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1174:. The initial approach proposed substantial integration beginning quickly and extending to all grades within a matter of many years. This original proposal was scrapped and replaced with one that more closely met a set of minimum standards worked out in attorney Richard B. McCulloch's brief. This finalized plan would start in September 1957 and would integrate one high school: Little Rock Central. The second phase of the plan would take place in 1960 and would open up a few junior high schools to a few black children. The final stage would involve limited desegregation of the city's grade schools at an unspecified time, possibly as late as 1963.
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1457:. The referendum, which would either condone or condemn Faubus's law, was to take place within thirty days. A week before the referendum, which was scheduled to take place on September 27, Faubus addressed the citizens of Little Rock in an attempt to secure their votes. Faubus urged the population to vote against integration since he was planning on leasing the public school buildings to private schools, and, in doing so, would educate the white and black students separately. Faubus was successful in his appeal and won the referendum. This year came to be known as the "Lost Year".
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1449:, fought for a two and a half year delay on de-segregation, which would have meant that black students would only be permitted into public high schools in January 1961. Faubus argued that if the schools remained integrated there would be an increase in violence. However, in August 1958, the Federal Courts ruled against the delay of de-segregation, which incited Faubus to call together an Extraordinary Session of the State Legislature on August 26 in order to enact his segregation bills.
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1236:, won a 1958 Pulitzer Prize for his editorials on the crisis. Ashmore portrayed the fight over Central High as a crisis manufactured by Faubus; in his interpretation, Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to keep black children out of Central High School because he was frustrated by the success his political opponents were having in using segregationist rhetoric to stir white voters.
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Claiming that Little Rock had to assert their rights and freedom against the federal decision, in
September 1958, Faubus signed acts that enabled him and the Little Rock School District to close all public schools. Thus, with this bill signed, on Monday September 15, Faubus ordered the closure of all
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opposed the plan on the grounds that it was "vague, indefinite, slow-moving and indicative of an intent to stall further on public integration." Despite this view, the majority accepted the plan; most felt that
Blossom and the school board should have the chance to prove themselves, that the plan was
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In May 1959, after the firing of forty-four teachers and administrative staff from the four high schools, three segregationist board members were replaced with three moderate ones. The new board members reinstated the forty-four staff members to their positions. The new board of directors then began
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school districts to guarantee a black majority at Horace Mann High and a white majority at Hall High. This meant that, even though black students lived closer to
Central, they would be placed in Horace Mann, thus confirming the intention of the school board to limit the impact of desegregation. The
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The impact of foreign relations, foreign policy and
America's global reputation played an important role in Eisenhower's response to the crisis at Little Rock. This eventually culminated in his decisions to order the intervention of the 101st Airborne Division and to federalize the National Guard.
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Although the Lost Year had come to a close, the black students who returned to the high schools were not welcomed by the other students. Rather, the black students had a difficult time getting past mobs to enter the school, and, once inside, they were often subject to physical and emotional abuse.
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Minnijean Brown was also taunted by members of a group of white male students in
December 1957 in the school cafeteria during lunch. She dropped her lunch, a bowl of chili, onto the boys and was suspended for six days. Two months later, after more confrontation, Brown was suspended for the rest of
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to "recognize and pay tribute to the strength, the determination and the courage displayed by
African-American high school students in the fall of 1957." The obverse depicts students accompanied by a soldier, with nine stars symbolizing the Little Rock Nine. The reverse depicts an image of Little
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In
November 1998, legislation passed designating Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site as a unit of the National Park Service, and Central High Museum, Inc., donated their property to the park service. While the NPS visitor center was under construction, Hunt's painting, titled
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asked us to be supporters of the ship and its crew. I signed on to be a foster grandmother...President
Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers to Little Rock to disperse a mob, bring order, and they made it possible for us to enter Central High School. From that point, I've had very high regard for
1247:, a member of the Little Rock School Board who had the backing of Faubus's allies. A few years later, despite the incident with the "Little Rock Nine", Faubus ran as a moderate segregationist against Dale Alford, who was challenging Faubus for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1962.
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altered plan gave white students the choice of not attending Horace Mann, but did not give black students the option of attending Hall. This new
Blossom Plan did not sit well with the NAACP and, after failed negotiations with the school board, the NAACP filed a lawsuit on February 8, 1956.
1765:, which was translated into fifteen languages and distributed to many countries. It aimed to reverse the global shame surrounding discrimination in America, accentuated by Soviet propaganda, and instead boasted of the progress that they believed could be achieved in an American democracy.
1753:. U.S. Department of Justice briefs gave only one reason for involvement in cases like this; that segregation harmed U.S. foreign relations. The briefs argued that the existence of discrimination had an adverse effect on relations with other countries, especially countries in the
1226:: "There wasn't any caravan. But we made Orval believe it. We said. 'They're lining up. They're coming in droves.' ... The only weapon we had was to leave the impression that the sky was going to fall." He later claimed that Faubus asked him to raise a mob to justify his actions.
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over a phone call that "this situation was ruining our foreign policy". Brownell asked Dulles to look over a draft of the
President's speech in Arkansas following the crisis, where he suggested that Eisenhower "put in a few more sentences...emphasizing the harm done abroad".
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Most histories of the crisis conclude that Faubus, facing pressure as he campaigned for a third term, decided to appease racist elements in the state by calling out the National Guard to prevent the black students from entering Central High. Former associate justice of the
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The city's teachers were also placed in a difficult position. They were forced to swear loyalty to Faubus's bills. Even though Faubus's idea of private schools never played out, the teachers were still bound by their contracts and expected to attend school every day.
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I was one of the kids 'approved' by the school officials. We were told we would have to take a lot and were warned not to fight back if anything happened. One girl ran up to me and said, 'I'm so glad you're here. Won't you go to lunch with me today?' I never saw her
1704:. The plates will remain affixed to the submarine throughout its life. Melba Pattillo Beals and Minnijean Brown-Trickey were also named sponsors of the ship, and all members of the Little Rock Nine were honored. Elizabeth Eckford said "(Former Navy) Secretary
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In 1997, Central High Museum, Inc. held a dedication ceremony in observation of the 40th anniversary of the desegregation. With restoration help from the Mobil Foundation, they opened the first visitor center near the High School that September, in a former
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They moved closer and closer. ... Somebody started yelling. ... I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the crowd—someone who maybe could help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on
1093:, the Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of gradual integration to the school board on May 24, 1955, which the board unanimously approved. The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year, which would begin in September 1957.
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Faubus's opposition to desegregation was likely both politically and racially motivated. Although Faubus had indicated that he would consider bringing Arkansas into compliance with the high court's decision in 1956, desegregation was opposed by his own
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a documentary, entitled "The Lost Year" by Sandra Hubbard and a book, entitled "Finding the Lost Year" By Dr. Gordy. An account by teachers and classmates of the closed high schools of Little Rock after the Crisis at Central High and the Little Rock
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was called in to "preserve the peace". Originally at orders of the governor, they were meant to prevent the black students from entering due to claims that there was "imminent danger of tumult, riot and breach of peace" at the integration. However,
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This view was short-lived, however. Changes were made to the plan, the most detrimental being a new transfer system that would allow students to move out of the attendance zone to which they were assigned. The altered Blossom Plan had
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In February 1999, members created the Little Rock Nine Foundation which established a scholarship program which had funded, by 2013, 60 university students. In 2013, the foundation decided to exclusively fund students attending the
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In the summer of 1958, as the school year was drawing to a close, Faubus decided to petition the decision by the Federal District Court in order to postpone the desegregation of public high schools in Little Rock. In the
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to support the segregationists on September 4, 1957. The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines and polarized the nation. Regarding the accompanying crowd, one of the nine students,
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four public high schools, preventing both black and white students from attending school. Despite Faubus's decree, the city's population had the chance of refuting the bill since the school-closing law necessitated a
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By 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High, selected on the criteria of excellent grades and attendance. Called the "Little Rock Nine", they were
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On November 19, 2022, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Carlotta Walls LaNier and Thelma Mothershed-Wair etched their initials onto metal plates that were then welded onto the keel of the
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the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of Faubus's control. Two segregationists were injured in clashes with federal troops on September 25; one who was struck in the face with a
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On September 9, the Little Rock School District issued a statement condemning the governor's deployment of soldiers to the school, and called for a citywide prayer service on September 12. Even President
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The students were back at school and everything would eventually resume normal function, but the Lost Year would be a pretext for new hatred toward the black students in the public high school.
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an attempt to reopen the schools, much to Faubus's dismay. In order to avoid any further complications, the public high schools were scheduled to open earlier than usual, on August 12, 1959.
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in a February 2005 Black History Month commemorative stamp panel, "To Form a More Perfect Union". Printed on top of the artwork on the stamp were the words, "1957 The Little Rock Nine".
1464:, which caused some citizens of Little Rock to turn on the black community. The black community became a target for hate crimes since people blamed them for the closing of the schools.
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Faubus's victory led to a series of consequences that affected Little Rock society. Faubus and the school board's intention to open private schools was blocked by an injunction by the
1211:, which dominated all Southern politics at the time. Faubus risked losing political support in the upcoming 1958 Democratic gubernatorial primary if he showed support for integration.
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1468:, head of the NAACP chapter in Little Rock, was a primary victim of these crimes, in addition to the black students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School and their families.
1624:. It is given to those who have provided outstanding service to the country. To receive the Congressional Gold Medal, recipients must be co-sponsored by two-thirds of both the
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Three members of the "Little Rock Nine" (L-R) Ernest Green, Carlotta Walls LaNier, and Terrence Roberts – stand together on the steps of the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014
1306:, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students. On September 24, Eisenhower invoked the
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Kirk, John A. "Daisy Bates, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis: A Gendered Perspective." in
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Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school. Governor
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honored the group by presenting them with the Père Marquette Discovery Award, the university's highest honor, one that had previously been given to
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claimed to have hoaxed Governor Faubus into calling out the National Guard, supposedly to prevent a white mob from stopping the integration of
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Little Rock Central High School still functions as part of the Little Rock School District and is now a National Historic Site that houses a
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Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 149
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and ordered them to support the integration on September 23 of that year, after which they protected the African American students.
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1570:. They came face to face with a few of the white students who had tormented them as well as one student who had befriended them.
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and the U.S. federal government's primary concern in their response was the world's perception of the U.S. Secretary of State
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attempted to de-escalate the situation by summoning Faubus for a meeting, warning him not to defy the Supreme Court's ruling.
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Dudziak, Mary (1997). "The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Affairs: Race, Resistance and the Image of American Democracy".
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Rock Central High School, c. 1957. Proceeds from the coin sales are to be used to improve the National Historic Site.
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In 2004, art director Ethel Kessler selected George Hunt's Little Rock Nine/America Cares painting for a 37-cent U.S.
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Pierce, Michael. "Historians of the Central High Crisis and Little Rock's Working-Class Whites: A Review Essay,"
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One of the plans created during attempts to desegregate the schools of Little Rock was by school superintendent
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By the end of September 1957, the nine were admitted to Little Rock Central High under the protection of the
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This lawsuit, along with a number of other factors, contributed to the Little Rock School Crisis of 1957.
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Student watching high school classes on TV during 1959 schoolyear when schools were physically shutdown
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1073:(NAACP) attempted to register black students in previously all-white schools in cities throughout the
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On December 9, 2008, the Little Rock Nine were invited to attend the inauguration of President-elect
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after trying to grab a soldier's rifle, and a second who received a minor bayonet wound to the arm.
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to Little Rock—initially without its black soldiers at the request of the Department of Justice—and
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3085:"From Canterbury to Little Rock: The Struggle for Educational Equality for African Americans"
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1133:(b. 1941). Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate from Central High School.
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Calloway, Carolyn et al. "Daisy Bates and the Little Rock School Crisis: Forging the Way".
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2137:"'Little Rock Nine': 60 Years Ago, Troops With Bayonets Had To Escort Black Teens To School"
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Segregationists protesting the integration of Central High School at the state capitol, 1959
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An Epitaph for Little Rock: A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective on the Central High Crisis
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Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High
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to show the global implications of Little Rock. The crisis came partly as a result of the
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Kirk, John A. "Not Quite Black and White: School Desegregation in Arkansas, 1954–1966,"
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Young U.S. Army paratrooper in battle gear outside Central High School, on the cover of
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published "Little Rock", a bilingual composition in English and Spanish denouncing the
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Documents regarding the Little Rock Crisis, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
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1871:"Our Documents – Executive Order 10730: Desegregation of Central High School (1957)"
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African-American students enrolled at a desegregated high school in Arkansas in 1957
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honored the Little Rock Nine in November 1999 when he presented them each with a
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to enable troops to perform domestic law enforcement. The president ordered the
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John A. Kirk, "The Little Rock Crisis and Postwar Black Activism in Arkansas,"
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Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970
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3110:"White Citizens' Council and Resistance to School Desegregation in Arkansas"
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Guardians of Freedom – 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas
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Resistance to Public School Desegregation: Little Rock, Arkansas, and Beyond
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5898:
5858:
5693:
5673:
5628:
5563:
5498:
5483:
5398:
5388:
5343:
5293:
5283:
5273:
5243:
5238:
5228:
5213:
5173:
5108:
5088:
5083:
5063:
5058:
5048:
5008:
4963:
4933:
4316:
4013:
3981:
3957:
3853:
3829:
3797:
3725:
3673:
3665:
3593:
3477:
3445:
3277:
2958:
A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School
1855:
1662:, the first African-American to be elected President of the United States.
1659:
1613:
1497:
1446:
1367:
1269:
1098:
1033:
274:
228:
2406:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2390:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2325:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2312:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2268:
Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959".
2216:"Easing a Country's Conscience: Little Rock's Central High School in Film"
6466:
6436:
6063:
6027:
5968:
5963:
5923:
5873:
5808:
5803:
5713:
5663:
5593:
5588:
5528:
5513:
5363:
5358:
5223:
5103:
5073:
5013:
4978:
4239:
4077:
3973:
3705:
3681:
3601:
3160:
2141:
1887:
Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957,"
1754:
1678:
1244:
1240:
1078:
817:
3142:
2930:
2920:
2861:
1601:
1340:
6090:
5748:
5678:
5648:
5518:
5493:
5438:
5338:
4953:
4923:
3949:
3917:
3877:
3781:
3761:
3729:
3709:
3697:
3349:
2875:
Beyond Little Rock: The Origins and Legacies of the Central High Crisis
2823:
2573:
1746:
1582:
was hired to produce a painting of the Little Rock Nine for the event.
1454:
1208:
1061:, the decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be
3101:
to Little Rock School Board and Superintendent Blossom, July 10, 1957.
1994:
1800:, an Academy Award-winning documentary film about the Little Rock Nine
1733:
was particularly aware of the global impact, telling Attorney General
6068:
5538:
5523:
3134:
2197:; Moskin, J. Robert (June 24, 1958). "One Girl's Little Rock Story".
1705:
1682:
3099:
Letter by segregationist lawyer Amis Guthridge Defending Segregation
5428:
3965:
1718:
1082:
1028:, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the
263:
162:
156:
2851:
Turn Away Thy Son: Little Rock, the Crisis That Shocked the Nation
128:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
6017:
2698:(Press release). Huntington Ingalls Industries. November 19, 2022
2546:"To Form A More Perfect Union Commemorative Stamps Publicity Kit"
46:
attempts to enter Little Rock Central High on September 4, 1957;
6085:
3026:
2993:
1445:
case, the Little Rock School District, under the leadership of
1069:
of all schools throughout the nation. After the decision, the
4820:
1575:
1374:
had acid thrown into her eyes and also recalled in her book,
1178:
834:
3067:
3036:
Letters from U.S. citizens regarding the Little Rock Crisis
2433:
2344:"Little Rock's 'Lost Class' of 1959 recalls turbulent year"
1020:
were a group of nine African American students enrolled in
829:
3151:
3149:
1186:
reasonable, and that the white community would accept it.
1071:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
2811:"Little Rock Revisited: Desegregation to Resegregation."
2632:
1761:. Evidence of U.S. propaganda can be seen in the booklet
1542:
1040:. They then attended after the intervention of President
3068:
Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site.
2434:
Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site.
1541:
movies have depicted the events of the crisis: the 1981
6270:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
6048:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
2774:
Little Rock: Race and Resistance at Central High School
1845:
1843:
1259:
101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine to school
6294:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4647:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
4512:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
2844:
The power of one: Daisy Bates and the little Rock Nine
2473:
2025:. Xlibris Corporation. January 17, 2011. p. 366.
1639:. It was one of 10 stamps depicting milestones of the
1620:. The medal is the highest civilian award bestowed by
4119:
3016:
The Tiger, Student Paper of Little Rock Central High.
1820:
1250:
316:
1840:
6342:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
2480:
Man-making words: selected poems of Nicolás Guillén
1564:In 1996, seven of the Little Rock Nine appeared on
2896:Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal
2736:Dudziak, Mary (2004). "Brown as a Cold War Case".
2477:; Márquez, Robert; McMurray, David Arthur (2003).
2467:
2110:
6541:African-American history in Little Rock, Arkansas
2915:Bartley, Numan V. "Looking Back at Little Rock."
2766:
1181:branch of Little Rock. Militant members like the
1177:This plan was met with varied reactions from the
1136:When integration began on September 4, 1957, the
6527:
4878:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2903:Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader from Arkansas
2402:
2400:
1787:", a song written by jazz bassist Charles Mingus
1400:. As depicted in the 1981 made-for-TV docudrama
4868:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4801:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
4692:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2483:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 58–61.
1809:Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools
1382:, was verbally confronted and abused. She said
1089:agreed to comply with the high court's ruling.
6347:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
3074:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
2308:
2306:
2304:
1717:The crisis at Little Rock took place amid the
1406:, and as mentioned by Melba Pattillo Beals in
1362:), but they were still subjected to a year of
1024:in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the
6255:List of lynching victims in the United States
4593:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
4105:
3176:
2397:
1500:Museum, administered in partnership with the
1059:Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
1057:, 347 U.S. 483, on May 17, 1954. Tied to the
985:
606:
302:
2842:Fradin, Judith Bloom, and Dennis B. Fradin.
2509:
2507:
1899:
1897:
1417:
4722:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
2301:
2193:
1852:"Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary"
1530:Melba Pattillo Beals wrote a memoir titled
4771:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
4112:
4098:
3190:
3183:
3169:
2838:10.1177/002193479602600507.S2CID 145431981
1741:Dudziak highlights other evidence such as
1586:"America Cares", hung in the White House.
1263:
1008:The nine students greeting New York mayor
992:
978:
613:
599:
309:
295:
37:
6327:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3047:Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
3023:on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)
2688:
2603:"The Little Rock Nine: Paying it forward"
2504:
2104:
1894:
1504:, to commemorate the events of 1957. The
6362:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
4402:University of Georgia desegregation riot
3104:
2944:The long shadow of Little Rock: A memoir
2421:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2379:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2366:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2337:
2335:
2296:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2283:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
2257:The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir
1965:"Racist "Justice" is dead, but not gone"
1932:
1600:
1487:
1429:
1421:
1392:the school year. She transferred to the
1339:
1298:
1254:
1201:
1003:
6586:School segregation in the United States
6276:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
6013:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
6008:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2735:
2716:
2540:
2538:
2342:Green, Andrew A. (September 27, 1998).
2213:
2079:
2001:from the original on September 25, 2011
1525:racial segregation in the United States
6528:
6190:African-American women in the movement
4642:White House Conference on Civil Rights
4473:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
2986:interview with Melba Patillo Beals on
2596:
2594:
2453:"NHL nomination for Daisy Bates House"
2423:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 165.
2381:. New York: David McKay, 1962. p. 159.
2368:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 155.
2298:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 154.
2285:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 152.
2259:. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 151.
2145:. Associated Press. September 25, 2017
1957:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1414:, a vice-principal during the crisis.
368:54th Arkansas Constitutional Amendment
338:44th Arkansas Constitutional Amendment
4631:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
4093:
3164:
2953:Pioneer, 1980. 510 pp. autobiography.
2946:(University of Arkansas Press, 2007).
2877:(University of Arkansas Press, 2007).
2870:(University of Arkansas Press, 2008).
2754:
2659:The 2005 Commemorative Stamp Yearbook
2432:United States National Park Service,
2341:
2332:
1945:from the original on January 26, 2016
1779:History of African-American education
1578:gas station. African-American artist
1516:in 2001 for its role in the episode.
290:
6399:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
4863:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
4811:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
4757:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
4234:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
4159:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
2884:(University of Florida Press, 2002).
2600:
2535:
2207:
2095:. September 23, 1957. Archived from
2052:
1975:from the original on October 6, 2014
421:Hoxie Schools desegregation incident
6551:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
4806:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
4742:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
4412:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2889:Gender in the Civil Rights Movement
2591:
2175:from the original on April 21, 2008
2067:from the original on April 13, 2014
1906:
1165:
721:34th President of the United States
426:New Jersey to Arkansas Freedom Ride
13:
6581:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
6250:African-American churches attacked
4816:Montgomery Improvement Association
4791:Georgia Council on Human Relations
4776:Council of Federated Organizations
4747:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4505:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
4463:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
4269:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4173:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3150:Sandra Hubbard; Dr. Sondra Gordy.
2936:
2846:(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004).
2640:from the original on April 2, 2015
2228:University of Southern Mississippi
1829:Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
1712:
1335:
1251:Integration of Central High School
682:Supreme Allied Commander in Europe
14:
6607:
6322:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
6195:Jews in the civil rights movement
3118:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2964:
2909:
2891:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 17–40.
2408:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2392:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2327:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2314:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2270:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2053:Boyd, Herb (September 27, 2007).
1995:"The Pulitzer Prize Winners 1958"
1933:Williams, Juan (March 18, 2007).
1921:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1889:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1849:
1462:8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
6556:History of Little Rock, Arkansas
6516:Civil rights movement portal
6509:
6357:Freedom Riders National Monument
6099:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
4611:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
4570:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
4457:Second Emancipation Proclamation
2977:
2055:"Little Rock Nine paved the way"
1751:Brown vs Board of Education case
1592:Clinton School of Public Service
965:
960:
954:
947:
632:
581:
572:
571:
465:
397:Carlotta Walls residence bombing
262:
155:
6566:Little Rock Central High School
6384:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
6372:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4848:National Council of Negro Women
4786:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3127:Arkansas Historical Association
2748:
2738:The Journal of American History
2729:
2710:
2664:
2652:
2620:
2566:
2445:
2426:
2413:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2319:
2288:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2187:
2171:. WGBH Educational Foundation.
2157:
2129:
2046:
2013:
1650:made available a commemorative
1370:by many of the white students.
1224:Little Rock Central High School
1022:Little Rock Central High School
936:Presidential library and museum
61:Little Rock Central High School
4264:Mansfield school desegregation
2767:References and further reading
1987:
1926:
1881:
1863:
1727:President Dwight D. Eisenhower
1:
6561:History of racism in Arkansas
6394:National Voting Rights Museum
6337:Civil Rights Movement Archive
6136:Lynching in the United States
6023:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
4478:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
4451:University of Chicago sit-ins
4218:Davis v. Prince Edward County
3093:Teaching with Historic Places
2929:(2011) 70#4 pp. 468–483
2927:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2917:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2858:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
2115:. Random House. p. 723.
2063:. Vol. 98, no. 40.
1804:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1757:who had been targeted by the
1160:
6389:National Civil Rights Museum
6245:March on Washington Movement
6230:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
4699:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
2759:. Random House. p. 723.
2685:, December 13, 2009, p. B01.
2515:"Magnolia Mobil Gas Station"
1814:
1330:
408:Bates v. City of Little Rock
7:
6033:"This Little Light of Mine"
4781:Dallas County Voters League
4727:Atlanta Negro Voters League
4490:Letter from Birmingham Jail
4197:Brown v. Board of Education
3230:William Stanley Braithwaite
2757:Eisenhower in War and Peace
2755:Smith, Jean Edward (2012).
2672:We've Completed Our Mission
2578:Little Rock Nine Foundation
2346:. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
2113:Eisenhower in War and Peace
2111:Smith, Jean Edward (2012).
1935:"Showdown over Segregation"
1772:
1709:specially trained forces."
1054:Brown v. Board of Education
88:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
6612:
6367:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6235:Holt Street Baptist Church
6205:16th Street Baptist Church
5189:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
4833:Nashville Student Movement
4763:An Appeal for Human Rights
2813:Journal of Negro Education
1923:, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 239
1891:, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 148
1833: (U.S. 1954),
1763:The Negro in American Life
1743:U.S. Department of Justice
1514:National Historic Landmark
1350:magazine (October 7, 1957)
6591:African-American children
6505:
6407:
6309:
6123:
6056:
5998:
5977:
5864:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
5834:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4906:
4898:Women's Political Council
4893:Wednesdays in Mississippi
4888:United Auto Workers (UAW)
4873:Southern Regional Council
4843:Northern Student Movement
4752:Committee for Freedom Now
4712:
4659:Memphis sanitation strike
4625:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4547:
4368:Savannah Protest Movement
4330:
4188:
4149:Journey of Reconciliation
4141:
4128:
3199:
3057:October 27, 2012, at the
3021:The Legacy of Little Rock
2976:
2971:
2214:Collins, Janelle (2008).
1721:. Civil rights historian
1698:Newport News Shipbuilding
1483:
1209:southern Democratic Party
795:Interstate Highway System
330:
191:
186:
119:
114:
97:
71:
55:
36:
28:
23:
4732:Atlanta Student Movement
4681:Civil Rights Act of 1968
4606:1964–1965 Scripto strike
4587:Civil Rights Act of 1964
4485:1963 Birmingham campaign
4378:Civil Rights Act of 1960
4302:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3870:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
3486:Charles Hamilton Houston
3270:George Washington Carver
2830:Journal of Black Studies
2439:January 9, 2007, at the
1618:Congressional Gold Medal
1308:Insurrection Act of 1807
1065:, and it called for the
842:Civil Rights Act of 1957
641:This article is part of
363:Arkansas Act 115 of 1959
6284:Voter Education Project
6038:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
5699:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
5134:Josephine Dobbs Clement
4560:Chester school protests
4555:Twenty-fourth Amendment
4517:Detroit Walk to Freedom
4259:Tallahassee bus boycott
4180:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3006:," by David Margolick.
2860:(2011) 70#3 pp 225–257
2793:Beals, Melba Pattillo.
2719:SSRN Electronic Journal
2677:April 18, 2018, at the
2455:. National Park Service
2060:New York Amsterdam News
1675:Archbishop Desmond Tutu
1360:Arkansas National Guard
1356:101st Airborne Division
1312:101st Airborne Division
1274:Arkansas National Guard
1264:National Guard blockade
1155:Arkansas National Guard
1138:Arkansas National Guard
358:Arkansas Act 10 of 1958
343:Arkansas Act 83 of 1957
173:Arkansas National Guard
142:101st Airborne Division
136:Arkansas National Guard
6497:Movement photographers
5739:Bernice Johnson Reagon
5459:Martin Luther King Sr.
5454:Martin Luther King Jr.
5024:William Holmes Borders
4796:Highlander Folk School
4686:Poor People's Campaign
4539:St. Augustine movement
4389:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
4312:Katz Drug Store sit-in
4283:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
4245:Montgomery bus boycott
3926:Constance Baker Motley
3806:Frederick D. Patterson
3542:Martin Luther King Jr.
3470:Channing Heggie Tobias
3358:William T. B. Williams
3334:Richard Berry Harrison
3318:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
3041:July 20, 2017, at the
3004:Through a Lens, Darkly
2949:Faubus, Orval Eugene.
2919:25.2 (1966): 101–116.
2832:(1996) 5#26: 616–628.
2165:"Melba Pattillo Beals"
2087:"Retreat from Newport"
1997:. the Pulitzer Board.
1702:Newport News, Virginia
1694:USS Arkansas (SSN-800)
1609:
1607:Arkansas State Capitol
1596:University of Arkansas
1567:The Oprah Winfrey Show
1558:The Ernest Green Story
1548:Crisis at Central High
1493:
1435:
1427:
1403:Crisis at Central High
1389:
1351:
1288:
1260:
1217:Arkansas Supreme Court
1013:
941:Tributes and memorials
888:Presidential campaigns
353:Arkansas Act 5 of 1958
348:Arkansas Act 4 of 1958
6546:Civil rights movement
6332:Civil Rights Memorial
6220:Bethel Baptist Church
5869:Charles Kenzie Steele
5314:Audrey Faye Hendricks
5219:Myrlie Evers-Williams
5199:Patricia Stephens Due
5169:Abraham Lincoln Davis
5104:Colia Lafayette Clark
4858:Operation Breadbasket
4853:National Urban League
4600:Katzenbach v. McClung
4468:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
4121:Civil rights movement
3886:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3642:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
3494:Mabel Keaton Staupers
3254:Charles Sidney Gilpin
3090:National Park Service
3064:National Park Service
3012:, September 24, 2007.
2815:1983 52(3): 250–269.
2520:National Park Service
1971:. February 18, 2010.
1858:on December 17, 2006.
1797:Nine from Little Rock
1665:On February 9, 2010,
1641:Civil Rights Movement
1604:
1534:, published in 1994.
1502:National Park Service
1491:
1433:
1425:
1384:
1343:
1299:101st Airborne escort
1283:
1258:
1202:Governor's opposition
1147:Executive Order 10730
1115:Carlotta Walls LaNier
1007:
319:Civil Rights Movement
239:Carlotta Walls LaNier
65:Little Rock, Arkansas
31:Civil Rights Movement
6377:other King memorials
6352:Freedom Rides Museum
6289:1960s counterculture
6240:Edmund Pettus Bridge
5919:Walter Francis White
5824:Alexander D. Shimkin
4338:New Year's Day March
4307:Ministers' Manifesto
4154:Executive Order 9981
3990:Frankie Muse Freeman
3754:Benjamin Elijah Mays
3382:Walter Francis White
3286:James Weldon Johnson
3262:Mary Burnett Talbert
2960:, Random House, 2009
2951:Down from the Hills.
2849:Jacoway, Elizabeth.
2783:(2008) 328 pp.
2779:Baer, Frances Lisa.
2636:. November 9, 1999.
1875:www.ourdocuments.gov
1791:"Little Rock" (poem)
1667:Marquette University
1519:In 1958, Cuban poet
1232:, the editor of the
1143:President Eisenhower
1131:Melba Pattillo Beals
1051:issued its historic
1042:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1038:Governor of Arkansas
1010:Robert F. Wagner Jr.
853:Admission of states
701:Surrender of Germany
650:Dwight D. Eisenhower
214:Melba Pattillo Beals
168:Governor of Arkansas
138:(from September 23)
6115:Mary McLeod Bethune
6076:Sermon on the Mount
6043:"We Shall Overcome"
5624:William Lewis Moore
5404:Frank Minis Johnson
5379:Richie Jean Jackson
5334:Donald L. Hollowell
5139:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
4944:Gwendolyn Armstrong
4939:William G. Anderson
4919:Victoria Gray Adams
4883:The Freedom Singers
4737:Black Panther Party
4522:March on Washington
4435:Garner v. Louisiana
4396:Boynton v. Virginia
3518:Theodore K. Lawless
3366:Mary McLeod Bethune
3310:Charles W. Chesnutt
3206:Ernest Everett Just
2990:, November 27, 1994
2866:Kirk, John A., ed.
2099:on August 11, 2013.
1939:The Washington Post
1539:made-for-television
1304:Woodrow Wilson Mann
1123:Gloria Ray Karlmark
1030:racially segregated
806:Eisenhower Doctrine
503:Reconstruction Era
459:History of Arkansas
402:Little Rock sit-ins
374:City of Little Rock
234:Gloria Ray Karlmark
6432:Michael Eric Dyson
6317:In popular culture
6200:Fifth Circuit Four
6184:Loving v. Virginia
6177:Hernandez v. Texas
6156:Buchanan v. Warley
6148:Separate but equal
6142:Plessy v. Ferguson
6105:Frederick Douglass
5939:Robert F. Williams
5849:Kelly Miller Smith
5829:Fred Shuttlesworth
5754:Frederick D. Reese
5734:George Raymond Jr.
5724:A. Philip Randolph
5704:Fay Bellamy Powell
5619:Queen Mother Moore
5504:Z. Alexander Looby
5449:Coretta Scott King
5394:Barbara Rose Johns
5374:Jimmie Lee Jackson
5299:William E. Harbour
5079:Stokely Carmichael
4994:Randolph Blackwell
4664:King assassination
4653:Loving v. Virginia
4637:March Against Fear
4617:How Long, Not Long
4495:Children's Crusade
4446:Cambridge movement
4383:Ax Handle Saturday
4348:Greensboro sit-ins
4275:Give Us the Ballot
4030:Nathaniel R. Jones
3894:Earl G. Graves Sr.
3862:John Hope Franklin
3462:Percy Lavon Julian
3422:A. Philip Randolph
3342:Robert Russa Moton
3095:(TwHP) lesson plan
3031:United States Army
2988:Warriors Don't Cry
2956:Lanier, Carlotta,
2628:"Little Rock Nine"
2220:Southern Quarterly
1731:John Foster Dulles
1648:United States Mint
1610:
1532:Warriors Don't Cry
1494:
1436:
1428:
1408:Warriors Don't Cry
1394:New Lincoln School
1376:Warriors Don't Cry
1352:
1316:United States Army
1261:
1049:U.S. Supreme Court
1026:Little Rock Crisis
1014:
881:Kennedy transition
694:Operation Overlord
494:Territorial period
392:Labor Day bombings
380:Little Rock Crisis
78:Racial segregation
24:Little Rock Crisis
6596:American children
6523:
6522:
6300:Eyes on the Prize
6215:A.G. Gaston Motel
6210:Kelly Ingram Park
6170:Sweatt v. Painter
5854:Mary Louise Smith
5814:Cleveland Sellers
5799:Michael Schwerner
5764:Gloria Richardson
5544:Thurgood Marshall
5464:Bernard Lafayette
5194:John Wesley Dobbs
4708:
4707:
4427:Birmingham attack
4407:Rock Hill sit-ins
4358:Sibley Commission
4353:Nashville sit-ins
4225:Gebhart v. Belton
4211:Briggs v. Elliott
4204:Bolling v. Sharpe
4165:Sweatt v. Painter
4087:
4086:
4070:Cato T. Laurencin
3454:Thurgood Marshall
3430:William H. Hastie
3294:Carter G. Woodson
3106:McMillen, Neil R.
2999:
2998:
2824:Fulltext in Jstor
2809:Branton, Wiley A.
2789:978-1-59332-260-1
2772:Anderson, Karen.
2490:978-1-55849-410-7
2122:978-0-679-64429-3
1696:in a ceremony at
1506:Daisy Bates House
1412:Elizabeth Huckaby
1293:Dwight Eisenhower
1279:Elizabeth Eckford
1127:Thelma Mothershed
1103:Elizabeth Eckford
1002:
1001:
714:Crusade in Europe
658:
657:
623:
622:
441:
440:
432:Shelton v. Tucker
333:State of Arkansas
285:
284:
269:State of Arkansas
244:Thelma Mothershed
224:Elizabeth Eckford
182:
181:
175:(to September 23)
50:shouts behind her
44:Elizabeth Eckford
6603:
6536:Little Rock Nine
6514:
6513:
6477:Charles M. Payne
6462:Steven F. Lawson
6452:David Halberstam
6422:Clayborne Carson
6163:Hocutt v. Wilson
6110:W. E. B. Du Bois
5959:Sammy Younge Jr.
5944:Q. V. Williamson
5909:Wyatt Tee Walker
5774:Bernice Robinson
5719:Lincoln Ragsdale
5709:Rodney N. Powell
5604:Douglas E. Moore
5479:Sanford R. Leigh
5414:J. Charles Jones
5289:Fannie Lou Hamer
5204:Joseph Ellwanger
5164:Jonathan Daniels
5154:Claudette Colvin
5144:Annie Lee Cooper
5129:Kathleen Cleaver
5124:Eldridge Cleaver
5099:Shirley Chisholm
4989:Gloria Blackwell
4580:workers' murders
4527:"I Have a Dream"
4422:Anniston bombing
4373:Greenville Eight
4288:Little Rock Nine
4251:Browder v. Gayle
4139:
4138:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3934:Robert L. Carter
3928:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3720:
3712:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3586:Robert C. Weaver
3580:
3578:Kenneth B. Clark
3572:
3564:
3556:
3554:Little Rock Nine
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3510:Paul R. Williams
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3246:W. E. B. Du Bois
3240:
3238:Archibald Grimké
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3146:
3135:10.2307/40038072
3114:
3079:Little Rock Nine
2981:
2980:
2969:
2968:
2901:Stockley, Grif.
2761:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2686:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2475:Guillén, Nicolás
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2449:
2443:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2195:Brown, Minnijean
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2169:Teachers' Domain
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1877:. April 9, 2021.
1867:
1861:
1859:
1854:. Archived from
1847:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1785:Fables of Faubus
1735:Herbert Brownell
1691:attack submarine
1234:Arkansas Gazette
1220:James D. Johnson
1166:The Blossom Plan
1111:Terrence Roberts
1107:Jefferson Thomas
1063:unconstitutional
1018:Little Rock Nine
994:
987:
980:
969:
964:
958:
957:
951:
876:Farewell Address
847:Little Rock Nine
683:
654:
653:
651:
644:
636:
629:
628:
625:
624:
615:
608:
601:
585:
575:
574:
532:African American
469:
444:
443:
415:Other localities
325:
311:
304:
297:
288:
287:
267:
266:
254:Jefferson Thomas
249:Terrence Roberts
208:Little Rock Nine
160:
159:
132:Little Rock Nine
121:
120:
41:
21:
20:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6508:
6501:
6482:Thomas E. Ricks
6472:Diane McWhorter
6457:Vincent Harding
6442:Adam Fairclough
6409:
6403:
6305:
6260:Freedom Schools
6119:
6052:
6000:
5994:
5985:Omaha, Nebraska
5973:
5889:Hartman Turnbow
5879:Dorothy Tillman
5839:Glenn E. Smiley
5819:Charles Sherrod
5779:Jo Ann Robinson
5654:Charles Neblett
5644:Elijah Muhammad
5609:Harriette Moore
5569:Floyd McKissick
5554:Franklin McCain
5489:Stanley Levison
5354:T. R. M. Howard
5304:Vincent Harding
5234:Walter Fauntroy
5119:Xernona Clayton
5069:John H. Calhoun
5054:Aurelia Browder
5044:Stanley Branche
5039:Raylawni Branch
5019:Joseph E. Boone
5004:Ezell Blair Jr.
4999:Unita Blackwell
4974:Harry Belafonte
4914:Ralph Abernathy
4902:
4838:Nation of Islam
4714:
4704:
4543:
4500:Birmingham riot
4441:Albany Movement
4363:Atlanta sit-ins
4343:Sit-in movement
4326:
4322:Biloxi wade-ins
4294:Cooper v. Aaron
4184:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4054:Patrick Gaspard
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3998:Harry Belafonte
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3723:
3715:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3634:Sammy Davis Jr.
3631:
3623:
3618:John H. Johnson
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3570:Langston Hughes
3567:
3559:
3547:
3539:
3534:Jackie Robinson
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3438:Charles R. Drew
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3406:Louis T. Wright
3403:
3398:Marian Anderson
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3302:Anthony Overton
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3152:"The Lost Year"
3112:
3108:(Summer 1971).
3059:Wayback Machine
3043:Wayback Machine
2978:
2972:External videos
2967:
2939:
2937:Primary sources
2912:
2880:Kirk, John A.,
2769:
2764:
2753:
2749:
2734:
2730:
2725:(6): 1641–1716.
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2683:Washington Post
2679:Wayback Machine
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2601:Brantley, Max.
2599:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2441:Wayback Machine
2431:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:, 1997, p. 442.
2405:
2398:
2394:, 1997, p. 436.
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2329:, 1997, p. 431.
2324:
2320:
2316:, 1997, p. 429.
2311:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2272:, 1997, p. 428.
2267:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2212:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2109:
2105:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2022:Profiles in Hue
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1848:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1775:
1759:Truman Doctrine
1723:Mary L. Dudziak
1715:
1713:Foreign affairs
1551:, and the 1993
1521:Nicolás Guillén
1486:
1442:Cooper v. Aaron
1420:
1418:The "Lost Year"
1380:Minnijean Brown
1358:(and later the
1338:
1336:School tensions
1333:
1301:
1266:
1253:
1204:
1168:
1163:
1129:(b. 1940), and
1119:Minnijean Brown
998:
955:
952:
945:
927:
926:Post-Presidency
924:
923:
922:
889:
885:
802:
799:
769:Atoms for Peace
760:
757:
722:
719:
685:
681:
678:
675:
671:Military Career
649:
647:
646:
645:
642:
640:
619:
564:
563:
527:
519:
518:
489:Pre-territorial
477:
453:
442:
437:
386:Cooper v. Aaron
326:
317:
315:
281:
280:
261:
258:
219:Minnijean Brown
178:
154:
148:
105:Cooper v. Aaron
67:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6609:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6521:
6520:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6492:Akinyele Umoja
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6081:Mahatma Gandhi
6078:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5990:South Carolina
5987:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Hosea Williams
5926:
5921:
5916:
5914:Hollis Watkins
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5844:A. Maceo Smith
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5794:Bernie Sanders
5791:
5786:
5784:Angela Russell
5781:
5776:
5771:
5769:David Richmond
5766:
5761:
5759:Walter Reuther
5756:
5751:
5746:
5744:Cordell Reagon
5741:
5736:
5731:
5729:George Raymond
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5689:Charles Person
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5659:Huey P. Newton
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5614:Harry T. Moore
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Cecil B. Moore
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5579:James Meredith
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5409:Clarence Jones
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Zilphia Horton
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Lola Hendricks
5316:
5311:
5309:Dorothy Height
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Lawrence Guyot
5276:
5271:
5269:Jack Greenberg
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Andrew Goodman
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5179:Joseph DeLaine
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5149:Dorothy Cotton
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5094:J. L. Chestnut
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Amelia Boynton
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4949:Arnold Aronson
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4575:Freedom Summer
4572:
4567:
4565:Bloody Tuesday
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4022:Sidney Poitier
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3846:Dorothy Height
3841:
3838:Barbara Jordan
3833:
3825:
3822:Douglas Wilder
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3790:Benjamin Hooks
3785:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3721:
3713:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3650:Jacob Lawrence
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3610:Leontyne Price
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3562:Duke Ellington
3557:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3526:Carl J. Murphy
3521:
3513:
3505:
3502:Harry T. Moore
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3414:Richard Wright
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3222:Harry Burleigh
3217:
3209:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:Spingarn Medal
3188:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3102:
3096:
3081:
3070:
3061:
3049:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3013:
2997:
2996:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2965:External links
2963:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2942:Bates, Daisy.
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2911:
2910:Historiography
2908:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2873:Kirk, John A.
2871:
2864:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2826:
2806:
2791:
2777:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2747:
2728:
2709:
2687:
2663:
2651:
2619:
2607:Arkansas Times
2590:
2565:
2554:. July 1, 2005
2534:
2523:. May 19, 2021
2503:
2489:
2466:
2444:
2425:
2419:Bates, Daisy.
2412:
2396:
2383:
2377:Bates, Daisy.
2370:
2364:Bates, Daisy.
2357:
2331:
2318:
2300:
2294:Bates, Daisy.
2287:
2281:Bates, Daisy.
2274:
2261:
2255:Bates, Daisy.
2248:
2206:
2186:
2156:
2128:
2121:
2103:
2078:
2045:
2032:978-1456851200
2031:
2012:
1986:
1956:
1925:
1905:
1893:
1880:
1862:
1850:Rains, Craig.
1839:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1714:
1711:
1553:Disney Channel
1485:
1482:
1419:
1416:
1372:Melba Pattillo
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1300:
1297:
1265:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1203:
1200:
1172:Virgil Blossom
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1091:Virgil Blossom
1000:
999:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
971:
970:
946:
944:
943:
938:
933:
925:
921:
920:
919:
918:
908:
907:
906:
901:
899:Draft movement
890:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
873:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
850:
849:
844:
838:
837:
832:
827:
821:
820:
815:
813:Sputnik crisis
809:
808:
800:
798:
797:
791:
790:
789:
788:
783:
772:
771:
766:
758:
756:
755:
754:
753:
748:
742:Inaugurations
740:
735:
734:
733:
720:
718:
717:
709:
708:
703:
697:
696:
691:
679:
676:
674:
673:
668:
660:
659:
656:
655:
643:a series about
639:
637:
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
579:
566:
565:
562:
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455:
454:
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438:
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428:
423:
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411:
404:
399:
394:
389:
382:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
331:
328:
327:
314:
313:
306:
299:
291:
283:
282:
279:
278:
259:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
205:
204:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
183:
180:
179:
177:
176:
170:
165:
151:
149:
147:
146:
145:
144:
133:
130:
124:
117:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
84:
82:public schools
73:
69:
68:
59:
57:
53:
52:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6608:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6487:Timothy Tyson
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Taylor Branch
6415:
6414:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6265:Freedom songs
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Jim Crow laws
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:"Oh, Freedom"
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:Whitney Young
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5934:Kale Williams
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:Albert Turner
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:A. P. Tureaud
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:Bayard Rustin
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:William Moyer
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:Joseph McNeil
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:Charles McDew
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Benjamin Mays
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5534:Vivian Malone
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Joseph Lowery
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Clyde Kennard
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Vernon Jordan
5422:
5420:
5419:Matthew Jones
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:T. J. Jemison
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:Jesse Jackson
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:Robert Graetz
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Golden Frinks
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Charles Evers
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5159:Vernon Dahmer
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:Septima Clark
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Bruce Boynton
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:James Baldwin
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Mathew Ahmann
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4826:Youth Council
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:Freedom Rides
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:Prior to 1954
4140:
4137:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4007:
4006:Jessye Norman
4002:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3910:Vernon Jordan
3906:
3903:
3902:Oprah Winfrey
3898:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3814:Jesse Jackson
3810:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3746:Coleman Young
3742:
3739:
3738:Rayford Logan
3734:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3658:Leon Sullivan
3654:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3626:Edward Brooke
3622:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3571:
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3370:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3326:Henry A. Hunt
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3214:Charles Young
3210:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
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3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
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3087:
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3076:
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3037:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2989:
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2897:
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2855:
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2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:0-671-86638-9
2800:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2676:
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2667:
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2655:
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2608:
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2597:
2595:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
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2522:
2521:
2516:
2510:
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2409:
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2393:
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2315:
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2297:
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2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:Mother Teresa
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:silver dollar
1649:
1646:In 2007, the
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:Postage Stamp
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:New York City
1395:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1272:deployed the
1271:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:Harry Ashmore
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:gerrymandered
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:(1942–2010),
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:desegregation
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1006:
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
975:
973:
972:
968:
963:
959:
950:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
917:
914:
913:
912:
911:1956 campaign
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
894:1952 campaign
892:
891:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
851:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
803:
796:
793:
792:
787:
786:Domino theory
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
739:
736:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
723:
716:
715:
711:
710:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
661:
652:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
578:
570:
569:
568:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
529:
523:
522:
515:
512:
508:
505:
504:
502:
500:
499:Civil War Era
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:
480:
479:
473:
472:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:
456:
451:
446:
445:
434:
433:
429:
427:
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419:
418:
417:
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410:
409:
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403:
400:
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393:
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383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
375:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
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351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
329:
324:
320:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
292:
289:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
190:
185:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
158:
153:
152:
150:
143:
140:
139:
137:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
118:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
100:
96:
90:
89:
85:
83:
79:
76:
75:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6507:
6447:David Garrow
6427:John Dittmer
6298:
6225:Brown Chapel
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6140:
6097:
5949:Andrew Young
5904:A. T. Walden
5899:C. T. Vivian
5859:Maxine Smith
5694:Homer Plessy
5674:James Orange
5629:Irene Morgan
5584:William Ming
5564:Ralph McGill
5499:Viola Liuzzo
5484:Jim Letherer
5469:James Lawson
5399:Vernon Johns
5389:Esau Jenkins
5344:Myles Horton
5294:Fred Hampton
5284:Prathia Hall
5274:Dick Gregory
5244:Marie Foster
5239:James Forman
5229:James Farmer
5214:Medgar Evers
5174:Angela Davis
5109:Ramsey Clark
5089:James Chaney
5084:Johnnie Carr
5064:Ralph Bunche
5059:H. Rap Brown
5049:Ruby Bridges
5009:Joanne Bland
4984:Claude Black
4964:Marion Barry
4934:Muhammad Ali
4761:
4697:
4690:
4651:
4629:
4598:
4591:
4433:
4394:
4387:
4317:Kissing Case
4292:
4287:
4249:
4232:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4171:
4163:
4061:
4046:Willie Brown
4037:
4014:Quincy Jones
3982:Cicely Tyson
3958:John Conyers
3854:Maya Angelou
3830:Colin Powell
3798:Percy Sutton
3769:
3726:Andrew Young
3717:
3689:
3674:Wilson Riles
3666:Gordon Parks
3594:Medgar Evers
3553:
3478:Ralph Bunche
3446:Paul Robeson
3389:
3278:Roland Hayes
3122:
3116:
3084:
3072:
3007:
2987:
2983:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2926:
2916:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2829:
2812:
2794:
2780:
2773:
2756:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2702:November 19,
2700:. Retrieved
2690:
2682:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2549:
2525:. Retrieved
2518:
2496:September 7,
2494:. Retrieved
2479:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2447:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2326:
2321:
2313:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2223:
2219:
2209:
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2168:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2097:the original
2090:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2021:
2015:
2005:September 7,
2003:. Retrieved
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1968:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1938:
1928:
1920:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:the original
1827:
1822:
1795:
1767:
1762:
1740:
1725:argues that
1716:
1687:
1685:astronauts.
1664:
1660:Barack Obama
1657:
1645:
1634:
1614:Bill Clinton
1611:
1605:Memorial at
1588:
1584:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1498:Civil Rights
1495:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1451:
1447:Orval Faubus
1440:
1437:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1385:
1375:
1368:verbal abuse
1353:
1345:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1281:, recalled:
1270:Orval Faubus
1267:
1239:Congressman
1238:
1233:
1228:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1176:
1169:
1135:
1099:Ernest Green
1095:
1087:school board
1052:
1046:
1034:Orval Faubus
1025:
1017:
1015:
953:
871:U-2 incident
846:
712:
677:World War II
541:
514:1900–present
481:
430:
414:
413:
406:
384:
379:
373:
372:
332:
275:Orval Faubus
268:
260:
229:Ernest Green
207:
206:
196:NAACP member
195:
194:
187:Lead figures
103:
86:
29:Part of the
18:
6467:Doug McAdam
6437:Chuck Fager
6064:Nonviolence
5969:James Zwerg
5964:Bob Zellner
5924:Roy Wilkins
5874:Hank Thomas
5809:Pete Seeger
5804:Bobby Seale
5669:Jack O'Dell
5664:Edgar Nixon
5594:Amzie Moore
5589:Jack Minnis
5529:Mae Mallory
5514:Clara Luper
5474:Bernard Lee
5364:Cecil Ivory
5359:Ruby Hurley
5329:Oliver Hill
5324:Aaron Henry
5224:Chuck Fager
5184:Dave Dennis
5074:Guy Carawan
5014:Julian Bond
4979:James Bevel
4969:Daisy Bates
4240:Emmett Till
4123:(1954–1968)
4078:Jim Clyburn
3974:Julian Bond
3942:Oliver Hill
3778:Tom Bradley
3706:Alvin Ailey
3682:Damon Keith
3602:Roy Wilkins
3550:Daisy Bates
3009:Vanity Fair
2894:Reed, Roy.
2744:(1): 34–42.
2558:January 31,
2527:January 31,
2459:October 27,
2179:February 2,
1755:third world
1745:briefs and
1679:Karl Rahner
1580:George Hunt
1510:Daisy Bates
1466:Daisy Bates
1320:federalized
1245:Dale Alford
1241:Brooks Hays
1151:federalized
1125:(b. 1942),
1121:(b. 1941),
1117:(b. 1942),
1113:(b. 1941),
1105:(b. 1941),
1101:(b. 1941),
1079:Little Rock
818:Missile gap
801:Second Term
202:Daisy Bates
98:Resulted in
48:Hazel Bryan
6530:Categories
6410:historians
6091:Satyagraha
6057:Influences
5749:James Reeb
5684:James Peck
5679:Rosa Parks
5649:Diane Nash
5519:Danny Lyon
5494:John Lewis
5439:A. D. King
5339:James Hood
4954:Ella Baker
4924:Zev Aelony
3950:Ben Carson
3918:John Lewis
3878:Carl Rowan
3782:Bill Cosby
3762:Lena Horne
3730:Rosa Parks
3710:Alex Haley
3698:Hank Aaron
3350:Max Yergan
3129:: 95–122.
2644:August 28,
1979:October 5,
1747:propaganda
1681:, and the
1612:President
1508:, home to
1455:referendum
1161:Background
1032:school by
764:Korean War
759:First Term
738:Transition
726:Presidency
666:Early Life
277:, governor
6069:Padayatra
6018:"Kumbaya"
5978:By region
5634:Bob Moses
5539:Bob Mants
5524:Malcolm X
5444:C.B. King
5264:Fred Gray
4907:Activists
4548:1964–1968
4331:1960–1963
4189:1954–1959
3374:John Hope
2984:Booknotes
2821:0022-2984
2574:"History"
2236:222252522
2230:: 78–90.
1815:Footnotes
1706:Ray Mabus
1683:Apollo 11
1331:Aftermath
1325:buttstock
559:By county
542:1957–1958
161:State of
72:Caused by
5999:Movement
5429:Tom Kahn
4713:Activist
4133:timeline
4062:no award
4038:no award
3966:Ruby Dee
3770:no award
3718:no award
3690:no award
3552:and the
3390:no award
3143:40038072
3055:Archived
3039:Archived
2931:in JSTOR
2862:in JSTOR
2675:Archived
2638:Archived
2612:July 28,
2583:July 28,
2437:Archived
2350:March 5,
2241:June 10,
2232:ProQuest
2173:Archived
2071:March 4,
2065:Archived
1999:Archived
1973:Archived
1943:Archived
1773:See also
1719:Cold War
1622:Congress
1364:physical
1149:, which
1083:Arkansas
916:Election
904:Election
781:New Look
776:Cold War
731:Timeline
577:Category
554:Military
526:By topic
476:Timeline
450:a series
448:Part of
323:Arkansas
163:Arkansas
56:Location
6124:Related
5714:Al Raby
4669:funeral
4532:Big Six
3194:winners
3077:entry:
2905:(2012).
2898:(1997).
2853:(2007).
2149:May 18,
1594:at the
1314:of the
1183:Bateses
1145:issued
1012:in 1958
549:Culture
483:By year
115:Parties
6576:Nonets
6310:Legacy
6086:Ahimsa
4715:groups
4176:(1950)
4168:(1950)
4129:Events
4076:2022:
4068:2021:
4060:2020:
4052:2019:
4044:2018:
4036:2017:
4028:2016:
4020:2015:
4012:2014:
4004:2013:
3996:2012:
3988:2011:
3980:2010:
3972:2009:
3964:2008:
3956:2007:
3948:2006:
3940:2005:
3932:2004:
3924:2003:
3916:2002:
3908:2001:
3900:2000:
3892:1999:
3884:1998:
3876:1997:
3868:1996:
3860:1995:
3852:1994:
3844:1993:
3836:1992:
3828:1991:
3820:1990:
3812:1989:
3804:1988:
3796:1987:
3788:1986:
3776:1985:
3768:1984:
3760:1983:
3752:1982:
3744:1981:
3736:1980:
3724:1979:
3716:1978:
3704:1977:
3696:1976:
3688:1975:
3680:1974:
3672:1973:
3664:1972:
3656:1971:
3648:1970:
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