625:
615:
541:, at the genus level, and occasionally the old name persists on some herbarium sheets that have not been annotated. Several of the other subgenera possess fewer than ten species and have distinctive morphologies. Few of the Malesian species are treated in Camus' system and Soepadmo, who wrote the Flora Malesiana treatment, made no attempt to update or integrate these species into Camus' system, therefore a lot of work obviously remains to be done. Camus' system was highly detailed, as three levels of organization are recognized below the subgenus, but the classification is not systematic at the lowest level.
318:
304:
111:
139:
419:) was previously included in this genus but recent evidence indicates the similarities in flower and fruit morphology are due to convergent evolution. Both genetic and morphological evidence demonstrate that the tanoak is a distant relative to Asian stone oaks, and therefore tanoak has been moved into a new genus,
529:
produced a comprehensive treatment of the two major genera in the family, given the specimens available to her at the
Natural History Museum in Paris. Because of the many collections available from the French colonies in subtropical and tropical Indochina, she worked extensively with stone oaks from
599:
Early researchers into the family often suggested that the stone oaks were primitive in the family. An exhaustive study of the inflorescence and fruits of 73 species from eight of Camus' subgenera found that important development and evolutionary characters distinguish the major groups in the genus
530:
the region. Most importantly, she provided the only existing infrageneric structure within the genus but unfortunately, many of the species from the
Malesian region, south of the Isthmus of Kra, are not incorporated into this system.
802:
Strijk, Joeri S.; Binh, Hoàng Thi; Ngoc, Nguyen Van; Pereira, Joan T.; Slik, J. W. Ferry; Sukri, Rahayu S.; Suyama, Yoshihisa; Tagane, Shuichiro; Wieringa, Jan J.; Yahara, Tetsukazu; Hinsinger, Damien D. (2020-05-22).
650:"Lithocarpus - On: asianfagaceae.com – The complete database for information on the evolutionary history, diversity, identification and conservation of over 700 Species of Asian trees"
394:. In general, these trees are most dominant in the uplands (more than 1,000 m or 3,300 ft above sea level) and have many ecological similarities to the
871:
1318:
1357:
500:
and hard, lending greater mechanical protection to the seed, creating a novel type of fruit. The kernel is edible in some species (e.g.
1393:
872:"Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the paleoendemic Fagaceae of Western North America: recognition of a new genus,
1266:
995:"The Bornean "Lithocarpus" Bl. section Synaedrys (Lindl.) Barnett (Fagaceae): its circumscription and description of a new species"
676:"Diversity of Fagaceae on Hainan Island of South China During the Middle Eocene: Implications for Phytogeography and Paleoecology"
1331:
1279:
1336:
496:, "seed"). In some sections of the genus, the seed is embedded in the basal material of the fruit which becomes highly
461:
enclosing the basal part of the fruit. Cupules of stone oaks demonstrate a wide variety in the type and arrangement of
624:
465:
and scales on the outside of the cupule, with some of them completely enclosing the nut, even becoming irregularly
1362:
1305:
1411:
906:
715:
Ashton, Peter S. (1988). "Dipterocarp biology as a window to the understanding of tropical forest structure".
1344:
398:, the dominant lowland tree group. These trees are intolerant of seasonal droughts, not being found on the
537:
which is by far the largest division within the genus. About 100 Asian species were treated separately in
609:
276:
1258:
1245:
1138:
138:
1406:
805:"Museomics for reconstructing historical floristic exchanges: Divergence of stone oaks across Wallacea"
1372:
1284:
614:
386:, where they form dominant stands of trees, through Indochina and the Malayan Archipelago, crossing
469:
in a few species. The seeds are often protected by a hard woody shell (hence the genus name, from
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1398:
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1154:
20:
1323:
1192:
1385:
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1214:
947:
936:) Seeds between Physical and Chemical Defense Highlights Fiber as an Important Antifeedant"
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formerly had a wider distribution, being found in North
America and Europe during the
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19:"Stone oak" redirects here. For the district of San Antonio, Texas, USA, see
692:
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979:
856:
366:. At current, around 340 species have been described, mostly restricted to
269:
1045:. Encyclopedie Économique de Sylviculture. Vol. 7. pp. 152–165.
1292:
1186:
447:
402:, despite their ability to cross numerous water barriers to reach Papua.
232:
43:
533:
Her classification system included 13 subgenera, including the subgenus
1271:
391:
88:
53:
1128:
A full list of the species and their synonyms can be seen by entering
1297:
1227:
509:
Several of the species are very attractive ornamental trees, used in
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442:, the margins of which are almost always entire, rarely toothed. The
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primarily because they produce insect-pollinated flowers on erect
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Chen, Xi; Cannon, Charles H.; Conklin-Brittan, Nancy L. (2012).
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311:
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Manos, Paul S.; Cannon, Charles H.; Oh, Sang-Hun (2008).
674:
Liu, Xiaoyan; Song, Hanzhang; Jin, Jianhua (2020-08-14).
600:
and indicate differences among the genera of the family.
451:
350:
1066:
Florae
Malesianae precursores XLIX. Malesian species of
544:
List of subgenera (No. of species in Camus' treatment):
801:
382:
epochs. The species extend from the foothills of the
744:"Phylogeography of the Southeast Asian stone oaks (
932:"Evidence for a Trade-Off Strategy in Stone Oak (
1452:
344:. Trees in this genus are commonly known as the
1121:Individual species are described in detail on
1072:. Reinwardtia. Vol. 8. pp. 197–308.
869:
506:), but inedible, and very bitter, in others.
993:Cannon, Charles H.; Manos, Paul S. (2000).
992:
742:Cannon, Charles H.; Manos, Paul S. (2003).
741:
1093:Flora Malesiana: Series I - Spermatophytes
673:
109:
969:
959:
846:
828:
691:
517:in warm temperate and subtropical areas.
1090:
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1002:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
717:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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316:
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1373:9d19e045-332b-4317-ae0a-e95292dc64cb
1035:Les chenes. Monographie des genres
729:10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.002023
13:
1412:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007732-2
680:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
648:Strijk, J.S. (September 4, 2018).
358:and the female flowers have short
14:
1477:
1141:includes descriptions of the 123
1115:
1091:Soepadmo, E. (1972). "Fagaceae".
520:
775:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00829.x
137:
41:
795:
667:
641:
1:
634:
619:Lithocarpus pseudoreinwardtii
961:10.1371/journal.pone.0032890
830:10.1371/journal.pone.0232936
492:
480:
417:Notholithocarpus densiflorus
7:
610:List of Lithocarpus species
10:
1482:
895:10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181
607:
603:
596:(15); indeterminate (12).
486:
474:
18:
1161:
1132:in the search box in the
438:with leathery, alternate
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
256:
134:Scientific classification
132:
117:
108:
30:
755:Journal of Biogeography
693:10.3389/fevo.2020.00255
1014:10.1006/bojl.1999.0325
631:
621:
328:
314:
21:Stone Oak, San Antonio
1139:Flora of China Online
1123:www.asianfagaceae.com
1064:Soepadmo, E. (1970).
1033:Camus, Aimee (1948).
627:
617:
320:
306:
400:Lesser Sunda Islands
370:. Fossils show that
952:2012PLoSO...732890C
821:2020PLoSO..1532936S
767:2003JBiog..30..211C
405:The North American
632:
629:Lithocarpus hancei
622:
503:Lithocarpus edulis
384:Hengduan Mountains
336:is a genus in the
329:
315:
119:Lithocarpus edulis
1448:
1447:
1381:Open Tree of Life
1155:Taxon identifiers
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905:. Archived from
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874:Notholithocarpus
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422:Notholithocarpus
396:Dipterocarpaceae
348:and differ from
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36:Temporal range:
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1134:World Checklist
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590:Pseudosynaedrys
523:
322:Lithocarpus sp.
308:Lithocarpus sp.
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16:Genus of plants
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5:
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1466:Fagales genera
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1438:wfo-4000021973
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1116:External links
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1111:
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1083:
1070:BL. (Fagaceae)
1056:
1043:, Atlas vol. 3
1025:
1008:(3): 343–357.
985:
922:
889:(3): 181–190.
862:
794:
761:(2): 211–226.
734:
707:
666:
654:Asian Fagaceae
639:
638:
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633:
608:Main article:
605:
602:
522:
521:Classification
519:
484:, "stone" and
450:similar to an
388:Wallace's Line
368:Southeast Asia
362:with punctate
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277:c. 340 species
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946:(3): e32890.
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912:on 2017-03-20
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566:Eulithocarpus
563:
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550:Corylopasania
547:
546:Castanicarpus
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390:and reaching
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164:Tracheophytes
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39:Eocene–Recent
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1162:
1129:
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1092:
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1069:
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1059:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1005:
1001:
988:
943:
939:
933:
925:
914:. Retrieved
907:the original
886:
882:
873:
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797:
786:. Retrieved
758:
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669:
657:. Retrieved
653:
643:
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598:
593:
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585:
582:Pachybalanus
581:
577:
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570:Gymnobalanus
569:
565:
562:Cyrtobalanus
561:
558:Cyclobalanus
557:
554:Cryptostylis
553:
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123:Kantō region
118:
31:
25:
1461:Lithocarpus
1293:iNaturalist
1193:Lithocarpus
1187:Wikispecies
1163:Lithocarpus
1130:Lithocarpus
1099:: 265–403.
1068:Lithocarpus
1041:Lithocarpus
934:Lithocarpus
746:Lithocarpus
723:: 347–370.
527:Aimee Camus
429:Lithocarpus
413:tanbark oak
372:Lithocarpus
333:Lithocarpus
244:Lithocarpus
233:Quercoideae
229:Subfamily:
177:Angiosperms
32:Lithocarpus
1455:Categories
1105:8642966464
1019:2020-03-20
916:2014-03-05
788:2020-03-23
635:References
574:Liebmannia
513:and large
431:trees are
346:stone oaks
1078:475354541
1051:496212700
839:1932-6203
702:2296-701X
594:Synaedrys
578:Oerstedia
525:In 1948,
498:lignified
467:dehiscent
433:evergreen
270:Diversity
263:See text
147:Kingdom:
1425:40007764
1420:Tropicos
1172:Wikidata
980:22457722
940:PLOS ONE
903:85671229
857:32442164
809:PLOS ONE
783:86444402
463:lamellae
342:Fagaceae
340:family,
284:Synonyms
257:Species
223:Fagaceae
219:Family:
190:Eudicots
1324:1309103
1311:13498-1
1272:2876673
1178:Q132402
1145:species
1143:Chinese
1037:Quercus
971:3310818
948:Bibcode
883:Madroño
848:7244142
817:Bibcode
763:Bibcode
686:: 255.
604:Species
588:(209);
586:Pasania
539:Pasania
535:Pasania
515:gardens
457:with a
380:Miocene
364:stigmas
351:Quercus
292:Pasania
239:Genus:
213:Fagales
209:Order:
151:Plantae
1394:PLANTS
1386:158306
1370:NZOR:
1259:118733
1246:118733
1220:107883
1103:
1076:
1049:
978:
968:
901:
855:
845:
837:
781:
700:
659:May 4,
584:(14);
572:(10);
568:(11);
560:(58);
493:karpos
487:καρπός
481:lithos
459:cupule
440:leaves
408:tanoak
376:Eocene
360:styles
356:spikes
295:Oerst.
203:Rosids
1399:LITHO
1363:82113
1337:19463
1319:IRMNG
1298:53956
1233:1LIAG
1207:8VYYV
998:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
899:S2CID
879:(PDF)
779:S2CID
751:(PDF)
592:(9);
580:(1);
576:(3);
564:(1);
556:(1);
552:(2);
548:(1);
511:parks
475:λίθος
471:Greek
455:acorn
446:is a
436:trees
392:Papua
338:beech
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