133:
439:, and feature poetry and philosophical thoughts from his perspective that can switch between first and third-person perspectives. The books may not have intended to be taken as actually from the hand of Solomon, but this became tangled, and many later generations did assume they were directly from Solomon's hand. The fact that it is not clear if any deception was involved makes many scholars reluctant to call the work forgeries, however, even those that take the modern scholarly view that they were unlikely to have been written by Solomon due to the work only being quoted by others many centuries after Solomon's death.
33:
420:
the historical persona might have written or thought. With later generations, this distinction is lost, and the work is treated as authoritatively by the real person. Later yet, the fact that the work was not really by the seeming author resurfaces. In the case of true transparent literary fictions, no deception is involved, and the issue is merely one of misinterpretation. However, this is fairly rare.
217:. This is less common, as it requires a great deal of technical effort, such as imitating the ink and paper. The forger my also claim that, not only is the style of writing the same, but also that the ink and paper are of the kind or type used by the famous author. Other common types of literary forgery may draw upon the potential historical cachet and novelty of a previously undiscovered author.
276:(1752–1770), the English poet and letter writer, began his brilliant medieval forgeries when little more than a child. While they brought him praise and fame after his death, his writing afforded little in the way of financial success and he committed suicide aged 17, penniless, alone and half-starved.
419:
Occasionally, it is unclear whether a work is fiction or a forgery. This generally occurs when a work is written intended as a piece of fiction, but through the mouthpiece of a famous historical character; the audience at the time understands that the work is actually written by others imagining what
208:
may involve the work of a famous author whose writings have an established intrinsic, as well as monetary value. In an attempt to gain the rewards of such a reputation, the forger often engages in two distinct activities. The forger produces a writing which resembles the style of the known reputable
192:
Literary forgeries can take many forms, including works that are falsely claimed to be ancient texts by known authors, fabricated memoirs, or fictional accounts presented as historical records. The reasons for creating literary forgeries can vary, including the pursuit of financial gain, the desire
390:
Forrest Carter; Forrest Carter claimed to be a half-Cherokee descendent who grew up in native culture, but the real Asa Earl Carter was a white man from
Alabama. Forrest Carter's persona thus possessed a similar false authenticity as a forged work would, in both their memoir and their fiction.
349:
Some pieces' authors are uncontested, but the writers are untruthful about themselves to such a degree that the books are functionally forgeries – rather than forging in the name of an expert or authority, the authors falsely claim such authority for themselves. This usually takes the form of
188:
writing deceptively presented as true when, in fact, it presents untrue or imaginary information or content. These deceptive practices have a long history and have occurred across various literary traditions, often with significant cultural or financial impacts.
368:
is officially anonymous, but claims to be taken from the diary of an actual drug abuser; later investigation showed that the work is almost certainly fictitious, however. A recent example is the 2003 book
362:" books, in which the author claims to have suffered illness, parental abuse, and/or drug addiction during their upbringing, yet recovered well enough to write of their struggles. The 1971 book
251:, who gave the diary to Nero during his tour of Greece in 66-67 CE. According to historian Miriam Griffin, such bogus and romantic claims to antiquity were not uncommon at the time.
322:
to purchase them at great expense, but various errors and closer forensic analysis revealed them as fakes. Kujau was subsequently sent to prison for fraud, theft and forgery.
462:
writes that if a religiously prescriptive document was widely known to be not actually from the authority it claimed, it would not be taken seriously. Therefore, the
718:
Folkart, Burt A. "OBITUARIES : Daniel James : Writer Who
Masqueraded as a Latino."Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 21 May 1988. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. <
247:'s reign when Dictys' tomb was opened by an earthquake and his diary was discovered. Septimius then claimed the original had been handed to the governor of Crete,
811:
The making of history: a study of the literary forgeries of James
Macpherson and Thomas Chatterton in relation to eighteenth-century ideas of history and fiction
662:
270:
that there was general agreement that the attribution of the work was false. In the intervening 1,000 years, the writings had much theological influence.
196:
While literary forgeries are often exposed and discredited, they can nevertheless have outsized impacts in shaping cultural and historical narratives.
931:
243:. In the letter of dedication, the translator gave additional credence to the document by claiming the Greek original had come to light during
316:, an East German forger, created diaries purportedly written by Adolf Hitler. His forgeries passed initial scrutiny enough for the magazine
975:
282:
appeared to be the first
English newspaper when it was discovered in 1794. This was, ostensibly, an account of the English battle with the
344:
379:, wherein Frey claimed to experience fighting drug addiction in rehab; the claimed events were fictional, yet not presented as such.
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Other forms considered literary hoaxes are when an author asserts an identity and history for themselves that is not accurate.
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In the 3rd century CE, a certain
Septimius produced what appeared to be a Latin translation of an eyewitness account of the
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only makes sense if the intent was indeed to falsely claim the authority of a respected figure in such epistles.
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in the Hebrew Bible. Both works do not directly name an author, but are written from the perspective of
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1687:
1048:
458:, "Petrine authorship was intended to be an entirely transparent fiction." This view is contested.
1982:
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and, in the 19th century, many writers produced literary forgeries under his influence, notably
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Practice to
Deceive: The Amazing Stories of Literary Forgery's Most Notorious Practitioners
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Literary work which is deliberately misattributed to a historical or invented author
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Forgery and
Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
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Forgery and
Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
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Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's
Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are
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224:(c. 530 – 480 BCE) is among the most ancient known literary forgers. He created
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258:, a 5th-6th century Syrian mystical writer who claimed to be a disciple of
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also falsely claimed Native
American descent to help market their works.
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for literary recognition, or the promotion of specific ideological views.
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expressed doubts about the authorship, but it was not until after the
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https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-21-mn-2879-story.html
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Gray Lady Down: What the Decline and Fall of the New York Times Means
480:
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For more disputed examples, some New Testament scholars believe that
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Forgers and Critics: Creativity and Duplicity in Western Scholarship
32:
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Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
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Fakes and Frauds: Varieties of Deception In Print & Manuscript
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407:, yet the author (whose real name was Daniel Lewis James) was a
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Nero: The end of a Dynasty, Miram T. Griffin, 1984. Chapter 9.
181:
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1448:
1330:
947:: Orthodox Modern Readings of Araki Yasusada and Alan Sokal
244:
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of 1588, but was, in fact, written in the 18th century by
213:. The forger may also fake the physical alleged original
855:, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library U. of Toronto, 2003,
783:
Literary Forgeries. With an Introduction by Andrew Lang
825:
Can You Ever Forgive Me?: Memoirs of a Literary Forger
293:
Literary forgery was promoted as a creative method by
312:
were an example of a 20th-century forgery for money:
776:, Oxford University Press, USA (2012) 978-0199928033
254:
One of the longest lasting literary forgeries is by
581:Sarah Coakley (Editor), Charles M. Stang (Editor),
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
748:. Oxford University Press. p. 141–145.
731:Jude-2 Peter, Volume 50, Word Biblical Commentary.
615:
1969:
895:This Solemn Mockery: The Art of Literary Forgery
450:can be explained as such transparent fictions.
622:. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
414:
813:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1986,
799:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)
423:Examples of this may include several works of
969:
703:Literary Hoaxes and the Ethics of Authorship
839:Telling Tales: A History of Literary Hoaxes
403:claimed to be a young Latino growing up in
976:
962:
345:Category:Written fiction presented as fact
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
827:Simon & Schuster; 1st edition (2008)
613:
358:. Its modern form is most common with "
131:
853:Literary forgeries & mystifications
685:, pp. 160-161, Encounter books, 2010,
660:
604:, Volume 9, January 18, 1840, pp. 17-19
290:, as a literary game with his friends.
14:
1970:
983:
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957:
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220:Literary forgery has a long history.
911:(New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2000)
583:Re-thinking Dionysius the Areopagite
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
869:(New Castle: Oak Knoll Press 1996)
661:Randall, Dave (September 1, 2002).
454:, for example, writes that for the
288:Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke
24:
883:Cambridge University Press (2001)
25:
1999:
922:
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341:List of fake memoirs and journals
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228:, which he ascribed to the poet
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1620:Party platforms (or manifestos)
897:(London: Arlington Books 1973)
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256:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
42:needs additional citations for
785:, HardPress Publishing (2012)
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1708:Rally 'round the flag effect
929:Books about literary forgery
464:claim of authorship by Peter
415:Transparent literary fiction
262:. Five hundred years later,
7:
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10:
2004:
841:(London: Constable, 2009)
614:Hamilton, Charles (1991).
585:, Wiley-Blackwell (2009),
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1227:Criticism of advertising
211:fake is to be attributed
172:) is writing, such as a
1889:Promotional merchandise
1600:Character assassination
1537:Narcotizing dysfunction
1411:Photograph manipulation
1124:Guerrilla communication
701:Menand, Louis (2018). "
644:"A Million Little Lies"
456:Second Epistle of Peter
372:A Million Little Pieces
1872:Product demonstrations
1301:Historical negationism
448:New Testament epistles
162:literary mystification
154:
1804:Reputation management
1723:Psychological warfare
1572:Political campaigning
1381:Firehose of falsehood
476:Anthony Godby Johnson
135:
1839:Corporate propaganda
945:The Recourse of Hoax
511:Journalistic scandal
427:such as the book of
280:The English Mercurie
184:or other presumably
139:The Songs of Bilitis
51:improve this article
1927:Media concentration
1799:Non-apology apology
1789:Cult of personality
1517:Emotive conjugation
1271:Burying of scholars
209:author to whom the
1978:Literary forgeries
1910:Influence-for-hire
1703:National mythology
1673:Crowd manipulation
1562:Tabloid journalism
1431:Video manipulation
1376:Fictitious entries
1099:Civil disobedience
985:Media manipulation
934:2008-05-15 at the
837:Melissa Katsoulis
780:James Anson Farrer
618:The Hitler Diaries
548:, HarperOne (2011)
521:Outline of forgery
155:
66:"Literary forgery"
1965:
1964:
1731:Airborne leaflets
1610:Election promises
1464:Product placement
1339:Alternative facts
1079:Alternative media
907:Joseph Rosenblum
881:Faking Literature
847:978-1-84901-080-1
681:William McGowan,
629:978-0-8131-1739-3
425:wisdom literature
274:Thomas Chatterton
146:of Ancient Greek
144:pseudotranslation
142:(1894), a French
127:
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16:(Redirected from
1995:
1957:Media proprietor
1781:Public relations
1761:Public diplomacy
1746:Information (IT)
1625:Name recognition
1250:Media regulation
1232:Annoyance factor
1089:Call-out culture
1004:Crowd psychology
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795:Anthony Grafton
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397:Margaret Seltzer
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260:Paul the Apostle
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851:Richard Landon
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284:Spanish Armada
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1522:False balance
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1479:Word of mouth
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1266:Broadcast law
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1019:False balance
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709:. Condé Nast.
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178:literary work
175:
171:
170:literary hoax
167:
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148:erotic poetry
145:
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71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
18:Literary hoax
1942:Media ethics
1862:Door-to-door
1857:Cold calling
1834:Weasel words
1741:Fifth column
1635:Push polling
1585:Astroturfing
1547:Pseudo-event
1527:Infotainment
1502:Broadcasting
1421:Urban legend
1400:
1344:April Fools'
1217:Testimonials
1187:Infomercials
1014:Dumbing down
950:
908:
894:
880:
866:
865:Robin Myers
852:
838:
824:
810:
809:Ian Haywood
796:
782:
773:
767:Bibliography
745:
742:Ehrman, Bart
736:
727:
714:
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682:
677:
666:
656:
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638:
617:
609:
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582:
577:
561:
545:
540:
441:
437:King Solomon
429:Ecclesiastes
422:
418:
411:in his 70s.
409:Midwesterner
381:
370:
365:Go Ask Alice
363:
356:fake memoirs
348:
335:Main pages:
331:Fake memoirs
317:
314:Konrad Kujau
307:
303:Pierre Louys
292:
278:
272:
253:
234:
219:
203:
195:
191:
186:nonfictional
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:
152:Pierre Louÿs
137:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1988:Narratology
1814:Sound bites
1794:Doublespeak
1645:Wedge issue
1605:Dog whistle
1580:Advertising
1406:Lying press
1391:Gaslighting
1169:Advertising
1144:Occupations
1034:Obfuscation
1024:Half-truths
823:Lee Israel
556:, pp. 39-40
544:B. Ehrman,
501:Ghostwriter
491:Dave Pelzer
460:Bart Ehrman
391:Similarly,
337:Fake memoir
268:Renaissance
222:Onomacritus
107:August 2024
1972:Categories
1915:Media bias
1771:Subversion
1736:False flag
1713:Techniques
1655:Propaganda
1615:Lawn signs
1595:Canvassing
1489:News media
1245:Censorship
1177:Billboards
1129:Hacktivism
1119:Grassroots
1044:Persuasion
571:0415214645
554:0062012614
532:References
377:James Frey
360:misery lit
237:Trojan War
226:prophecies
215:manuscript
174:manuscript
77:newspapers
1877:Promotion
1756:Political
1663:Bandwagon
1590:Attack ad
1469:Publicity
1441:Marketing
1354:Fake news
1316:Religious
1311:Political
1291:Euphemism
1286:Cover-ups
1281:Corporate
1149:Petitions
1039:Orwellian
1009:Deception
940:About.com
481:B. Wongar
388:pseudonym
354:works as
204:Literary
136:Cover of
1824:Transfer
1766:Sedition
1630:Negative
1542:Newspeak
1532:Managing
1474:Research
1449:Branding
1401:Literary
1366:Fakelore
1359:websites
1349:Deepfake
1306:Internet
1197:Modeling
1154:Protests
1134:Internet
1067:Advocacy
1059:Activism
932:Archived
744:(2012).
516:JT LeRoy
470:See also
431:and the
1903:Related
1882:Spaving
1867:Pricing
1809:Slogans
1751:Lawfare
1688:Framing
1668:Big lie
1459:Product
1454:Loyalty
1386:Forgery
1331:Hoaxing
1212:Slogans
1192:Mobiles
1084:Boycott
992:Context
446:in the
393:Nasdijj
264:Abelard
230:Musaeus
206:forgery
200:History
91:scholar
1507:Circus
1416:Racial
915:
901:
887:
873:
859:
845:
831:
817:
803:
789:
752:
689:
626:
589:
569:
552:
343:, and
182:memoir
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1849:Sales
1552:Scrum
1512:Cycle
1426:Virus
1296:Films
1261:Books
1202:Radio
1182:False
1159:Youth
1139:Media
1072:group
1029:Media
319:Stern
176:or a
98:JSTOR
84:books
1819:Spin
1396:List
1321:Self
999:Bias
913:ISBN
899:ISBN
885:ISBN
871:ISBN
857:ISBN
843:ISBN
829:ISBN
815:ISBN
801:ISBN
787:ISBN
750:ISBN
722:>
687:ISBN
624:ISBN
587:ISBN
567:ISBN
550:ISBN
395:and
308:The
301:and
245:Nero
70:news
1207:Sex
938:at
705:".
375:by
239:by
168:or
150:by
53:by
1974::
1222:TV
665:.
646:.
339:,
305:.
232:.
164:,
977:e
970:t
963:v
758:.
671:.
632:.
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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