144:
2134:
2066:
1857:
1831:
1806:
1439:
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449:
392:
370:
323:
263:
140:
655:Запуск станции "Фобос-Грунт" к спутнику Марса отложен до 2011 года
377:. Second, the organisms are very well studied (e.g., having their
2000:
1826:
465:
429:
Is extremely resistant to radiation, can survive a dose of 5,000
374:
331:
299:
1215:"Programmers are to be blamed for the failure of Phobos mission"
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1816:
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1776:
1736:
1460:
563:
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1004:
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546:
353:(ATCC), and the Institute for Aerospace Medicine in Germany.
802:, The Planetary Society, 27 April 2011 (accessed 11-11-2011)
2106:
957:
742:
448:
strain MW01: UV-resistant strain evolved from 168. Part of
275:
1159:"LIFE Experiment Module Passes Vibration and Impact Tests"
1118:"Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit"
731:"Russian Space Program Prepares for Phobos-Grunt Re-Entry"
2202:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
1273:"Update on Phobos – Where's a shuttle when you need it?"
828:, The Planetary Society, 16 May 2011 (accessed 11-11-11)
718:"Phobos-Grunt mission ‘impossible,’ says chief designer"
674:
389:
The 10 'passenger' organisms selected are listed below:
1233:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
871:
869:
573:
Have survived vacuum and radiation in low Earth orbit.
947:
https://www.planetary.org/planetary-report/tpr-2009-2
479:
If Mars had an ocean, it would have been very salty.
337:
The project was being done in collaboration with the
930:
752:. Workshop on the Exploration of Phobos and Deimos.
712:
710:
866:
1150:
503:has discovered methane in the Martian atmosphere.
1722:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
1712:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
826:"LIFE Ready to Launch on Endeavour's Last Flight"
805:
707:
704:, Bruce Betts, September 2011 (accessed 11-11-11)
2308:
1239:
838:
836:
834:
1647:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
341:, the Institute for Biomedical Problems of the
266:can survive an undetermined number of years in
800:"LIFE Launches Aboard Endeavour's Last Flight"
1476:
1346:
831:
1627:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1190:"Russia: Computer crash doomed Phobos-Grunt"
318:The project includes representatives of all
1109:
2052:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
1483:
1469:
1353:
1339:
1078:
1011:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
723:
596:– within a cavity 26 mm in diameter.
445:strain 168: common strain used in biology.
2239:European Astrobiology Network Association
1360:
1242:"Bruce Betts: Reflections on Phobos LIFE"
1133:
1030:
1732:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
899:
2150:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
1381:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
1156:
1047:
233:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
20:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
2309:
262:The goal was to test whether selected
2327:Cancelled astrobiology space missions
2140:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
1464:
1334:
1240:Emily Lakdawalla (January 13, 2012).
1187:
1084:
1053:
905:
2289:
1717:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
1702:Habitability of neutron star systems
1692:Habitability of binary star systems
815:, David Warmflash, 11 November 2011
766:
760:
733:, David Warmflash, 13 December 2011
646:
13:
2254:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
1697:Habitability of natural satellites
1622:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
1270:
1188:Clark, Stephen (6 February 2012).
684:, Srinivas Laxman, 9 November 2011
599:
14:
2348:
2234:Center for Life Detection Science
2155:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
1707:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1299:
1157:Gelfand, Mark (15 October 2008).
767:Zak, Anatoly (1 September 2008).
579:
313:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2259:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
2092:Life Investigation For Enceladus
1612:Extraterrestrial sample curation
1490:
1087:"The LIFE Organisms: Eukaryotea"
507:is a methane-producing organism.
351:American Type Culture Collection
339:Russian Space Research Institute
25:
2197:Astrobiology Society of Britain
2072:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
1727:Habitable zone for complex life
1264:
1207:
1181:
998:
951:
818:
2082:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
1023:10.1128/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000
908:"The LIFE Organisms: Bacteria"
792:
736:
687:
1:
2130:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1682:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1056:"The LIFE Organisms: Archaea"
695:"Phobos LIFE Ready to Launch"
639:
558:Flew to the Moon with Apollo.
2264:Spanish Astrobiology Center
1672:Circumstellar habitable zone
844:"Frequently Asked Questions"
356:
281:
111:<100 g (3.5 oz)
7:
2249:NASA Astrobiology Institute
612:
343:Russian Academy of Sciences
10:
2353:
2097:Mars sample return mission
1246:The Planetary Society Blog
2322:Space science experiments
2272:
2187:
2175:Terrestrial Planet Finder
2120:
2019:
1981:
1965:
1933:
1850:
1759:
1750:
1660:
1597:Earliest known life forms
1564:
1498:
1417:
1394:
1368:
1135:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048
225:
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115:
107:
97:
92:
88:
84:
76:
66:
55:
40:
36:
24:
2207:Breakthrough Initiatives
774:Air & Space Magazine
654:
540:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
290:experiment, a precursor
47:experiment on board the
1868:Mars Science Laboratory
1687:Galactic habitable zone
1317:The Planetary Society:
1311:The Planetary Society:
1305:The Planetary Society:
779:Smithsonian Institution
693:The Planetary Society,
424:Deinococcus radiodurans
347:Moscow State University
296:Space Shuttle Endeavour
2047:Enceladus Life Finder
2027:Breakthrough Enceladus
1551:Planetary oceanography
274:, the hypothesis that
245:interplanetary mission
2332:The Planetary Society
2222:Breakthrough Starshot
1822:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
1742:Superhabitable planet
1607:Extraterrestrial life
1362:The Planetary Society
1219:ITAR-TASS News Agency
1163:The Planetary Society
1091:The Planetary Society
1060:The Planetary Society
984:10.1089/ast.2011.0772
912:The Planetary Society
881:The Planetary Society
848:The Planetary Society
363:three domains of life
320:three domains of life
93:Spacecraft properties
2229:Carl Sagan Institute
2217:Breakthrough Message
2057:Enceladus Orbilander
1792:Biosatellite program
1642:Planetary protection
1526:Evolutionary biology
1516:Atmospheric sciences
754:Ames Research Center
555:('mouse-ear cress')
552:Arabidopsis thaliana
2337:Life in outer space
2212:Breakthrough Listen
976:2012AsBio..12..498W
887:on January 20, 2011
854:on 20 February 2012
662:. 21 September 2009
514:Pyrococcus furiosus
494:Methanothermobacter
21:
2042:Enceladus Explorer
1324:2010-02-17 at the
1283:on 6 November 2012
1097:on 2 November 2011
918:on 30 October 2011
824:Astrobiology.com,
798:Astrobiology.com,
769:"Mission Possible"
720:, 13 December 2011
700:2012-01-26 at the
31:'LIFE' Bio-Module
19:
2304:
2303:
2183:
2182:
2007:Rosalind Franklin
1920:Trace Gas Orbiter
1577:Allan Hills 84001
1556:Planetary science
1458:
1457:
1277:The Atomic Writer
1221:. 31 January 2012
1128:(17): R729–R731.
1085:Alexander, Amir.
1066:on 23 August 2011
1054:Alexander, Amir.
906:Alexander, Amir.
680:Asian Scientist,
634:Planetary Society
440:Bacillus subtilis
400:Bacillus safensis
249:Planetary Society
247:developed by the
229:
228:
132:November 8, 2011,
80:3 years (planned)
71:www.planetary.org
61:Planetary Society
2344:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2279:
1757:
1756:
1652:Yamato meteorite
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1408:Planetary Report
1355:
1348:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:. Archived from
1271:Grippi, Victor.
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:on April 9, 2012
1248:. Archived from
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
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1174:
1165:. Archived from
1154:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1093:. Archived from
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1062:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1002:
996:
995:
955:
949:
943:
928:
927:
925:
923:
914:. Archived from
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
883:. Archived from
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864:
863:
861:
859:
850:. Archived from
840:
829:
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809:
803:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
764:
758:
757:
751:
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734:
729:Universe Today,
727:
721:
714:
705:
691:
685:
678:
672:
671:
669:
667:
650:
570:('water bears')
217:
215:
124:Start of mission
77:Mission duration
29:
22:
18:
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2341:
2307:
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2300:
2268:
2189:
2179:
2122:
2116:
2077:Icebreaker Life
2015:
1977:
1961:
1935:
1929:
1846:
1752:
1746:
1663:
1656:
1560:
1536:Geomicrobiology
1494:
1489:
1459:
1454:
1445:Wesley Huntress
1435:Bruce C. Murray
1413:
1402:Planetary Radio
1390:
1364:
1359:
1326:Wayback Machine
1302:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
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1234:
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1208:
1198:
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1194:Spaceflight Now
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1122:Current Biology
1114:
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728:
724:
715:
708:
702:Wayback Machine
692:
688:
679:
675:
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663:
656:
652:
651:
647:
642:
615:
602:
600:Mission failure
582:
457:low Earth orbit
359:
316:
302:. Known as the
284:
213:
211:
210:15 January 2012
45:Astrobiological
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2199:
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2167:
2165:Northern Light
2162:
2157:
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2147:
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2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2121:Cancelled and
2118:
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2017:
2016:
2014:
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2012:
2011:
1998:
1996:Europa Clipper
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1592:Drake equation
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1568:
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1562:
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1553:
1548:
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1531:Exoplanetology
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1513:
1508:
1506:Astrochemistry
1502:
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1456:
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1427:
1425:Louis Friedman
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1300:External links
1298:
1295:
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1206:
1180:
1169:on 5 June 2011
1149:
1108:
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997:
970:(5): 498–507.
950:
929:
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759:
735:
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686:
673:
658:(in Russian).
644:
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581:
580:Capsule design
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481:H. marismortui
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405:Discovered in
358:
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314:The experiment
312:
310:) experiment.
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222:
219:
218:
208:
204:
203:
199:failed before
194:
190:
189:
188:End of mission
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:
42:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2349:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Europa Lander
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
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1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1743:
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1735:
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1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
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1715:
1713:
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1700:
1698:
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1665:
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1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
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1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Extremophiles
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
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1580:
1578:
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1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
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1534:
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1524:
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1519:
1517:
1514:
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1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
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1486:
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1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1451:
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1433:
1431:
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1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:(3): 548–72.
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
948:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
917:
913:
909:
902:
886:
882:
878:
872:
870:
853:
849:
845:
839:
837:
835:
827:
821:
814:
808:
801:
795:
780:
776:
775:
770:
763:
755:
748:
747:
739:
732:
726:
719:
716:RIA Novosti,
713:
711:
703:
699:
696:
690:
683:
677:
661:
657:
649:
645:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
610:
608:
597:
595:
591:
587:
572:
571:
569:
565:
562:
557:
556:
554:
553:
549:– Seeds from
548:
545:
542:
541:
536:
533:
532:
531:
530:
521:
518:
517:
516:
515:
511:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
477:
476:
474:
470:
469:
468:
467:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
437:
432:
428:
427:
426:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
402:
401:
397:
396:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
384:extremophiles
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:Prior to the
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
224:
220:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:Deployed from
168:
165:
162:
158:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
102:NPO Lavochkin
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2293:
2281:
2190:and programs
2188:Institutions
2149:
2006:
1988:
1966:Heliocentric
1954:
1942:
1910:
1897:
1889:Perseverance
1888:
1873:
1677:Earth analog
1664:habitability
1632:Ocean planet
1602:Earth analog
1587:Biosignature
1546:Paleontology
1541:Microbiology
1521:Biochemistry
1511:Astrophysics
1492:Astrobiology
1406:
1401:
1380:
1307:Shuttle LIFE
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1276:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1245:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:the original
1152:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1049:
1014:
1010:
1000:
967:
964:Astrobiology
963:
953:
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
901:
889:. Retrieved
885:the original
856:. Retrieved
852:the original
820:
807:
794:
782:. Retrieved
772:
762:
745:
738:
725:
689:
676:
664:. Retrieved
648:
619:Astrobiology
603:
583:
550:
538:
527:
519:
512:
504:
501:Mars Express
492:
480:
471:
464:
438:
422:
398:
391:
388:
360:
336:
317:
307:
304:Shuttle-LIFE
303:
291:
287:
285:
261:
240:
236:
232:
230:
98:Manufacturer
41:Mission type
2317:Fobos-Grunt
2123:undeveloped
1973:BioSentinel
1863:Fobos-Grunt
1760:Earth orbit
1582:Biomolecule
1572:Abiogenesis
1565:Main topics
1499:Disciplines
1386:LightSail 2
1313:Phobos LIFE
1225:29 February
1199:29 February
811:SPACE.com,
660:RIA Novosti
624:Fobos-Grunt
607:Fobos-Grunt
568:Tardigrades
520:P. furiosus
475:marismortui
415:Opportunity
288:Phobos LIFE
253:Fobos-Grunt
241:Phobos LIFE
197:Fobos-Grunt
193:Deactivated
174:Fobos-Grunt
147:Launch site
129:Launch date
108:Launch mass
51:spacecraft.
49:Fobos-Grunt
2311:Categories
2170:Red Dragon
1950:OSIRIS-REx
1934:Comets and
1637:Panspermia
1450:Mat Kaplan
1430:Carl Sagan
666:14 October
640:References
629:Panspermia
592:region on
590:permafrost
505:M. wolfeii
485:halophilic
473:Haloarcula
272:panspermia
268:deep space
214:2012-01-16
207:Decay date
160:Contractor
2087:Laplace-P
1990:Dragonfly
1944:Hayabusa2
1936:asteroids
1905:Tianwen-1
1883:Mars 2020
1874:Curiosity
1807:Eu:CROPIS
1662:Planetary
1256:March 17,
529:Eukaryote
367:eukaryote
357:Specimens
328:eukaryota
282:Precursor
264:organisms
243:) was an
164:Roscosmos
141:Zenit-2SB
2283:Category
2145:Kazachok
2135:Beagle 3
2067:ExoLance
2020:Proposed
1858:Beagle 2
1832:OREOcube
1812:EXOSTACK
1753:missions
1440:Bill Nye
1395:Programs
1376:Cosmos 1
1369:Projects
1322:Archived
1144:18786368
1041:10974126
992:22680695
698:Archived
613:See also
586:cylinder
564:Animalia
450:EXPOSE-E
393:Bacteria
371:bacteria
324:bacteria
151:Baikonur
56:Operator
2295:Commons
2112:Trident
2102:Oceanus
2001:ExoMars
1982:Planned
1956:Rosetta
1911:Zhurong
1899:Phoenix
1837:Tanpopo
1827:O/OREOS
1772:BIOCORE
1173:2 April
1101:2 April
1070:2 April
972:Bibcode
922:2 April
891:2 April
858:2 April
547:Plantae
543:(yeast)
496:wolfeii
466:Archaea
375:archaea
332:archaea
300:STS-134
212: (
67:Website
2244:MERMOZ
2037:CAESAR
1925:Viking
1842:VEGGIE
1817:EXPOSE
1797:E-MIST
1787:BIOPAN
1777:Biolab
1737:Tholin
1418:People
1142:
1039:
1029:
990:
784:26 May
535:Fungus
411:Spirit
379:genome
349:, the
345:, the
306:(also
257:Phobos
137:Rocket
2160:MELOS
2032:BRUIE
2009:rover
1913:rover
1891:rover
1876:rover
1751:Space
1287:6 May
1032:99004
750:(PDF)
594:Earth
2107:THEO
1851:Mars
1782:Bion
1319:LIFE
1289:2012
1258:2012
1227:2012
1201:2012
1175:2011
1140:PMID
1103:2011
1072:2011
1037:PMID
988:PMID
924:2011
893:2011
860:2011
786:2009
668:2009
413:and
373:and
330:and
308:LIFE
292:LIFE
276:life
237:LIFE
231:The
154:45/1
59:The
1802:ERA
1767:BIO
1130:doi
1027:PMC
1019:doi
980:doi
483:is
407:JPL
239:or
201:TMI
2313::
1275:.
1244:.
1217:.
1192:.
1161:.
1138:.
1126:18
1124:.
1120:.
1089:.
1058:.
1035:.
1025:.
1015:64
1013:.
1009:.
986:.
978:.
968:12
966:.
962:.
932:^
910:.
879:.
868:^
846:.
833:^
777:.
771:.
709:^
566:–
537:–
431:Gy
369:,
365:–
326:,
322::
298:,
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
1354:e
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1291:.
1260:.
1229:.
1203:.
1177:.
1146:.
1132::
1105:.
1074:.
1043:.
1021::
994:.
982::
974::
926:.
895:.
862:.
788:.
756:.
670:.
487:.
459:.
452:.
433:.
417:.
235:(
216:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
