761:
1316:
20:
605:
193:
are abbreviated and in many cases, the reading even of the abbreviation is disputed. As a result, there is a consensus for the interpretation of individual names only in a small number of cases. The reading given below is that of
Morandi (1991) unless otherwise indicated:
166:, and its parts should be identified as constellations or astrological signs. In this interpretation, each of the 16 houses was the "dwelling place" of an individual deity. Seers would e.g. draw conclusions from the direction in which
614:
174:, the main god of lightning, had his dwelling due north, as lightning in the north-east was most lucky, lightning in the north-west most unlucky, while lightning in the southern half of the compass was not as strong an omen (
602:
Cosmogonica. Il fegato di Tiāmat e la soglia misterica del Tempo. Dai miti cosmologici del Vicino
Oriente antico ad una nuova interpretazione del fegato etrusco di Piacenza
66:
719), measuring 126 × 76 × 60 mm (5 × 3 × 2.4 inches) and dated to the late 2nd century BC, i.e. a time when the
Piacenza region would already have been
519:
735:
1348:
1062:
816:
170:
was seen. Lightning in the east was auspicious, lightning in the west inauspicious (Pliny 2.143f.). Stevens (2009) surmises that
861:
504:
1338:
1373:
640:
1343:
533:
beginning in the "north" (the left side in the image shown above) and going clockwise, c.f. Nancy
Thomson De Grummond,
1388:
1015:
1363:
976:
460:
811:
898:
806:
1393:
1358:
1353:
966:
961:
887:
730:
589:
63:
48:
146:
The outer rim of the
Piacenza liver is divided into 16 sections; since according to the testimony of
1378:
928:
908:
769:
750:
715:
102:
The
Piacenza liver is a striking conceptual parallel to clay models of sheep's livers known from the
1105:
175:
1383:
1125:
633:
611:
Padānu. Un’ombra tra le mani del tempo. La decifrazione funzionale del fegato etrusco di
Piacenza
398:
269:
163:
67:
946:
941:
951:
856:
786:
649:
538:
155:
131:
111:
36:
760:
1188:
424:
289:
44:
8:
1057:
986:
981:
115:
1100:
1051:
670:
626:
428:
159:
135:
1368:
1315:
1148:
1095:
1004:
996:
881:
796:
574:
500:
475:
394:
337:
333:
261:
238:
119:
103:
59:
24:
1038:
1009:
936:
836:
773:
680:
675:
665:
657:
375:
227:
223:
107:
91:
1140:
1033:
956:
826:
821:
725:
705:
219:
147:
1398:
1163:
1044:
971:
801:
781:
745:
408:
265:
71:
1332:
1258:
1120:
1028:
1022:
903:
700:
302:
234:
1319:
1238:
1130:
1110:
791:
740:
127:
1115:
1090:
690:
126:
artifact by representing the major anatomical features of the liver (the
118:
cultural sphere. A Babylonian clay model of a sheep's liver dated to the
87:
618:
1072:
40:
1283:
1268:
1243:
1213:
1183:
851:
685:
167:
123:
122:
is preserved in the
British Museum. The Piacenza liver parallels the
83:
82:
The liver is subdivided into sections for the purposes of performing
1158:
19:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1273:
1253:
1085:
1080:
871:
831:
720:
579:
The bronze liver of
Piacenza: Analysis of a Polytheistic Structure,
162:, it has been suggested that the liver is supposed to represent a
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1168:
866:
695:
569:
Die Götter des martianus capella und die
Bronzeleber fon Piacenza
316:
285:
279:
275:
255:
251:
214:
190:
613:, collana di "Archeologia del Rito", n.3, Te.m.p.l.a., Bologna.
913:
841:
604:, collana di "Archeologia del Rito", n.2, Te.m.p.l.a., Bologna.
388:
384:
322:
309:
205:
151:
55:
47:, Italy, now kept in the Municipal Museum of Piacenza, in the
1303:
1263:
1248:
1198:
1173:
1153:
918:
893:
876:
710:
347:
201:
171:
97:
70:(Piacenza was founded in 218 BC as a Roman garrison town in
1278:
1178:
245:
90:); the sections are inscribed with names of individual
497:
The Complete Works: Handbook, Discourses, and Fragments
106:, reinforcing the evidence of a connection (be it by
39:
artifact found in a field on September 26, 1877, near
407:
leθa (probably an underworld deity. Seen also in the
554:, American Journal of Archaeology 112.3 (July 2008).
552:Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?
451:Two words are on the bottom side of the artefact:
141:
597:American Journal of Archaeology 113.22, 153-164.
77:
1330:
634:
736:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
499:. University of Chicago Press. p. 154.
595:A New Reconstruction of the Etruscan Heaven
411:, lines 3, 6-7, 8, and 12. Perhaps same as
110:or merely by cultural contact) between the
641:
627:
98:Middle Eastern parallels; anatomical model
23:The Liver of Piacenza, with a diagram and
648:
494:
535:Etruscan Myth, Sacred History and Legend
184:
18:
1331:
622:
465:usils ("of the sun" or "of the day")
58:model of a sheep's liver covered in
593:Natalie L. C. Stevens (April 2009)
13:
586:Nuovi lineamenti di lingua etrusca
561:
268:?) (This name also appears on the
14:
1410:
1314:
1063:English words of Etruscan origin
937:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
759:
1349:1877 archaeological discoveries
1016:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
817:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
397:(This name also appears on the
142:Cosmos model; divination method
977:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
952:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
544:
527:
513:
488:
78:Description and interpretation
1:
481:
982:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
807:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
158:divided the heavens into 16
7:
1339:2nd-century BC inscriptions
967:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
469:
138:) as sculpted protrusions.
10:
1415:
1374:Bronze sculptures in Italy
972:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
962:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
888:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
731:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
609:Antonio Gottarelli (2018)
600:Antonio Gottarelli (2017)
584:Alessandro Morandi (1991)
1344:2nd-century BC sculptures
1312:
1139:
1071:
995:
927:
909:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
768:
757:
751:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
716:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
656:
1106:National Etruscan Museum
957:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
495:Epictetus (2022-10-06).
331:
1389:Mars (mythology) in art
1126:Tumulus of Montefortini
581:Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.
399:Lead Plaque of Magliano
270:Lead Plaque of Magliano
947:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
942:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
550:Nancy T. de Grummond,
28:
1364:Etruscan inscriptions
857:Monterozzi necropolis
650:Etruscan civilization
571:, Giessen, Töpelmann.
359:tins/neθ (as no. 3?)
185:Inscribed deity names
22:
1189:Civita di Bagnoregio
862:Mythological figures
45:province of Piacenza
1058:Tyrsenian languages
987:Roman-Etruscan Wars
899:Terracotta warriors
459:"Moon" or "Month"?)
434:cilen (as no. 16)
404:selva (as no. 10)
353:tins/θvf (as no. 2)
164:model of the cosmos
160:astrological houses
136:posterior vena cava
54:It is a life-sized
1394:Saturn (mythology)
1359:Etruscan mythology
1354:Etruscan artefacts
1101:Monteleone Chariot
1052:Tabula Cortonensis
832:Haruspex/Extispicy
671:Villanovan culture
446:tlusc (as no. 12)
418:tlusc (as no. 12)
365:fuf/lus (as no. 9)
29:
1326:
1325:
1096:Impasto (pottery)
847:Liver of Piacenza
797:Chimera of Arezzo
575:L.B. Van der Meer
567:C. Thulin (1906)
506:978-0-226-76950-9
476:Etruscan religion
415:in #s 11 and 18.)
120:Middle Bronze Age
104:Ancient Near East
33:Liver of Piacenza
16:Etruscan artifact
1406:
1379:Juno (mythology)
1318:
1039:Lemnian language
1010:Cippus Perusinus
929:Military history
763:
681:Founding of Rome
676:Padanian Etruria
643:
636:
629:
620:
619:
555:
548:
542:
531:
525:
521:The Liver Tablet
517:
511:
510:
492:
343:leθn (as no. 11)
92:Etruscan deities
1414:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1135:
1067:
1034:Raetic language
991:
923:
827:Fanum Voltumnae
822:Tiburtine Sibyl
812:Etruscan League
764:
755:
726:Servius Tullius
706:Caelius Vibenna
652:
647:
564:
562:Further reading
559:
558:
549:
545:
532:
528:
518:
514:
507:
493:
489:
484:
472:
449:
443:mar (as no. 30)
437:leθam(as n. 32)
362:caθa (as no. 8)
197:circumference:
187:
144:
100:
80:
68:Latin-dominated
49:Palazzo Farnese
17:
12:
11:
5:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:Luna (goddess)
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1045:Tabula Capuana
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
933:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
782:Apollo of Veii
778:
776:
766:
765:
758:
756:
754:
753:
748:
746:Lars Tolumnius
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
660:
654:
653:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
617:
616:
607:
598:
591:
582:
572:
563:
560:
557:
556:
543:
526:
512:
505:
486:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
422:
419:
416:
409:Tabula Capuana
405:
402:
392:
382:
381:neθ (as no. 7)
379:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
344:
341:
330:
326:
325:
320:
313:
306:
299:
296:
293:
283:
273:
259:
249:
242:
231:
217:
211:
208:
186:
183:
143:
140:
99:
96:
79:
76:
72:Cisalpine Gaul
62:inscriptions (
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:San Giovenale
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Tomb of Orcus
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Pyrgi Tablets
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:Liber Linteus
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
930:
926:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Titus Larcius
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
777:
775:
771:
767:
762:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:Aulus Vibenna
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
621:
615:
612:
608:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
553:
547:
540:
536:
530:
524:
522:
516:
508:
502:
498:
491:
487:
477:
474:
473:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
452:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
339:
335:
332:
329:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
297:
294:
291:
287:
284:
281:
277:
274:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:/mae uni/ea (
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
192:
182:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
95:
93:
89:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:inscriptions.
26:
21:
1239:Poggio Colla
1131:Vicus Tuscus
1111:Negau helmet
1050:
1043:
1021:
1014:
886:
846:
787:Architecture
741:Lars Porsena
610:
601:
594:
585:
578:
568:
551:
546:
534:
529:
520:
515:
496:
490:
456:
450:
412:
327:
196:
188:
178:
145:
132:caudate lobe
128:gall bladder
101:
81:
53:
32:
30:
1116:Portonaccio
1091:Etruscology
691:Tyrrhenians
371:marisl/latr
88:hepatoscopy
1333:Categories
1149:Acquarossa
1073:Archeology
588:, Massari.
523:, ME 92668
482:References
455:tivs (or
421:lvsl/velch
328:interior:
124:Babylonian
41:Gossolengo
1284:Vetulonia
1269:Tarquinia
1244:Populonia
1214:Fescennia
1184:Cerveteri
1141:Key sites
852:Mezentius
686:Tyrrhenus
537:(2006),
308:cvl alp (
233:tec/vm (
168:lightning
156:Etruscans
116:Anatolian
112:Etruscans
108:migration
84:haruspicy
43:, in the
1369:Piacenza
1299:Volterra
1294:Volsinii
1289:Vie Cave
1274:Tuscania
1254:Rusellae
1086:Cuniculi
1081:Bucchero
1005:Alphabet
997:Language
882:Religion
872:Poppilia
721:Tanaquil
470:See also
429:Saturnus
389:Hercules
356:θufl/θas
315:vetisl (
290:Silvanus
276:fuflu/ns
256:Neptunus
191:theonyms
181:2.693).
179:ad. Aen.
114:and the
60:Etruscan
37:Etruscan
25:Etruscan
1234:Perusia
1229:Orvieto
1224:Norchia
1219:Fidenae
1209:Falerii
1204:Etruria
1194:Clusium
1169:Bologna
1164:Baratti
867:Persius
837:Jewelry
774:society
770:Culture
696:Tarchon
666:Origins
658:History
577:(1987)
440:meθlvmθ
425:satr/es
413:leθn(s)
368:θvnθ(?)
346:la/sl (
323:cilensl
317:Veiovis
301:celsc (
280:Bacchus
213:tins/θ
210:tin/θvf
176:Servius
1320:Portal
1159:Aleria
914:Vegoia
842:Lausus
503:
374:leta (
310:Alpanu
298:tluscv
244:lvsl (
239:Tellus
206:cil/en
154:, the
152:Cicero
56:bronze
35:is an
1399:Liver
1304:Vulci
1264:Spina
1249:Pyrgi
1199:Cumae
1174:Caere
1154:Adria
919:Vulca
894:Tages
877:Raeti
802:Coins
711:Capys
539:p. 50
385:herc
348:Lares
338:Venus
295:leθns
286:selva
148:Pliny
1279:Veii
1179:Ceri
772:and
501:ISBN
457:tivr
395:mar
376:Leda
334:tur
303:Cels
266:Luna
246:Usil
228:Maia
224:Juno
202:tin
189:The
150:and
134:and
31:The
792:Art
262:caθ
252:neθ
235:Cel
220:uni
215:neθ
172:Tin
74:).
64:TLE
1335::
401:.)
350:?)
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